TRUYN NHIT NG LNG NG

I.

MC CH

- Lm quen vi thit b truyn nhit ng lng ng

- Xc nh h s truyn nhit trong qu trnh truyn nhit gia hai dng
lnh, nng ngn cch bi vch ngn kim loi ch chy khc nhau
- Thit lp cn bng nhit lng.
II.

C S L THUYT

Qu trnh truyn nhit trong thit b dng ng lng ng l mt v d ca

s truyn nhit phc tp. y din ra s trao i nhit gia hai lu cht
c ngn cch bi vch ngn kim loi, bao gm truyn nhit i lu t
dng nng n vch, dn nhit qua thnh ng kim loi v i lu nhit
gia dng lnh vi ng.
1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng cho hai dng lu cht
Q = G1C1(tV1-tR1) = G2C2(tR2-tV2), W

(1)

Trong :
G1, G2: Lu lng dng nng v lnh, kg/s.
C1, C2: Nhit dung ring trung bnh ca dng nng v dng lnh, J/kg.K
tV1, tR1: Nhit vo v ra ca dng nng, C
tV2, tR2: Nhit vo v ra ca dng lnh, C
2. Phng trnh biu din qu trnh truyn nhit
Q = K1.tlog.L, W
L: Chiu di ng, m
K1: H s truyn nhit di,W/m. C
tlog: Chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, C
3. chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit

(2)

t lon t nho
t
ln lon
t nho

tlog =

(3)

Trong :
tlon: H s nhit gia dng nng v dng lnh u vo hoc ra c
gi tr ln
tnho: H s nhit gia dng nng v dng lnh u vo hoc ra c
gi tr b.
4. H s truyn nhit di l thuyt, K1* tnh trn 1m chiu di ng
K1* =

d ng
r
1
1
1
+
ln
+
+ cau
1d tr 2 d tr 2 d ng d ca

Trong :
dng, dtr : ng knh ngoi v trong ca ng truyn nhit, m.
: h s dn nhit ca ng, W/m. C
1, 2 : h s cp nhit, W/m. C
rcau : nhit tr ca lp cu, m2.s0.C/J
dcau : ng knh lp cu, m
5. H s cp nhit 1, 2 gia vch ngn v dng lu cht
m

Nu =A.Re Pr

Pr

Pr
t

0 , 25

1 R

(5)
Cc h s A, m, n, 1, R l cc h s thc nghim ph thuc vo cc yu
t sau:
Cc ch chy ca dng lu cht
S tng quan giu dng chy v b mt truyn nhit
c trng b mt truyn nhit ( nhm, hnh dng, )


III.

THIT B TH NGHIM

H thng thit b th nghim c hai kiu kt cu b mt truyn nhit nh

sau:
Kiu A: Loi ng lng ng m lu cht chy ngang mt ngoi ca ng
trong. Hai dng chy c phng vung gc vi nhau.
Kiu B (B1, B2): Loi ng lng ng n gin, lu cht chy dc b
mt ngoi ca ng trong. Hai dng chy c phng song song vi
nhau.
Kch thc ng:
Kiu ng
A
B

ng knh (mm)
ng trong
ng ngoi
17/21
30/24
17/21
30/24

Chiu di (mm)
1020
1020

S h thng thit b (xem hnh):

Ch thch:
: K hiu dng nng vo v ra.
> : K hiu dng lnh vo v ra.
A : B trao i nhit dng dng chy vung gc.
B1 : B trao i nhit dng dng chy song song ngc chiu.
B2 : B trao i nhit dng dng chy song song cng chiu.
1A, 1B, 1C : Ln lt l van cp nc tng, van cp nc cho dng lnh,
van cp nc cho bn gia nhit.
2, 3 : Van chnh lu lng dng nng.
4, 5, 6 : Van ng m dng nng vo cc b trao i nhit.
7 : Van chnh lu lng dng lnh.
8, 9, 10 : Van ng m dng lnh vo cc b trao i nhit.
11 : Van x y bn.

