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PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OKWAHU-ABETIFI CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

SUPPORTIVE SOFTWARE FOR ANIMAL REARING FOR THE PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FARM

BY

JUNE 2012

PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OKWAHU-ABETIFI CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

SUPPORTIVE SOFTWARE FOR ANIMAL REARING FOR THE PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BSC IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

BY

JUNE 2012

DECLARATION I do declare that except for references to other peoples work which have been cited, this work submitted as a project report to the Department of Information and Communication Technology, Okwahu Campus of the Presbyterian University College for the degree of BSc. In Information and Communication Technology is the result of my own investigation and has not been presented for any other degree

_______________

_______________

(Student)

(Supervisor)

DEDICATION I dedicate this project work to my family: Mr. and Mrs. Akoto, Mr. and Mrs. Fedieley who continuously give me all the support I needed both financial and physical support and my church pastors family: Mr. and Mrs. Gabla who innumerably pray over me throughout my stay in college.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT On this note, I profound acknowledges Gods grace and mercy. Also, I profoundly acknowledge my familys kindness towards me, considering all my needs and wants. I give all thanks to God Almighty, God Omnipresent, and God Omniscient and my family as well.

ABSTRACT This piece of work (website design) fulfills the online marketing vision of PUCG farm since the farm only operates offline from 2008 to 2012. The farm could not compete with other competitors due to the fact that PUCG farm is not popular. This software package keeps updating the nation of its heavily demandable products or animals on the internet. The farm now is nationwide recognized. People that are not even nearer or closer to the PUCG animal farm can get the products at their door steps within a short while. PUCG website is not designed just to advertise the farm or its products but also, there is a simple and easy method customers can register and order for products. The main idea is to help PUCG farm expand and make an unimaginable profit within a short time. The waterfall models popularized in the 1970s and permeates most current software-engineering textbooks and standard industrial practices. Its first appearance in the literature dates back to the late 1950s as result of experience gained in the development of a large air-defense software system called SAGE (Semi-Automated Ground Environment). Because of the cascade from one phase to another, this model was named waterfall model. Considering the fact that PUCG animal farm operates in offline mode, problems such as low profit making, lacks nationwide recognition were there. The website has an online purchasing feature to help the farm increases its profit margin.

TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION_____________________________________________________________ 3 DEDICATION_______________________________________________________________ 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT _____________________________________________________ 5 CHAPTER ONE _____________________________________________________________ 9 INTRODUCTION____________________________________________________________ 9 1-1 THE CASE OF PUCG FARM _______________________________________________ 9 1-2 PROBLEM DEFINITION ____________________________________________________ 10 1-3 RESEARCH QUESTION ____________________________________________________ 10 1-4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ___________________________________________________ 10 1-5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY _____________________________________________________ 10 1-6 SIGNIFICANCE ____________________________________________________________ 11 1-7 METHODOLOGY _________________________________________________________ 11 CHAPTER TWO ___________________________________________________________ 18 LITERATURE REVIEW ____________________________________________________ 18 2-1. INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________________ 2-2 PUCG FARM ___________________________________________________________ 2-3 INTERNETS _____________________________________________________________ 2-4 HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE) ______________________________ 2-5 DESIGNING TOOL KITS ____________________________________________________ 2-6 CASCADING STYLE SHEET _____________________________________________ 2-7 WEB BROWSER, WEB PAGES & WEB SITES ______________________________ 2-8 CLIENT & SERVER ____________________________________________________ 2-9 PHP, MYSQL & JAVA SCRIPT ____________________________________________ 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 22

CHAPTER THREE _________________________________________________________ 26 METHODOLOGY __________________________________________________________ 26 3-1 INTRODUCTION__________________________________________________________ 26 3-2 INTERVIEWS ____________________________________________________________ 26 3-3 OLD SYSTEM IN BRIEF ______________________________________________________ 29 3-4 WATERFALL MODEL _____________________________________________________ 33 CHAPTER FOUR ___________________________________________________________ 42 RESULT/IMPLEMENTATION AND DISCUSSION _____________________________ 42
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4-1 TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTATION __________________________________________ 42 4-2 RESULT ______________________________________________________________ 45 4-3 TESTING _____________________________________________________________ 48 CHAPTER FIVE ___________________________________________________________ 50 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ___________________________________ 50 5-1 CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________ 50 5-2 RECOMMENDATION ______________________________________________________ 50 5-3 FUTURE RESEARCH POSSIBILITIES ___________________________________________ 51 REFERENCES _____________________________________________________________ 52

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1-1 The Case of PUCG Farm PUCG Animal-Farming practically uses Microsoft Excel Worksheet as its managing software tool to manage the farm. Customers normally visit the farm to purchase products. Money is being paid directly into the hand of the farm manager. As the saying goes, that which is born of the local is of the local: Microsoft Excel Worksheet is not web-based software or application; it has been use just at a particular area; it cannot communicate better with the outside world. Henceforth, the website will bring about commercial advertisement of PUCG Farms. Animal Farming involves the keeping, management and husbandry practices such as Feeding, Record Keeping, Vaccination, etc. on Farm Animals. Some years ago, people try to rear fowls, goats, sheep, grass cutters, rabbits etc. However, the farm was just under small system: In addition, for used by their family. However, considering the present time, people found out how to keep bees, fish, castles, turkey, sheep, goats, pigs etc. under commercial system. However, to talk about the fact, these animals reared during the past years, have been use only for domestic purposes like cooking as food, making drums, etc. Moving with the advance of technology, lot of products are derived from todays farm animals: - Sausage from Pork, Canned beef, etc. As the days go by and by, and new inversions of technology get along, developing a website to keep society updated on animal farming, I hoped it would be useful. I hoped by the online marketing or advertisement of the products of the farm-animals, animal farm will grow rapidly. It can help the economy of the country grow.

