SO SNH P DNG TIU CHUN AISC/ASD (M)

VI TIU CHUN TCVN 5575- 1991 (VIT NAM)

KIM TRA N NH CC B DM THP BN T HP
COMPARISON APPLYING STANDARD AISC/ASD (AMERICAN)
TO STANDARD TCVN 5575-1991 (VIETNAMESE)
INTO CHECKING BUCKLING OF PLATE GIRDERS
HUNH MINH SN
Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng
TM TT
Bi bo nhm gii thiu mt cch p dng Tiu chun thit k kt cu thp AISC/ASD (1989 -
Hoa K) hin ang rt ph bin trn th gii v c bit i vi nh thp tin ch Vit Nam
kim tra n nh cc b dm bn t hp v so snh vi tiu chun TCVN 5575-1991 (Vit
Nam). Kt qu nghin cu cho php mnh dn s dng tiu chun nc ngoi vo ng dng
v chuyn giao cng ngh mi trong thc t xy dng nc ta.
ABSTRACT
This article introduces a method of applying AISC/ASD (American Structural Steel Buildings
Standard) into checking the buckling of plate girders which is very popular in Pre-engineered
Buildings, in comparison with the TCVN 5575-1991 (Vietnamese Structural Steel Buildings
Standard). The results of this study is significant in using foreign standards in the process of
applying and transfering technology to our country.
1. T VN
Trc y nc ta, khi nhp ln thng s dng dn thp t hp t 2 thp gc tuy
gii quyt c yu cu chu lc, tng i tit kim vt liu song hn ch ln nht l chim
chiu cao nh, ch to th cng, nng sut thp v gi thnh cao. S ra i ca cng ngh nh
thp tin ch (Pre-Engineered Buildings) t nhng nm 90 ca cc cng ty nc ngoi: Zamil
steel, Kirby, BHP, Blue scope Lysaght nhanh chng v pht trin chim lnh th trng
Vit Nam, c mt s doanh nghip trong nc vn dng ch to thnh cng nhng mc
khc nhau. Cu to t dm bng c, t hp t thp bn tit din vt dng ch I (chiu cao
thay i tuyn tnh ph hp biu ng sut), kt cu thp nh tin ch c tiu chun ho
v hp l ho ton din cc giai on thit k, ch to v lp dng ph hp vi yu cu ca
mi loi cng trnh. Do , nh tin ch c nhng u im ni bt v cng ngh v kinh t:
Tit kim vt liu; ch to n gin; chnh xc; trng lng nh; cng cao; khng gian
linh hot; thun tin bo dng v rt t nh hng mi trng. Tuy vy, vic p dng tiu
chun nc ngoi thit k, kim tra tit din dm bng c, khung nh thp tin ch i
vi cc k s Vit Nam cn kh mi m v kh khn.
Vn t ra l: Dm bn t hp bn bng c thit k theo tiu chun Vit Nam
thng c b dy ln nhng vn phi b tr sn gia cng nng n v tn thp, trong khi
thit k theo tiu chun nc ngoi cu kin thng c tit din mng hn nhng vn khng
cn b tr sn. i vi kt cu dm bn t hp, vic kim tra n nh cc b cho bn bng
v bn cnh l ht sc quan trng v cn thit v n quyt nh s lm vic cng nh tnh kinh
t ca phng n. Mt khc, khng th s dng tiu chun Vit Nam kim tra cc kt cu
thp thit k, ch to theo cng ngh nc ngoi nh: M, Anh hay cV vy, hi nhp
v ng dng cng ngh mi, cn thit phi nghin cu p dng tiu chun nc ngoi m tiu
chun AISC/ASD l rt ph bin i vi cc kt cu tin ch Jamin steel, ng thi cn c
nhng phn tch thy c s khc bit v quan im gia tiu chun AISC/ASD vi tiu
chun Vit Nam.
2. GII THIU TIU CHUN THIT K KT CU THP AISC/ASD (M)
L quy phm do Vin kt cu thp Hoa K (American Institute of Steel Construction -
AISC) ban hnh nm 1989 hng dn v quy nh thit k nh thp theo phng php ng
sut cho php. Tiu chun ny, p dng cho 16 loi thp theo tiu chun vt liu M (ASTM)
c cng ko t 32 kN/cm
2
n 57 kN/cm
2
. Quy phm ny s dng h s an ton FS= 1,67
ngha l ng sut cho php = ng sut chy ca vt liu chia cho h s an ton FS = F
y
/1,67 =
0,6 F
y
cho dm v cu kin chu ko.
3. KIM TRA N NH CC B DM BN THEO AISC/ASD (M)
3.1. Phn cp tit din dm
Tiu chun AISC/ASD (M) phn cp tit din
gm 03 loi:
- Cp tit din c (Compact section):
Bn cnh:
y
f
f
F
t
b
65
2

