2.1.2.1.

Phng trnh c tnh c

Theo s hnh 2.1a v hnh 2.1b ta c th vit phng trnh cn bng
in p ca mch phn ng nh sau:
U = E + (R + Rf)I.

(2-1)

Trong :
U: inp phn ng, V
E: sc in ng phn ng, V
R: in tr mch phn ng,
I: dng in ca mch phn ng, A
Vi: R = r + rcf + rb + rct
r: in tr cun dy phn ng
rcf: in tr cun dy cc t ph
rct: in tr tip xc cun b
Sc in ng E ca phn ng ng c c xc nh theo biu thc
E =

PN
.. = K..
2a

(2-2)

Trong :
P: s i cc t chnh
N: s thanh dn tc dng ca cun dy phn ng
a: s i mch nhnh song song ca cun dy phn ng
: t thng kch t di mt cc t
: tc gc rad/s
K=

P.N
:h s cu to ca ng c.
2a

T (2-1) v (2-2) ta c

U R + Rf

.I
K.
k.

(2-3)

Biu thc (2-3) l phng trnh c tnh c in ca ng c.

Mt khc, m men in t Mt ca ng c c xc nh bi
Mt = K..I

(2-4)

I =

M t
: thay gi tr I vo (2-3) ta c
K.

U R + Rf

2 .M t
K. ( K. )

(2-5)

Nu b qua tn tht c v tn tht thp th mmen c trn trc ng c

bng m men in t, ta k hiu l M. Ngha l:
Mt = Mc = M
=

U R + Rf

2 M
K. ( K. )

(2-6)

y l phng tnh c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c

lp.
Gi thit phn ng c b , t thng = const, th cc phng trnh
c tnh c in (2-3) v phng trnh c tnh c (2-6) l tuyn tnh. th
ca chng c biu din trn hnh 2-2 v 2 3 l nhng ng thng.
Theo cc th, khi I = 0 hoc M = 0 ta c:
=

U
= 0
K.

(2-7)

0 c gi l tc khng ti l tng ca ng c in mt chiu

kch t c lp.

dm

dm

H2.2. c tnh c in ca ng c

H2.3. c tnh c ca ng c in

in mt chiu KTL
Khi = 0 ta c

mt chiu KTL

I =

U
= I nm
R + Rf

(2-8)

v M = K. .Inm = Mnm

(2-9)

Inm v Mnm c gi l dng in ngn mch v m men ngn mch.

Ngoi ra phng trnh c tnh (2-3) v (2-6) cng c th c vit
di dng:
=

U
RI

= 0
K. K

(2-10)

U
RM

2 = 0
K. ( K. )

(2-11)

Trong R = R + Rf, 0 =
=

U
K.

R
R
.I =
2 .M
K.
K.

( )

 c gi l st tc ng vi gi tr ca M. T phng trnh
c tnh co (2-6) ta thy c 3 tham s nh hng n c tnh c: t thng
ng c , in p phn ng U, in tr phn ng ng c.
2.1.2.2. Xt nh hng ca cc tham s n c tnh c
a. nh hng ca in p phn ng.
Gi thit l R = const v = m = const
Khi thay i in p phn ng theo hng gim so vi Um, ta c tc
khng ti.
U ox
=

Ux
= var
K.m

( K. )
cng c tnh c =

= const

Nh vy, khi thay i in p, t vo phn ng ng c ta c mt

h c tnh c song song vi c tnh c t nhin nh hnh (2-4)

H2.4. Cc c tnh ca ng c mt chiu KTL khi gim in p t vo

phn ng ng c (U4 < U3 < U2 < U1 < Um)
Ta thy rng: khi thay i in p (gim in p) th m men ngn
mch, dng in ngn mch ca ng c gim v tc ca ng c cng
gim ng vi mt ph ti nht nh. Do phng php ny cng c s
dng iu chnh tc ng c v hn ch dng in khi khi ng.
4

b. nh hng ca in tr phn ng.

Gi thit U = Um = const v = m= const.
Mun thay i in tr mch phn ng ta ni thm in tr ph R f vo
mch phn ng.
Trong trng hp ny tc khng ti l tng.
0 =

U m
= const
K.m

( K.m ) = var
M
=
cng c tnh c: =

K + Rf
2

Khi Rf cng ln th cng nh, ngha l c tnh c cng dc. ng vi

Rf = 0 ta c c tnh c t nhin.
TN

( K. )
=

TN c gi tr ln nht nn c tnh c t nhin c cng hn tt c

cc ng c tnh c in tr ph.
Nh vy, khi thay i in tr ph R f ta c mt h c tnh bin tr
c dng nh hnh 2-5.

H2.5. Cc c tnh ca ng c mt chiu KTL khi thay i in tr ph

mch phn ng Rf4 > Rf3> Rf2> Rf1.

ng vi mt ph ti M no , nu Rf cng ln th tc ng c cng
gim, ng thi dng in ngn mch v m men ngn mch cng gim.
Phng php ny hn ch dng in v iu chnh tc ng c
pha di tc c bn.
c. nh hng ca t thng
Gi thit in p phn ng U = Um = const
in tr phn ng R = const. Mun thay i t thng ta thay i dng
in kch t Ikt ng c.
Khi thay i Ikt tc l thay i th tc khng ti l tng
ox =

U m
= var
K x
cng c tnh c :

( K )
=
x

= var

Do cu to ca ng c in, thc t thng iu chnh gim t thng,

nn khi t thng gim th 0x tng, cn s gim. Ta c mt h c tnh c
vi 0x tng dn v cng ca c tnh gim dn khi gim t thng.

02

02

01

01

2
1

H2.6. c tnh ca ng c mt chiu KTL khi gim t thng ( 2 < 1 < m)

a. c tnh c in; b. c tnh c

Ta nhn thy rng khi thay i t thng:
Dng in ngn mch I nm =

I m
= const
R

Momen ngn mch: Mnm = K. x. Inm = var

Vi dng m men ti cn thch hp vi ch lm vic ca ng c.
Ti c momen t l nghch vi tc , chng hn cc c cu my cun dy,
qun giy, cc truyn ng quay trc chnh, my ct gt kim loi th khi gim
t thng, tc ng c s tng ln.
2.2. iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu.
V phng din iu chnh tc , ng c in mt chiu c nhiu u
vit hn so vi cc loi ng c khc. Khng nhng c kh nng iu chnh
tc d dng m cu trc mch lc, mch iu khin n gin hn ng
thi li t cht lng iu chnh cao trong di iu chnh tc rng.
Thc t c hai phng php c bn iu chnh tc ng c in
mt chiu.
iu chnh in p phn ng.
2.2.1. Nguyn l iu chnh in p phn ng
iu chnh in p phn ng ng c in mt chiu cn c thit b
ngun nh my pht in mt chiu kch t c lp, cc b chnh lu iu khin,
cc thit b ngun ny c chc nng bin nng lng in xoay chiu thnh
mt chiu c sc in ng Eb iu chnh c nh tn hiu iu khin Uk.

Rb

Ru

Lb

Udk

Eb

BBD

a)

Eu

b)

H2.7. S khi a. S thay th; b. ch xc lp

V l ngun c cng sut hu hn so vi ng c nn cc b bin i
ny c in tr Rb v in cm Lb 0, ch xc lp c th vit c
phng trnh c tnh ca h thng nh sau:
Eb E = I (Rb + R)
=

R + R
Eb
b
.I
K.m
K.m

= 0U k

(2-12)

V t thng ca ng c c gi khng i nn cng c tnh c

cng khng i, cn tc khng ti l tng th tu thuc vo gi tr in p
iu khin Uk ca h thng, do c th ni phng php iu chnh ny l
trit .
xc nh di iu chnh tc , ta rng tc ln nht ca h
thng b chn bi c tnh c bn, l c tnh ng vi in p phn ng nh
mc. Tc nh nht ca di iu chnh b gii hn bi yu cu ca sai s,
tc m men khi ng. Khi mmen ti l nh mc th cc gi tr ln nht
v nh nht ca tc l:
max = 0max

M m

min = 0min

M m

tho mn kh nng qu ti th c tnh thp nht ca di iu chnh

phi c mo men ngn mch l:
Mnmmin = Mcmax = KM. Mm
Trong :
KM l h s qu ti v m men. V h c tnh c l cc ng thng
song song nhau, nn theo nh ngha v cng c tnh c, ta c th vit.
min = ( M nmmin M m )

1 M m
=
( K M 1)

(1-13)

Vi mt c cu my c th th cc gi tr 0max, Mm, KM l xc nh, v

vy phm vi iu chnh D ph thuc tuyn tnh vo ga tr cng . Khi
iu chnh in p phn ng ng c bng cc thit b ngun iu chnh th
in tr tng mch phn ng gp khong hai ln in tr phn ng ng c.
Do c th tnh s b c:
0max
10
M m
V th vi ti c c tnh m men khng i th gi tr phm vi iu
chnh tc cng khng vt qu 10.
i vi cc my c yu cu cao v di iu chnh tc v chnh
xc duy tr tc lm vic th vic s dng cc h thng h nh trn l khng
tho mn c.
Trong phm vi ph ti cho php c th coi cc c tnh c tnh l tuyn
tnh. Khi iu chnh in p phn ng th cng c tnh c trong ton di
iu chnh l nh nhau, do st tc tng i s t gi tr ln nht ti
t tnh c thp nht ca di iu chnh.

Hay ni cch khc, nu ti c tnh c thp nht ca di iu chnh m

sai s tc khng vt qu gi tr cho php th h chuyn ng s lm vic
vi sai s lun nh hn sai s cho php trong ton b di iu chnh. Sai s
ca tc c tnh c thp nht l:
S=

0min min
=
0min
0min

S=

M m
Scp
0min

(2-14)

V cc gi tr Mm, 0min, Scp l xc nh nn c th tnh c gi tr ti

thiu ca cng c tnh c sao cho sai s khng vt qu gi tr cho php.
lm c vic ny, trong a s cc trng hp cn xy dng cc h truyn
ng kiu phng kn.

0max
max
0min
min
0

H2.8: Xc nh phm vi iu chnh

Trong sut qu trnh iu chnh in p phn ng th t thng kch t
c gi nguyn, do momen ti cho php ca h s khng i.
Mccp = K. m.Im = Mm
iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p phn ng l rt thch hp
trong trng hp m men ti l const trong ton di iu chnh.

10

2.2.2. Nguyn l iu chnh t thng ng c.

iu chnh t thng kch thch ca ng c mt chiu l iu chnh
mmen in t ca ng c M = KI v sc in ng quay ca ng c E =
K... Mch kch t ca ng c l mch phi tuyn, v vy h iu chnh t
thng cng l h phi tuyn.
ik =

lk
d
+ k
rb + rk
dt

(2-15)

Trong :
rk l in tr cun dy kch thch
rb: in tr ca ngun in p kch thch
k: s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch
Trong ch xc lp ta c quan h.
ik =

lk
; = f ( i ht )
rb + rk

Thng khi iu chnh t thng th in p phn ng c gi nguyn

bng gi tr nh mc, do c tnh c thp nht trong vng iu chnh t
thng chnh l c tnh c in p phn ng nh mc, t thng nh mc v
c gi l c tnh c bn. Tc ln nht ca di iu chnh t thng b
hn ch bi kh nng chuyn mch ca c gp in. Khi gim t thng
tng tc quay ca ng c th ng thi iu kin chuyn mch ca c gp
cng b xu i, v vy m bo iu kin chuyn mch bnh thng th cn
phi gim dng in phn ng cho php, kt qu l mmen cho php trn trc
ng c gim rt nhanh. Ngay c khi gi nguyn dng in phn ng th
cng c tnh c cng gim rt nhanh, khi gim t thng kch thch.

