Joint Weld Terminology

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Resource Guide for.
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BUTTJOINT
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American WeldingSociety
COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.
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Resource Guide to
JOINT= WELD TERMINOLOGY AND STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS INTERPRETATION
First Edition Daniel Cantelope, CWI Education, Training & Development Specialist Published By American Welding Society Education Department
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DISCLAIMER
The American Welding Society, Inc. assumes no responsibility for the information contained in this publication. An independent, substantiating investigationshould be made priorto reliance on or use of such information.
International Standard Book Number:

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Copyright Q 1995 by American Welding Society,Inc., Miami, Florida. First Edition 1995
All rights r e s e r v e d . No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized ' any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, o r by ai information storage o r retrieval system,without permission from the copyright owner.
Printed in the United States of America
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COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100, User=, 06/08/2003 04:54:08 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
Determinations about joint design and joint selection are part of the design or project engineers responsibility, as are welding specifications. However, it remains the responsibility of welding personnel to accurately interpret the specifications and to prepare, assemble and join all components during various stages of fabrication. Knowledge of joint - weld terminology and welding symbol interpretation is essential in everyday welding industry communications. Use of proper terms and the interpretation of welding symbol information makes it easier for welding personnelto relay specifications and solve various design, fitup of daily operations. and welding problems encountered during the course There is a logical relationship between joint - weld terms and welding symbol information. This training package is designed to provide welding personnel and students with a means to understand the relationship. With self-determination and perseverance, individuals using this training package should skills that can be addedto their existingskills toolkit. come away with valuable knowledge and The Resource Guide to . . . Joint-Weld Terminology and Welding Symbol Interpretation has been written for welding personnel seeking to improve personal job communication and their interpretation of welding information found on drawings. The training package partially provides students or trainees with a fundamental knowledge of some of the language used in the welding industry and is a basis to further pursue drawing interpretation. The templates used in this training package are based on information found in two American Welding Society standards. The first, ANSIIAWS A3.0, Stardurd Welding Terms and Definitions, was used to build text, provide terminology and show illustrations relevant to the preparation and welding of of this portion of training, the student workpieces before, during and after fabrication. Upon completion of a jointand the parts of should begin to recognize the relationship between terms associated with parts a weld. In addition, a basis is formed to recognize the relationship betweenjoint construction and the this associated appearance of the graphical representation of a weld (the weld symbol). Armed with teminology, a bridge is formed from which the student can make the transition to welding symbol interpretation. The second document, ANSVAWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding Brazing and Nondestructive Examination, was used to provide text, terminology and illustrations relevant to the This portion of training explores weld and welding recognition and interpretation of a welding symbol. symbol basics, before introducing students to the supplementary data and dimensioning that makes welding symbols the shorthand of the welding industry. All learning activities in this package are coupled with review exercises designed to measurethe students knowledge of the concepts presented. This package can be used as a home study course, for personal enrichment, or may be delivered as a group workshop or class in an industrial training or educational setting, Daniel Cantelope, Author CWI, Education Training & Development Specialist
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Foreword
....................................................................
111
...
Program Introduction ..........................................................
.. .X Purpose ................................................................... .. .. Contents .................................................................. vn

.VU
... Learning Objectives ........................................................ .W ... Directions ................................................................. vm CompletionSequence ....................................................... ix
Learning Activities .............................................................
1. 150 Learning Activity 1 .Welded Joint Terminology................................... 1 .23 TermsandDefinitions .................................................... 16 Review1 .............................................................. 19 Learning Activity 2 - Weld Terminology ........................................ -25 - 48 39 TermsandDefinitions .................................................... Review2 .............................................................. 43 Learning Activity 3 .Welding Symbol Basics ..................................... 49 - 66 Review3 .............................................................. 63 Learning Activity 4- Welding Symbol Dimensioning and SupplementaryData ...........67- 145 Review 4A- Fillet Weld Symbol ............................................ 127 Review 4B- Plug and Slot Weld Symbols ..................................... 129 Review 4C- Spot and ProjectionWeld Symbols ................................ 131 Review 4D - Seam Weld Symbol............................................ 133 Review 4E - Stud Weld Symbol ............................................. 135 Review 4F - Surfacing Weld Symbol......................................... 137 Review 4G - Back or Backing Weld Symbols .................................. 139 -141 Review 4H - Range Weld Symbols ......................................... Review 41 - Groove Weld Symbols ......................................... 143
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The training package developed for Joint - Weld Terminology and Welding Symbols Interpretation, was assembled to provide students with valuable tools that can be added to their existing skills toolkit. Knowledge of joint - weld terminology and welding symbols interpretation improves job skills in several ways: Welding industry personnel can communicate in terms that clearly convey joint and weld information. Knowledge of joint-weld terms may help reduce the amount of waste that is often the result of miscommunications. a joint Knowledge of joint-weld terms helps welding personnel envision various components of and the parts of a weld. This leads to a better understanding of the weld symbol and the interpretation of dimensions and supplementary data associated with a welding symbol. Use of welding symbols on drawings allows designers or draftsmen to convey accurate joint and welding information in most cases without having to provide additional views for a particular zone. Welding symbols allow welding personnelto envision joint and weld requirements quicker than all phases of fabrication. having to constantly refer to numerous detailed drawings during
Within the instructional package all users will find:

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Resource Guide Reading Assignments and Reviews Answer Key (for users not participating in home study or seminars) In addition, correspondence course (homestudy) and AWS seminar users will receive: Related Information Test Booklet Scantron Test Scoring Sheet
ANSUAWS A2.4 - Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination
ANSUAWS A3.0 - Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
Upon completionof instruction the student should be able to: Recognize basic, flanged and spliced joint designs. Relate joint terminology to the to appearance of various componentsof welded joints. Recognize the relationship betweenjoint design and weld symbol construction. Relate joint design to weld requirements. Relate weld terminology to the appearanceof various parts of a weld. Recognize the appearanceof basic weld and supplementary symbols. Interpret the meaning of basic weld and supplementary symbols. Relate joint - weld terminology to supplementary dimensioning and data associated with welding symbol information. Interpret welding symbol information related to joint design and welding requirements.
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This training package is organized into three parts, Learning Activities, Reviews, and a Related Information Test. Learning Activities require participants to read the contents of each topic presented. Reviews are completed inthree ways: 1. AWS correspondence course users complete each review when requested to do so and submit the completed testto the AWS Education Department, Attn: Home Study. 2. AWS group workshop participants complete each review after presentation of the major concept associated with it. 3. Self-study participants should complete each review after reading the major concept associated with it, check each answer against the answer sheet, and review any subject matter area answered incorrectly. The Related Information Test serves two purposes: l . A final examination for individuals participatingin the AWS correspondence course. 2. A final self-examination for individuals participatingin an AWS group workshop. Note: The related information test is not included when the training package is purchased for selj-study.
Completion Sequence(AWS Correspondence Course)

