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Spectrum Crunch
300 200 Spectrum Surplus (MHz)
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-100
-200
WiFi Offload
Carrier grade WiFi and backhaul required 22% of mobile traffic by 2016 (Cisco VNI Mobile 2012)
Migration LTE Migration to to LTE and LTE Advanced LTE MIMO LTE MIMO
Why MIMO?
Low to medium cost method to improve transmission performance (already built-in on many LTE base stations) Increases physical layer capacity (w/ spatial multiplexing MIMO) Throughput gain dependent on number of Tx and Rx antennas i.e. 2x2, 4x4, etc.
LTE Peak Spectral Efficiency per 3GPP
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30
25
20 Peak Physical Layer Spectral Efficiency (b/s/Hz)
2x1
2x2 4x4 8x8
15
10
5
0 -10 -5 -5 0 5 10 SNR (dB) 15 20 25 30
What is MIMO?
MIMO is a smart antenna technoIogy that employs multiple antennas at the Tx and Rx ends MIMO is NxM (i.e. 2x2, 4x2, 4x4, 8x8, etc.) where N>1 and M>1
2x2 (deployed), 4x4 and 4x2 (emerging), 8x8 (LTE Advanced)
Radiated signals traveling on different paths provide the possibility of performance improvements
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Spatial Multiplexing: Transmits multiple data streams simultaneously in the same frequency and time, taking advantage of different paths
Requires separate paths Requires high SNR to improve throughput
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Transmission shown one way (eNB to UE) for simplicity
Transmission Modes
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RF Path Measurements
Determines if there is a problem with base station port or a particular antenna with regard to MIMO paths
Antenna, cabling or TX port issues Measurements are provided for each Tx/Rx antenna pair 4 paths for 2x2 MIMO
RSRP, RSRQ, RS CINR for each path
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CQI
CQI Index 0 Modulation Code Rate x 1024 out of range Efficiency (b/s/Hz)
Consistent indicator of theoretical transmission physical layer efficiency CQI measurement is an essential tool for MIMO
With SISO, CINR translates directly to CQI With MIMO, CINR does NOT translate to CQI i.e. throughput
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
78 120 193
308 449 602 378 490 616 466 567 666 772 873 948
Source: 3GPP TS 36.213 Ver. 10.7.0 (Sept. 2012) Table 7.2.3-1: 4-bit CQI
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Throughput
How and where is throughput measured?
Maximum Throughput Capacity of the Air Interface (Physical Layer)
CQI Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 Throughput (Mbps) 5 MHz 0.55 0.84 1.36 2.17 3.16 4.23 10 MHz 1.10 1.69 2.71 4.33 6.31 8.47 20 MHz 2.19 3.38 5.43 8.66 12.63 16.93
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14
5.32
6.89 8.66 9.83 11.96 14.05 16.28 18.41 20.00
10.63
13.78 17.33 19.66 23.92 28.10 32.57 36.83 39.99
21.26
27.56 34.65 39.32 47.84 56.19 65.14 73.66 79.99
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Industry Norm
CN (dB) 0 ~<13* ~13 to 19* ~>19* Indication Two totally independent channels, an ideal condition that can enable maximum throughput Favorable condition that can enable much better throughput than SISO/MISO based transmission systems Medium correlation that can provide marginal throughput improvement High correlation where MIMO generally would not induce a condition that would increase throughput
*The CNs indicating the level of correlation are based on industry published approximations and can vary by several dB depending on conditions
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Antenna Locations
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How we Tested
Simultaneous oDAS Testing with Scanner and UE Data Card PCTEL SeeGull EX Scanner Test data card on another system Orientation Test Walk Test vs Drive Test MIMO Transmission Modes (on the scanner) RSRP, CN, CINR and Throughput
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Orientation Analysis
UE Data Card
Position: 0
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Frequency
kb/s
Frequency
kb/s
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Speed Analysis
UE Walk Test
UE Drive Test (~20 mph)
(42)
(( 4 2 ) 4 )
(24)
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40 # of Data Points 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 # of Data Points 35
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Throughput (kb/s)
Throughput (kb/s)
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Scanner Data
UE
# of Data Points 600 400 200 0
# of Data Points
Note: Throughput is very low. Scanner show higher throughput since its measuring at the physical layer
Scanner
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
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Tput (kb/s)
100
1000
2500
5000
10000
More
Tput (kb/s)
Tput (kb/s)
1000
2500
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RSRP
RSRP
# of Data Points
dBm
# of Data Points
dB
CN for MIMO
Condition Number (CN)
# of Data Points
dB
Conditions favorable for MIMO to improve throughput Low CN UE Measurements for MIMO must be carefully examined since they are affected by: UE Orientation Speed of movement during the test
Drive test vs walk test for outdoor systems.
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Excellent RSRP
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Transmit Diversity
MIMO (mode 4)
Mbps
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Mbps
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Condition Number
CINR
dB dB
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Significant MIMO gain exists for LOS condition if CINR is high even with high CN
Summary
MIMO was very effective for maximizing throughput in the Baltimore Macro cell case study MIMO may not be effective in sub-optimal designs, deployments or terrains as shown in the oDAS case study Testing Benefits with a Scanner
Characterize RF propagation for MIMO
Consistent, repeatable RF data independent of the backhaul, network layer overhead & server loading Higher dynamic range to determine noise floor and potential interference effects High data density to locate fading issues and reduced MIMO throughput
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