( K )
=

11

rbk

Udk

rk

Lk

wk

c tnh cbn

a.

b.

ikwk

Uk
c.

dm

H 2.9. nguyn l iu chnh t thng ng c: a) s thay th, b) c

tnh iu chnh khi iu chnh t thng ng c; c) quan h (ikt)
S thay th (a) c tnh iu chnh khi iu chnh t thng ng c
(b) quan h (rkt) (c)
Do iu chnh tc bng cch gim t thng nn i vi cc ng c
m t thng nh mc nm ch tip gip gia vng tuyn tnh v hng s C
ph thuc vo thng s kt cu ca my in.
= C.ik = c

ek
rb + rk

2.3. H thng bin i - ng c (BB - )

Cu trc phn cc h truyn ng iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu
bao gii cng cn c b bin i cc b bin i ny cp cho mch phn ng
ng c hoc mch knh t ng c.
Cho n nay trong cng nghip thng s dng cc loi b bin i sau
y.

12

B bin i my in gm: ng c s cp ko my pht mt chiu

hoc my in khuch i.
B bin i chnh lu bn dn, chnh lu Thiristo (CLT).
B bin i xung p mt chiu Thiristo hoc tranphito (BBXA).
Tng ng vi vic s dng cc b bin i m c cc h truyn ng nh
sau:
H truyn ng my pht ng c ( F - )
H chnh lu Thiristo - ng c ( T - )
H truyn ng xung p ng c ( XA - )
Theo cu trc mch iu khin cc h truyn ng, iu chnh tc
ng c mt chiu c loi iu khin theo mch kn (ta c h truyn ng
iu khin h), H iu chnh t ng truyn ng in c cu trc phc tp
nhng c cht lng iu chnh cao v di iu chnh rng h so vi h
truyn ng h
2.3.1. H thng truyn ng my pht - ng c mt chiu (F - )
2.3.1.1. Cu trc h F - v cc c tnh c bn.
H thng my pht ng c (F - ) l h truyn ng in m b bin
i in l my pht in mt chiu knh t c lp. My pht ny thng do
ng c s cp khng ng b ba pha quay v coi tc quay ca my pht
l khng i.
Tnh cht ca my pht in c xc nh bi hai c tnh: c tnh t
ho l s ph thuc gia sc in ng my pht vo dng in kch t v
c tnh ti l s ph thuc vo in p trn hai cc ca my v dng in ti.
Cc c tnh ny ni chung l phi tuyn do tnh cht ca li st, do cc phn
ng ca dng in phn ng
Trong tnh ton phn ng c th tuyn tnh ho c tnh ny.
EF = kF. F.F = kF.F .ikF
13

(1-26)

Trong kF l h s kt cu ca my pht.
e=

F
l h s gc ca c tnh t ho.
i kF

Nu dy qun knh thch ca my pht c cp bi ngun p l tng

UkF th.
ikF =

U kF
rkF

sc in ng ca my pht trong trng hp ny s t l vi in p

kch thch bi h s hng k F, nh vy c th coi gn ng my pht in mt
chiu knh t c lp l b khuch i tuyn tnh.
EF = kF.UkF

H2.10. H thng truyn ng my pht - ng c mt chiu (F-D)

Nu t R = RF + R th c th vit c phng trnh cc c tnh
ca h F - nh sau:
=

kF .U kF RI
K
K

RI
kF .U kF
2 .M
K
( K )

= 0 (kF,Uk) -

M
U k

14

(2-17)

Biu thc (2-17) chng t rng khi iu chnh dng in kch thch ca
my pht th iu chnh c tc khng ti ca h thng cn cng c
tnh c th gia nguyn. Cng c th iu chnh kch t ca ng c c di
iu chnh tc rng hn.
2.3.1.2. Cc ch lm vic ca h F - D
Vi s c bn nh hnh 2-16 ng c chp hnh , ng c chp
hnh c th lm vic c hai ch pha: kch thch my pht F v kch thch
ng c , hm ng nng hi dng kch thch my pht bng khng hm tc
sinh khi gim tc hoc khi o chiu dng kch t, hm ngc cui giai
on hm ti sinh o chiu khi lm vic n nh vi mmen ti c tnh cht
th nng H F - c c tnh c in y c bn gc phn t ca mt
phng to [, M] .
gc phn th I v th III tc quay v mmen quay ca ng c
lun cng chiu nhau, sc in ng my pht v ng c c chiu ngc
nhau v E F > E , o > . Cg sut in t ca my pht, cng sut in t
v cng sut c hc ca ng c l:
PF = EF.I > 0
F = E.I < 0
P = M. > 0

15

H 2.11. c tnh c ca h F - D
a. Trong ch ng c; b. Trong ch hm ti sinh
Cc biu thc (2-18) cho ta thy gc phn t th I v th III nng
lng c vn chuyn thun t ngun my pht ng c ti.
16

Vng hm ti sinh nm gc t th II v th IV lc ny cho do

o > nn E F > E dng phn ng chy ngc t ng c v my pht
lm cho mmen quay ngc chiu tc quay v th.
PF = EF.I < 0
P = E.I > 0

(2-19)

Pc = M . < 0
Nh vy, dng in ch hm ti sinh ngc chiu vi chiu dng
in ch ng c v nng lng c chuyn vn theo chiu t ti
ng c my pht ngun, my pht F v ng c di chc nng cho
nhau.
Vng hm ngc ng c trong h F - c gi hn bi c tnh
hm ng nng v trc mmen.

H.2.12. Vng hm ngc ng c trong h F - D

17

Sc in ng E ca ng c tr nn cng chiu sut in ng my

pht hoc do rto b ko quay ngc bi ngoi lc ti th nng, hoc do chnh
sut in ng my pht o du. Biu thc tnh cng sut s l.
PF = EP.I > 0
P = E.I > 0
Pc = M. <0
Hai ngun sut hin in ng E v R F cng chiu v cng cung cp
cho in tr phn ng to nhit nng tiu tn trn s.
2.3.2. H thng chnh lu - ng c mt chiu
2.3.2.1. Chnh lu bn dn lm vic vi ng c in.
Trong h thng truyn ng chnh lu iu khin - ng c in mt
chiu (CL - ), b bin i in l cc mch chnh lu iu khin c sut in
ng E ph thuc vo gi tr gc iu khin kch thch ng c. Tu theo yu
cu c th ca truyn ng m c th dng cc s chnh lu thch hp
phn bit chng ta c th cn c vo cc du hiu sau:
S pha: 1 pha, 3 pha, 6 pha.
S ni: hnh tia, hnh cu i xng v khng i xng.
S nhp: s xung p p mch trong thi gian mt chu k in p ngun.
Ch nng lng: chnh lu, nghch lu ph thuc.
Tnh cht dng ti: lin tc, gin on
Ti ca cun chnh lu thng l mch phn ng ng c (L-R-E) hoc
l cun kch truyn (L R).
tm hiu hot ng ca h (L - ) ta hy phn tch mt s chnh
lu hnh tia 3 pha v s thay th nh hnh 2-19.

18

Hnh 2.13: S ni dy v s thay th ca chnh lu tia ba pha

/2

Hnh 2.14. c tnh iu chnh (a) v th thi gian

ca chnh lu hnh tia pha (b)
Khi dng in chnh lu id l lin tc th c th dng c th cc
qu trnh dng in v in p nh trn hnh 2-20 sut in ng chnh lu l
nhng hnh sin ni tip nhau, gi tr trung bnh ca sut in ng chnh lu
tnh nh sau:
19

Ed = P
2

2
P

U 2m sind = d.cos

(2.21)

= et
: Gc iu khin tnh t thi im chuyn mch t nhin.
P: s xung p p mch trong mt chu k in p xoay chiu.
Edo

sin U 2m

U2m l bin in p a vo b chnh lu:

Nu gi gc dn ca van l th c th tnh c thnh phn mt chiu
ca dng in chnh lu chnh l thnh phn sinh momen quay ca ng c.
I=

P
P

i d.d =
U 2m.sin 0 + E

2P 0
2R
2
2 2

b. Hin tng chuyn mch

Khi pht xung m mt van Thiristo th in p ant ca pha l
dng hn in p ca pha c van ang dn dng, do m dng in ca
van ang dn gim dn v khng cn dng in ca van k tip s tng dn
ln. Do trong mch c in cm m qu trnh ny xy ra t t, cng ti mt
thi im c hai van u dn dng va chuyn dng cho nahu. Qu trnh ny
gi l chuyn mch gia cc van.
Trong qu trnh chuyn mch v c hai van d dn nen sut in ng
chnh lu bng trung bnh cng ca in p hai pha.

20

Hnh 2.15 Hin tng chuyn mch gia cc van Thiristo

: gc iu khin tnh t thi im chuyn mch t nhin khong thi
gian cn thit van chuyn dng cho nhau (gc trng dn).
Do c chuyn mch nn sut in ng chnh lu b st i (vng gch
cho trn hnh v).
c. Ch dng in gin on.
Hin tng gin on dng in chnh lu xy ra do nng lng in t
tch lu trong mch khi dng in tng khng duy tr tnh cht lin tc

Hnh 2.16: Ch dng in gin on

21

Lc ny gc dn van tr ln nh hn 2/p. Dng in qua van tr v

khng trc khi van k tip bt u dn.
Trong khong dn van th sut in ng chnh lu bng sut in ng
ca ngun khi dng in bng khng. Khi dng, sut in ng chnh lu
bng sut in ng ca ng c in.
d. Ch nghch lu ph thuc.
Nu trong s hnh (2-19) ta tng gc m ca cc van n gi tr gn
bng v o chiu sut in ng E bng cch dng ngoi lc bt roto ng
c quay ngc, hoc o chiu dng kch t c th dng in chnh lu vn
theo chiu c nhng sut in ng chnh lu o du cc van dn dng
trong thi gian in p ant m. Cng sut in t ca ng c v ca chnh
lu o du do cc van dn dng trong thi gian in p ant m. Cng
sut in t ca ng c v ca chnh lu l
Pt = EId > 0
Pd = Ed Id <0
Chnh lu tr thnh thit b nhn in nng do ng c pht ra v bin
in nng mt chiu ny thnh in nng xoay chiu tr v li in.
2.3.2.2. c tnh ca h truyn ng chnh lu Thiristo - ng c mt
chiu.
a. Ch dng in lin tc
Dng i chnh lu Id chnh l dng in phn ng ca ng c in.
Cn c vo s thay th ta c phng trh c tnh.
=

E do .cos R + X k

.I
km
km

E do .cos R + X k

.M
km
km

22

Hnh 2.17: S thay th chnh lu ng c mt chiu

c tnh c c ng =

( k )