IV. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM

Sau khi chun b v lm quen vi thit b ta o cc i lng: lu
lng dng nng v dng lnh, nhit vo v ra ca cc dng
tV 1 , t R1 , tV 2 , t R 2 .
Trnh t th nghim:
Lu : Cc van 1A, 1B khi m ch m 30 - 45. Khi m hoc ng
bt k mt van no sinh vin u phi xoay tht t t, tuyt i khng c
ng m t ngt. Trc khi th nghim tt c cc van u v tr ng.
o
M van 1A tht t t (ch xoay mt gc khong 30).
o
ng van 11. T t m van 1C cho nc vo y bn cha, sau
kha van v y np bn cha li.
o
M cu dao ngun, bt cng tc GUN trn hp iu khin ln.
o
Bt cng tc GIA NHIT ln. n hot ng mu sang.
Cm gia nhit hot ng.
o
Sau khi nc trong bn gia nhit si ( khong t 30-60 pht),
cng tc gia nhit t ng ngt, lc bt u lm th nghim.
o
M van 3, bm nt chy ca BM (mu xanh), n hot ng
ca bm (mu ) sng. Mm ly tm hot ng v bm nc tun hon.
o
Ch cho h thng n nh, m mt trong cc cp van tng
ng: 4/8, 5/9, 6/10. iu chnh cp van 2, 3 iu chnh lu lng dng
nng v chnh van 7 iu chnh lu lng dng lnh theo yu cu. Ch s
lu lng c c trn lu lng k.
o
Ch khong 5-10 pht, khi qu trnh n nh, n v gi mt
nt (mu vng) cn thit trong bn nt trn hp iu khin c nhit ti
v tr tng ng.
o
Sau khi o xong tt c cc thng s cn thit, tt cng tc GIA
NHIT, tip theo tt BM, tt cng tc ngun CB. M np bn gia nhit
cho nc ngui bt. Kha tt c cc van li. i khi nc ngui ri m
van 11 x ht nc trong bn cha gia nhit.

V.

Kt qu th nghim:
B trao i nhit A:
Ln
Lu
lng
1
4
6
8
2
4
6
8
3
4
6
8

Nng

Lnh

tv
62.8
69.7
76.8
83.2
83.7
83.5
83
83.1
83.2

tr
60.2
62.2
64.9
73.5
75
75.8
75
74
74.7

t r
36
35.5
35.5
39.3
38.3
37.4
37.2
37.5
37.5

tv
29.7
29.8
29.9
30.3
30.3
30.3
30.2
30.3
30.1

Ta c bng gi tr trung bnh i vi b trao i nhit A:

G1

G2

Nng

4
6
8

4
6
8

tv
76.33
78.83
81.166

Lnh

tr
69,56
70.4
71.8

B trao i nhit B1: ngc chiu

Ln
Lu
Nng

lng
tv
t r
1
4
86.7
72.5
6
82.2
72.9
8
83.9
75.5
2
4
83.1
74.5
6
83.2
74.5
8
83.1
75.1
3
4
83.1
75
6
83
74.7
8
83
75.5

tv
30.06
30.13
30.1

t r
37.5
37
36.8

Lnh

tv
30.1
30.3
30.2
30.3
30.3
30.4
30.3
30.1
30.2

t r
38.9
38.1
37.6
39.7
35.5
38
37.7
35.4
37.5

Ta c bng gi tr trung bnh 3 ln o i vi b trao i nhit B1:

G1

G2

Nng

4
6
8

4
6
8

tv
84.3
82.8
83.33

Lnh

tr
74
74.03
75.36

B trao i nhit B2: cng chiu

Ln
Lu
Nng

lng
tv
t r
1
4
83
74.6
6
83.7
75.5
8
83.7
76.1
2
4
82.7
74
6
83
75
8
83.1
75.4
3
4
83
74.1
6
83
75
8
83.2
75.5

t r
38.76
36.33
37.7

tv
30.23
30.23
30.266

Lnh

t r
38.9
38
37.6
38.6
38.4
37.7
30.8
37.5
38

tv
30.2
30.3
30.3
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.3
30.5
30.1

Ta c bng gi tr trung bnh 3 ln o ca b trao i nhit B2:

G1

G2

Nng

4
6
8
VI.