Learning Activity 1 Joint Terminology Reameview . .Joint Terminology- text and illustrations, pages1 - 15 Study . . . . . . . .Terms and Definitions, pages 16 - 17 Complete . . . . .Review 1 Joint Terminology, pages19 - 23 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review 1 Joint Terminology to address listed at the end of this section Learning Activity 2 Weld Terminology Reameview . .Weld Tenninology, text and illustrations, pages 25 - 38 Study . . . . .. . .Terms and Definitions, pages39 - 42 Complete . . . . .Review 2 Weld Terminology, pages 43 - 48 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listedat the end of this section Learning Activity3 Welding SymbolB a s i c s Reameview . .Welding Symbol Basics, text and illustrations, pages 49 - 62 Complete . . . . .Review 3 Welding Symbol Basics, pages 63 - 66 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listedat the endof this section Learning Activity4 Welding Symbol Dimensioning and Supplementary Data Read/Review . .Introduction and Fillet Welds, text and illustrations, pages67 - 72 Complete . . . . .Review 4A Fillet Weld Symbol, pages127 - 128 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listed atthe end of this section Reameview . .Plug and Slot Welds, text and illustrations, pages 73 - 79 Complete . . . . .Review 4B Plug and Slot Weld Symbols, pages129 - 130 Review 4B Plug and Slot Weld Symbols to address listed at the end of this section ReacUReview . .Spot and Projection Weld Symbols, text and illustrations, pages 80 - 86 Complete . . . . .Review 4C Spot and ProjectionWeld Symbols, pages131 - 132 Mail . . . . . . . .Review to address listed at the end of this section
M . a i l
Reameview . .Seam Weld,text and illustrations, pages 87 - 92 Complete . . . . .Review 4D Seam Weld Symbol, pages133 - 134. Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listedat the end of this section Reameview . .Stud Weld, text and illustrations, page 93 Complete . . . . .Review 4E Stud Weld Symbol, pages 135 - 136 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listed at the end of this section (continued I*)
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ReadiReview . .Surfacing Weld, text andillustrations, pages 94 95 Complete . . . . .Review 4F Surfacing Weld Symbol, pages 137 - 138 Mail . . . . . . . , .Review to address listed at the endof this section ReadfReview . .Back or Backing Welds, text and illustrations, pages 96 - 97 Complete . . . . .Review 4G Back or BackingWeld Symbols, page 139 Mai . . . . . . . . .Review to address listed at the endof this section ReadfReview - Flange Weld, text and illustrations, pages 98 - 101 *Complete - Review 4H Flange Weld Symbols, pages 141 - 142 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listed at the end of this section Read/Review . .Groove Welds, text and illustrations, pages102 - 125 *Complete . . . .Review 41 Groove Weld Symbols, pages143 - 145 Mail . . . . . . . . .Review to address listed at the endof this section. Related Infurmation Test Read/Review . .Directions, i n the related information test booklet Complete . . . . .Identifying information on the related information scoring sheet. Complete . . . . .Related Information Test, (found in the test booklet). Mail . . . . . . . . .Test to address listed at the end of this section *Return Mailing and T e c h n i c a l Support Upon Completion of each review, remove the testf r o m the resource guide, place it in an envelope and forward it for scoring to: American Welding Society 550 N. W. LeJeune Road Miami, Florida, 33136 Attention: Education Department- Home Study Correspondence Course participantsmay receive technical support by telephoning theAWS Education Department atthe following number 1-800-443-9353
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Determinations made about welding specifications are part o f the design or project engineers responsibility, as are joint design and joint selection. However, it is still the responsibility of fabrication personnel to accurately interpret joint information and prepare it for fabrication. Knowledge of welded joint terminology is essential in every day job communication. Use of proper terms makes it easierfor welding personnelto relay various cfitup and welding problems encountered during the fabrication process to other personnel involved. There is a direct relationship between welded joint terms and supplementary welding symbol data and dimensioning.
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
WELDED JOINTS
There are five basic joints used in welded metal fabrication: butt, corner, tee, lap and edge. As illustrated in Figure 1.l, page 2, certain welds and weld symbols are applicable to the five basic Figures 1.3 and 1.4 provide joint designs. A number of different weldscan be members. applied to each type of joint depending upon the illustrations of each type of member. A butting member is, a joint member that is joint design. Joint design identifies, the shape, prevented, by the other member, from movement of the joint. dimensions, and configuration In the 1994 revision of ANSIIAWS A3.0, in one direction perpendicular to its thickness Standard Terms and Definitions, additional joint dimension. For example, both members of a butt flanged joints and spliced joints joint, or one member of a T-jointor corner joint. classifications for A nonbutting member is, a joint member that were added. Flanged joints, Figure 1.2, are is free to move in a direction perpendicular to its formed into one of the five basic joint types in both members which at least one of the joint members has a thickness dimension. For example, flanged edge shape at the weld joint. A spliced of a lap joint, or one member of a T-joint or joint is, a joint in which an additional workpiece corner joint. A splice member is, the workpiece that spans spans the joint and is welded to each joint the joint in a spliced joint. In Figure 1.3 two member, F i g u r e 1.3 The individual workpieces of joint a are called examples are provided for splices used in members. Members are classified in three ways: connection with butt joints. butting members, nonbutting members or splice
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APPLICABLE WELDS and WELD SYMBOL

Flare-Bevel-Groove
U-Groove Bevel-Groove
I \ Flare-V-Groove [
- JGroove -[L Square-Groove

hFillet
y V-Groove 1-1 Edge-Flange

Scarf (for braze joint)
(A) BUlT JOINT

APPLICABLE WELDSand WELD SYMBOL
yBevel-Groove
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J/- Flare-Bevel-Groove
x [
,y
(6) CORNER JOINT
,[L
r-
flare-V-Groove J-Groove Square-Groove U-Groove
m m
fr
1-L Edge-Flange
Plug
J.L-
Corner-Bange
Slot Spot Seam Projection
0 0
VV-Groove
-hFillet
-
yBevel-Groove
3-CFlare-V-Groove
r-
Slot spot Seam Projection
IL Square-Groove
J-Groove
C l P l u s
(C) T-JOINT
-h Fillet Y-BevelGroove
1 , , , L Slot
ff
spot Seam Projection *Braze
- r- JGroove - L L Sauare-Groove
(D) LAP JOINT
3-C Flare-V-Groove
uL
J
Bevel-Groove Rare-Bevel-Groove vare-V-Groove
v VGroove
N"
- y-J-Groove - IL SquareGroove
(E) EDGE JOINT
, Y U-Groove
L L Edge J-L Comer-Flange 1-IEdge-Flange ft &am
Fig. 1.1 The fivebasic types of joints and welds applicable to each. Applicable welds are determined by the combinations of edge surface or preparations of each member used in the design of each joint (referto fig 1.5). Weld symbols resemble the joint groove when viewed cross in section (refer to figs 1.6 1.10).
2
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(A) FLANGED BUlT JOINTS
(B) FLANGED CORNER JOINT
(C) FLANGED T-JOINT
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(D)FLANGED LAP JOINTS
(E)FLANGED EDGE JOINTS
Figure 1 . 2 Flanged Joints

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JOINT MEMBERS
SPLICE MEMBER 7
3
(A) SINGLE-SPLICED BUlT JOINT
(B) DOUBLE-SPLICED BUTT JOINT WITH JOINT FILLER
Figure 1.3 Spliced Butt Joints
4
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Figure 1.4 - Butting and Nonbutting Members