R + Xk

Tc khng ti l tng tu thuc vo gc iu khin

o =

E do cos
K m

Thay i gc iu khin t 0 th sut in ng chnh lu bin

thin t Edo v ta c mt h c tnh tnh song song nhau nm na bn
phi ca mt phng to [, I]

Hnh 2.18: c tnh c h T -

Cc c tnh c bn cua h T - mn hn cc c tnh c ca h F -
bi v c s st p do hin tng chuyn mch gia cc van bn dn gy nn.
23

Khi gc iu khin bin thin trong vng 0

b bin i lm
2

vic ch chnh lu, ng c c th lm vic ch ng c nu sut

in ng E cn dng v ch hm ngc nu sut in ng E i
chiu (xem hnh 2-24).
Khi tng gc iu khin

< max v ti c tnh cht th nng

2

quay ngc chiu ng c th c sut in ng E d v E u i du. Nu sut

in ng ng c ln hn gi tr trung bnh ca b bin i th dng in
chy qua cc van vn theo chiu c, ng c lm vic ch hm ti sinh.
b. Ch dng in gin on.
Bng phng php ton hc ta c th tnh v v c c tnh c trong
vng dng in gin on l cc don cong nt lin rt dc st trc tung
trn hnh 2-24. H thng khng th p dng cc phng php t ng iu
chnh c bit.
2.3.2.3. Nhn xt chung
u im ca h T - l tc ng nhanh cao, khng gy n v d t
ng ho, thun tin cho vic thit lp cc h thng t ng iu chnh vng
nng cao cht lng c tnh tnh v c tnh ng ca h thng.
Nhc im ca h T - l do cc van bn dn c tnh phi tuyn ng
in p chnh lu ra c bin p mch cao, gy tn tht pha trong my
in. H s cos ca h ni chung l thp.
H truyn ng iu chnh xung p - ng c mt chiu.
Nguyn l h truyn ng iu chnh xung p - ng c mt chiu.
Trn hnh 2-19a m t s nguyn l h truyn ng iu chnh xung
p - ng c mt chiu.

24

Khi kho S thng ta c: U = UN, i = iN, khi kh S ngt th iN = 0, U = 0

v i = i0. Do tc dng duy tr dng ca L. th trn hnh 2-19b m t qu
trnh dng in v in p trong ch dng in lin tc.

25

Hnh 2.19: nguyn l lm vic ca h xung p ng c.

26

Cn c vo s thay th hnh 2-19 a ta c phng trnh cn bng

in p nh sau:
U = UL + UR + E = 0
L

di
+ Ri = U = 0
dt

Ti thi im t = 0 kho S bt u thng va U = UN

Khi dng in i = Imin. Gii phng trnh
i=

UN E
1 e t/ t ) + I min e t/ t
(
R

Vi 0 t < t v T =

L
l hng s thi gian ca mch phn ng.
R

Ti thi im t = t kho s bt u ngt khi d i = I max Khi trong

mch vn tn ti dng in khp mch qua D 0 (do nng lng in t tch lu
trong mch khi dng in tng) v U = D
Nu S thng lin tc t = T th dng in trong mch phng ng s
khngg i v bng
I = Imax = Imin =

UN E
R

Nu thi gian thng kho gim n mt gi tr ti hn t = tgh th

dng Imin = 0, v nu t < tgh th h thng s chuyn sang ch dng in gin
on.
Ti thi im trn hnh 2-19c l khi dng in gim n gi tr 0. Khi t x
< T th xy ra ch dng in gin on v ging nh h T - th c tnh
c ca ng c trong vng dng in gin on l rt mm.

27

CHng III: Phn tch tnh ton mch lc

3.1. Mc ch yu cu
Nh phn tch chng I phn ch yu v truyn ng s dng
ng c in mt chiu c s 600kW, in p ba pha 600V, tc c iu
chnh trn.
Ta s dng h truyn ng T - c phn hi m tc BB cp cho
phn ng kch t ca ng c l kch t c lp. o chiu quay bng cng
tc t chuyn mch o chiu dng in phn ng.
ng c dng phng php hm ng nng kch t c lp. tng
tui th v nng cao hiu qu s dng, khai thc ht cng sut ca ng c v
b bin i, ta s dng qut lm mt c cng sut 0,7 kW qut mt cho
ng c mt chiu.
B i Thiristo cng c lp qut lm mt vi cng sut 7kW.
3.2. La chn ca b chnh lu
Trong trng hp ny l ng c mt chiu, tc l trn s thy th
c dng R + L + E.
3.2.1. Chnh lu cu mt pha i xng c iu khin.

28

Hnh 3.1: Chnh lu cu mt pha i xng:

a) S thay th; b) th thi gian
n gin cho qu trnh phn tch ra xem dng in chnh lu i d l
dng lin tc v khng c hin tng chuyn mch gia cc van, tc l ti
mt thi im ch c mt van dn dng.
Ti = ta pht xung cp Thiristo 1 1 v 4. Khi = + ta pht
xung m cp Thiristo 2 v 3, gi l gc m van (hay gc iu khin ). tnh
t thi im chuyn mch t nhin.
U2 l tr s hiu dng. in p pha cun th cp bin p ngun.
Cn c vo bng cc tham s chnh ca cc mch chnh lu trong
quyn ti liu "Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut" ca thy Phm
Quc Hi ta c cc tham s chnh ca mch chnh lu cu mt pha nh sau:
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng in van Iv = Id/2
Trong Id l tr s trung bnh dng in ra ti. in p ngc ln nht
m van phi chu khi lm vic Ung max = 1,41 U2
Tr s hiu dng dng in cun th cp my bin p ngun Sba = 1,23.Pd
Trong Pd l cng sut mt chiu trn ti.
Pd = Udo .Id.

29

H s p mch ca in p chnh lu Km = 0,67

Nhn xt: S ny c th cp dng ti ln ti 100(A) v in p ra ti
t 10 (V) tr ln.
u im ca s ny so vi chnh lu hnh tia l khng nht thit
phi c bin p ngun, khi in p ra ti ph hp vi cp in p ngun xoay
chiu ta c th mc trc tip mch chnh lu v li in. Do st p trn cc
van gp i s hnh tia nn khng thch hp vi ti. Cn dng ln nhng
in p li nh.
3.2.2. Chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha.

Hnh 32. Chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha: a) s thay th; b) th thi gian
30

Cc tham s chnh ca mch chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha nh sau:

Gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu.
Ud =

3 6U 2
.cos
2

Khi = 0 th Udo = 1,17 U2

Tr s trung bnh ca dng in qua van
Iv =

Id
3

in p ngc ln nht m van phi chu khi lm vic.

Ungmax = 2,45 U2
Tr s hiu dng dng din cun th cp th nht MBA ngun.
I2 = 0,58 Id
Cng sut tnh ton ca my bin p ngun
Sba = 1,.35Pd
Nhn xt: S chnh lu 3 pha hnh tia bt buc phi c bin p
ngun c im trung tnh a ra ti, cng sut my bin p ny ln hn
cng sut mt chiu 1,35 ln.
Tuy nhin st p trong mch van nh nn thch hp vi phm vi in
p lm vic thp. V s dng ngun 3 pha nn khng lm lch in p li v
cho php nng cao cng sut ti ln ln nhiu, mt khc, p mch ca
in p ra sau mch chnh lu gim ng k nn kch thc b lc cng nh
i nhiu so vi s 1 pha.
3.2.3. Chnh lu 3 pha s cu.
Cc tham s chnh ca mch chnh lu 3 pha s cu nh sau:
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu.

31

3 6U 2 cos
cos

Ud =

Khi = 0 th Udo = 2,34. U2

Tr s trung bnh dng in quan van,
Iv =

Id
3

in p ngc ln nht m van phi chu khi lm vic

Ungun max =

6.U 2

Cng sut tnh ton mch MBA ngun.

Sba = 1.05. Pd.
H s p mch ca in p chnh lu K m = 0,057 s chnh lu cu
3 pha (H gn 6 Thiristo chia thnh hai nhm.
Nhm ca tt chung: T1, T3 v T5
Nhm ant chung: T2, T4 v T6
in p cc pha.
U2a =

2.U 2 sin

U2b =

2.U 2 sin(

2
3

U2c =

2.U 2 sin(

4
3

Gc m c tnh t giao im ca cc na hnh sin.

Hot ng ca s .
Gi thit T5 v T6 ang cho dng chy qua VF = U2c , VG = U2b khi =
1 =

+ cho xung iu khin m T1. Thiristo ny m v U2a >0. S m ca

6

32

T1 lm cho T5 b kho li mt cch t nhin v U2a > U2c, Lc ny T6 v T1 cho

dng chy qua. in p trn ti Ud = Uab = U2a = U2b .
Khi = 2 =

3
+ cho xung iu khin m T 2. Thiristo ny m v
6

khi T6 dn dng, n t U2b nn ant T2 m U2b > U2c. S m ca T2 lm cho

T6 b kho li mt cch t nhin v U2b > U2c
Cc xung iu khin lch nhau

c ln lt a n cc iu khin
3

cc Thiristo theo th t 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 1

Trong mi nhm khi 1 Thiristo m n s kho ngay Thiristo dn dng
trc n. Tm tt bng.
Thi im
1 = /6 +

M
T1

Kho
T5

2 = 3/6 +

T2

T6

3 = 5/6 +

T3

T1

4 = 7/6 +

T4

T2

5 = 9/6 +

T5

T3

6 = 11/6 +

T6

T4

Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti

ng bao gi trn biu din in th cau F v V F. ng bao gi di
biu din in th cau G v VG.
in p trn ti l Ud = VF -VG l khong cch thng ng gia hai
ng bao.

Ud =

6
2

5
+
6

2U sind =

3 6U 2
.cos

33

Ud =

6
2

7
+
6

3
6

3 6U 2
2

2U sin +
.cos
d =
3
2

a)

Hnh 3.3 Chnh lu 3 pha s cu: a) s thay th; b) th thi gian

34

Nhn xt: Chnh lu 3 pha s cu l loi c s dng nhiu nht

trong thc t v c nhiu u im hn c. N cho php u thng vo li
in 3 pha, p mch rt nh (5%).
Nu c dng bin p th gy mo li in t hn cc loi trn ng
thi cng sut MBA cng ch xp x cng sut ti. Cng sut mch chnh lu
ny c th rt ln n hng trm kW.
Nhc im ca n l mt sp p trong mch van gp i s hnh
tia nn khng ph hp vi cp in p ra ti di 10V.
3.2.4. Kt lun
Sau khi a ra cc s trn ta c nhn xt:
Cng sut ti ca ta ln nn nu ta dng s c 1 pha s gy ra mo
in p li.
Nu dng chnh lu s hnh tia th ta cn phi c bin th. Mt
khc, do s ny c h s p mch ca in p chnh lu tng i ln
nn phi dng thm b lc.
Nu dng chnh lu 3 pha s cu th s m bo c yu cu v
cng sut ca ti ln. Mt khc in p ca ng c trong trng hp nyl
600V v vy ta c th mc trc tip chnh lu 3 pha s cu vo li in
m khng cn phi qua bin th. H s p mch ca in p chnh lu cau s
ny rt thp (0,057). V th c thun li l ta khng phi dng b lc.
Vy sau khi cn c vo cng sut v in p m ti yu cu ,v i
chiu vi u v nhc im ca tng s l chn chnh lu cu 3 pha c
iu khin l hp l nht.
3.3 Tnh ton mch ng lc
m bo a ra n ti in p 600V cng sut ng c 600 kW cn
phi b cc st p do in tr, in cm ca dy qun MBA v st p trn van
bn dn. V vy in p trn van thc t l Ud.