4
6
8

tv
82.9
82.23
83.33

Lnh

tr
74.23
75.16
75.66

Tnh ton:
1. Nhit lng Q
Q = G1C1(tV1-tR1) = G2C2(tR2-tV2), W

tv
30.3
30.4
30.26

t r
36.1
37.96
37.76

i vi dng nng ca 3 thit b A, B1 v B2:

Thit b

G1

tv1

tv2

Cp

Q1 (w)

(j/kg.o
)

A
B1

B2

4
6
8
4
6
8
4
6
8

76.33
78.83
81.166
84.3
82.8
83.33
82.9
82.23
83.33

69,56
70.4
71.8
74
74.03
75.36
74.23
75.16
75.66

4203.4
4203.5
4203.5
4203.5
4203.5
4203.5
4203.5
4203.5
4203.5

113828
212613
103103
173184
221188
268015
145777
178312
257926

i vi dng lnh ca 3 thit b A, B1 v B2:

Thit b

G2

tr1

tr2

Cp

Q2 (w)

(j/kg.o
)

A
B1

B2

4
6
8
4
6
8
4
6
8

30.06
30.13
30.1
30.23
30.23
30.266
30.3
30.4
30.26

Ta c tn tht nhit:
Q1 (w)
Thit b
113828
A
212613
103103
173184

37.5
37
36.8
38.76
36.33
37.7
36.1
37.96
37.76
Q2 (w)
124349
167971
223962
142567

4178.4
4178.4
4178.4
4178.4
4178.4
4178.4
4178.4
4178.4
4178.4

124349
167971
223962
142567
152929
248497
96939
189532
250704

Q ( W)
| Q 2 - Q1 |
10521
44642
120859
30617

B1

221188
268015
145777
178312
257926

B2

2. Tnh

A
B1
B2

tr1

76.33
78.83
81.166
84.3
82.8
83.33
82.9
82.23
83.33

69,56
70.4
71.8
74
74.03
75.36
74.23
75.16
75.66

tlog =

68259
19518
48838
11220
7222

D tlog, K
tv1

Thit b

152929
248497
96939
189532
250704

tv2
30.06
30.13
30.1
30.23
30.23
30.266
30.3
30.4
30.26

tr2
37.5
37
36.8
38.76
36.33
37.7
36.1
37.96
37.76

D tlog

K1

41.597
41.045
43.019
43.985
44,723
44.922
45.349
44.514
33.597

1825.08
3423.03
1597.79
2624.89
3297.15
3977.48
2143.03
2670.5
5118.03

t lon t nho
t
ln lon
t nho

Q = K1.tlog.L, W

t y => K vi L= 1020 mm

3. Tnh h s cp nhit 1 v 2
a. Tnh ch chy ca lu cht bng chun s Re:
.l

Re =

Ta c bng s liu:
t1tb
Thit
o
( C)
b
76.33
A
78.83

t2tb
o
( C)

D 1.103
(Ns/m2)

D 2.103
(Ns/m2)

D1
(w/mK)

D2
(w/mK)

30.06
30.13

0.3574
0.3543

0.7089
0.7016

0.672
0.675

0.613
0.628

81.16
6
84.3
82.8
83.33

B1

82.9
82.23
83.33

B2

0.3609

30.1
30.23
30.23
30.26
6
30.3
30.4
30.26

0.3609
0.3436

0.6947
0.6685
0.7085

0.677
0.677
0.676

0.629
0.632
0.627

0.3416
0.3436
0.3521
0.3416

0.7016
0.7085
0.6814
0.7016

0.677
0.676
0.675
0.677

0.628
0.627
0.631
0.628

Bng Re
Thit
b
A

D 1.103
(Ns/m2)

d1(m)

w1

Re1

0.3574
0.3543
0.3609

0.017
0.017
0.017

299.5
449.4
599.1

56.98
86.19
112.8
8
56.43
88.88
119.2
6
59.27
86.73
119.2
6

B1

0.3609
0.3436

B2

0.3416
0.3436
0.3521

0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017

0.3416

299.5
449.4
599.1
299.5
449.4
599.1

D 2.103
(Ns/m2)

d2(m)

w2

Re2

0.7089
0.7016

0.017
0.017
0.017

299.5
449.4
599.1

28.73
43.53
58.64

0.017
0.017
0.017

299.5
449.4
599.1

30.46
43.10
58.06

0.017
0.017
0.017

299.5
449.4
599.1

28.74
44.82
58.06

0.6947
0.6685
0.7085
0.7016
0.7085
0.6814
0.7016

Vi l = dtd=4d=0.068 m
b. Xc nh chun s Nu cho phng chy ngang kiu A:
Do : 5 < Re < 103
Nn :
0,25

Nu =0, 5. Re
Pr =

0,5

. Pr

0,38

Pr
.

