UNIT 3: The Rise of the West to Global Dominance, 1800-1914 Part II: China, Japan, Southern Asia, Australia,

New Zealand The British Challenge to Manchu Power o 1557- Portugal establishes trading base at Macao by bribing local officials o 1592- English capture Portuguese ship Madre de Deus allowing them to see the riches in Asia o 1600- EIC and (around the same time) VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagine- Dutch) were established o 1637- EIC reach Canton- Traded silver for tea o 1757- Conquest of Bengal and Opium in China o 1759- Manchu Government created Canton system- restricted foreign trading rights o 1793- Lord McCartney meets with Emperor Qianlong. Brought 600 boxes of presents o 1839- Letter to Queen Victoria from Lin Zexu to get EIC to stop opium trade o 1839-1842- First opium war Zexu demanded the surrender of opium in canton for all foreigners Zexu seized 2.5 million pounds of opium and flushed away into Canton Bay British royal navy blocked all principal ports, Manchu were defenseless at coasts British captured Shanghai and headed to Nanjing but Manchu surrendered o 1842- Treaty of Nanjing ending 1st opium war- abolition of canton system, 5 new ports, no high tariffs for British, Hong Kong of Britain, Cannot Seize British ships, EXTRATERRITORALITY, 21 million pounds of silver to British o 1856-1860- Second Opium War (Arrow War) Manchu Coast guard stop and seizes Arrow a Chinese ship with a British flag: Manchu mad because Chinese people should obey Chinese law British angry because flag was insulted and lucrative business of registering Chinese ships as British was threatened France declared war on Chinese for killing a French missionary and they were jealous of the trading right the British had and they wanted the same rights B/F burnt down Imperial Summer Palace o 1860- Treaty of Beijing ended 2nd opium war: opium trade fully legal, missionaries freely travel and preach in China, ten more ports, all war cost

The Decline and fall of the Manchu Dynasty in China 1855-Nian Rebellion o Cause by river flooding peasant farmers land so they rebelled o 15 years long o The poor organized Peasants were over thrown by the Manchu 1850-Taiping Rebellion o Peasant and working class rebelling because canton was not the primary trading port anymore so many lost their jobs o Lead by Hong Xiuquan who created his own religion and failed the civil service exam 4 times and wanted to create his own dynast called Taiping Tianguo The Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace o Gained followers (500,000) o 1853- He established a heavenly capital at Nanjing o Sent an army to Beijing but was stop by harsh winter o Manchus and B/F smashed the Taiping rebellion in 1864 o Showed the Weakness of the Manchus 1860-1890- Self strengthen movement o Directed by Prince Gong o Money was spent to repair damaged levees along rivers, farmlands restored, more competent officials, new code of conduct for civil servants, civil service exam revamped o Copy techniques of the western sciences and industry Sent best and brightest to learn in Europe o Established foreign language institutes o Western schools o Resistance by conservative Confucians groups lead by Empress Dowager Cixi She did everything she could to undermine the Self Strengthening Movement o Failed because Cixi and Chinese did not fully understand what western technology was all about 1875- Tongzhi dies and is replace by Guangxu at four years old o Influenced by Cixi as a young boy 1898- He was interested in western aspects so over 100 days he wrote over 40 reforms called the Hundred Days of Reform o Cixi stole all documents and said he became ill o She said she would assume control of government November 14 1908- Cixi ordered for Guangxu death; three year old Puyi crowned emperor 1899- Boxer Rebellion broke out in German sphere of influence

o Boxers were xenophobic o Towns people attacked churches, killed Chinese Christians, and went on a rampage through northern china June 1900- boxers headed for Beijing and Cixi order Manchu to support them o Foreign embassies survived a 55 day siege and quickly overwhelmed the boxers 1901- Boxer protocol peace settlement was harsh on Chinese 1911- Chinese Revolution o Revolutionary alliance lead by Dr. Sun Yat-sen

Japans Tokugawa Shogunate and the Arrival of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry July 8, 1853- Matthew Perry arrives in Edo bay o He brought a letter from President Fillmore o End of national seclusion 1854- Treaty of Kanagawa o Two ports open to US o All shipwrecked sailors were cared for and delivered to one of the two ports 1858- US forced Japan to accept the Harris Treaty o Three more ports o Japan and US had to agree on tariffs o EXTRATERRITORIALITY o US embassy built in Edo 1868- Sat-Cho alliance o Satsuma and Choshu han were furious at Tokugawa for allowing US in o 1866 daimyos formed an alliance and their goal was to over throw the Tokugawa Shogunate and expel Us o 1868 they were victorious at invading Edo

The Meiji Period, 1868-1912: The Westernization of Japan Political o Shogunate abolished and 15 year old Meiji Mutsuhito was restored Edo renamed Tokyo and emperior was placed there o Feudal system (daimyo pledged to Shogun) abolished Replaced with imperial government in Tokyo and country was divided into 72 prefectures o Modern Military Military act of 1871- all Japanese men serve at least 3 years in army or navy Military tactics and weaponry was modernized and purchased warships o 3% property tax o New flag

o Constitution of 1890 mad japan a parliamentary government were emperor had most power Diet consisting of lower house (men who paid taxes) and upper house (appointed by emperor); bills had to pass by both houses Emperor in control of army and he appointed ministers and prime minister Economical o Japanese owned companies emerged o Zaibatsu Social o Nobility Daimyo who embraced westernization got government positions No feudal bond between Daimyo and samurai Samurai lost right to land peasant in return for military service and could not hold swords in public and those who embraced were given army positions o Middle Class Many new opportunities o Lower Class Peasants were given land to farm (previously belonged to daimyo) Had 3% property tax which was troublesome Ones who lost their land went to work in factories, mines, railroads o Bad working conditions o Women Single- Worked in factories Married- Traditional life style Less rights than men- no voting, joining political organizations, no full educations Cultural o Education system westernized o Clothing o Music o Sports Imperialist Club o 1879- Ryukyu islands o 1894-Challenge china in Korea o 1894-95- Sino- Japanese War Japan crushed Chinese navy o Taiwan o Port Arthur

Western Colonization of Southeastern Asia During the 19th Century 1819- British: Sir Stamford Raffles seized control of the small island of Singapore 1826- British: Burma to connect India to China but mountains and jungles proved to be a difficult terrain to build a road 1857- French: Sent large navel expedition to Vietnam for them to sign a treaty recognizing France as the protector 1862- French: Force Vietnam emperor to give up three provinces establishing capital at Saigon 1880s- French: Spread influence all over Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia called IndoChina 1600s Dutch: took control of East Indies known as spice islands o Culture system- peasants had to devote part of land to cultivating Governmentdesigned export crops instead of rice 1521: Spain: Ferdinand Magellan claims Philippines for Spain Independent Thailand

British Conquest of Australia 1616- Dirk Hartog was blown off course and landed on Australia 1642-Abel Tasman sailed around Australia and discovered Tasmania and New Zealand 1768- Captain James Cook landed in Botany Bay, named in New south Wales, and Claimed in for Britain January 26 1788- 11 British war ships holding 759 convicts arrived at Sydney harborfirst permanent British settlement 1850- British stopped shipping convicts to Sydney 1820s-1880s- Colonization of Australia 1900- Sydney and Melbourne were among the largest cities in the World