35

Ud = Ut + Ur + Ux + Uvr
Uv l st p trn van Uv = 2A.
St p trn tr dy qun bin p. Do in p Ud to thnh nh in p 2
pha ca ngun nn in tr gy st p l hai in tr pha. V vy c h s 2
trong nhiu biu thc sau:
U 22
Ur = 2Id rba = 2Id = 2Id =
r
Sba /3
2

6
U
Ur = Id d .
= 1,044.rUd
2,34 1,05Ud.I d
St p do trng dn gy ra bi in cm dy qun pha bin p
U 22

x
Ux = I dX ba = I d
3
3 Sba /3
=

9 x
.U d = 0,497xUd
2,342.1,05

Ud =

U dt + U v
600 + 2,01
=
1 ( 1,044 r + 0,497 x ) 1 ( 1,044.0,02 + 0,497.0,07)

Ud = 638
U2 =

Ud
638
=
= 272 (V)
2,34 2,34

r = 2%, x = 7% l lng st p % do in tr v in cm dy qun

bin p.
3.3.1. Tnh chn van cho mch ng lc.
Mch ng lc gm c 6 van Thiristo lp theo s cu.
in p ngc m mi van phi chu l v van c mc theo s cu
3 pha nn in p ngc t ln van c tnh theo cng thc.
Ungmax = 2,45U2 = 2,45.272 = 666,4.
36

in p ca van c chn phi tho mn iu kin.

Uv > Ku.Ungmax
y Ku l h s d tr in p cho van.
Do thc t in p li khng n nh v c php dao ng, mt
khc c nhiu yu t nh hng ngu nhin trn mng in nn h s d tr
in p ly trong khong 1,7 n 2,2
Ta chn Ku = 2, v th van c chn phi c
UV = 2. 666,4 = 1332,8 (V)
Dng in ma mi van phi chu l
IV > KV .Itbv
Trong :
Itbv l gi tr trung bnh dng in thc t qua an
Iv l dng trung bnh ca van c chn
Kv l h s d tr v dng in cho van.
i vi s sau ta c dng in trung bnh thc t qua van.
Itbv =

I d 100
=
= 333,3 (A)
3
3

Trong : Id l dng nh m ca ng c.
Id = Im = 1000 (A)
Itbv = Im = 333,3
H s d tr dng in ca van tu thuc vo c im lm vic ca
van, chng hn cng dng in qua van thuc loi ln bhau trung bnh,
c hay lm vic iu kin qu ti hau khng , iu kin mi trng ch d
lm mt. Vi iu kin c th ca nh my thp ta thy.
Kv = 2
Vy van m ta chn phi c: 2. 333,3 = 666,6 (A)
37

Iv > Kv .Itbv = 2.333,3 = 666,6 (A)

Nh vy ta phi chn van tho mn hai ch tiu.
Ch tiu in p Uv > 1332,8 (V)
Ch tiu dng in Iv > 666,6 (A)
Cn c vo bng tham s Thiristo do Lin X sn xut (ti liu TCS
ca thy Phm Quc Hi) ta chn Thiristo k hiu T -800, c cc thng s
sau.
Icp = 800 (A)

Id = 14.000 (A) cp du/dt 4-6

Tx = 3600(A)

Id = 30 (mA) cp tph = 1

Cp di /dt = 1-4
U = 2,1 (V)
Uk = 7 (V)
Ik = 400 (mA) Cp in p (10 - 24) 100 (V)
3.3.2. Tnh ton thit k cun khng bo v hn ch tc tng dng
di/dt.
V mch chnh lu mc trc tip vo li in khng c my bin p
nn ta phi c cun khng ny.
Tc tng dng di/dt s ln nht khi in p trc khi van dn l cao
nht, tng ng vi in p li tng thm 5%, do cun khng m ta cn
thit k gii c h s t cm tho mn:
L>

U vmax
21,05.600
=
= 18.10-6H = 18H
6
50.10
( di / dt) cp

Ta chn in cm hn ch L = 20H.
Da vo ti liu "Thit k - thit b in in t cng sut" ca tc gi
Trn Vn Thnh ta thit k tnh ton cun khng sau:
I = 2f.L
38

I. Tng tr cun khng.

+ St p trn cun khng : Uck = I.Z
I l dng in xoay chiu i qua cun khng vo b chnh lu cu pha
3pha: I = 0,816.Id.
Pck = Uck.I = I2 .Z = (0,816.Id)2
Pck = (0,816.100)2.2.3,14.50.20.19-6 = 4181 (VAR)
+ Tnh tit din li thp cun khng.
SFe = K

Pck
vi K =5 6 ta thy k = 5,5
f

SFe = 5,5

8181
= 50 cm2 .
50

Vy ta chn S = 55cm2
+ Tnh s vng dy cn c ca cun khng.
W=

U ck
4,44.K dq .f.B.S

Trong : Kdq : l h s dy qun Kdq = 1,1 1,3 ta chn Kdq = 1,1

B - l mt t cm cau li thep
B = 1,1 1,8 (T) ta chn B = 1,2
0,816.100.2.3,14.50.200.106
Vy : W =
4,44.1,1.50.1,2.55.104
+Chn tit din dy qun cun khng.
dng in i qua cun khng l:
I = 0,816.100 = 816 (A)
Ta chn dy qun khng l dy ng. cun khng pht nhit ta chn
mt dng in qua cun khng l .
J = 3A /mm2
39

SCU =

I 816
=
= (mm2).
J
3

Vy cun khng hn ch tc tng dng di/di m ta va thit k c

cc thng s chnh sau.
SFe = 55cm

- tit din li t

SCu = 272mm2

- tit din dy ng.

W = 3,1 vng

- s vng qun.

3.3.3. Tnh mch bo v qu p RC mc song song vi van.

Hnh 3.4: Bo v Thiristo

+ H s qu p ca van c tnh theo cng thc sau:
K=

U ngcp
U ngtt

Trong : Ungcp - l in p ngc ln nht m c th chu.

Ungtt -l in p ln nht t ln van tong ng in p li tng ln
5%. V vy:
K=

2000
2.1,05.600

= 2,25

Cn c vo ti liu hng dn thit k in t cng sut ca thy Phm

Quc Hi ta c phng php tnh tr s R v C. Ta c th tra R*maz ,R*min ,
v C* theo k sau:

40

Hnh 3.5: Cc h s C*, R*max, R*min theo h s K

tra th 3 - 5 vi K =2,2 c C* = 0,25 ; R*min = 2; R*max
Tr s dng in nh qua van.
U V max
Rt

IVmax =
Trong .
UVmax =
Rt =

2 .1,05.600 = 890 (V)

U d 638
=
= 0,64
I d 100

IVmax =

890
= 1390 (A)
0,64

Trong mch chnh lu tn s chuyn mch ca van bng tn s li v vy.

di
(max) = 2f.Imax = 2.3,14.50.1390
dt
di
= 436460A/S = 0,436 (A)/s
dt
+ Xc nh din tch Q tn ti trong van trc khi kho Q theo h c
tnh trong s tra cu [Q=f(di/dt ; IVmax]
Vi loi T-800 tra th Q = f (di/dt; Imax; I)
Trong s tay vi di/dt v IVmax va tnh c Q = 50 As = 50.10-6

41

T ta c
'
min

2Q * 2.50.106
=
C =
.0,25 = 0,02.10-6(F)
U ngtt
890

Ta chn t C = 0,1F
+ Tnh R, vi s cu c hai pha tham gia dn din cho ti nn gi tr
L' = 2L nen
U ngtt

890.2.18.106
=
= 18
2Q
2.50.106

V vy in tr nm trong phm vi
R*min. 18 R R*max.18
36 R 72
Chn in tr R = 60 ()
Lc ny dng phng ln nht ca t bng.
ICmax = Ungtt/R = 890/60 = 15 (A)
3.3.4. Chn cu dao ng ct cho mch lc
Dng in i qua cu dao l
I = 0,816 .Id = 0,816.1000 = 816 (A)
Cu dao ny t gi li xoay chiu, v th ta chn cu dao c k
hiu Po - 3 do Lin X sn xut c cc thng s:
Um = 1200 (A)
Im = 1000 (A)
3.3.5. Chn cu ch bo v cho mch lc.
Cu ch c sau cu dao bo v cho mch lc.
Ta chn cu ch loi H do Lin Xo sn xut c cc thng s sau ;

42

Idc =

KI 1,7.816
=

1,5

i vi ng c mt chiu c phn ng c cp in bi b bin i

ta ly K = 1,7
l h s ph thuc vo iu kin khi ng ta ly = 1,5
Idc =

1,7.816
=925
1,5

Ta chn dy chy c I = 1500 (A) .

43

H 3.6. S mch lc

44

Chng IV
Phn tch tnh ton mch iu khin
4.1. Yu cu chung i vi mch iu khin
- m bo pht xung vi cc yu cu m van nh:
bin , rng, sn xung ngn.
- m bo phm vi iu chnh gc iu khin min max tng ng vi
in p ra ti khi thay i ca mch lc.
- m bo tnh i xng vi c knh iu khin, khng vt qu 1 0
30 in, tc l gc iu khin i vi mi van khng c lch qu gi tr
trn,
tc ng ca mch iu khin nhanh.
- m bo mch hot ng n nh v tin cy khi li in xoay chiu
dao ng c v gi tr trn in p v tn s.
- m bo cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch lc.
- Khng gy nhiu i vi cc h thng iu khin in t khc
xuang quanh.
- C kh nng bo v qu p, qu dng, mt pha v bo hiu khi c
s c.
C hai loi iu khin c bn l h ng b v h khng ng b.
Trong bn n ny ta s dng h ng b v nguyn tc iu khin dc.
h ny gc iu khin m van lun c xc nh xut pht t mt thi
im c nh ca in p mch lc. V vy trong mch iu khin phi c mt
khu thc hin nhim v ny gi l khu ng b pha m bo mch iu
khin hot ng theo nhp ca in p lc. hot ng theo nguyn tc iu
khin dc th trong mch phi c mt khu to ra in p ta U T c dng c
nh (thng l xung rng ca) theo chu k do nhp ng b ca khu ng
pha. Khu so snh xc nh im cn bng ca hai in p ta U T v in p
iu khin Uk pht khu to ra xung m van hay gc iu khin thay i

45

do s thay i tr s ca Uk. Trn th l s di chuyn theo chiu dc

ca trc bin . Trong thc t ngi ta ch yu s dng nguyn tc ny.
4.2. Tnh chn bin p cho ngun iu khin.
4.2.1. Mt s c im ca bin p ngun iu khin.
Ngun iu khin thng c cng sut khng qu 1KVA, nn bin p
cp ngun cho n l loi cng sut nh. Do , vic tnh ton khc nhiu so
vi loi bin p lc th hin cc im sau: Mt trong nhng nhim v ch
yu ca thit k bin p lc l tnh ton dng kch thc mch t. Trong khi
bin p cng sut nh thng c sn cc loi li chun ho v c ch to
sn. St p trong bin p lc ch yu l do cun cm, cn bin p iu
khin l do in tr cun dy.
*Kt lun: Mc ch tnh ton bin p iu khin l da vo cng sut
ca bin p cn thit, ta chn trn cc cun th cp in p khi mang ti v
khng pht nng qu mc cho php.
4.2.2. Tnh ton bin p 3 pha.
Khi ngun iu khin l 3 pha ta c hai phng php thit k. Mt
l dng 3 bin p loi 1 pha u thnh 3 pha hoc dng 1 bin p 3 pha.
bin p 1 pha ta ch cn xc nh cc tham s ca mt bin p theo bng 16
(ti liu hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut) ca thy Phm Qu Hi.
cng sut ca bin p 1 pha = 1 phn 3 cng sut 3 pha, cn pha B, C tnh
ton tng t.
Bin p ngun iu khin pha A c hai cun dy th cp. Cun th cp
th th nht cho in p ng pha v cun th cp th hai cho cc mch

46

+24V
A

7815

iu khin pha A
U
fa

+15V
D3

D5

D1

C1

C3

C5

D0

D4

D2

C2

C4

C6

Ufab

Ufac

-15V
78915

MBA
ng pha

Ngun
iu khin

H4.0. Mch cp ngun iu khin

Khuch i thut ton v bin p xung.