(1) v Bn bng:
y
w
F
t
d
640

(2)
Cho php kh nng chu mmen ca dm t n mmen do M=M
p
do ng sut
cho php khi chu un l F
b
= 0,66 F
y
.
- Cp tit din khng c (Non - compact section):
Bn cnh:
c y
f
f
k F
t
b
/
95
2

(3) v Bn bng:
b
w
F
t
d
760

(4)
Cho php kh nng chu mmen ca dm t n mmen chy M=M
y
do ng sut
cho php chu un l F
b
= 0,60F
y.
Khi dm t hp c bng l c hoc khng c; cnh l
khng c:
c y
f
f
y
k F
t
b
F /
95
2
65

(5)
ng sut cho php ni suy gia 02 gi tr trn: F
b
= F
y
[ 0,79-0,002 c y
f
f
k F
t
b
/
2
] (6)
- Cp tit din mnh (Slender section):
Nu mnh ca cnh hoc bng dm vt qu t s gii hn khng c, tit din b
coi l mnh, ng sut cho php phi gim i h s Q
s
:
Khi
c y
f
f
c y
k F
t
b
k F /
95 1
2
/
95

(7) th: Q
S
= 1,293 - 0,00309.
c y
f
f
k F
t
b
/ .
2

,
_

(8)
d
b
f
t
w
h
t
f
t
f
H.1. Kch thc tit din dm bn
Khi
c y
f
f
k F
t
b
/
95 1
2
>
(9) th: Q
S
=
2
.
) / (
26200
t b F
k
y
c
(10)
- Nhn xt: Tiu chun Vit Nam khng phn cp tit din nh tiu chun M m ch
quy nh 01 loi tit din. Tiu chun M phn cp tit din thnh 03 cp nh trn tu thuc
mnh (iu kin n nh cc b cnh v bng dm) do linh hot hn v n cho php
ngi thit k s dng nhiu loi tit din thm ch rt mnh. y l mt u th ca tiu
chun AISC/ASD (M) cng nh cc tiu chun BS (Anh); Eurocode (Chu u) so vi
TCVN5575-1991 (Vit Nam). iu ny c th thy r khi kho st cc tit din nh thp tin
ch thit k theo tiu chun M c chiu cao ln nhng bn bng rt mng m khng dng
sn.
H.2. Phn cp tit din dm theo mnh bn cnh v bn bng dm bn t hp
3.2. Phn bit dm thng v dm bn t hp
Dm thng hay c ch to bng thp hnh cn nng, bng lm vic bnh thng
vi hai cnh m khng cn sn gia cng, kh nng chu lc v vt nhp l hn ch. Dm
bn t hp (gi tt l dm bn) c ch to t nhng bn thp c kh nng vt nhp v chu
ti trng ln hn dm thng, chiu cao tit din theo yu cu chu ti khng hn ch v
thng ln hn dm thng. Dm bn thng c bn bng mnh ln nn khi tnh ton
phi xt n s gim kh nng chu un v ct khi xt n s on (mt n nh cc b) ca
bn bng. Do , phn bit dm bn vi dm thng l da vo mnh bn bng.
- i vi dm c mnh bn bng:
b
w
F
t
h 760
<
(11) th coi l dm thng.
- i vi dm c mnh bn bng:
b
w
F
t
h 760
>
(12) th coi l dm bn.
Nhn xt: Tiu chun Vit Nam khng phn bit dm bn v dm thng khi tnh ton
theo iu kin bn. Nu mnh bn bng khng qu ln th khng cn b tr sn v dm
bn s c tnh ton v cu to hon ton tng t nh dm thng. Vic thit k dm bn
trong tiu chun M do c quy nh thnh 01 chng ring (Chapter 6) vi nhng cng
thc tnh ton c th khc tiu chun Vit Nam.
3.3. Kim tra n nh cc b dm bn
Kh nng chu un v ct ca dm bn ph thuc rt nhiu vo mnh ca bn bng.
Nu mnh bng dm qu ln s gy ra cc hin tng mt n nh cc b nh sau:
h/t
w
95/ c y
k F /
F
b
F
b
640/
Bng
Khng c Mnh c
760/
0,66F
y
0,6F
y
0,66F
y
0,6F
y
65/
Cnh
Khng c Mnh c
b
f
/t
f
- On do un trong mt phng bng lm gim kh nng bng dm chu mt phn
mmen un.
- On theo phng ng ca cnh nn do bng khng cng gi cho cnh
khi b on.
- On do bng dm chu un.
1. On do un bn bng dm: Trong phn trn bng dm, ng sut nn c th lm mt
n nh cc b bn bng. Khi
b
F
t
h 760
>
: Bng s b on
trc khi th bin t ng sut chy F
y
. Phn bng b mt
n nh b qua, khng xt n, tit din thu li ch cn tit
din hu hiu.
Kh nng chu un: M
n
= M
y
. [1-0,0005