1-2 Problem Definition Inappropriate and poor means of advertising farm produce. In the current system, the means through which the society be made aware of the products is completely not helpful. Sometimes, just the surrounding society would have some kind of knowledge on the new products. If things continue like this, there is no great and brighter future for the PUCG Farm.

Lack of national and worldwide recognition. In the current system, the farm is not recognizing worldwide, the local home only have an idea about farm practiced. Therefore, the famous of the farm is something to say it is not profitable in this modern world.

Low profit margins due to small market size. Since farm produces have been sold only to customers in catchment area. In the current system, farm products are purchased by the people just nearer.

1-3 Research Question How could the society, be made aware of the new products? In what ways, can market of the PUCG Farm, be improved? How could PUCG animal farm get its national and worldwide recognition?

1-4 Research Objectives To provide appropriate and effective means of advertising farm produce. To provide a system for increasing market size. To provide a system through which the PUCG farm can gain the needed recognition.

1-5 Scope of the Study Design simple prolific website for the PUCG farm.
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Create customer registration webpage. Create a stock webpage to advertising all products. Create ordering webpage to enable customers purchase or order online Provide brief information about the animals. Thus, state breeds and classes of some of the animals.

1-6 Significance Having approach the people, asking them if they are interested, I realized that, website is going to be more helpful. From observation, Microsoft Excel Worksheet, which they are already using, is so helpful in record keeping but it is not helpful in a way I think, in considering wide marketing, I think the website is the best. Typically, information is more spread on the net than anything is now days. The Project would be an educative type: thus serving as a tourist website for people, especially students, so they could do their research work. I intended to do this by adding interactive library to the website.

1-7 Methodology Data gathering, many methods used in research work to collect data. The commonly used methods are questionnaire, interviewing, direct observation, participant observation. The method used for carrying out this study summarized as follows; Interviews, an interview are a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee, Interview Steps are the following: Selecting Interviewees Designing Interview Questions Preparing for the Interview Conducting the Interview Post-Interview Follow-up

Selecting Interviewees:
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Based on Information Needed Often Good to Get Different Perspectives Managers Users Ideally, All Key Stakeholders [Types of Questions] Types Closed-Ended Questions Examples How many telephone orders received per day? How do customers place orders? What additional information would like the system to provide? Opened Ended Questions What do you think about the current system? What are the problems you face on a daily bases? How do you decide the marketing campaign to run? Probing Questions Can you give me an example? Can explain that in a bit more detail?

(Types of Questions: Table I)

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Designing Interview Question:

Informal, conversational interview - no predetermined questions asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewees nature and priorities; during the interview the interviewer goes with the flow.

General interview guide approach - intended to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee; this provides more focus than the conversational approach, but still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting the information from the interviewee.

Closed, fixed-response interview - all interviewees are asked the same questions and asked to choose answers from among the same set of alternatives. This format is useful for those not practiced in interviewing. Preparation for the Interview Prepare General Interview Plan List of Question Anticipated Answers and Follow-Ups Confirm Areas of Knowledge Set Priorities in Case of Time Shortage Prepare the Interviewee Schedule Inform of Reason for Interview Inform of Areas of Discussion Conducting the Interview Appear professional and unbiased Record all information Check on organizational policy regarding tape recording Be sure you understand all issues and terms Separate facts from opinions Give interviewee time to ask questions Be sure to thank the interviewee End on time
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Post Interview Follow Up. Prepare Interview Notes Prepare Interview Report Look for Gaps and New Questions Methodology is the series or levels of steps or process a project passes to complete. In my case, I used Waterfall model. The waterfall model is a very common software development life cycle. The waterfalls popularize in the 1970s and permeates most current software-engineering textbooks and standard industrial practices. Its first appearance in the literature dates back to the late 1950s as the result of experience gained in the development of a large air-defense software system called SAGE (Semi-Automated Ground Environment). Because of the cascade from one phase to another, this model was name as the waterfall model. 1) Project Analysis 2) System design 3) Implementation 4) System Testing 5) Implementation Project Analysis Project analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. Detailed investigation conducted with personnel closely involved with the area under investigation, according to the precise terms of reference arising out of the initial study reports. Tasks that are carrying out are: Examine and document the relevant aspects of the system, its shortcomings and goodies. Analyze the findings and record the results. Define and document in an outline of the proposed system. Test the proposed design against the known facts. Produce a detailed report to support the proposals. Estimate the resources required to design and implement the system.