+ Vi mch to bin p ng pha, U21 = 12 (V)
+ Vi mch to ngun n nh cho I21 = 100(mA)
Khuch i thut ton v bin p xung
U22 = 20 (V); I22 = 1(A)
Do cng sut ca my bin p ngun l
P21 = 12. 0,1 = 1,2 (W)
P21 = 20. 1 = 20 (W)

P2 = P21 + P22 = 1,2 + 20 = 21,2 (W)

Sba = Ssd. P2

Trong :
Ksd l h s s tra trong bng 1.1 [TL-HDTCS] ca thy Phm
Quc Hi theo mch chnh lu Ksd = 1,05.
Sba = 1,05. 21,2 = 22,26 (VA)
P2 - cng sut tc dng ca cun th cp
47

Sba - cng sut ton phn ca my bin p ngun xc nh c li thp

da vo cng sut MBA c.
Sba.102
Sth .Scs =
2,22.f.Bmax .S.K th .K cs
T kinh nghim thc t, tit din li thp Sth c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
Sth = 1,2 P = 1,2 21,2 = 5,5 cm2.
Cc tham s trong biu thc tra trong bng 15[TL-HD TCS].
Kth = 0,9, S = 2,4 (A/mm2); Bmax = 1,3.
Kcs = 0,25.
22,26.102
5,5.Scs =
2,22.50.1,3.2,4.0,9.0,25
Scs =

28,56
= 5,19 cm4
5,5

Tra bng cng thc my bin p cng sut nh, chn li st c tit din
S = 7,28cm2, c ghp bng l thp loi II 20 x 40 c b dy 0,35mm c cc
thng s sau:

Hnh 4.1: Kch thc li thp cun lc mt chiu

Tnh s vng cc cun dy s cp v th cp l:
- S vng dy s cp l:
48

E.104
W=
4,44.f.Bmax .Sth
Trong :
E= U0. (1 - 0,01. U0%).
U0 l st p trn cun s cp U% = 13 (V)
E0 = 220 (1 - 0,01. 13) =191,4 (V)
S vng dy cun th cp l:
E1.104
W21 =
4,44.f.Bmax .Sth
Trong :
E1 = 12 (1 - 0,01. 18) = 9,84 (V)
9,84.104
W21 =
= 62 (vng).
4,44.50.1,3.5,5
S vng dy cun th cp l
E2.104
W22 =
4,44.f.Bmax .Sth
Trong :
E1 = 20 (1 - 0,01. 18) = 16,4 (V)
W22 =

16,4.104
= 103 (vng).
4,44.50.1,3.5,5

Dng in chy trong cun s cp l

I1 =

P 21,2
=
= 0,096 (A)
U1 220

Ta ly mt dng in l
J = 2,5 (A/mm2).
Nn tit din ca cun s cp l
S1 =

I 1 0,096
=
= 0,038 (mm2)
J
2,5
49

Do ta chn dy c ng knh l d1 = 0,3mm

Tng t

S21 = 0,04 mm2. Chn d21 = 0,23 mm

S22 = 0,4 mm2. Chn d22 = 0,7 mm

Ta chn D0 D5 loi 1N5420 c I = 2A, U = 70 (V)

Chn C1, C2 l t lc ngun IC n p loi 2200F - 35 (V)
Chn t C3, C4 l t lc sau n p loi 470(F)-25(V)
Chn t C5, C6 l t lc hi nhiu cao tn chn 10(F).
4.3. Khu ng pha

a)

sin10

b)

50

H4.2. Khu ng pha: a. S nguyn l; b. Dng in p u ra

Khu ng pha gm c khuch i thut ton OA1, cc in tr R 1, R2,
VR1 v bin p ng pha. mch lm vic ch chnh lu, trn th
ng in p. U0 phi giao nhau vi ng in p ng pha i qua im 0,
v th.
U 0 = 2U p.sin100 = 1,41.12. sin100 = 2,93 (V)
Vi in p U0 l gi tr hiu dng in p ng pha in p cp cho
VR1 l 12(V) ta chn bin tr VR1 = 10 (k), lc dng i qua bin tr l:
I=

12
= 1,2 (mA)
10.000

in tr m ta chnh nh trn VR1 l:

Rc =

U 0 2,93
=
= 2,44 (k).
I
1,2

Vy ta chn R1 = 10 (k); R2 = 15 (k).

4.4. Khu to in p ta.

a)

51

b.
H4.3. Khu to in p t: a. S nguyn l; b. Dng in p
Khi in p u ra ca OA1 tc l im B m th in p ra ca OA2
ti im C t C7 R3 D8 OA1 mt OA2. it n p ta chn
loi c ngng l UDZ = 9V. Thi gian ca t l t 1 tng ng vi 100. nh vy
trong khong thi gian t1 in p trn t phi tng t 0 n 9V.
Khi in p u ra l dng th u ra ca OA2 l m, do t C 7
phng t C7 OA2 mt ngun R4 VR2 t C7. Dng in qua
t khi ny ngc chiu vi khi np, in p trn t C7 gim dn.
Uc = U

1
iR 4.dt
C

V R4 = const nn
Uc = Ud

1
U
.
.t
C R 4 + VR2

52

(4-1)

Trong : U = 9V - l in p nh rng ca.

Sau khong thi gian t = t 2 - t1 tng ng vi 900 - 100 = 800 th in p
trn t s gim ti 0 ta c.
1 800
t= .
= 4,44.103 ( s)
0
50 360
Chn t C7 c in dung C7 = 220 nF = 220.10-9(F)
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc (4-1) ta c;
0= 9

1
12
=
.4,44.103
9
R 4 + VR2
220.10

12.4,44.103
R4 + VR2 =
= 2609( )
220.109
Chn R4 = 20 (k). Chit p VR2 chn 15 (k)
Chnh nh chn VR2 = 10 (k).
Trong qu trnh np in p trn t C7 c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Uc =

1
1
i
dt
=
.i c .t
c
C
C

(4-2)

Trng :
i c = iR3 iR 4 =

U bh 0,7
U

R3
R 4 + VR 2

Nh phn tch trn th in p trn t C 7 s tng t 0 n 9V

trong thi gian t1. Nh vy thi gian np l.
1 100
t = t1 = .
= 0,55.103 (s)
0
50 360
Vi khuch i thut ton c ngun l 12V c U bh= 10V, thay vo cng
thc (4-2) ta c.
Uc =

1 U bh 0,7
U

.t
C
R3
R 4 + VR2
53

Khi t = t1 th Uc = 9V
Uc =

10 0,7
1
12
3

,.0,55.10
9
26909
220.10 R3

R3 = 2319 (). Chn R3 = 2,4 (k)

4.4. Khu so snh to xung.
R5

OA3
+

UT

a)

Uk

D9

Uss

R6

U
UT
Uk
t

U
UT

Uk

b) 0

H4.3. Khu so snh to xung a. S nguyn l; b.Dng in p

Phn t chnh l OA3 c cp ngun +12V loi LM 324 c cc thng
s k thut sau:
Ung = 3V 22V
Nhit lm vic: t = - 550 1250C
Cng sut tiu th: P = 650 (mW) = 0,65 (W)
54

Tng tr u vo: Zv = 70 ()
Tng tr u ra: Zr = 1 (M) = 1000.000 ()
H s khuch i: K0 = 5.104
Dng in u ra: Iv = 25 (mA).
Tc tng p:

du
= 0,5 V/s
dt

Nhim v so snh 2 in p ta v in p iu khin kt qu u ra

l cc xung ch nht sau khi qua it D9 loi b phn m, ta c dng
in p nh trn s . in tr R5 v R6 c nhim v cch ly gia Uk v UT
ng thi hn ch dng khng gy qu ti cho tng trc. Ta chn R 5 = R6 =
15 k.
4.5. Khu to xung chm.
R7
C8

D10

OA4

+
R9

Uxs

R8
a)

Uxs

t
b)

55

H4.5. Khu to xung chm

a. S mch in nguyn l; b. Dng in p
y l mch dao ng a hi to xung chm. Chu k ca in p tnh
theo cng thc.

2R9
T = 2.R7.C8.ln 1+

R8

(4-3)

gim chnh lch in p tnh gia 2 ca vo ca OA4 ta chn R 9

< R8, chn R9 = 8 (k), R8 = 24 (k).
Tn s ca mch dao ng ta chn f = 1,5 KHz, chn t C 8 l loi t
gm c k hiu 2A2245J. C:
C8 = 22.104 pF = 220.10-9 (F)
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc (4-3) ta c:
1
2.8

= 2.R7.220.109 ln 1+
3
24
1,5.10

R7 = 2966 () chn R5 = 3,3 (k).

56

4.6. Khi khuch i xung chm

H4.6. S nguyn l khi khuch i xung chm

Theo nh loi thiristor chn chng III l loi T-800 c in p
iu khin l: Uk = 7(V); Ik = 0,4 (A) khu dao ng a hi to xung chm
c f = 1,5KHz. Vy tham s dng in cun s cp l.
U1 = U2. K = 7.3 = 21 (V)
I1 =

I k 0,4
=
= 0,13( A )
K
3

Phn t chnh ca khu khuch i xung l cc transitor Q42 v Q41

c ghp darlington. it D43 v in tr R41 nhm tiu tan nng lng
tch lu ca cun dy trong giai oan kho ca cc bng bn n. Ngun cng
sut phi c tr s ln hn U1 b s st p trn in tr. V vy ta chn
Ec=24V. cn c vo tr s ca Ecs v I1 ta chn bng Q42 loi 2N3705 c
Icmax=0,5(A), Ucc = 30 (V), min = 50.
in tr R41 thng chn t kh nng dn dng ln nht cho php ca Q42.

57

R41 >

E cs
24
=
= 48 ().
I cmax 0,5

Vy chn R41 = 60 ().