Identification of the weld type is indicated in the joint geometry. Joint geometry is the shape and dimensions of a joint in cross section prior to welding. When a jointis viewed in cross section, the edge shape of each mating member often resembles the weld type and weld symbol specified. Figure 1.5 identifies basic edge shapes used in welded metal fabrication and the welds applicable to each. The cross sectional views provided in Figures 1.6 through 1.10 show the relationship between weld symbol appearance and combinations of various edge shapes. These combinations of different edge shapes illustrate a variety of joint configurations for some of the applicable welds identified in the five basic joint arrangements shown in Figure 1.1. Manymore weld types and groove designs can be made using variousstructuralorformedshapes when applicable edge or surface preparations are applied to them.
5
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APPLICABLE WELDS
I
(A) SQUARE EDGE SHAPE (B) SINGLE-BEVEL EDGE SHAPE
SingleJ-Groove Double-Bevel-Groove Double-Bevel-Flare-Groove Square-Groove Edge Fillet Double-J-Groove Single-Bevel-Groove Single-Flare-Bevel-Groove
APPLICABLE WELDS
Single-Bevel-Groove Single-V-Groove
APPLICABLE WELDS
Double-BevelGroove Double-VGroove
(C) DOUBLE-BEVEL EDGE SHAPE

APPLICABLE WELDS
Singled-Groove Single-U-Groove
(D) SINGLEJ-GROOVE EDGE SHAPE
' r
(E) DOUBLE-J-GROOVE EDGE SHAPE
APPLICABLE WELDS
Double-J-Groove Double-U-Groove
d
(F) FLANGE EDGE SHAPE
APPLICABLE WELDS
Double-Flare-BevelGmve Projection Single-Flare-V-Groove Edge Fillet
seam
spot
APPLICABLE WELDS
Double-Flare-Bevel-Groove Double-Flare-VGme
(G) ROUND EDGE SHAPE
Figure 1.5 Edge Shapes. The edge shapes shown above are used in combinations to form any of the fivebasic joint arrangementsin figure 1.1. The resultof these combinations is a weld groove. for When the formed joint is viewed in cross section the weld groove resembles the weld symbol an applicable weld. One line(or one half) of each weld symbolwould represent the edge shape for one of the mating membersof a joint's weld groove.This concept is illustrated in figures 1 . 6 through 1.10.
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0784265 O534724 Ob5
Bevel-Groove
Flare-Bevel-Groove
Flare-V-Groove
Square-Groove
U-Groove
g%=-$
\V, -
\ -
+
I
c/
-
Flare-v-groove weld applied here
Note: Use of a flange weld symbol denotes a flanged joint rather than I the specific weld type required. As of this writing no symbol exsits for flanged a butt-joint. However, due to the similarity in configuration use of flanged-edge a symbol is applicable.
V-Groove
edge welded on this side (see note)
Flanged Butt
Figure 1 . 6 Edge shape combinations for Butt Joint variations. The cross sectional views above o a particular weld symbol, and indicate the type of weld that show similarity of the weld groovet is used to fill the groove. Each line of a weld symbolrepresents the edge shape of one joint member when the weld groove (or area) is viewed in cross section. This does not mean the weld symbol would be rotated to conform to the orientation of the joint; instead, the symbol represents the o f each member. combined edgeshape or surface preparation
7
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Bevel-Groove
Flare-Bevel-Groove
Flare-V-Groove
\ -
+
I
J-Groove
Square-Groove
U-Groove
: 2
/
I
m
V-Groove
Note: Use of a flange weld symbol denotes a flanged joint rather than the specific weld type required.
Flanged Corner
Flgure 1 . 7 Edge shape combinations for Corner Joint variations. The cross sectional views weld symbol,and indicate the type of above showsiyilarty of the weld grooveto a particular weld that is used to fill the groove. Each line of a weld symbol represents the edge shape of one joint member whenthe weld groove(or area) is viewed in cross section. This does not mean the weld symbol would be rotated to conform to the orientationof the joint; instead, the symbol represents the combined edge shape or surface preparation for each member. Surface preparations for plug, slot, spot and projection welds can be made to the square groove and flanged corner configurations to accomodate these types of welds. Fillet and seam welds can also apply to several of the joints.
8
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0784265 0534726 938
-~
Square-Groove
Bevel-Groove
Flare-Bevel-Groove
+
Flare-bevelgroove weld Fillet here applied weld
Note: Use of a flange weld symbol denotes aflanged joint rather than the specific weld type required. As of this writing no symbol exsits for
applied here.
J-Groove
Flanged T
9
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Figure 1.8 Edge shape combinations for T Joint variations. The cross sectional views above show similarity of the weld grooveto a particular weld symbol, and indicate the type of weld that is used to fiIl the groove. Each line of a weld symbolrepresents the edge shape of one (or area) is viewed in cross section. This does not mean joint member when the weld groove the weld symbol would be rotated to conform to the orientationof the joint; instead, the symbol or surface preparation for each member. Surface preparrepresents the combined edge shape! ations for plug, slot, spot and projection welds can be madeto the square groove and flanged comer contigurations to accomodate thesetypesof welds. Fillet and seam welds can also apply to several of the joints.
Bevel-Groove
"/
+
I
u
Flare-Bevel-Groove J-Groove
\
I
1
+
Fillet weld applied heref
Note: Use ofa flange weldsymbol denotes a flanged joint rather than the specific weld type required. As of this wrfting no symbol exsits for aflanaed lao-ioint. "
..
Flare-bevel-groove weld applied here
Flanged Lap
Figure 1.9 Edge shape combinations for Lap Joint variations. The cross sectional views above show similarity of the weld grooveto a particular weld symbol, and indicate the type of edge shape of one weld that is used to N1the groove. Each lineof a weld symbol represents the joint member whenthe weld groove (or area) is viewed in cross section. This does notmean the weld symbol would be rotated to conform to the orientation of the joint; instead, the symbol represents the combined edge shape or surface preparation of each member. Surfa preparations for plug, slot, spot and projection weldscan be made to several of the configurations to accomodate thesetypes of welds. Fillet and seaxn welds can also apply to several of the joints.
10
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E 0784265 0514728 700 E
Figure 1.10 Edge shape combinations for Edge Joint variations. The cross sectional views above shows i m i l a r i t y of the weld grooveto a particular weld symbol, and indicate the type of weld that is used to fll the groove. Each line of a weld symbol represents the edge shape of one joint member whenthe weld groove(or area) is viewed in cross section. This does notmean the weld symbol would be rotated to conform to the orientationof the joint; instead, the symbol for each member. Edgeand seam represents the combined edgeshape or surface preparation welds can also apply to several of the joints.
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Bevel-Groove
Flare-Bevel-Groove
Flare-V-Groove
q\%sKy
"
'" II
+
l
J-Groove
Square-Groove
U-Groove
W-'
+
I
r'
J C
V-Groove Flanged Edge
weld applied here
Note: Use of a flange weldsymbol denotes a flanged joint rather than the specific weld type required.
L Rare-v-groove
11
The nomenclature associated with groove face, root face and root edge is identified in Once the type of joint is identified, it may be Figure 1.12, page 14. Groove face is, that necessary to describe the exact joint design surface of a member includedin the groove. The required. To do this, welding personnel must be or flat) capable of identifying individual features that mot face (commonly called the land, nose is that portion of the groove face within the joint make up the joint geometry for a particular joint. root. Finally, root edge is defined as a root face The nomenclature associated with these features of zero width. include: Other features thatmay require description by welding personnel are shown in Figure l.13. in These elements are often the essential variables joint root welding procedures, and welding personnel may groove face be required to actually measure them to detede root face their compliance with applicable drawings or root edge other documents. root opening The rootopening isdescribedasthe bevel separation between the workpieces at the joint bevel angle root. The bevel (also commonly referred to as groove angle the chamfer) is an angular edge preparation. groove radius. Bevel angle is defined as the angle between the bevel of a joint member anda plane perpendicular Groove angle is, Depending upon the particular type of joint to the surface of the member. the total included angle of the groove between design, the joint geometry may take on slightly different shapes. One example is the joint mot. workpieces. For a single-bevel-groove-weld, the Joint root is defined as, that portionof a joint to bevel angle and the groove angle are equal. be welded where the members approach closest to Groove radius, applies only to J- and U-grooveeach other. In cross section, the joint root may be welds. It is described as the radius used to form either a point, line, or an area. Figure 1.11 the shape of a J- or U-groove weld. Normally, a illustrates some of the variations in the joint root J- or U-groove weld configurationis specified by both a bevel (or groove) angle and a groove for several different joint designs. In each case, the joint root is shown as a shaded area of the radius. sketch.
Parts of the Weld Joint
12
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NOTE: Joint root is denoted by shading
Figure 1.11 Joint Root
13
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Figure 1.12 Groove Face,Root Edge, andRoot Face
14
7 piq
GROOVE ANGLE DEPTH OF BEVEL
GROOVE ANGLE
Ik-ROOTOPENING
DEPTH OF BEVEL
(B)
BEVEL
I
I
/ ANGLE
DEPTH OF BEVEL
(C)
BNEL ANGLE
BEVEL ANGLE RADIUS
Figure 1.13 Bevel Angle, Depth of Bevel, Groove Angle, Groove Radius and Root Opening
15
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0784265 0534733 074
TERMS & DEFINITIONS