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System Design System design is the most creative and challenging phase of the system-development life cycle. The term design, describes the final system and process by which it is supposed to be developed. This phase including the following tasks: Determining data input. Defining precisely the required system output Devising processing methods and using software to handle files and to produce output Determining methods of data capture and data input.

System Implementation The implementation phase is less creative than system design. It is mainly concerned with user training, site selection, and preparation and file conversion. Once the system was been designed, it is ready for implementation. Implementation is concerned with those tasks leading immediately to a full operational system. It involves programmers, users, and operations management, but planning and timing is a prime function of a systems analyst. It includes the final testing of the complete system to user satisfaction, and supervision of initial operation of the system.

System Testing & Evaluation Testing is the major quality-control measure used during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors in the software. Thus, the goal of testing is to uncover requirement, design, and coding errors in the program. Testing is an extremely critical and time-consuming activity. During the testing of the unit, the specified test cases executed and the actual results compared with the expected output. The final output of the testing phase is the test report and the error report, or a set of such reports (one for each unit tested). Each test report contains the set of test cases and the result of executing the code with these test cases. The error report describes the

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errors encountered and the action taken to remove the errors. During the testing phase, emphasis should be on the following: Tests should be planned long before testing begins All tests should be traceable to customer requirements. Tracing should begin in the small and progress toward testing in the large. For most effective testing, independent, third parties should conduct testing. System Evaluation developed primarily to simplify the planning and scheduling of large and complex projects. It was able to incorporate uncertainty by making it possible to schedule a project while not knowing precisely the details and durations of all the activities. It is more of an event-oriented technique rather than start- and completion-oriented, and used more in projects where time, rather than cost, is the major factor. It applied to very large-scale, one-time, complex, non-routine infrastructure and Research and Development projects. Tools that help in testing & evaluation are Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox & Safari etc.

Project Organization Chapter1. Introduction 1-1 Background 1-2 Statement of the problem 1-3 Research Question 1-4 Research Objectives 1-5 Significances 1-6 Methodology 1-7 Project Organization Chapter 2.Literature Review Chapter 3.Research Methodology Chapter 4.Results & Discussion
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Chapter 5.Conclusion & Recommendation 5-1 Conclusion 5-2 Recommendation References

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW 2-1. Introduction This chapter reviews the literature on the internet and the current and the old system of the PUCG Farm. The internet, Servers, Design Tool kits, Database, Network, Html, etc. as well as other relevant terminologies is reviewed in this chapter.

2-2 PUCG Farm PUCG Animal-Farming practically uses Microsoft Excel Worksheet as its managing software tool to manage the farm. Customers normally visit the farm to purchase products. Money is being paid directly into the hand of the farm manager. As the saying goes, that which is born of the local is of the local: Microsoft Excel Worksheet is not web-based software or application; it has been use just at a particular area; it cannot communicate better with the outside world. Henceforth, the website will bring about commercial advertisement of PUCG Farms. Animal Farming involves the keeping, management and husbandry practices such as Feeding, Record Keeping, Vaccination, etc. on Farm Animals. Some years ago, people try to rear fowls, goats, sheep, grass cutters, rabbits etc. However, the farm was just under small system: In addition, for used by their family. However, considering the present time, people found out how to keep bees, fish, castles, turkey, sheep, goats, pigs etc. under commercial system. However, to talk about the fact, these animals reared during the past years, have been use only for domestic purposes like cooking as food, making drums, etc. Moving with the advance of technology, lot of products are derived from todays farm animals: - Sausage from Pork, Canned beef etc. As the days go by and by, and new inversions of technology get along, developing a website to keep society updated on animal farming, I hoped it would be useful. I hoped by the online

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marketing or advertisement of the products of the farm-animals, animal farm will grow rapidly. It can help the economy of the country grow.

2-3 Internets The internet is a global computer network providing variety of information and communication facilities; Consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocol. Protocol: Protocol is a word used in some field such as Government, Science, and Computing. But in computing is where my concern is. Protocol can be defined in the field of Computing as a set of rules governing the exchange or transmissions of data between collections of devices/computers that are systematically or logically related on a computer network.

2-4 HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE) Web pages are ordinary files with .html file extensions. They contain a code named "hypertext mark-up language" or html. This codes when viewed in a browser like Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera Mini, will be seen as beautiful web pages, however code under web page may be so complicated. To design an html web page you have two options: You can use a web page editor like Microsoft FrontPage to create web pages. It works exactly like Microsoft word (a complicated editor program used for creating and editing book, letter etc. pages.) You just type text, insert graphics and finally save your document as an html web page. By the way word 2000 itself can save your existing documents as html pages. Second option is to learn html codes and write html pages in a simple text editor Example 1-1 Simple Html Code <Html> <Header> <Title> Poultry Farm </Title>
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Hello World </Header> </Html> 2-5 Designing Tool Kits You will also need a simple text editor to write html codes. For example you can use Notepad, Adobe Dreamweaver, and N++ (now Notepad ++; new in the market) in windows or any text editor in other operating system. You will also need a browser like Internet explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera Mini, Apple Safari etc.