Bng Q41 chn loi BC107 c U = 45; Icmax = 0,1 (A); min = 110.
Theo (ti liu HDTKMDTCS), ta tnh R43 t iu kin m bo ho
tt cho Q41 v Q42 sau.
R43 <

1.2.E cs 50.110.24
=
= 846153 ().
S.I 1
1,2.0,13

Trong :
S- H s d tr m bo cc bng m bo ho. Mt khc R 43 phi
tho mn iu kin l hn ch dng khng gy qu ti cho cng AND. T
ta chn R43 = 15 (k). Cng AND loi CMO4084.
Theo (ti liu- HDTKMDTCS) in tr tch xung R44 phi tho mn
R44 <
Trong :

2.U f .sin U D
.R 43
U T X

(4-4)

Uf gi tr hiu dng ca in p ng pha Uf = 10V.

min gc iu khin nh nht min = 300
UD st p trn i t D45 = 0,7 (V)
UTX - in p u ra CMOS c ngun cp l 12V nn in p

u ra mc cao 11(V).
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc (4-4) ta c:
R44

2.10.sin300 0,7
.15 = 87 (k)
11

Vy chn R44 = 5,6 (k).

58

4.7. Bin p xung

Bin p xung l loi bin p c bit, trong in p t ln pha s
cp c dng xung ch nht m khng phi in p hnh sin, iu ny dn n
ch lm vic v phng php tnh rt khc so vi bin p thng thng.
Tn s in p lm vic ca bin p xung c th vi trm Hz n hng trm
KHz. Nhim v ca bin p xung l cch ly mch lc v mch iu khin,
phi hp tr khng tng khuch i xung v cc iu khin van lc.
Bin p xung lm vic tn s cao nn li dn t trng l li ferit. Do
tn tht trong bin p tng mch theo tn s nn cng t cm cng phi
gim ng k so vi tn s 50Hz.
B
0,6
0,2
0

80 160 240
H

H4.6. c tnh t ho li ferit

Do dng in qua cc cun dy BHX khng lin tc m c dng xung
nn tr s hiu dng ca dng in nh. V vy, tit din dy qun BAX
thng khng tnh t tr s dng in nh thng thng m hay c chn t
iu kin m bo bn c hc vi ng knh dy qun trong khong
(0,20,4)mm.
Do ch lm vic ca bin p xung l t ho 1 phn nn theo th ta
chn.
B = 0,2 T v H = 30 (mA).

59

Do xung ca b dao ng a hi to ra l i xng nn thi gian c

xung bng thi gian ngh (tx = tn).
Tn s xung chm l 1,5 KHz tng ng chu k 1 xung l.
TXC =

1
fXC

1
= 0,66.103 ( s)
3
1,5.10

Thi gian c xung l:

Tx = 0,5. TXC = 0,5. 0,66. 10-3 = 0,03.10-3 (s)
Th tch ca li t l:
V=

K ba.U 2.I 2.tx .U x

B.H

I2 l dng in cun th cp do tn = tx nn I2 = 0,5.Ik = 0,5. 0,4 =

Ux l st p xung cho php thng ly bng (0,2 0,2)
y ta ly Ux = 0,15 (V)
T s bin p: Kba = 3
in p th cp U2 = Uk = 7 (V).
Thay cc gi tr va tnh vo cng thc (4-3) ta c:
3.7.0,5.0,4.0,33.103.0,5
V=
=
0,2.30
Ta chn li ferit 3019
ng knh ngoi: 30 (mm)
ng knh trong: 19 (mm)
V = 6,19 (cm3)
F = 1,28 (cm3)
Vy s vng dy cun s cp:
U1.t2
9.0,33.103
1 =
=
= 107 (vng)
B.Sba 0,2.1,38.104

60

Vy s vng dy cun th cp:

2 =

1 107
=
= 36 (vng)
K
3

61

62

Hnh 4.9. th thi gian ca mch to xung

63

* Nguyn l lm vic ca mch to xung.

Bin p ng pha l bin p th cp c im gia ni mt v th 2
u cun th cp s cho ra 2 in p ngc pha nhau 180 0. Hai in p ny
sau khi qua D6 v D7 c nn na chu k nn in p ti im A chnh l
in p ng pha UA(Uf) c dng nh (hnh 4.2). in p ng pha ny i
qua R2 c a vo u o ca OA1, in p ny c so snh vi U 0 c
a vo u khng o ca OA1. V b bin i ch lm vic ch chnh
lu nn gc iu khin = 0 n 900 tnh t thi im chuyn mch t nhin.
m rng phm vi iu chnh gi tr U 0 ta ly nh U 0 = 2.U f .sin100 (100
tng ng vi khong thi gian ca t np to sn rng ca i ln mch
to in p ta).
in p u ra ca OA1 tc l in p ti im B c dng nh (hnh
4.3) l dy xung hnh ch nht, ng vi khong thi gian in p ti im
B m th in p ny thng qua i t D 8 v R3 c a ti u o ca OA2
lm cho in p u ra OA2 ti im C7 dng t C2 c np t im C
t C7 R3 D8 im B OA1 mt OA2 im C. Thi gian
np ca t C7 ph thuc vo in dung ca C7 v tr s R3. Thng thng
mch c thit k vi iu kin R3 << R4 + VR2 nn ta b qua dng chy qua
R4 v VR2 trong giai on ny ng vi khong thi gian in p u ra ca
OA1 dng th i t D8 kho, u ra ca OA2 o trng thi (chuyn sang
trng thi m t C2 bt u phng in: t C7 OA2 mt ngun R4 VR2 C7. in p ca qu trnh phng np ca t C 7 c dng nh (hnh 4.3).
l dng in p ta. in p ta t im C thng qua R cng vi in p
iu khin Uk thng qua R0 u c a n u o ca OA3 so snh
vi nhau. V l so snh mt ca nn U T v Uk phi khc du (UT > 0; Uk <0).
Kt qu u ra ca OA3 sau khi i qua D9 ct b phn m ta c in
p so snh c dng ch nht nm pha trn trc honh (hnh 4.4) khuch i
thut ton OA4 cng vi in tr R 7, R8, R9, v t C8 to thnh mch dao
64

ng c tn s t 6 n 10KHz. Sau khi i qua D ct b hn m ta c

in p ti im E c dng nh (hnh 4.5). Xung chm v in p ca khu
to xung ti im D c chia ra lm 2 knh v c a ti cc cgn AND.
kt hp vi mch tch xung D 45, R44 kt qu l in p ti cc baz ca
transtor Q41 v Q42 c dng nh (hnh 4.9). Cc in p ny c khuch i
bng cc cp transitor u kiu darlington sau c truyn qua bin p
xung a n cc iu khin thyristor.
4.8. Tng hp h thng truyn ng in
4.8.1. ng c in mt chiu KTL
Khi dng in kch t ng c khng i, hoc khi ng c c kch
thch bng nam chm vnh cu th t thng kch t l hng s.
Phng trnh ng hc ca ng c c vit dng ton t laplace l:
K = const = CU
U(P) = R . I(P). (1 + T) + CU. (P)
Vi T =

L
l hng s thi gian ca mch phn ng.
R

R, L l in tr v in cm ca mch phn ng.

Phng trnh chuyn ng ca h thng
M(P) = MC(P) = J. P. (P)
Trong :
J l m men qun tnh ca cc phn t chuyn ng quy v trc ng
c. T cc cng thc trn ta xy dng c s cu trc m t ng c in
mt chiu.

65

Hnh 4.10: S cu trc m t ng c in mt chiu

Thng s ca ng c
Um = 600V
R = 0,4
Im = 1000A
IKT = 25,5/6,6A
Pm = 600 kW
UKT = 262/68V
Nm = 1300 v/p
J = 15,5 Kg/m2
S i cc Zp= 2
Trong L l in cm ca mch phn ng c tnh theo cng thc
L = KL.

U nm
I m.Zp.nm

(1)

Nu mch phn ng c cun b th h s KL = 1,4 1,9

Nu mch phn ng khng c cun b th h s KL = 5,5 5,7.
ng c s dng c cun b l ly R 2 = 1,9 thay cc gi tr va tnh
vo cng ghc (1) ta c.
600
L = 1,9.
= 0,00044 H
1000.2.1300
T =

L 0,00044
=
= 0,0011( s)
R
0,4

H s i cc tnh theo cng thc.

Cu = K =
Cu =

U um I um.R U um I um.R
=
.9,55
m
nm

600 1000.0,4
.9,55 = 1,47 V/rad/s
1300

T cc thng s va tnh c ta c cu trc ca ng c nh sau:

66

Hnh 4.11: Quan h gia Uk v gc

4.8.2. B iu chnh c k
Hm truyn t ca b chnh lu thyristor tng qut l
U BB =

K BB
1+ P.TBB

Trong KBB l h s khuch i ca b bin i, T BB l hng s thi

gian ca b bin i c tnh theo cng thc.
TBB =
Vi

1
2mf

m = 6 l s xung p u ra trong mt chu k in p li.

F = 50 l tn s ca in p li.

V th
TBB =

1
= 0,00178
2.6.50

tm KBB ta phi lp bng tm quan h gi Uk , , E.

in p chnh lu cu ba pha l:
E d = 2,34.

600
3

.cos

Nh tnh mch to xung th nh rng ca l 9V, thi gian np

tng ng 100, thi gian phng tng ng 800.
k

67
D

Hnh 4.11: Quan h gia Uk v gc

Quan h gia Uk v gc
Cn c vo tam gic ABC ta c quan h
U rm U k
U k

=
=
1

U rm
U rm
900

U
= 90 1 k
U rm

Ta c bng
Uk
0
90
0
E(V) 0

1
81,1

2
72,2

3
63,2

4
5
54,3 45,4

6
36,5

7
2,76

8
18,7

9
9,8

125,

247,

365,

473

569,

651,

718,

767,

798,7

Cn c vo quan h gia Uk , , E ta dng c th th hin quan

h gia Uk v Ed nh sau:

68

Hnh 4.12: Quan h gia Uk v Ed

V ng c c Um = 600V ta d d phng in p li dao ng st
p, v st p trn cc van khi dn dng, st p trn cun khng nn ng vi
Um ta chn Ed = 652 V.
Khi Ed = 652 V th Uk= 6 v = 36,50.
K BB =

Khi h s ca BB l.
Vy

U BB =

652
= 108,7
6

K BB
108,7
=
1+ P.TBB 1+ 0,0017.P

4.8.3. Khu phn hi dng in

Phn hi dng in l khu qun tnh c hm truyn.
Wi ( P) =

U i ( P)
I

Ki
1+ Ti P

Trong : I: dng in i vo phn ng ng c

Ti: hng s thi gian ca khu truyn ph thuc vo t lc C, in
tr R, h s in cm v ni tr ca bin dng ta ly Ti = 0,005s.

69

Hnh 4.13: Khu phn hi dng in

Ki: h s truyn ca khu phn hi dng in K i =
Ta ly in p phn hi Ui = 10V
Khi ng c chy ch nh mc
C I = 1000A
Ki =

V th

10
= 0,01
1000

T ta c:
Wi ( P) =

Ki
0,01
=
1+ Ti P 1+ 0,005P

4.8.4. Khu phn hi tc .

70

Ui
I

Hnh 4.14: Hm truyn ca khu phn hi tc c dng.