,
_

y
f
w
F
t
h
A
A 980
] < M
y
(13)
Do , ng sut cho php i vi bn bng dm c
bn bng b on:
F
b
= F
b
. R
PG
(14)
F
b
: ng sut cho php ca bng dm. R
PG
: H s gim ng sut
un bn bng khi on. R
PG
= [1-0,0005

,
_

b
f
w
F
t
h
A
A 760
] < 1 (15).
A
w
: Din tch bn bng. A
f
: Din tch 01 bn cnh. iu kin khng b un cc b:
b
F
t
h 760

(16)
2. On cnh dm theo phng ng:
Nu bng dm qu mnh s khng
cng gi cho cnh nn ca dm
khi on theo phng ng. iu kin
khng xy ra s on theo phng ng cnh
nn.
- Khi khng c sn ng hoc sn
cch nhau qu 1,5h

) 5 , 16 (
14000
+

y y
F F
t
h
(17)
- Khi sn cch nhau nh hn 1,5h:
y
F
t
h 2000

(18)
3. On do ct ca bng dm: Khi bn bng c mnh ln c th b on do ct.
- ng sut ti hn ca bng dm chu ct:
2 2
2
) / )( 1 ( 12
. .
w
v
cr
t h
E k

(19)
k
v
: H s ph thuc t s cnh ngn trn cnh di bn.
Khi a/h 1: k= 4,0 +
2
) / (
34 , 5
h a
(20). Khi a/h 1: k= 5,34 +
2
) / (
0 , 4
h a
(21)
d
b
f
t
w
h
t
f
b
e
F
y
H.3 On do un bn bng
b
f
d
Bng khng
cng
h
t
f
30t
w Cnh on theo
phng ng
H. 4 On cnh dm theo phng ng
- AISC quy nh ng sut cho php chu ct ca bng dm bn: F
v
=
y
Y v
F
F C
4 , 0
89 , 2


(22)
C
v
=
y
cr

: T s gia ng sut on khi ct v ng sut chy khi ct:

C
v
=
2
.
. 45000

,
_

w
y
v
t
h
F
k
khi C
v
< 0,8 (23) v C
v
=
y
v
w
F
k
t h
.
/
190
khi C
v
>0,8 (24)
AISC quy nh phi b tr sn ngang khi t s h/t > 260 v ng sut ct trung bnh
ln nht ca bng ln hn F
v.
Khong cch cc sn ngang m bo ng sut ct ca bng dm khng vt qu F
V
v tho:
( )
2
/
260
t h
h
a

v 3 v mmen qun tnh mt cp sn I

s
(
4
)
50
h
. Mt khc, t s b
rng trn b dy ca sn phi tho iu kin khng c:
y
F
t
b 95

. Sau khi bn bng mt

n nh cc b,dm vn cha b ph hoi hon ton m vn c th lm vic nh mt dn. Cc
sn ngang s chu lc nn v phn bng cn li chu lc ko (gi l tc dng ca trng lc
ko. Tc dng ca trng lc ko lm tng cng ct ca bng nn ng sut ct cho php
khi c sn trung gian: F
v
=
( )
1
1
]
1