2-6 CASCADING STYLE SHEET A CSS (cascading style sheet) file allows you to separate your web sites (X) HTML content from its style. As always, you will use your (X)HTML file to arrange the content, but all of the presentation (fonts, colors, background, borders, text formatting, link effects & so on...) are accomplished within a CSS. CSS writing presents 3 options:

Inline Style: Inline styles are defined right in the (X) HTML file alongside the element you want to style. Example 1-2. <p style="color: #ff0000 ;"> some text</p>

External Style sheet: An external CSS file can be created with any text or HTML editor such as "Notepad" or "Dreamweaver". A CSS file contains no (X)HTML, only CSS. You simply save it with the .CSS file extension. You can link to the file externally by placing one of the following links in the head section of every (X) HTML file you want to style with the CSS file. Example 1-3 <link rel="style sheet" type="text/CSS" href="Path To stylesheet.css" />

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Internal Style sheet: This way you are simply placing the CSS code within the <head></head> tags of each (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS. The format for this is shown in the example below. Example 1-4 <head> <title><title> <style type="text/CSS"> CSS Content Goes Here </style> </head> <body>

2-7 WEB BROWSER, WEB PAGES & WEB SITES Sometimes, you will see web pages referred to as web forms and web sites referred as web applications. However, the Web Site you create is viewed in a Web Browser such as Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, or Netscape Navigator, and it is typically stored on one or more Web Servers, which uses Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) to display the correct Web Pages and handle most of the computing tasks required by your Web Site. The issue so concerned with browsers like Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari, etc., You will discover as you delve farther into the world of CSS, PHP, (X)HTML, and JAVA SCRIPT, that all browsers are not created equally, to say the least. CSS, PHP, (X) HTML, and JAVA SCRIPT, can and will render differently in various browsers causing numerous headaches. How it all work: client browser connects to HTTP server client browser send a request to the HTTP server HTTP server reacts by sending a responseHTTP server disconnects

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2-8 CLIENT & SERVER The SERVER can also be briefly described as the provider of service. Server Control: Many web page controls are Server Controls, meaning they RUN on Web Server. The CLIENT can be briefly described as the requester of service. Client Control: HTML controls are Client Control by default, meaning they RUN only within end users browser. Henceforth, we need to know that Combination of both Client Control and Server Control is of much important in our Web Site Projects. How it all work: client browser connects to HTTP server client browser send a request to the HTTP server HTTP server reacts by sending a responseHTTP server disconnects

2-9 PHP, MySQL & JAVA SCRIPT PHP is a server side scripting language for making logic driven websites. . PHP written scripts can use databases to keep track of your customer's and visitors activities on your site, upload files or images and drive the content on your site dynamically. PHP sits between your browser and the web server. When you type in the URL of a PHP website in your browser, your browser sends out a request to the web server. The web server then calls the PHP script on that page. The PHP module executes the script, which then sends out the result in the form of HTML back to your browser, which you see on the screen. PHP is a server-side scripting language. This concept is not obvious, especially if you're used to designing pages with just HTML and JAVASCRIPT. A server-side scripting language is similar to JAVASCRIPT in many ways, as they both allow you to embed little programs (scripts) into the HTML of a Web page. When executed, such scripts allow you to control what will actually appear in the browser window with more flexibility than is possible using straight HTML. The key difference between JAVASCRIPT and PHP is simple. JavaScript is interpreted
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by the Web browser once the Web page that contains the script has been downloaded. Meanwhile, server-side scripting languages like PHP are interpreted by the Web server before the page is even sent to the browser. And, once it's interpreted, the results of the script replace the PHP code in the Web page itself, so all the browser sees is a standard HTML file. The script is processed entirely by the server, hence the designation: server-side scripting language. Content is king. Clich, yes; but it has never been more true. Once youve mastered HTML and learned a few neat tricks in JavaScript and Dynamic HTML, you can probably design a pretty impressive-looking Website. But your next task must be to fill that fancy page layout with some real information. Any site that successfully attracts repeat visitors has to have fresh and constantly updated content. Instead of endlessly pasting new content into your tired page layouts, create a simple content management system that allows the writers to post new content themselves without a lick of HTML! If your Web host provides PHP and MySQL support, you're in great shape. PHP scripting language and MySQL database engine. It is important to understand how these two will fit together. The whole idea of a database-driven Website is to allow the content of the site to reside in a database, and for that content to be dynamically pulled from the database to create web pages for people to view with a regular web browser. So on one end of the system you have a visitor to your site who uses a web browser to load http://www.yoursite.com/, and expect to view a standard HTML Web page. On the other end you have the content of your site, which sits in one or more tables in a MySQL database that understands only how to respond to SQL queries (commands). Here is an illustration which shows a conceptual view of the whole process.