Wft ( P) =

U ( P)
( P)

K
1+ Tf P

Trong : Tf l hng s thi gian ca b lc ly Tf = 0,005s.

K =

U
: khi ng c chy vi tc nh mc th ta c U= Umax= 1(V)
W

m =

nm 1300
=
= 136rad/s
9,55 9,55

K =

U 10
=
= 0,096 v.S/ rad
W 136

Vy ta c:

Wft ( P) =

K
0,096
=
1+ Tf P 1+ 0,005P

5.8.5. Tng hp mch vng dng in.

Hnh 4.15: Cu trc s mch vng dng in

Ri l b iu chnh dng in
TBB, Ti, T l hng s thi gian ca BB, trong trng hp h thng
truyn ng in c hng s thi gian c hc rt ln, hn thi gian in t
ca mch phn ng th ta c th coi s ca ng c khng nh hng n
qu trnh iu chnh ca mch vng dng in (coi E = 0).
Hm truyn t ca mch vng dng in.
71

Ki
R
S0 ( P) =
( 1+P.Ti ) ( 1+ P.TBB
K BB .

) ( 1+ PT )

V Ti v TBB l nh ta dt Ts = Ti + TBB lc ny biu thc S0(P) c th

vit li nh sau.
Ki
R
S0 ( P) =
( 1+P.Ts ) ( 1+ PT )
K BB .

p dng tiu chun ti u m dun ta tm c hm truyn ca b iu

chnh dng in c dng khu PI.
Ri ( P) =

1+ P.T
K BB .K i
.a.Ts.P
R

Ta ly hng s a = 0.

Hnh 4.16: S nguyn l b iu chnh Ri

R1C =

K BB .K i
.2Ts
R

Trong Is = Ti + TBB = 0,005 + 0,0017 = 0,0067

KBB = 108,7; Ki = 0,01; R = 0,4.
Ta chn C = 5,7F, t ta c.
R1 =

K BB .K i
108,7.0,01.2.0,0067
.2Ts =
= 7748()
C.R
4,7.106.0,4

72

Ta chn R1 = 15 k
Tnh R3: V
R3.C = T R3 =
R3 =

Tu
C

0,0011
= 2,34
4,7.106

Chn R3 = 1 k
Hm truyn ca mch vng dng in l.
Ri ( P) =

Ri ( P) =

1+ PTu

K BB
.a.Ts.P
R

1+ 0,0011P
108,7.0,1
.2.0,0067.P
0,4

27,5 + 0,03P
P

27,5+0,03P

108,7

4.8.6. Tng hp mch vng tc .

mc trn ta tng hp c mch vng dng in trong phn ny ta
s s dng biu thc kt qu trong b qua nh hng ca sc in ng
ca ng c.
I ( P)

U i ( P)

1
1
1
1
.
= .
3 2
R i 1+ 2Ts.P + 2Ts.P + 2Ts P
K i 1 + 2TsP ( 1+ TsP )

73

V 1 + Ts. P 1 v th n gin ta c th dng biu thc gn ng

tnh ton hm truyn t ca mch vng dng in.
U ( P)

U di ( P)

1
1
.
K i 1 + 2.Ts.P

S khi cu trc ca h iu chnh tc .

Hnh 4.17: S khi ca h iu chnh tc

Trong Sw l sensor tc c hm truyn l khu qun tnh vi h s
truyn l Kw v hng s thi gian (lc) Tfw.
Thng Tfw c gi tr nh khi ta t.
2T's = 2. Ts + Tfw i tng iu chnh cc hm truyn.
S0 =

R .K
1
.
K i .Cu .Tc P ( 2Ts.P + 1)

Theo tiu chun ti u mdun c th xc nh c hm truyn ca b

iu chnh tc l b t l.
R ( P ) =

K i CuTc
1
. ' = KP
R .K 2.Ts.a2

Trong thng ly a2 = 2.
Hng s thi gian c hc ng c.

74

Tc =

Ru .J 0,4.15,5
=
= 2,8( s)
Cu2
1,472

Trong mc 4.4.1 ta tnh c.

Ki = 0,01, Kw = 0,096
2T's = 2Ts + Tfw = 2. 0,067 + 0,005 = 0,0184 (s)
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc trn ta c.
R ( P ) =

0,01.1,47.2,8
1
.
= 29.
0,4.0,096 2.0,0184

y l b iu chnh t l Kp = 29 v th.
R6
= K p = 29 ta chn R5 = R7 = 10 k.
R5
T ta c R6 = KPR5 38,3. 10 =383 k

Hnh 4.18: Cu trc b iu chnh

Cu

Cu

75

1
JP

Hnh 4.19: S cu trc ca h thng

4.9. o chiu quay ca ng c.
4.9.1. o chiu t thng
Chiu t lc tc dng vo dng in c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay
tri. Khi o chiu t thng hay o chiu dng in th lc t c chiu ngc
li. Vy mun o chiu quay ca ng c in mt chiu c th thc hin
mt trong hai cch sau.
Hoc o chiu t thng (qua o chiu dng in kch t).
Hoc o chiu dng in phn ng.
Trong dy truyn cn ng c s dng h truyn ng vi cng sut
ln (v cng sut kch t ch khong 18% cng sut truyn ng) v hu nh
khng o chiu nn ta s dng phng php o chiu bng t thng.

Hnh 4.20. S o chiu ng c bng kch t

Phng php o chiu t thng thc hin nh nhng v mch t thng
c cng sut nh hn mch phn ng. Tuy vy cun kch t c s vng dy
ln, h s t cm ln do thi gian o chiu tng ln (thi gian qu ln)
nn phng php o chiu t thng tc tng qa, khng tt.

76

4.9.2. S mch kch t

Hnh 4.21. S mch kch t

Hot ng ca s : Hai mch chnh lu hot ng ring bit. Mch
ny hot ng (c pht xung iu khin) th mch li hon ton ngh (b
ngt xung iu khin). V vy loi tr c hin tng dng qun v khng
cn cun khng cn bng. Song qu trnh o chiu cn c thi gian cht (nh
nht l vi ms) cho van ca mch phi ngng hot ng kp phc hi tnh
cht kho ri mi bt u pht xung cho mch kia hot ng. V vy cn c
mt khi logic iu khin o chiu tin cy.
4.9.3. Qu trnh o chiu.
Khi ta nhn nt dng ct ngun ng c ngng hot ng. Nhng theo
qun tnh ng c cn chy mt thi gian sau mi ngng hn. V vy n sinh

77

ra mt nng lng trong mch phn ng. Mun lm mt nng lng ta

phi mc mt in tr R trit tiu nng lng pht sinh .
Khi bt u ng in cho ng c, tc ng c bng khng nn
dng in ng c Im=

U m
= (10 - 20) Im rt ln to ra m men ngn mch.
R

M = M nm = K m.

R m
= K mI nm
R

Cng rt ln v c th gy ra hu qu xu. M men m my qu ln s

to ra cc xung lc ng lm h truyn ng b git, khng tt v mt c hc,
hi my, c th gy ra nguy him gy trc, v bnh rng.
Mmm = Mnm = K. dm. Imm.
Vy, m bo an ton cho ng c v cc c cu truyn ng cng
nh trnh nh hng xu ti li in, phi hn ch dng in khi m my,
khng cho vt mc gi tr Imm =(1,5 - 2,5)Im.
Ngha l phi thm in tr ph vo mch phn ng Rp sao cho.
I mm =

U m
U
= m ( 1,5 2,5) I m
R + Rp R

P ln th chn Imm nh
Trong qu trnh m my, tc ng c tng, sc in ng ca
ng c E = K. cng tng dn v dng in ng c b gim.
I=

UE
R + RP

Do m men ng c gim.

78

a. th c tnh c lc m my

b. S m my ng c in mt chiu KTL

Hnh 4.22
Do m men ng c ny cng gim. ng c m my theo mi ten
trn ng c tnh c 1 (Hnh 4.22).
Nu c gi nguyn Rp trong mch phn ng th khi ng c gim t
Mmm xung bng MC, ng c s quay n nh vi tc thp B.
Do vy, khi m mn gim i 1 mc no th phi ct in tr Rp
trong mch phn ng nh ng tip im K ng c tr v lm vic (hy
tip tc m my) trn c tnh t nhin ti im E. Lc ny m men ng c
ME li ln hn nhiu m men ti M C nn ng c tip tc tng tc nhanh ti
im A th M = Mc v ng c s chy n nh vi tc A .
Khi ng tip im K ct in tr ph Rp ra khi mch rto th ngay
lp tc ng c chuyn t im lm vic D trn c tnh c nhn to 1 sang
lm vic trn c tnh c t nhin 2, do qun tnh c khi chuyn c tnh, tc
ng c khng kp thay i trong mt khong thi gian qu ngn nn on
chuyn i DE l nm ngang.

79

Chng 5: M phng h thng bng simulink

5.1. Gii thiu phn mm simulink
Matlab l chng trnh phn mm tr gip cho vic tnh ton v hin
th. N c th chy trn hu ht cc loai my tnh v c iu khin bi s
lng lon cc lnh, cc tp lnh. Cc lnh ny ngy cng c m rng nh
cc phn Toolbox (th vin tr gip) khc nhau hay thng qua cc hm ng
dng c to lp bi ngi s dng.
Simulink l mt Toolbox h tr c lc cho vic m hnh ho, m
phng v phn tch mt h thng ng. Simulink cho php m t h thng
tuyn tnh, h phi tuyn, cc m hnh trong thi gian lin tc, gin on hay
mt h kt hp c lin tc v gin on. H thng cng c th c nhiu tc
khc nhau c ngha l cc phn khc nhau ly mu v cp nht s liu tc
khc nhau.
m hnh ho Simulink s dng cc i tng ho gi l Graphic
Programming Unit - GPU. N c xy dng trn c s cc ngn ng lp
trnh OOP, to iu kin ht sc thun li cho vic thay i gi tr cc thuc
tnh trong nhng khi thnh phn. Loi hnh lp trnh ny c xu hng c
s dng nhiu trong k thut bi u im ln nht can l tnh trc quan, d
vit v hnh dung i vi ngi lp trnh khng chuyn nghip x nh nhng
ngi mun b nhiu thi gian cho vic nghin cu thm mt ngn ng lp
tnh mi.
Th vin ca Simulink cng bao gm tan b th vic cc khi nh
khi nhn tn hiu, cc ngun tn hiu, cc phn t tuyn tnh v phi tuyn,
cc u ni chun. iu c bit chng trnh ny l ngi s dng c th
to ra cc khi th vin ring ca mnh. Cc m hnh bi ton trong Simulink
c xy dng c th bc hay cn gi l xy dng theo m hnh phn cp,
iu cho php ngi s dng c th xy dng m hnh theo hng POP80

DOWN hoc POP-UP. Ngi dng va c th quan st h thng mc tng

quan, va c th t c mc c th bng cch nhy kp vo tng khi xc
nh xem chi tit mo hnh ca tng khi. Vi cch xy dng kiu ny,
ngi dng c th hiu c su sc t chc ca mt m hnh v nhng tc
ng qua li ca cc phn trong m hnh nh th no.
Sau khi xy dng m hnh h thng, ngi s dng c th m phng n
trong Simulink bng cch nhp lnh trong ca s ca Matlab hoc s dngc
c menu c sn. Vic s dng cc menu c bit thch hip cho cc cng vic
c s tc ng qua la ln nhau, cn s dng dng lnhthwng hay c s
dng khi chy mt lot cc m hnh. Cc b Scope v khi hin th khc cho
php nhiu s dng c th theo di kt qu trong khi ang chy m phng.
Hn na, ngi s dng c th thay i thng s h thng mt cch trc tip
v nhn bit c cc nh hng n m hnh. Kt qu m phng c th t
vo Matlab x l a ra my in hay hin th.
Cn nhn mnh iu quan trng nht trong vic m phng mt h
thng hay mt qu trnh l vic xy dng c m hnh h thng qu trnh .
s dng tt chng trnh ny, ta cn nm chc cc kin thc c bn v
iu khin t ng, xy dng m hnh ton hc theo quan im l thuyt iu
khin t ng v t xy dng m hnh bi ton cn gii quyt.
5.2. M phng h thng bng simulink.