+
2
/ 1 . 15 , 1
1
.
89 , 2
h a
C
C
F
V
V
y
(25) (khng p dng cho u
tin)
3.4. Trnh t kim tra n nh cc b dm bn
1. Xc nh ni lc (mmen un, lc ct) v ng sut (ng sut un, ct) trong dm
2. Kim tra phn cp tit din dm:
- Xt iu kin mnh bn bng suy ra cp ca tit din bn bng.
- Xt iu kin mnh bn cnh suy ra cp ca tit din bn cnh.
3. Xc nh ng sut cho php khi un v ct trong bng v cnh dm.
4. Kim tra ng sut trong dm khng vt qu ng sut cho php.
5. Tnh ton b tr sn gia cng (nu cn thit)
4. V D C TH
Kim tra n nh cc b dm bn nhp L=12m, chu ti
trng phn b u q=5,5T/m. S dng thp A36 ca M (F
y
=
36ksi= 24,8kN/cm
2
) tng ng vi thp CT3 ca Vit Nam.
1. Tnh c trng hnh hc tit din:
Din tch cnh: A
f
= 38.1,5 = 57 cm
2
Din tch bng: A
w
= 1.117 = 117cm
2
Mmen qun tnh: I
x
= 533693 cm
4
Mun khng un: W
x
= 8895 cm
3
2. Tnh ni lc v ng sut trong dm:
Mmen un max: M
x
= q.L
2
/8 = 5,5.12
2
/8 = 99000000
N.cm
Lc ct max: V = q.L/2 = 5,5.12/2 = 330000 N
ng sut un max= M
x
/W
x
= 9900000/8895 = 11130 N/cm
2
1
5
38
0
10
1
1
7
0
1
5
ng sut ct max =V/A
w
= 33000/117 = 2820,5 N/cm
2
.
3. Kim tra phn cp tit din:
- Bn cnh: b
f
/ 2t
f
=38/2.1,5=12,6 >
y
F
65
=10,8. Mt khc tit din c h/t=117 > 70 suy
ra k
c
= 4,05/(h/t)
0,46
= 0,45 nn b
f
/ 2t
f
=38/2.1,5=12,6.>
45 , 0 /
95
y
F
= 10,66.
Vy: Bn cnh thuc cp tit din mnh.
- Bn bng: d/t
w
=120>
y
F
640
=
36
640
=107.
Vy: Bn bng dm thuc cp khng c.
4. Kim tra ng sut un ca cnh dm:
- V bn cnh l tit din mnh nn ng sut cho php F
b
phi nhn vi h s gim ng
sut un cho php Q
s
: F
b
=0,6Q
s
F
y
. V
c Y
k F /
95
= 10,66< b
f
/2t
f
=12,6<
c Y
k F /
195
= 12,9 nn h
s: Q
s
= 1,293-0,00309
c y
f
f
k F
t
b
/ .
2

,
_

=1,293-0,00309.12,6.8,94=0,945. Suy ra ng sut cho

php: F
b
= 0,6Q
s
F
y
= 0,6.0,945.36 = 20,4ksi = 14060 N/cm
2
.

Vy: ng sut ln nht trong dm =11130 N/cm
2
< F
b
= 14060 N/cm
2
. Dm m bo iu
kin chu un.
5. Kim tra ng sut ct ca bng dm:
- Bn bng c h/t
w
= 117/1=117 > 380/ y
F
= 63,6
- Dm khng sn nn a/h rt ln k
v
= 5,34 suy ra C
v
=
2
.
. 45000

,
_

w
y
v
t
h
F
k
=
2
) 117 .( 36
34 , 5 . 45000
=
0,49 < 0,8 (22)
- ng sut ct cho php F
v
= C
v
F
y
/2,89

= 0,49.36/2,89 = 6,1 ksi < 0,4F
y
= 0,4.36 =14,4
ksi
Vy: ng sut ct trn bng dm: f
v
= V/A
w
(A
w
= d.t
w
) = 33000/120.1= 2750 N/cm
2
< F
v
= 6,1ksi= 4200 N/cm
2
. Dm m bo iu kin chu ct.
6. Kim tra n nh cc b:
- V h/t =117 <
b
F
760
= 163. Bng dm khng b mt n nh cc b.
- Trng hp h/t >
b
F
760
= 163 th bng dm l tit din mnh nn coi l dm bn
khi , ng sut un cho php phi gim i bi h s R
PG
nh (15).
- Kt qu kim tra theo TCVN 5575-1991 (Vit Nam) dm c cng tit din, nhp v
ti trng nu trn, thp CT3 c cng tng ng vi thp A36 (M) phi s dng sn
ng gia cng bn bng, khong cch 2 sn lin tip l 2m, tit din sn 80x117x6 (mm)
mi m bo iu kin n nh cc b.
5. SO SNH 02 TIU CHUN V NHN XT
S dng thp A36 (Tiu chun M) c F
y
= 36ksi tng ng vi thp CT3 (Tiu
chun Vit Nam). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, iu kin gii hn mnh bn cnh v bn
bng dm bn khng gy mt n nh cc b nh bng di y:
Tiu chun AISC/ASD (M) Tiu chun TCVN 5575-1991(M)
Phn t
T s
chiu
rng /
b dy
Tr s mnh gii hn theo cp tit din
Phn t
T s
chiu
rng /
b dy
Tr s mnh
gii hn
c Khng c Mnh
(Khng phn
cp tit din)
Cnh
dm
b
f
/2t
f
65/
y
F
= 11
95/
c y
k F /
=
16
> 95/
c y
k F /