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(PHP & MySQL: Figure I) PHP scripting language is the go-between that speaks both languages. It processes the page request and fetches the data from the MySQL database, then spits it out dynamically as the nicely-formatted HTML page that the browser expects. With PHP, you can write the presentation aspects of your site (the fancy graphics and page layouts) as "templates" in regular HTML. Where the content belongs in those templates, you use some PHP code to connect to the MySQL database andusing SQL queries Just so it's clear and fresh in your mind, this is what will happen when someone visits a page on your database-driven Website: Visitor's Web browser requests the Web page using a standard URL Web server software (Apache, IIS, or whatever) recognizes that the requested File is a PHP script, and so the server interprets the file using its PHP Plug-in before responding to the page request. Certain PHP commands (which you have yet to learn) connect to the MySQL database and request the content that belongs in the Web page. The MySQL database responds by sending the requested content to the PHP script.

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The PHP script stores the content into one or more PHP variables, and then uses the now-familiar echo function to output the content as part of the Web page. The PHP plug-in finishes up by handing a copy of the HTML it has created to the Web server. The Web server sends the HTML to the Web browser as it would a plain HTML file, except that instead of coming directly from an HTML file, the page is the output provided by the PHP plug-in.

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Chapter Three

Methodology 3-1 Introduction Data Gathering: method used in research work to collect data. The commonly used methods are questionnaire, interviewing, direct observation, participant observation. There are many other fact finding techniques like sampling of existing documents, research and web site visit. In addition to the above mentioned is observation but I thinking interview is the only suitable fact finding technique for this project. The interview is the much preferably that can be used in this project; this is process of soliciting requirement through direct face to face interaction. It can be used to achieve any or all of the following goals: Find Facts, Clarify Facts, Verify Facts, Generate enthusiasm, and get the end user involve, identify requirement and solicit ideas and opinion.

3-2 Interviews An interview is a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee. It can be used to achieve any or all of the following goals: Find Facts, Clarify Facts, Verify Facts, Generate enthusiasm, and get the end user involve, identify requirement and solicit ideas and opinion. Interview Steps are the following: Selecting Interviewees Designing Interview Questions Preparing for the Interview Conducting the Interview Post-Interview Follow-up

Selecting Interviewees: Based on Information Needed


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Often Good to Get Different Perspectives Managers Users Ideally, All Key Stakeholders [Types of Questions] Types Closed-Ended Questions Examples How many telephone orders were received per day? How do customers place orders? What additional information would like the system to provide? Opened Ended Questions What do you think about the current system? What are the problems you face on a daily bases? How do you decide the marketing campaign to run? Probing Questions Why? Can you give me an example? Can explain that in a bit more detail?

(Types of Questions: Table II) Designing Interview Question

Informal, conversational interview - no predetermined questions asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewees nature and priorities; during the interview the interviewer goes with the flow.

General interview guide approach - intended to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee; this provides more focus than the

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conversational approach, but still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting the information from the interviewee.

Closed, fixed-response interview - all interviewees are asked the same questions and asked to choose answers from among the same set of alternatives. This format is useful for those not practiced in interviewing. Preparation for the Interview. Prepare General Interview Plan List of Question Anticipated Answers and Follow-Ups Confirm Areas of Knowledge Set Priorities in Case of Time Shortage Prepare the Interviewee Schedule Inform of Reason for Interview Inform of Areas of Discussion

Conducting the Interview. Appear professional and unbiased Record all information Check on organizational policy regarding tape recording Be sure you understand all issues and terms Separate facts from opinions Give interviewee time to ask questions Be sure to thank the interviewee End on time Post Interview Follow Up. Prepare Interview Notes Prepare Interview Report Look for Gaps and New Questions

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3-3 Old System in Brief PUCG Animal-Farming practically uses Microsoft Excel Worksheet as its managing software tool to manage the farm. Customers normally visit the farm to purchase products. Money is being paid directly into the hand of the farm manager. As the saying goes, that which is born of the local is of the local: Microsoft Excel Worksheet is NOT web-based software/application; it has been use just at a particular area; it cannot communicate better with the outside world. Henceforth, the website will bring about commercial advertisement of PUCG Farms. [Old System flow chart]

Start Customer visits farm

Customer orders on the farm

Customer pays directly to the farmer

Transportation/Distribution

Invoice received? No Yes Stop

(Old System flow chart: Figure II)

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[Use case]

Customer Manager Orders

Payment

Deliver Items Deliver

(Use case: Figure III)

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[Proposed system flow chart]

Start

Customer registers at farmers site

Customer orders for item online

Customer pays into farmers account

Farmer receives payment feedback

Transportation/Delivery

Customer received invoice? Yes Stop

No

(Proposed system flow chart: Figure IV)

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[Fully attributed entities]

Customer Customer Customer _id Customer_ name Customer_add Customer_tel

Product

Ordered Product

Order

Product Product_id Product_name Product_price

Ordered Product

Order

Ordered_id Ordered_name

Order_id Order_dat e

[Entity relationship diagram]

Customer Customer_id Customer_fname Customer_oname Makes order

Order Order_id Order_date Customer_id

Contains Ordered Product Product Product_id Product_name Are ordered Order_id Product_id Quantity_ordered unit_price