81

 th hnh 5.2 th hin ba c tnh ca ng c.

Hnh 5.2a th hin c tnh ca in p.
Hnh 2.5b th hin c tnh ca dng in.
Hnh 5.2.c th hin c tnh ca tc khi khi ng th ng c mang
ti ngay t u, sau 1s qu trnh khi ng kt thc v ng c lm vic
ch xc lp.
Khi khi ng ban u c mang ti.
in p tng dn xp x in p nh mc sau 1,5S.
Dng in m my tng ln vt dng nh mc nhng do tc ng
ca mch phn hi dng in nn n gim dn v t ti gi tr nh mc sau
1,55.
Tc tng ln vt gi tr nh mc sau 3,5s ta ng ti cho h thng,
ng c lm vic c ti.
in p n nh v t gi tr nh mc 600V.
Dng in n nh v t gi tr nh mc 1000A.
Tc n nh 1300V/ph
5.3. ngha ca qu trnh m phng.
L cng c quan trng cho php kho st cc i tng, h thng hay
qu trnh k thut vt l, m khng nht thit phi c i tng thc. c
trang b mt cng c m phng mch v c hiu bit v cc phng php m
hnh ho, ngi k s s c kh nng rt ngn thi gian v gim chi ph
nghin cu pht trin sn phm mt cch ng k, iu ny c bit c
ngha khi sn phm l cc h thng thit b k thut phc tp vi gi tr kinh
t ln.
5.4. M t qu trnh m hnh, m phng.
y ta s dng m hnh, m phng b bin i thc t tnh ti cc
yu t phi tuyn.
82

+ Ta dng ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp c cc thng s sau:

Um = 600V

n =1300 V/ph

Im = 1000A

J = 15,5 kg/m2.

Pm = 600 kW

R = 0,4

L = 0,00044 (H)

T = 0,0011 (S)

B bin i dng s cu 3FA c iu khin (Thyristor converter).

c nhn tn hiu iu khin t b pht xung (Synchronized).
B pht xung iu khin c cp ngun t (Synchronization
Voltages).
+ Hm truyn ca b iu chnh dng (PI Curent Regulator) u vo
nhn tn hiu t khu phn hi tc u ra gi ti khi iu khin lphadeg iu khin gc m .
+ Hm truyn ca b iu chnh tc (Speed Controller) u vo
nhn tn hiu t my pht tc v khu to gia tc.
u ra gi tn hiu ti u vo ca PI.
+ Khu Scope nhn cc dng tn hiu: in p, dng in, tc .
* Nguyn l hot ng ca m hnh, m phng.
Khi ng c lm vic tc ca ng c c n nh nh b phn hi
tc v b phn hi dng in tc thc t ca ng c c so snh vi
tc t do vy trn Scope ta nhn thy tc ca ng c bm st ng
t ().
Dng in thc t ca ng c s thay i khi ng c mang y ti v
khng ti c hin th trn Scope v dng in thc t ta thy bm theo
ng theo dng in t.

83

Kt lun
Qua thi gian thc hin n tt nghip, vi ti "Thit k b iu
khin ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp" gip em hiu nhng
vn l thuyt v thc t lin quan n ti nhm cng c thm nhng
kin thc hc trng.
c s hng dn nhit tnh ca thy gio Trn Trng Minh v cc
thy c gio trong b mn T ng ho v cc bn cng vi s n lc ca bn
thn, em hon thnh ti thit k tt nghip ny.
ti thit k tt nghip cp n c bn ca phng php iu
khin ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp. ti tt nghip cng cp
n phng php xy dng m hnh quan st in p, dng in, tc thng
qua vic m phng bng chng trnh MATLAB SIMULINK trn my tnh.
Cc kt qu m hnh ho trn my tnh cho thy c s khng
nh h thng truyn ng in xut trong n hon ton c th p
dng c trong thc t.
Do thi gian c hn nn n c nhiu thiu st, mong thy c v cc
bn gp cho em.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy c gio v cc bn!

Hi Phng, ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2004

Sinh vin

Phm Hu Qun

84

Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Mnh Tin, V Quang Hi
Trang B in - in t my gia cng kim loi
2. Phm Quc Hi
Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut
3. Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin, Nguyn Th Hin
Truyn ng in - NXB KHKT - 2001
4. Bi Quc Khnh, Phm Quc Hi, Nguyn Vn Lin, Dng Vn Nghi.
iu chnh t ng truyn ng in - NXB KHKT - 1999.
5. Nguyn Bnh
in t cng sut - NXB KHKT - 2000.
6. Dng Minh Tr
S tay linh kin - NXB KHKT - 1998.
7. Phm Cng Ng
L thuyt iu khin t ng - NXB KHKT - 1998.
8. Xun Th
K thut in t - NXB Gio dc - 1997.
9. V Quang Hi
Trang b in - in t cng nghip - NXB Gio dc - 2003.

85

Mc lc
Trang
2.1.2.1. Phng trnh c tnh c..........................................1
2.1.2.2. Xt nh hng ca cc tham s n c tnh c ....4

2.2. iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu..........7

2.2.1. Nguyn l iu chnh in p phn ng..................7
2.2.2. Nguyn l iu chnh t thng ng c.................11
2.3. H thng bin i - ng c (BB - ) .............12
2.3.1. H thng truyn ng my pht - ng c mt
chiu (F - ) ...................................................................13
2.3.1.1. Cu trc h F - v cc c tnh c bn................13
2.3.1.2. Cc ch lm vic ca h F - D...........................15

2.3.2. H thng chnh lu - ng c mt chiu ..............18

2.3.2.1. Chnh lu bn dn lm vic vi ng c in. .......18
2.3.2.2. c tnh ca h truyn ng chnh lu Thiristo ng c mt chiu...............................................................22
2.3.2.3. Nhn xt chung......................................................24

CHng III: Phn tch tnh ton mch lc..................................28

3.1. Mc ch yu cu ..........................................28
3.2. La chn ca b chnh lu...............................28
3.2.1. Chnh lu cu mt pha i xng c iu khin.. . . .28
3.2.2. Chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha........................................30
3.2.3. Chnh lu 3 pha s cu.....................................31
3.2.4. Kt lun................................................................35
3.3 Tnh ton mch ng lc..................................35
3.3.1. Tnh chn van cho mch ng lc.........................36
3.3.2. Tnh ton thit k cun khng bo v hn ch tc
tng dng di/dt..........................................................38
3.3.3. Tnh mch bo v qu p RC mc song song vi
van.................................................................................40
3.3.4. Chn cu dao ng ct cho mch lc ..................42
3.3.5. Chn cu ch bo v cho mch lc........................42

H 3.6. S mch lc.............................................................44

Chng IV............................................................................. 45
Phn tch tnh ton mch iu khin........................................45

4.1. Yu cu chung i vi mch iu khin ..........45

4.2. Tnh chn bin p cho ngun iu khin..........46
4.2.1. Mt s c im ca bin p ngun iu khin.. . .46
4.2.2. Tnh ton bin p 3 pha........................................46
4.3. Khu ng pha...............................................50
86

4.4. Khu to in p ta......................................51

4.4. Khu so snh to xung...................................54
4.5. Khu to xung chm.......................................55
4.6. Khi khuch i xung chm............................57
4.7. Bin p xung..................................................59
4.8. Tng hp h thng truyn ng in...............65
4.8.1. ng c in mt chiu KTL...............................65
4.8.2. B iu chnh c k..............................................67
4.8.3. Khu phn hi dng in......................................69
4.8.4. Khu phn hi tc ............................................70
5.8.5. Tng hp mch vng dng in............................71
4.8.6. Tng hp mch vng tc ..................................73
4.9. o chiu quay ca ng c............................76
4.9.1. o chiu t thng...............................................76
4.9.2. S mch kch t...............................................77
4.9.3. Qu trnh o chiu..............................................77
Chng 5: M phng h thng bng simulink............................80

5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.

Gii thiu phn mm simulink.........................80

M phng h thng bng simulink...................81
ngha ca qu trnh m phng......................82
M t qu trnh m hnh, m phng.................82

Kt lun...............................................................................84
Ti liu tham kho.................................................................85
------------ ------------..............................................................88
Li cam oan......................................................................... 91

87

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khoa in
B mn t ng ho xncn

------------ ------------

n tt nghip
ti: thit k b iu khin ng c mt chiu kch t c lp

Gio vin hng dn

Gio vin hng dn
Sinh vin thc hin
Lp
M s sinh vin

: TS. Nguyn mnh tin

: Trn trng minh
: Phm hu qun
: TH k1 - HP
: 4063

Hi Phng - 11/2004
B Gio dc v o to

Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

---------------

c lp T do Hnh phc
---------***---------

88

Nhim v

n tt nghip
H tn sinh vin : Phm Hu Qun

S hiu sinh vin: 4063

Kho : 1 Hi Phng

Ngnh: TH XNCN

Khoa: in

1. u thit k.
Thit k b iu khin ca ng c mt chiu kch t c lp

2. Cc s liu ban u.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton.
Chng I

: Khi nim v cng nghip cn.

Chng II : iu khin ng c mt chiu.

Chng III : Phn tch tnh ton mch lc.
Chng IV : Phn tch tnh ton mch iu khin.
Chng V : M phng h thng bng Simulink.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
4. Cc bn v, th (Ghi r cc loi bn v v kch thc cc bn v):
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
89

5. H tn cn b hng dn.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
6. Ngy giao nhim v n:...........................................................................
7. Ngy hon thnh n: ...............................................................................

Ngy

thng

nm 2004

Ch nhim b mn

Cn b hng dn

(K, ghi r h tn)

(K, ghi r h tn)

Hc sinh hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy thng

nm 2004

Ngi duyt

Sinh vin

(K, ghi r h tn)

(K, ghi r h tn)

90

Li cam oan

Em xin cam oan ti tt nghip ny l do em t thit

k di s hng dn ca thy gio Trn Trng Minh. Cc s
liu v kt qu trong ti l hon thnh trung thc.
hon thnh bn n ny, em ch s dng nhng ti
liu tham kho c ghi trong bng cc ti liu tham kho,
khng s dng ti liu no khc m khng c lit k phn
ti liu tham kho.
Sinh vin

Phm Hu Qun

91