bevel An angular edge shape. bevel angle The angle between the bevel of a joint member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member, Figure l . 13. This dimension equals one-half of the groove or included angle when the edges of both members are prepared at an angle. When only one member is prepared at an angle, this dimension is still indicated in the same position on the welding symbol for groove angle, but equals the total degree of preparation for the groove. butt joint A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane. See Figures 1.1 (A), 1.2 (A), 1.3, 1.4and 1.6
flanged butt joint A form of a butt joint in which at least one of the members has a flanged edge shape at the joint. See Figures 1.2(A) and 1.6. flanged comerjoint A form of a comer joint in which the butting member has a flanged edge shape at the joint. See Figures 1.2 (B) and 1.7. flanged edge joint A form of an edge joint in which at least one of the members has a flanged edge shape at the joint. See Figure 1.7 flanged joint A form of one of the five basic joint types in which at least one of the joint members has a flanged edge shape at the weld joint. S e e Figures 1.2 and. 1.5 through 1.10.
flanged lap joint A form of a lap joint in butting member A joint member that is which at least one of the members has a flanged prevented by the other member from movement in edge shape at the joint, and edge weld is not applicable. See Figures 1.2 and 1.9. a direction perpendicular to its thickness dimension. For example, both members of a butt flanged T-joint A form of a T-joint in which joint, or one member of a T-joint or corner joint. the butting member has a flanged edge shape at See Figure 1.4. the joint, and an edge weld is not applicable. See Figures 1.2 and 1.8. corner joint A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each groove angle The total included angle of the other in the form of an L. See Figures 1.1 (B), 1.2 groove between workpieces, see Figure 1.13. In (B) and 1.7. joints where both edges of the workpieces are depth of bevel the perpendicular distance prepared at an angle this dimension is the totalof from the base metal surface to the root edgeor the both (shown as a degree dimension, placed directly above the weld symbol on other side beginning ofthe Mot face, Figurel.13. designations, and directly below the symbol on edge joint A joint between the edgesof two arrow side designations). o r more parallel or nearly parallel members. See groove face The surface of a joint member Figures 1.1 Q, 1.2 (E) and 1.10. included in the groove. The angular distance edge preparation The preparation of the between the surface of the base metal to the root 1.12. edge, including any root face, Figure edges of the joint members, by cutting, cleaning, plating, or other means. groove mdius The radius used to form the edge shape The shape of the edge of the shape of a J or U groove weld. See Figure l .13. joint member. See Figures 1.2 through l . 1O.
16
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joint The junction of members or the edges of members that are to be joined or have been joined. joint design - The shape, dimensions and configuration of the joint. joint filler - A metal plate inserted between the splice member and thinner joint member to accommodate joint members of dissimilar thickness in a spliced butt joint.See Figure 1.3.
root edge Figure 1.12.
- is a root face of zero width, see -
root face that portion of the groove face within the joint root, Figure 1.12 (also know as nose, flat, or landing). Although not shown by of dimension on the weld symbol, when the depth preparation for groove welds is subtracted from the thickness of the workpiece, the difference is equals the root face of the joint. root opening a separation at the joint root between the workpieces. See Figure 1.13 (A 8~
joint geometry - The shape and dimensionsof a joint in cross section priorto welding.
joint root That portion of a joint where the members approach closest to each other. When viewed in cross section the joint root may be either a point, a line, or an area. Illustrated in Figure 1.11.
E ) .
spliced joint A joint in which an additional workpiece spans the joint and is welded to each member. See Figure 1.3
splice member The workpiece that spans the 1.3 joint in a spliced joint. See Figure
joint type A weld joint classification based
on five basic joint configurations such as a butt surface preparation The operations joint, comer joint, edge joint, lap joint and t-joint. necessary to produce a desired or specified S e e Figure 1.1. surface condition. For example the holes or slots cut into one member of a lap joint to lap joint A joint between two overlapping or slot weld. members in parallel planes. See Figure 1.1 (D), accommodate a spot 1.2 (D), 1.4 and 1.9. T joint A joint between two members nonbutting member A joint member that is located approximately at right angles to each free to move in any direction perpendicular to its other in the form of a T. S e e Figures 1.1 (C), 1.2 1.4 and 1.8. thickness dimension. For example, both members (C), of a lap joint or one memberof a T-joint orcomer joint. See Figure 1.4. weld @move the channel in the surface of a workpiece or an opening between two joint members that provides space to contain a weld.
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For items 1-1 O below circle T if true, or F if false for each statement given.
T F l. There are five basic joints used in welded metal fabrication. T F 2. Flanged and spliced joints are included in the five basic joint arrangements. T F 3. A nonbutting member is a joint member that is prevented by the other member, from
movement in one direction perpendicular to its thickness dimension.
T F 4. Flanged joints can be formed into any one of the five basic joint arrangements.
T F 5. When a joint is viewed in cross section the edge preparations of the mating members often resemble the weld type required.
T F 6. ' h o single-j-groove edge shapes placed approximately in the same plane form a u-groove.
T F 7. Joint geometry is defined as the shape, dimensions, and configuration of a joint. T F 8. The shape and dimensions of a joint when viewed in cross section prior to welding is known as joint design,
T F 1O. Bevel angle is the total included angleof the groove between workpieces.
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T F 9. The term groove radius applies to j- and u- groove welded joints.
078q265 0514736 887
Match the terms given in Column 1 (11-24) with the statements provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choiceby writing theletter from column 2 in the space provided next to the terms in column 1.
COLUMN 1
11. butt joint
COLUMW 2
A. Term associated with the shape
of a J- or U-groove.
12. depth of bevel
B. A joint between two members located at approximately right angles to each other.
13. edge joint 14. groove angle
c.
A face root
of approximately zero width.
D. The surface of a joint member included in the

groove.
15. angle bevel

16. groove face
E. A chamfered edge preparation.
F. One half of the total included angle of a groove between workpieces with two angular edge shapes.
17. corner joint
G.
That portion of the joint where the members approach closestto each other,
18. bevel
H. The total included angle of the groove between

workpieces.
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19. root edge
1.
Sometimes referred to as the land, noseor flat.
20. groove radius