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3-4 Waterfall Model The waterfall model is a very common software development process model. The waterfall model was popularized in the 1970s and permeates most current software- engineering textbooks and standard industrial practices. Because of the cascade from one phase to another, this model is known as the waterfall model or software lifecycle. The software-development life-cycle is used to facilitate the development of a large software product in a systematic, well-defined, and cost-effective way. An information system goes through a series of phases from conception to implementation. This process is called the Software-Development Life-Cycle. Various reasons for using a life-cycle model include: Help to understand the entire process Enforce a structured approach to development Enables planning of resources in advance Enable subsequent controls of them Aids management to track progress of the system The software development life-cycle consists of several phases and these phases need to be identified along with defining the entry and exit criteria for every phase. A phase can begin only when the corresponding phase-entry criteria are satisfied. Similarly, a phase can be considered to be complete only when the corresponding exit criteria are satisfied. If there is no clear indication of the entry and exit for every phase, it becomes very difficult to track the progress of the project. The software development life-cycle can be divided into 5-9 phases, i.e., it must have a minimum of five phases and a maximum of nine phases. On average it has seven or eight phases. These are: Project initiation and planning/Recognition of need/Preliminary investigation Project identification and selection/Feasibility study Project analysis System design
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Coding Testing Implementation Maintenance [Waterfall model]

Project Initiation

Planning
Feasibility Study

Project Analysis

Design

Coding

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

(Waterfall model: Figure V)

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Recognition of Need Recognition of need is nothing but the problem definition. It is the decision about problems in the existing system and the impetus for system change. The first stage of any project or system-development life-cycle is called the preliminary investigation. It is a brief investigation of the system under consideration. This investigation provides the organizations computer steering committee and any project team a set of terms or references for more detailed work. This is carried out by a senior manager and will result in a study proposal. At this stage the need for changes in the existing system are identified and shortcomings of the existing system are detected. These are stated clearly providing the basis for the initial or feasibility study.

Feasibility Study A feasibility study is a preliminary study which investigates the information needs of prospective users and determines the resource requirements, costs, benefits, and feasibility of a proposed project. The goal of feasibility studies is to evaluate alternative systems and to propose the most feasible and desirable systems for development. The feasibility of a proposed system can be evaluated in terms of four major categories, as illustrated in Table 2.1.

Organizational Feasibility How well the proposed system would Support the strategic objective Of the organization

Economic Feasibility Cost savings Increased revenue Decreased investment Increased profits

Technical Feasibility Hard ware, Software, and Network Capability, Reliability and Availability

Operational Feasibility End-user Acceptance Management Support Customer, Supplier and Government Requirement (Interview Question types: Table III)
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(i) Organizational Feasibility. Organizational feasibility is how well a proposed information system supports the objectives of the organization and is a strategic plan for an information system. For example, projects that do not directly contribute to meeting an organizations strategic objectives are typically not funded. (ii) Economic Feasibility. Economic feasibility is concerned with whether expected cost savings, increased revenue, increased profits, reductions in required investments, and other types of benefits will exceed the costs of developing and operating a proposed system. For example, if a project cant cover its development costs, it wont be approved, unless mandated by government regulations or other considerations. (iii) Technical Feasibility. Technical feasibility can be demonstrated if reliable hardware and software capable of meeting the needs of a proposed system can be acquired or developed by the business in the required time. (IV) Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility is the willingness and ability of management, employees, customers, suppliers, and others to operate, use, and support a proposed system. For example, if the software for a new system is too difficult to use, employees may make too many errors and avoid using it. Thus, it would fail to show operational feasibility.

Project Analysis Project analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. Detailed investigation should be conducted with personnel closely involved with the area under investigation, according to the precise terms of reference arising out of the initial study reports. The tasks to be carried out should be clearly defined. Examine and document the relevant aspects of the existing system, its shortcomings and problems. Analyze the findings and record the results. Define and document in and outline the proposed system. Test the proposed design against the known facts.
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Produce a detailed report to support the proposals. Estimate the resources required to design and implement the system. The objectives at this stage are to provide solutions to stated problems, usually in the form of specifications to meet the users requirements and to make recommendations for a new computer-based system. Analysis is an iterative and progressive process, examining information flows and evaluating various alternative design solutions until a preferred solution is available. This is documented as the system proposal. System Design System design is the most creative and challenging phase of the system-development lifecycle. The term design describes the final system and process by which it is developed. This phase is a very important phase of the life-cycle. This is a creative as well as a technical activity including the following tasks: Appraisal of the terms of reference Appraisal of the analysis of the existing system, particularly problem areas Define precisely the required system output Determining data required to produce the output Decide the medium and opening the files Devising processing methods and using software to handle files and to produce output Determining methods of data capture and data input Design the output forms Define detailed critical procedures Calculating timings of processing and data movements Document all aspects of design Coding The goal of the coding phase is to translate the design of the system into code in a given programming language. In this phase the aim is to implement the design in the best possible manner. This phase affects both testing and maintenance phases. Well-written code can reduce the testing and maintenance effort.

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Hence, during coding the focus is on developing programs that are easy to read and understand and not simply on developing programs that are simple to write. Coding can be subject to company-wide standards that may define the entire layout of programs, such as headers for comments in every unit, naming conventions for variables, classes and functions, the maximum number of lines in each component, and other aspects of standardization.

