CHEMISTRY[FORM 4 CHAPTER 1:PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENT] NAME: CLASS: PREPARED BY: MR.IWIN 4.

1 Periodic Table o Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged according to their proton number. o Horizontal rows are called periods. o Vertical columns are called groups. 4.2 Groups in the Periodic Table o Specific name of groups: Group 1 : Alkali metals Group 2 : Alkali earth metals Group 3 12 : Transition elements Group 17 : Halogens Group 18 : Noble gases o Type of substances : Group 1,2 and 13 3 to 12 ( transition elements ) 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Type of substances metals metals non-metals

4.3 To determine the position of elements in the Periodic Table 1. Write the electron arrangement of the element. 2. The number of valence electrons group 3. The number of shells period Example : Sodium element has a proton number of 11 The electron arrangement of a sodium atom = 2.8.1
3 shells means that sodium is in Period 3. 1 valence electron means that sodium is in Group 1.

4.4 Group 18 ( He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn ) o Changes of physical properties when going down group 18( Noble gas).
Properties Atomic size Melting & boiling Point Changes increases increase Explanations Because the number of occupied shells increases. Because i. the atomic size increases when going down the group. ii. The force of attraction between particles become stronger. iii. Thus, more heat is needed to overcome the stronger force.

the gases in group 18 are inert chemically or chemically unreactive and exist as monoatomic gases because they have stable electron arrangement. o The uses of noble gases. o
Gas Helium Neon Argon uses To fill weather balloons. To fill neon light to light up advertisement boards. To fill electrical bulbs.

4.5 Group 1 ( Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr ) o Physical properties: Conduct electricity and heat Softer, low melting/ boiling point and less dense compared to other metals. o Changes of properties when going down group 1( Alkali metals).
Properties Atomic size Melting & boiling Point Changes increases decrease Explanations Because the number of occupied shells increases. Because i. the atomic size increases when going down the group. ii. The metal bond between atoms become weaker. iii. Thus, less heat is needed to overcome the weaker bond. Because i. The atomic size/radius increases when going down the group. ii. The valence electron in the outermost shell becomes further from the nucleus. iii. The force of attraction of nucleus on the valance electron become weaker. iv. The valence electron becomes easier to be released. Chemical equations 2 X + 2 H2O 2 XOH + H2 4 X + O2 2 X2O 2 X + Cl2 2 XCl

Reactivity (Electropositivity strength to release electron)

increases

o Chemical properties
Chemical properties Reacts with water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide solutions and hydrogen gas. Burns in oxygen gas to produce white solid metal oxides. Burns in chlorine gas to form white solid metal chloride.

X = metals in group 1( Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr ) 4.6 Group 17 ( F, Cl, Br, I, At ) o Physical properties ; Very low melting and boiling point Pungent smell and are poisonous Exist as diatomic molecules at room temperature (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At2) o Changes of properties when going down group 17( Halogens).

Properties Atomic size Melting & boiling Point Reactivity (Electronegativity strength to attract electron)

Changes increases increases

decreases

Explanations Because the number of occupied shells increases. Because i. the atomic size increases when going down the group. ii. The force of attraction between particles become stronger. iii. Thus, more heat is needed to overcome the stronger force. Because i. The atomic size/radius increases when going down the group. ii. The outermost shell becomes further from the nucleus. iii. The strength to attract one electron into the outermost shell by the nucleus becomes weaker. iv. The tendency to receive an electron decrease. Chemical equations X2 + H2O HX + HOX 3 X2 + 2 Fe 2 FeX3 X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O

o Chemical properties
Chemical properties Reacts with water to produce two acids Reacts with hot iron to form a brown solid, iron (III) halides Reacts with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH to form sodium halide, sodium halite (I) and water.

X = halogen ( F, Cl, Br, I, At) 4.7 Period 3 ( Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar ) o Changes of properties across Period 3.
Properties Atomic size Changes decreases Explanations Because across Period 3 i. All the atoms of elements have 3 shells occupied with electrons. ii. Proton number increases by one unit from one element to the next element causes the positive charge of the nucleus to increase. iii. Nuclei attraction on the electrons of the first 3 shells increases causes the atomic size to decrease. Because across Period 3 i. The atomic size/radius decreases while the positive charge of the nucleus increases. ii. The strength of atom to attract electrons also increases.

Electronegativity (strength to attract electron)

increases

o Changes in oxide properties across Period 3 from left to right. Basic oxide amphoteric oxide acidic oxide
Element Acid-base properties of element oxide Reaction with acidic or alkaline solution Sodium Base acid X alkali Magnesiu m Base acid X alkali Aluminiu m amphoteric acid alkali Silicon acid X acid alkali Phosphoru s acid X acid alkali Sulphur acid X acid alkali Chlorin e acid X acid alkali

X = insoluble = soluble

4.8 Transition Elments / metals (Group 3 Group 12) o 4 special characteristics of transition elements: Form ions which have different oxidation numbers. Form coloured ions / compounds. Form complex ions. Act as catalysts in certain reactions.