21. joint root 22. root face
J. A joint between the edges of two or more parallel

or nearly parallel members.
K. Examples of surface preparations made to one or

more members of joint. a
L.
The perpendicular distance from the base metal surface to the root edge or the beginningof the root face.
23. holes andslots 24. splice member
M. A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane.
N. An additional workpiece spanning the joint that is

welded to each joint workpiece.
25. Identify the four types of joints shown in Figure 1 above:
26. #1 in Figure 1members. identifies

Figure 27. #2 in
1 members. identifies
28. type The
29. The workpieces shown in Figure 2 identify: (#I)

(W
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Figure 1
Figure 2
of joint shown Figure in
2 above represents
joint
; and (#3)
21
0784265 0514738 b 5 T
Figure 3
30. Identify the types of joints shown in Figure 3 above:

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(B)
Note: Two answers may not applyto all questions in 31-38 below: 31. The portion of the joint labeled #1 in Figure 3 identifies and 32. The portion of the joint labeled #2 in Figure 3 identifies and 33. The portion of the joint labeled #3identifies in and Figure 3
3 4 .The portion of the joint labeled Figure #4 in
3 identifies and
35. The portion of the joint labeled #5 in Figure 3 identifies and 36. The portion of the joint labeled ##6 identifies in Figure and 3
37. the At
joint, the edge shapes used in are Figure 3(A)
and
38. At the joint, the edge Figure in shapes used
3(B) are
and
22
39. Idenhfy thetypes of joints shown in Figure4 above:
(B)
Note: Two answers may not apply toall questions in 40-48 below:
40. The portion of the joint Figure in labeled #1
4 identifies and
41. The portion of the joint labeled Figure #2 in
4 identifies and
42. The portion of the joint labeled #3 in Figure 4 identifies and
43.The portion of the joint labeled #Min Figure 4 identifres and

44. The portion of the joint labeledFigure #5 in
4 identifies and
45. The portion of the joint labeled #6 in Figure 4 identifies and

46. The portion of the joint labeled Figure #7 in
4 identifies and
47. At the joint, the edge Figure in shapes used

48. the At
joint, the edge shapes used
4(A) and are
in Figure 4(B) are
and
23
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Figure 4
UH 0784265 0534740 208 W
Types of Welds
As was shown in Figure l.1 from the previous learning activity, numerous welds can be applied to the various types of joints. Using ANSUAWS A2.4,Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination as a guideline, there are nine categories of welds associated with weld symbols. In each of these categories certain weld types apply. The categories are:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
v-groove bevel-groove u-groove j-groove flare-v-groove flare-bevel-groove
GrooveWelds FilletWelds Plug or Slot Welds StudWelds Spot or Projection Welds SeamWelds 7) Back or Backing Welds 8) SurfacingWelds 9) FlangeWelds
with the variety of joint geometries and weld types available, the welding fabricator c m choose the one which best suits his needs. This choice could be based on considerations such as:
accessibility to the joint for welding type of welding process being used suitability to the structural design cost of welding
Groove Welds
A weM is, ca weld made in &roove a between the worbieces. There are eight types of groove welds:
1) square-groove 2) scarf
Their names imply what the actual configurations look like when viewed in cross section. All of these groove weld types can be applied to joints which are welded from a single side or bothsides.Figure2.1illustratestypical configurations for single- and double- groove welded joints. As would be expected, a singlewelded joint is a fusion welded joint that is welded from one side only. Similarly, a doublewelded joint is a fusion welded joint that is welded from both sides. Groove welds of different types are used in many combinations. Selection is influenced by accessibility, economy, adaptation to Structural design, expected distortion and the type of welding Process~ e d . Square-groove welds are the most economical to use, but are limited by the thickness of the joint. Complete penetration square groove welds, welded from one side, are generally not used for material thicker than one quarter inch. Thicker material requires the selection of joint geometries that accommodate othertypes of groove welds. On thicker joints the particular geometry must provide accessibility for welding and ensure weld soundness and strength. For economical reasons these joint designs should be selected with root openings and groove angles that require the least amount of weld metal, but still meet the service conditionsof the weldment.
25
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Selection of root openings and groove angles is influenced by the metal to be joined, location of the joint within the weldment, and required service conditions. Welds in j- and u-grooves can be used to minimize weld metal requirements when economic factors outweigh the cost of edge preparation. These types of welds are particularly useful in thicker sections. Single-bevel and jgroove welds are more difEcult to weld than v- or u-groove welds because of the one vertical edge. Flare v-groove and flare-bevel groove welds are used in connection with flanged or round members. (A) Single(used Scarf-Groove
for brazing)
(Bl) Single-Square-Groove Weld
(82) Double-Square-GrooveWeld
(Cl) Single-V-Groove Weld
(C2) Double V-Groove Weld
(Dl) Single-Bevel-Groove Weld
(D2) Double-Bevel-Groove
Weld
Figure 2 . 1 Single and Double Groove Welds

26
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(El) Single-U-Groove Weld
(EZ) Double-U-Groove Weld
(Fl) Single-J-Groove Weld
(Gl) Single-Flare-Bevel-Groove Weld
(62) Double-Flare-Bevel-Groove Weld
(HI) Single-Flare-V-Groove Weld
(HZ) Double-Flare-V-Groove Weld
Figure 2.1 - Single and Double Groove Welds (continued)

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27
I 0784265 0534743 TL7
Fillet Welds
ANSIIAWS A2.4 defines afillet weld as a weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximatelyat right angles to each other in a lap joint, t-joint, or corner joint. When the design permits, fillet welds are used in preference to groove welds for economic reasons. Edge preparations are not required for fillet welding, but surface cleaning may be needed. Unlike groove welds, a fillet weld does not take its name from an associated joint geometry. It is a particular type of weld applied to a lap, t- or corner joint. Fillet welds are sometimes used in combination with groove welds. Figure 2.2 shows typical fillet welds applied to comer, t, and lap joints.
Fillet welds are made using both single and double sided welds. They are also applied using a single weld pass or multiple weld passes. Besides continuous pass welds (the length of the joint), fillet welds are often intermittently staggered or chained. A staggered intennittent fillet weld is, an intermittent weld on both sides of a joint in which the weld increments on one side are alternated with those on the other. A chain intermittentfillet weld is, an intermittent weld on both sides of a joint in which the weld increments on one side are approximately opposite thoseon the other side. Figure2.2 (E & F) illustrates both types of intermittent fillet welds.
(A) DoubleSided SinglePass Fillet Welds Lap Joint on aon
(B) SingleSided Multiple Pass Fillet Welds Joint a Corner
(C) DoubleSided Multiple Pass Fillet Welds hole on a T Joint
(D) Fillet Weldsaround the diameter of a
Figure 2.2 Fillet Weld Applications

28
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(E) staggered lntermlttent Fillet Welds
(F) Chain Intermittent Flllet Welds

l o p view
lop vim
Plug and Slot Welds
Figure 2.2 Fillet Weld Applications (continued)