Testing Testing is the major quality-control measure used during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors in the software. Thus, the goal of testing is to uncover requirement, design, and coding errors in the program. Testing is an extremely critical and time-consuming activity. It requires proper planning of the overall testing process. During the testing of the unit, the specified test cases are executed and the actual results are compared with the expected output. The final output of the testing phase is the test report and the error report, or a set of such reports (one for each unit tested). Each test report contains the set of test cases and the result of executing the code with these test cases. The error report describes the errors encountered and the action taken to remove the errors. Testing cannot show the absence of defects; it can show only software errors present. During the testing phase emphasis should be on the following: Tests should be planned long before testing begins. Tests should be traceable to customer requirement. Tracing should begin in the small and progress toward testing in the large. Effective testing, independent, third parties should conduct testing.

Implementation The implementation phase is less creative than system design. It is mainly concerned with user training, site selection, and preparation and file conversion. Once the system has been designed, it is ready for implementation. Implementation is concerned with those tasks leading immediately to a fully operational system.
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It involves programmers, users, and operations management, but its planning and timing is a prime function of a systems analyst. It includes the final testing of the complete system to user satisfaction, and supervision of initial operation of the system. Implementation of the system also includes providing security to the system. Types of Implementation: There are three types of implementation. Implement of the computer system to replace the manual system. Implement of a new computer system to replace an existing one. Implement of a modified application (software) to replace an existing one using the same computer.

Maintenance Maintenance is an important part of the SDLC. If there is any error to correct or change then it is done in the maintenance phase. Maintenance of software is also a very necessary aspect related to software development. Many times maintenance may consume more time than the time consumed in the development. Also, the cost of maintenance varies from 50% to 80% of the total development cost. Maintenance is not as rewarding or exciting as developing the systems. It may have problems such as: There is unavailable of maintenance tools. User may not accept the cost of maintenance. Standards and guidelines of project may be poorly defined. Good test plan is lack. Maintenance is viewed as a necessary evil often delegated to junior programmers. Most programmers view maintenance as low-level drudgery.

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Types of Maintenance: Maintenance may be classified as: (i) Corrective Maintenance. Corrective maintenance means repairing processing or performance failures or making changes because of previously uncorrected problems.

(ii) Adaptive Maintenance. Adaptive maintenance means changing the program function. This is done to adapt to the external environment change. For example, the current system was designed so that it calculates taxes on profits after deducting the dividend on equity shares. The government has issued orders now to include the dividend in the company profit for tax calculation. This function needs to be changed to adapt to the new system.

(iii) Perfect Maintenance Perfective maintenance means enhancing the performance or modifying the programs to respond to the users additional or changing needs. For example, earlier data was sent from stores to headquarters on magnetic media but after the stores were electronically linked via leased lines, the software was enhanced to send data via leased lines. As maintenance is very costly and very essential, efforts have been done to reduce its costs. One way to reduce the costs is through maintenance management and software modification audits. Software modification consists of program rewriting and system-level-upgrading. (iv) Preventive Maintenance Preventive maintenance is the process by which we prevent our system from being obsolete. Preventive maintenance involves the concept of re-engineering and reverse engineering in which an old system with an old technology is re-engineered using new technology. This maintenance prevents the system from dying out.

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Merits of the Waterfall Model It is a linear model. It is a segmental model. It is systematic and sequential. It is a simple one.

Demerits of Waterfall Model It is difficult to define all requirements at the beginning of a project. This model is not suitable for accommodating any change. A working version of the system is not seen until late in the projects life. It does not scale up well to large projects. It involves heavy documentation. We cannot go backward in the SDLC. There is no sample model for clearly realizing the customers needs. There is no risk analysis. If there is any mistake or error in any phase then we cannot make good software.

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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT/IMPLEMENTATION AND DISCUSSION 4-1 TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTATION Dreamweaver CSS Plan and set up your site: Determine where the files will go and examine site requirements, audience profiles, and site goals. Additionally, consider technical requirements such as user access, as well as browser, plug-in, and download restrictions. After youve organized your information and determined a structure, you can begin creating your site.

Lay out your web pages Choose the layout technique that works for you, or use the Dreamweaver layout options in conjunction with one another to create your sites look. You can use Dreamweaver AP elements, CSS positioning styles, or predesigned CSS layouts to create your layout. The table tools let you design pages quickly by drawing and then rearranging the page structure. If you want to display multiple elements at once in a browser, you can use frames to lay out your documents. Finally, you can create new pages based on a Dreamweaver template, then update the layout of those pages automatically when the template changes.

Add content to pages Add assets and design elements such as text, images, rollover images, image maps, colors, movies, sound, HTML links, jump menus, and more. You can use built-in page-creation features for such elements as titles and backgrounds, type directly in the page, or import content from other documents. Dreamweaver also provides behaviors for performing tasks in response to specific events, such as validating a form when the visitor clicks the Submit button or opening a second browser window when the main page has finished loading. Finally, Dreamweaver

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provides tools for maximizing website performance and for testing pages to ensure compatibility with different web browsers.