Prt

v
a

Vi : : h s nht ng hc ca lu cht, m2/s

 : h s dn nhit ca lu cht, m2/s.

tv1

tr1

76.33
78.83
81.166
84.3
82.8
83.33
82.9
82.23
83.33

69,56
70.4
71.8
74
74.03
75.36
74.23
75.16
75.66

Thit b
A
B1
B2

tv2

tr2

30.06
30.13
30.1
30.23
30.23
30.266
30.3
30.4
30.26

37.5
37
36.8
38.76
36.33
37.7
36.1
37.96
37.76

Nu

Re2

57.82
57.89
58.11
58.25
58.17
58.21
58.20
58.20
58.21

53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1

Ta c bng gi tr:
Thit
b
A

Thit
b
B1

B2

Re1

Pr1

Prt1

Pr2

Prt2

56.98
1.88 5.400 3.68
28.73 4.050 5.400
86.19
1.88 5.400 4.53
43.53 4.450 5.400
112.8
5.400 5.20
58.64
5.400
8
1.89
4.700
c. Xc nh chun s Nu cho phng thc chy dc theo
than ng kiu B

Re1
56.43
88.88
119.2
6
59.27
86.73
119.2
6

Pr1
1.92
1.9
1.9
1.91
1.93
1.9

Prt1

Nu

Re2

5.400
5.400
5.400

3.72
4.63
5.36

30.46
43.10
58.06

5.400
5.400
5.400

3.79
4.62
5.36

28.74
44.82
58.06

Pr2
4.930
4.400
4.500
4.700
4.850
4.400

Nu
4.24
5.54
6.66

Prt2

Nu

5.400
5.400
5.400

4.94
5.47
6.45

5.400
5.400
5.400

4.66
5.94
5.47

tv1

tr1

76.33
78.83
81.166
84.3
82.8
83.33
82.9
82.23
83.33

69,56
70.4
71.8
74
74.03
75.36
74.23
75.16
75.66

30.06
30.13
30.1
30.23
30.23
30.266
30.3
30.4
30.26

t2*

Pr1

Thit b
A
B1
B2

tv2

tr2
37.5
37
36.8
38.76
36.33
37.7
36.1
37.96
37.76

t2
38.83
41.83
44.366
45,54
46.47
45.63
52.6
51.83
53.07

39.5
40.27
41.69
43.77
43.8
45.094
38.13
37.2
37.9

Nu1

Tnh sai s:
Thit
b
A

B1

B2

Prt1

15.77

29.62

2.53

2.6

5.397

6.101

6.72

35.66

2.28

2.35

5.333

6.903

10

33.98

2.38

2.44

7.401

3.456

19.73

22.02

2.73

2.79

7.278

5.232

7.85

34.62

2.17

2.26

7.157

6.196

10.9

32.59

2.32

2.48

7.064

6.971

8.07

30.88

2.46

2.52

8.339

3.479

10.23

30.77

2.59

2.66

7.797

5.285

12.26

30.21

2.1

2.2

8.032

6.213

4. H s truyn di l thuyt :

0.010
8
0.010
7
0.014
8
0.014
5
0.014
3
0.014
1
0.016
6
0.015
5
0.016
0

Nu2

0.0150
0.0170
0.0084
0.0129
0.0152
0.0172
0.0085
0.0129
0.0156

K1 =

d ng
r
1
1
1
+
ln
+
+ cau
1d tr 2 d tr 2 d ng d ca

Thit
b
A
B1
B2

dn

dtr

Kl*

34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34

21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21

57.82
57.89
58.11
58.25
58.17
58.21
58.20
58.20
58.21

53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1

3.653
3.635
3.662
3.667
3.669
3.666
3.665
3.665
3.666

5. Lp bng tnh K1* v K1 theo Re

Thit b
A
B1
B2

Re

Kl*

K1

56.98
86.19
112.88
56.43
88.88
119.26
59.27
86.73
119.26

3653
3635
3662
3667
3669
3666
3665
3665
3666

1825.08
3423.03
1597.79
2624.89
3297.15
3977.48
2143.03
2670.5
5118.03

6. V th K1* v K1 theo Re
Theo h thng A:

i vi h thng B1:

i vi h thng B2:

VII. Bn lun:
1. Tn tht nhit c ng k khng ti sao:

Tn tht nhit l ng k th hin vic nhit lng mt i ca

dng nng ln hn nhiu so vi nhit nhn vo ca dng lnh. Nguyn
nhn:
Nhit lng truyn cho ng lm ng nng ln.
Ti nhng v tr dng nng chy khng c dng lnh bao quanh
c tn tht do qu trnh truyn nhit t dng nng qua ng n mi
trng xung quanh do khng c bc lp cch nhit.
Trn ng ng do lu ngy c ng cn bn cng gp phn
lm tn hao nhit lng.
Tn tht nhit qua cc van do van b r r sau mt thi gian s
dng.
Sai s khi c nhit trong qu trnh th nghim lm kt qu
tnh ton khng chnh xc.
S mt mt nhit dc chiu di ng. ng i cng di lng
nhit tn tht cng nhiu. ng ng lm bng ng khng bc lp
cch nhit nn s tn hao nhit ra mi trng xung quanh cng nhiu
hn so vi nhng vt liu khc.
y, s mt mt nhit dng lnh khng ng k. V tuy c
s truyn nhit nhng nhit dng lnh tng khng ng k nn
chnh lch nhit vi ng cng khng ng k c th b qua.
2. Mc sai s, nguyn nhn gy ra sai s trong lc lm th
nghim? bin php khc phc:
a. Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s trong qu trnh th nghim:
Sai s do xc nh lu lng dng nng v lnh: lu lng
dng nng v dng lnh d c iu chnh cng khng t c
trng thi n nh tuyt i, c ln nhiu bt kh.
Sai s do qu trnh c nhit : c nhit khng cng thi
im (cha c s cn bng nhit lng), nhit khng n nh.
Bm lu cht hot ng khng n nh (do in khng n
nh).
Sai s do s r r lu lng cht lng trong h thng ng: ti
nhng v tr ng ni, van... khng kn chy nc ra ngoi lm gim lu
lng.
Sai s do cc ng khng c bc lp cch nhit gy tht thot
nhit do s trao i nhit gia ng vi mi trng bn ngoi.
Sai s khi chnh van II thay i chiu dng chy o lu
lng: chnh van khng hp vi ng gc 45 0, dng chy khng c

i hng hon ton, mt phn dng nng s ha trn vi dng lnh

gay tn tht nhit.
Sai s do nc th nghim khng l nc tinh khit nhng cc
thng s c dng trong tnh ton l ca nc tinh khit.
Sai s h thng do dng c o khng chnh xc.
B qua nh hng ca lp bn trn thnh ng.
b. nh hng ca sai s n s khc bit gia kt qu thc
nghim v l thuyt:
Dn n sai s dy chuyn trong qu trnh tnh ton.
T nhit c ta suy ra tlog. Do c sai s dn n Kl, Q sai
do:
Kl =

Q
t log .L

Q = G.C.t
Nhit c sai --> tra h s sai --> tnh sai --> sai h s
truyn nhit di l thuyt Kl*.
ng thi khi tra khi lng ring khng chnh xc dn n sai
s khi tnh Re lm mt tnh chnh xc ca gin .
c. Bin php khc phc:
Thao tc th nghim phi chnh xc, chnh van II phi ng v
lc chnh phi n vo nc khng r r ra ngoi. C th tin hnh
th nhiu ln cho thun thc trc khi th nghim chnh thc.
ng h o nhit , lu lng k n nh mi c, c
chnh xc s liu bng cch c gi tr trung bnh trn ng h o.
Nc dng trong qu trnh th nghim cng sch cng tt.
Kim tra v tr cc van trc khi lm th nghim.
Thng xuyn v sinh ng ng.
Tin hnh th nghim lp li nhiu ln tm ra gi tr chnh
xc nht vi sai s nh nht.
3. So snh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim K l vi h s truyn
nhit di l thuyt Kl*:
y Kl v Kl* khng ging nhau.
Nguyn nhn:
K l* =

d ng

r
1
1
1
+
. ln
+
+ b
1 d tr 2
d tr 2 d ng d b

rb

B qua gi tr d : khng xc nh c b dy ca lp cu
b
(bn) v nhng nh hng ca n i vi qu trnh truyn nhit (b
rb

qua d K s ln).
b
Xc nh h s dn nhit cho ng bng ng nguyn cht
nhng thc t nguyn liu lm ng dn khng nguyn cht.
Cc gi tr xc nh c lun mc phi sai s do tnh ton
nhit vch, nhit lu cht xc nh cc chun s Nu, Pr...
Nhit lng tn tht vn cha b ni sai s trong qu trnh lm
th nghim.
y qu trnh truyn nhit l phc tp nhng khi tnh ton ch
k n nhng nh hng chnh chng hn b qua s i lu t nhin
trong dng chy mng ng B dn n sai s cao...