Two types of welds used in joining overlapping members are plug and slot welds. The pZug weld is a weld made in a circular hole in one member of a joint sing that member to another member. A dut weld is a weld made in an elongated holein one memberof a joint fusing that member to another member. The hole may be open at one end. Plug and slot welds require definite depths of filling. Figure 2.3 (A&B) shows illustrations of plug and slot welds. A fillet weld applied ina circular hole, (Figure2.2, D), or or slot weld. slot is not considered a plug
Stud Welds In the 1989 edition of ANWAWS A2.4 a

symbol for this type of weld was added. A stud weZd is, a general term for joining a metal stud or similar part to a workpiece. Welding maybe accomplished by arc, resistance, friction, or other process with or without external gas shielding. Figure 2.3 (C) provides an example of a stud weld. The most common stud materials welded with the arc stud welding process are low carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Other materials are used for studson a special application basis.
(C) STUD WELD Figure 2 . 3 Plug, Slot, and Stud Welds
29
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overlapping member. Figure 2.4 (A & B) The bases most stud welds are round. However, thereare many applications which use a illustrates resistance and arc spot welds. Projection welds are made using the square or rectangular shaped stud. Applications resistance welding process. The weld is formed include attachhg wood floors to steel decks or framework; fasiening lining or insulation in tanks, by the heat obtained from the resistance to the boxcars, and other containers; mounting machine flow of the welding current. The resulting welds arelocalizedatpredeterminedpoints by accessories; securing tubing and wire harnesses; projections, embossments, or intersections. and welding khear connectors and concrete Figure 2.4 (C) shows a cross-sectional viewof an anchors to strudtures. embossed member of a lap joint to be projection welded and the desired weld upon completion. Spot and Projedion Welds A spot weld ia, a weld made between and upon overlapping mcmbers in which coalescence (the Seam Welds A seam weld is a continuous weld made act of combidg or uniting) may start and occur between or upon overlapping members, in which on the fuying surfaces or may begin from the outer surface of one member. Faying surface is coalescence may start and occur on the faying defined as, th& mating surface of a member that surfaces, or may have proceeded from the outer n close proximity to another surface of one member. The continuous weld is in contact W& or i may consist of a single weld bead or a series of member to whhh it is to be joined. Spot welds are commonly k c i a t e d with resistance welding. overlapping spot welds. Some means must be However, a very effective way to join a lap joint provided to move the welding head along the of weld is h i n metals is with an arc spot weld. In seam during welding. This type shape on t arc spot welding, the weld forms by melting associated with arc and resistance welding. Seam n Figure welds for both processes are illustrated i through the tup member using an arc welding 2.5 (A,B,C & D). process, and fusion occurs between it and the
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(A) RESISTANCE SPOT WELD
(B) ARC SPOT WELD
Embossed Top Member
Desired Weld
(C) PROJECTION WELD
Figure 2.4 Spot and Projection Welds 30

E 07842b5 051474b 72b
ARC (A)
SEAM WELD
(B) ARC SEAM W E D
ELECTRON (C)
BEAM SEAM WEID
(D) RESISTANCE SEAM W E B

Groove Weld Made After Welding Other Side
Groove Weld Made Before Welding Other Side
(E) BACK WEID
(F) BACKING W E I D
(G) SURFACING W E I D
Figure 2.5 - Seam, Back, Backingand Surfacing Welds

31
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H 0784265 0534747 b b 2 9
Back and Backing Welds As their names imply, these welds are made on the back side of a weld joint. Although they apply to the same location, they are deposited differently. AWS A3.0 describes a back weld as a weld made at the back of a single groove weld. A bucking weld is backing in the form of a weld. A back weld is applied after the front side is welded, while the backing weld is deposited beforeweldingthefrontside.Figure 2.5 (E & F) on the previous page, illustrates the application of both back and backing welds.
(A) Edge Weld in a Flange Butt Joint
Surfacing Welds This type of weldis applied to the surface of a metal. A surfacing weld is defined as, a weld applied to a surface, as opposed to making ajoint, to obtain desired properties or dimensions. Figure 2.5 (G)illustrates a typical surfacing weld. (B) Edge Weld in a Flange Corner Joint Other terms associated with surfacing are: Buildup, a surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to achieve the Figure 2 . 6 Flange Weld Types required dimensions Buttering, a surfacing variation that deposits one of the members flanged. Figure 2.6 illustrates edge weld placements on corner and edge flange surfacing metal on one or more surfaces to provide metallurgically compatible weld metal for joints, the subsequent completionof a weld Cladding, a surfacing variation that deposits or applies surfacing material usually to improve Completed Welds Welding and fabrication personnel should be corrosion or heat resistance Hardfacing, a surfacing variation in which aware of terms associated with certain conditions or features of completed welds. Knowledge of surfacing materialis deposited to reduce wear. these terms aids in the communication process, Flange Welds symbol welding interpret to ability enhances ones ~l~~~~ weld, in the of symbol information and locate areas of weld a that may representation, refers to a weld made on the require additional pst-weld cleaning or detailingedges oftwoormore joined members, usually Terms related to groove welds, Figure 2.7, light gage metal, with at least one flanged consist Of: member.Therefore, the symbol represents the use of a flanged member or members and the Weld Face specific weld type required. Weld Toe An edge weld is, a weld in an edge joint, a Weld Root flangedbuttjoint or a flangedcornerjoint in Root Surface which the full thickness of the members are Face Reinforcement fused. An edge-flange weld has two flanged Root Reinforcement members, while a comer-flange weld has only
32
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
GROOVE WELO MADE BEFORE WELDING OTHER SIDE-
u,c,
GROOM WELD MADE AFTER WELDING OTHER S I D E 7
reinforcement is, weld reinforcement opposite the side from which welding was done. Root reinforcement is used only in the case of a single welded joint, meaning welding performed from one side. When a double sided weld is made, the t e r m face reinforcement is applied to the amount of reinforcement present on both sides. This point is illustrated in Figure 2.7(A) where a back weld is used. Standard tenninology also exists for parts of fillet welds. As with the groove weld, the surface of the fillet weld is referred to as the weld face. The junctions of the weld face with the base metal are the weM toes. The furthest penetration of the weld metal into the joint is the weld root. The distance from the joint root to the toe of the fillet weld, is called the fillet weld leg. Figure 2.8 identifies variousparts of a fillet weld.
Figure 2.7 - Completed Groove Welds

Weld face is, the exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was done.Weld toe is, the junction of the weld face and the base metal. Opposite the weld face is the weld root. WeM Root is, the points, shown in cross section, at which themot surface intersects the base metal surfaces. Similar to weld face, is the root surface, or the exposed surface of a weld opposite the side from which welding was done. In other words the root surface is bounded by the weld rooton either side. Additional terminology associated with a WeM groove weld relates to weld reinforcement. reinforcement is, weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a joint. The face reinforcement (also known as the cmwn),refers to weld reinforcement on the side of the joint from which welding was done. Conversely, the root
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 2.8 Completed Fillet Weld

One other feature of a Wet weld (shown in Figure 2.13) is the weld throat. In general, this is the shortest distance through the cross section of the weld. Various types of fillet weld throats will be discussed in more detail under weld size te&ology.
Fusion and Penetration Terminology

In general, fusion refers to the actual melting together of the filler metal and base metal, or of e r m which the base metal only. Penetration is a t relates to the distance that the weld metal has progressedintothejoint.Thedegree of
33
penetration achieved has a direct effect on the strength of the joint and is therefore related to the weld size. Numerous terms exist which describe the degree or location of either fusion or penetration. During the welding operation, the original groove face is melted so that the final limit of the weld metal is deeper than the original surface. The groove face (before welding), is now referred to as the fusion face since it will be melted during welding. The boundary between the weld metal weld and base metal is referred to as the interface. The depth of fusion is, the distance
DEPTH OF FUSION
from the fusion face to the weld interface. The depth of fusion is always measured perpendicular to the fusion face. The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross section of a weld is known as the fusion zone. These terms are applied similarly for other types of welds such as fillet andsurfacingwelds.Figure 2.9 illustrates various terms associatedw i t h fusion.
ROOT PENETRATION
PARTIAL PENETRATION PENETRATION JOINT WELD GROOVE WELD SIZE
9
4
INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRATIONJ
Figure 2.10 - Penetration
As shown in Figure 2.10, there are also
TERFACE
INTERFACE
(A) Groove Weld