Create pages by hand coding Coding web pages by hand is another approach to creating pages. Dreamweaver provides easyto-use visual editing tools, but it also provides a sophisticated coding environment; you can use either approach, or both, to create and edit your pages. [Workspace layout overview of CSS]

(Workspace layout overview of CSS: Figure VI)

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EMS SQL Manager for MySQL EMS SQL Manager for MySQL is a powerful tool for MySQL Database Server administration and development. SQL Manager 2007 for MySQL works with any MySQL versions from 3.23 to 5.2.xx and supports all of the latest MySQL features including views, stored procedures and functions, InnoDB foreign keys, events and so on. It offers plenty of powerful tools for experienced users to satisfy all their needs. MySQL Manager has a new state-of-the-art graphical user interface with well-described wizard system, so clear in use that even a newbie will not be confused with it.

Getting Started To start working with MySQL databases in SQL Manager 2007 for MySQL you should first register one or several databases using the Register Database Wizard. If you have no databases to register, you can create a new database through the Create Database Wizard. After that you are able to connect to database, manage its objects, table data, and so on. Queries SQL Manager 2007 for MySQL provides two powerful tools for working with the SQL queries: SQL Editor for editing the query text directly and Visual Query Builder for building queries visually.

System Requirement Browsers: The user or the customer before browsing this website needs to install the following internet browsers on his PC (Personal Computer): Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, UC Browser and so on. Plug-ins and Software SW_lic_ful_installer, Flash player, dotNetx (.NET) Framework, Quick Time Light installer etc.

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MySQL Server Installer, MySQL Manager and Patch, MySQL Connector ODBC Win32 and 64, WampServer. 4-2 RESULT How could the society, be made aware of the new produce? To Provide appropriate and effective means of advertising farm produce. The result of the final work produces the following interface: The home page comprises the following links: Home Page link; Customer Registration link; Stock link; Order link; and Contact Us link. Furthermore, it provides brief information or history about the farm. (Home page image of PUCG farm)

(Home page image of PUCG farm: Figure VII)

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How could PUCG farm get its national and worldwide recognition? To provide a system through which the PUCG farm can gain the needed recognition. [Stock page of the PUCG farm website: showing the produce of the farm]

(Stock page: Figure VIII)

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In what ways, can market of the PUCG farm, be improved? To provide a system or website to increasing the market size [Ordering page for the PUCG farm, with this customer could order online]

(Order page: Figure IX) The customer registration page enables a customer to register with PUCG farm. This involves the customer giving some important details to the farm manager. [Customer Registration page for the PUCG farm]

(Customer Registration page: Figure X)


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The contact us page provides a form that makes it possible for the customers/visitors to contact the manager of the PUCG farm. [Contact Us page of PUCG farm]

(Contact Us page: Figure XI)

4-3 TESTING Live Code view The live code view is only available when viewing a document in live view. Live Code view displays the actual code that a browser uses to execute the page, and can dynamically change as you interact with the page in live view. Live Code view is not editable. When a Document window is maximized (the default), tabs appear at the top of the Document window showing the filenames of all open documents. Dreamweaver displays an asterisk after the filename if youve made changes that you havent saved yet.

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Test and publish Testing your pages is an ongoing process that happens throughout the development cycle. At the end of the cycle, you publish the site on a server. Many developers also schedule periodic maintenance to ensure that the site remains current and functional.

Web Validating Validating a website on the internet confirm that the codes are error free and everything work as planned.

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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5-1 Conclusion Considering the fact that PUCG animal farm operates in an offline mode, there have being the following issues arising. The farm products are only marketed to people in the catchment areas. Issues concerning marketing of the farm produce are not easy at all. The PUCG farm could not make profit; the PUCG farm expands at a low percentage rate. The offline does not help in decision making (i.e. which produce are prefer by customers the most). Majority of the nationwide have no idea of the farms existence or offline operation. After all, now everything has being achieved successfully. Launching a website for the farm brought about some measures to fill the space left behind by the offline mode operation of the farm. The farm this time makes income a lot. The farm now realizes the produce preferred most by the people or customers nationwide.

5-2 Recommendation I recommended that, the manager or the administrator should keep the website updated always. After all, now everything has being achieved successfully. There is no honor when gets to the finished line and unable to cross it. This gives me the motivation to embark on this project work journey to developing a website for PUCG farm. Through willingness I was able to keep alive I.C.T dream. However, the launching of a prolific website for PUCG farm have being able to put everything in place accordingly. Thus, customers no matter their location or choice of point would be able to get what they may ever want. The need for competition also arises as there are a lot of competitors around nationwide. The website helps the farm manager to make decision concerning how, when and through what means to beat its competitors. Thus, with the help of the online advertisement of PUCG farm, it becomes easy to beat competitors. They people now makes profit at unimaginable rate to even support other people like the farm watch guard, farm
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house keepers. The farm now expands in size at a high rate; the farm could now operate 24 hours a day (Available online 24/7). The website enables the manager to know the varieties of the products preferred most by people or customers nationwide.

5-3 Future Research Possibilities i. Payment: Payment will be made to the farm manager through Ghana Commercial Bank, Barclays Bank and so on. ii. Purchase: Customers will be able to use Master Card, Credit Card to purchase items or produce online.

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