>16
Cnh
dm
b
o
/
c
0,5.
R
E
= 16
Bng
dm
d/t
640/
y
F
= 107
Bng
dm
h
o
/
b
3,2.
R
E
= 101
h/t
760/
b
F
= 163
14000/
) 5 , 16 ( +
y y
F F
= 322
Da vo kt qu so snh nu trn, khi tit din c th mnh cho php ca bng
dm bn theo AISC/ASD l 107 khng khc my so vi tiu chun Vit Nam l 101. Tuy
nhin, vi tit din khng c th mnh cho php bn bng theo tiu chun M ln hn
nhiu 163 so vi 101 ca tiu chun Vit Nam. Nu tit din mnh cn chnh lch ln hn
khi mnh cho php ti 322 mi yu cu sn gia cng. iu ny l do quy nh
th
R
c
dm khng mt n nh cc b trc khi ph hoi bn. Tuy nhin, thc t ch cn tho

<

th
< R
c
l m bo c 02 iu kin bn v n nh cc b. Nh vy, chiu dy bng s mng
hn nhiu, gi tr mnh cho php khng b tr sn tnh theo tiu chun M ln hn
nhiu so vi tiu chun Vit Nam.
6. KT LUN
1. Tiu chun AISC cho php ngi thit k s dng cc loi tit din phn cp linh
hot hn nhiu, k c nhng tit din rt mnh. y l u th so vi Tiu chun Vit Nam.
2. C hai tiu chun u da trn c s l thuyt n nh ca TIMOSHENKO nhng
s khc bit l do quan im tnh ton cng nh cc h s xc nh t thc nghim. Do , s
sai khc gia tiu chun AISC/ASD (M) v tiu chun 5575-1991 (Vit Nam) l bnh
thng v khng h gim i s tin cy v an ton khi p dng tiu chun M.
3. n nh cc b tnh theo tiu chun Vit Nam kht khe hn khi ch cn cnh hay
bng mt n nh cc b l coi nh mt bn. Tiu chun AISC/ASD (M) ch b qua phn
bng on, phn cn li phn phi li ng sut v cho php tng chiu dy cnh gim ng
sut ct cho bng dm m khng cn tng b dy bng v b tr sn nng n.
4. Vic kim tra n nh cc b dm bn tun th quy nh cht ch hn v c dnh
hn 01 chng (chapter 6) nhng nu tnh ton hp l theo AISC/ASD khng cn b tr sn
gia cng m b dy bng vn mng hn khi kim tra theo tiu chun Vit Nam.
5. Trong qu trnh hi nhp, quy phm Vit Nam cho php cc k s la chn s dng
tiu chun ca cc nc M, Anh, Chu u, c... bn cnh tiu chun Vit Nam, v vy cn
sm ph bin v p dng thnh tho cc tiu chun cc nc tin tin nh AISC/ASD (Hoa
K) trong thit k kt cu thp, nht l i vi nhng cng ngh mi v ang chuyn giao
ng dng vo nc ta.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] American Institute of Steel Construction, The Specifications for Structural Steel
Buildings - Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design, 1989.
[2] X.P Timoshenko, J.M.Gere, n nh n hi, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H
Ni, 1976.
[3] on nh Kin, Kt cu thp, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1990.
[4] on nh Kin, Kt cu thp s dng trong Xy dng D.D.&C.N Vit Nam, tuyn
tp bo co khoa hc, Hi tho kt cu thp trong xy dng, Hi kt cu v cng ngh
xy dng Vit Nam, 2004.
[5] TCVN 5575-1991, Kt cu thp, Tiu chun thit k, Nh xut bn Xy dng, 1992.
[6] L Hng Lan, Lun vn thc s k thut, Trng i hc Xy dng, 2002.