DEPTH OF FUSION
several terms which refer to penetration of the weld. Root Penetration is, the distance that the weld metal has melted into the joint beyond the joint root. The joint penetration is, the distance from the furthest extension of the weld into the joint to the weld face, excluding any weld reinforcement whichmay be present. For groove welds, this same distance is also referred to as the weld size. Incomplete joint penetration (commonly referred to as partial joint penetration) is a joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD INTERFACE
L FUSION FACE
DEPTH OF FUSION
FUSION FACE
(B) Surfacing Weld
p J
HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE
DEPTH OF FUSION
Figure 2.11 Heat-Affected Zone

Another related term is heat-aflected zone, Figure 2.1 l. This region is defined as that portion of the base metal that has been not melted, or but whose mechanical properties microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding, brazing, soldering,or cutting.
WELDYEIN. ARA
y WELD INTERFACE
(C) Fillet Weld

Note: fusion zones indicated by shading.
Figure 2.9 Fusion Terminology
34
Weld Size Terminology

The previous topic describes joint penetration, and the relationship to weld size, for single-groove weld configurations. For a doublegroove weld configuration where the joint penetration is less than complete, the weld size is equal to the sum of the joint penetrations from both sides. Refer to Figure 2.12 (A) In a complete penetration groove weld, the weld size is equal to the thickness of the thinner of the two members joined, since there is no credit given for any weld reinforcement that is present. Refer to Figure 2.12 (B).
Joint Penetration
ACTUALTHROAT - ? 7 m N K x m
I
THEORETICAL THROAT
CONVEX FILLET WELD
CONCAVIM ACTUAL THROAT
d
EFFECTIVE THROAT
Incornplate J Joint Penetration
-Partial Penetration Weld Weld Size, E, Equals El plus E 2
(A) Incomplete Joint Penetration

Joint Penetration Grooveweld Size Complete
THEORETICAL THROAT
CONCAVE FILLET WELD
Figure 2 . 1 3 Weld - Fillet
Size
length) right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. These inscribed isosceles right triangles are shown with dotted linesin the two illustrations for (B) Complete Joint Penetration Figure 2.13. So, for the convex fillet weld, the leg Figure 2 . 1 2 PenetrationandWeld She andsizeareequal.However,thesize ofa concave fillet weld is slightly less that its leg To determinethe size of a fillet weld,youlength. must first know whether the final weld For unequal leg fillet welds, the fillet weld lugest configuration is convex or concave. Convex size is definedas, %e leglengthsofthe means that the weld face exhibits some buildup right trimgle that Can be inscribed Within the fillet causing it to appear curved slightly outward. This weld Cross section. is referred to as the amount of convexity. Convexity in a fillet weld is synonymous with weld reinforcement in a groove weld. If a weld has a concave profile, this means that its face is dished in. the fillet weld size -LEG and SIZE For either configuration, for equal k g fillet weMs is described as, the leg lengths of the largest isosceles (two legs of equal Figure 2.14 Unequal Leg Fillet Weld
35
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It can be noted that there are additional JOINT PENETRATION notations on the illustrations in Figure 2.13 which ROOT PENETRATION refer to fillet weld throats. There are really three different types of weld throats. The first is the theoretical throat, or the minimum amount of weld which the designer counts on when he size. originally specifies a weld The theoreticcd throat is described as, the Figure 2.16 Edge Weld Size distance from the beginning of the joint root perpendicular to the hypotenuse (side of the triangle opposite the right angle) of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the cross section of a fillet weld. This dimension is Weld Application Terminology To complete this discussion of weld terms, it based on the assumption that the root opening is seems appropriate to mention some of the equal to zero. terminology associated with theactual application Effective throat takes into account any of welds. Often welding procedures will refer to additional joint penetration that may be present. So, the effective throat can be defined as, the these details, so welding personnel should be familiar with their meanings. The first aspect is minimum distance minus any convexity between the difference among the terms weld pass, weld the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. The final throat dimension, the actual throat, takesinto bead and weld layer. A weld puss is a single account both the joint penetration as well as any progression of welding along a joint. The weld bead is that weld which resultsfrom a weld pass. additional convexity present at the weld face. A weld layer is a single level of weld within a Actual throat is, the shortest distance multiple-pass weld. A weld layer may consist of between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. For a concave fillet weld, the effective a single bead or multiple beads. throat andactual throat are equal, sincethere is no convexity present. Welding personnel may also be asked to somehow determine the sizes of other types of welds. One example might be a spot or seam weld, where the weld size is equal to the width of the weld metal in the planeof the faying surfaces. For an edge weld on a flanged joint, the weld size is equal to the total thickness of the weld from the weldroot to the weld face.
i k a L LAYERS
Figure 2.15 Size of Seam or Spot Weld
SIZE
CROSS-SECTIONAL WELDING SEQUENCE
Figure 2.17 Weld pass, bead and layer.
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0784265 0534752 T 2 T
When a weld beadis deposited, it could have a different name, depending upon the technique the welder uses. If the welder progresses along the joint with little or no side-to-side motion (oscillation), the resulting weld bead is referred to as a stringer bead. A weave bead results when the welder manipulates the electrode laterally, or side to side, as the weld is deposited along the joint. The weave bead is typically wider than the stringer bead. Due to the amount of lateral motion used, the travel speed, as measured along the longitudinal axis of the weld, is less than would be the case for a stringer bead.
CHAIN INTERMITENT RLLETWELD
STAQGERED INTERMITTENTFILLET WELD
Figure 2.19 Welding Sequence

STRINQER BEAD
Another term related to the actual welding operation is boxing (commonly referred to as an end return). Boxing is defined as, the continuation of a fillet weld around a comerof a member as an extensionof the principalweld.
WEAVE BEAD
Figure 2.18 Weld Applications

When fillet welds are required, there will be some cases where the design does not warrant the use of continuouswelds.Thedesigner may therefore specify intermittent fillet welds. If there are intermittent fillet welds specified on BOXING both sides of a particular joint, they can be detailed as either chain intermittent or staggered Figure 2.20 Welding Sequence chainintermittent intemittent filletwelds.The on either sideof the fillet weM has the increments Finally, there are several terms which joint directly opposite each other. Similarly, a staggered intermittent fillet weld describe the actual sequence in which the welding is to be done. This is commonly done to is an intermittent fillet weld on both sides of a reduce the amount of distortion caused by joint in which the weld increments on one side Three common techniques are: are alternated with respect to those on the other welding. backstep sequence, block sequence and cascade side.
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sequence. The backstep sequence is a technique where each individual weld pass is deposited in thedirectionoppositethat of the overall progression of welding. A block sequence is defined as a combined longitudinal and cross sectional sequence for a continuous multiple pass weldin which separated increments are completely or partially welded before intervening increments are welded. With the block sequence, it is important that each subsequent layer is slightly shorter than the
previous one so that the end of the block has a gentle slope. This will provide the best chance of obtaining adequate fusion when the adjacent block is filled in later. A cascade sequence is described as a combined longitudinal and cross sectional sequence in which weld passes are made in overlapping layers. This method differs from the block sequence in that each subsequent pass is longer than the previous one.
/(A) BACKSTEP SEQUENCE

UNWELDED SPACES FILLED AFTER WELDING OF INTERMIITENT BLOCKS
(B) BLOCK SEQUENCE
(C) CASCADE SEQUENCE
Figure 2 . 2 1 Welding Sequence 38

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0784265 0514754 8T2
actual throat The shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. See Figure 2.13.
buttering A surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on one or more surfaces to provide metallurgically compatible weld metal for the subsequent completion of the weld.
cascade sequence A combined longitudinal backing A material or device placed against and cross sectional sequence in which weld passes are made in overlapping layers. S e e Figure the back side of the joint, or at both sides of a weld in electroslag and electrogas welding, to 2.21 (C). support and retain molten weld metal. The chain intermittent fillet weld An material may be partially fused or remain unfused intermittent weld on both sides of a joint in which during welding and may be either metal or the weld increments (lengths) on one side are are nonmetal. appreximately opposite those on the other side. backing weld Backing in the form of a weld. See Figures 2.2 (F) and 2.19. See Figure 2.5 (F). cladding A surfacing variation that deposits or applies surfacing material usually to improve backSbp ssquence A longitudinal sequence in which weld passes are made in the direction corrosion or heat resistance. opposite to the progress of welding. See Figure Complete joint penetration A joint root 2.21 (A). condition in a groove weld in which weld metal back weld A weld made at the back of a extends through the joint thickness. See figure 2.12 (B). single groove welded joint.See Figure 2.5 (E).
complete joint penetration weld A groove b m l gmom weld A type of groove weld in which the mating members of the joint have one weld in which weld metal extends through the single-bevel or double-bevel edge and one square joint thickness See Figure 2.12 (B). edge shape See Figure 2.1 (Dl & D2). concave fillet weld A fillet weld having a concave face. See Figure 2.13. block sequence A combined longitudinal and cross sectional sequence for a continuous concavity The maximum distance from the multiple-pass weld in which separated increments face of a concave fillet weld perpendicular to a are completely or partially welded before interveningincrementsarewelded. See Figure line joiningthe weld toes. See Figure 2.13 2.21 (B). convex fillet weld A fillet weld having a convex face. See Figure 2.13. boxing The continuation of a fillet weld around a comer of a member as an extension of convexity The maximum distance from the the principle weld. See Figure 2.20. face of a convex fillet weld perpendicular to a line joining the weld toes. See Figure2.13 buildup A surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to achieve the required dimensions.
39
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--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
depth of fusion The distance that fusion extends into the base metal or previous beadfrom the surface melted during welding. See Figure 2.9. edge weld A weld in an edge joint, a flanged butt joint or a flanged comer joint in which the full thicknesses of the members are fused. See Figure 2.6 (A & B). effective throat The minimum distance minus any convexity between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld.See Figure 2.13 face reinforcement Weld reinforcement on the side of the joint from which welding was done. See Figure 2.7 (A). faying surface The mating surface of a member that is in contact with or in close proximity to another member to which it is to be joined. flllet weld leg The distance from the joint root to the toe of the fillet weld. See Figures 2.8 and 2.13. flllet weld A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap-, t-or comerjoint. See Figure 2.2
flare-v-groove weld A type of groove weld in which the mating members of the joint can consist of two half-round, two round or two flanged edge shapes.See Figure 2.1 (H1 & H2). fusion The melting together of filler metal and base metal, or of base metal only, to produce a weld. fusion face A surface of the base metal that will be melted during welding. See Figure 2.9 (A). fusion zone The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross section of a weld. See Figure 2.9. groove weld A weld made in a groove between the workpieces. See Figure2.1 hardfacing A surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to reduce wear. incomplete joint penetration A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not extend through the thickness. See Figures 2.10 and 2.11.
i- groove weld
- A type of groove weld in -
flange weld A nonstandard term for a weld in a flanged joint. In the case of flanged weld symbol representation, the symbol identifies a flanged joint rather than a specific type of weld. See Figure 2.6 (A & B ) .
flare-berel-groove weld A type of groove weld in which the mating members of the joint can consist of one half-round, round or flanged edge shape, combined with one square edge shape. See Figure 2.1 (G1 & G2).
which the mating members of the joint have one single-j or double-j and one square edge shape. See Figure 2.1 (F1 & F2).
joint penetration The distance the weld metal extends from the weld face into a joint, See Figure 2.10. exclusive of weld reinforcement. partial joint penetration weld A joint root condition in a groove weld in which incomplete joint penetration exists.
W 07842b5 0534756 675 9
plug weld A weld made in a circularhole in one member of a joint fusing that member to tobe anothermember. A fillet-weldedhole is construed as conforming to this definition. See Figure 2.3 (A).
projection weld A type of weld associated square groove weld A type of groove weld with a resistance welding process that produces a weld by the heat obtained from the resistance to in which the mating members of the joint have the flow of the welding current. The resulting square edge shapes. See Figure 2.1 (B1 & B2). welds are localized at predetermined points by projections, embossments, or intersections. See staggered intermittent fillet weld An Figure 2.4 (C). intermittent weldon both sides of joint a in which the weld increments (lengths) on one side are root penetration The distance the weld alternated with respect to those on the other side. See Figures 2.2 (E) and 2.19. metal extendsinto the joint root. See Figure 2.10.
spot weld A weld made between or upon overlapping members in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces or may proceed from the outer surface of one member. The weld cross section (plan view) is approximately circular. See Figure 2.4 (A & B).
stringer bead A type of weld bead made without appreciable weaving motion. See Figure 2.18. stud weld A type of weld associated with a roof surface The exposed surface of a weld general term for joining a metal stud or similar part to a workpiece. The weld can be made using opposite the side from which welding was done. arc, resistance, friction or other welding processes See Figure 2.7 (C). with or without an external gas shielding. See C ) . scad weld A type of groove weld associated Figure 2.3 ( with brazing in which the mating membersof the surfacing weld A weld applied to a surface, joint have single-bevel edge shapes. The groove faces of the joint are parallel (face the same way as opposed to making a joint, to obtain desired properties or dimensions. See Figure 2.5 (G). or same hand). See Figure 2.1 (A). root relnforcement Weld reinforcement opposite the side from which welding was done. See Figure 2.7 ( C ) .
seamweld A continuousweldmade between or upon overlapping members, in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces, or may have proceeded from the outer surface of one member. The continuous weld may consist of a single weld bead or a series of overlapping spot welds. See Figure 2.5 (A, B,
theoretical throat The distance from the beginning of the joint root perpendicular to the be hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can inscribed within the cross sectionof a fillet weld. The dimensionis based on the assumption that the root openingis equal toz e r o . S e e Figure 2.13.
U- groove weld A type of groove weld in which the mating membersof the joint both have single-j or double-j edge shapes. See Figure 2.1 (El & E2).
C Br D ) .
in one member of a joint fusing that member to
slot weld A weld made in an elongatedhole
another member. The hole may be open at one end. A fillet welded slot is not to be construed as conforming to this definition. See Figure2.3 (B).
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groove weld A type of groove weld in weld pas^ A single progression of welding which the mating members of the joint have along a joint. The result of a pass is a weld bead single-bevel or double-bevel edge shapes. The or layer. See Figure 2.17. groove faces of the joint are opposed to each other (face the opposite way or opposite hand). See weld reinforcement Weld metal in excessof Figure 2.1 (Cl & C2). the quantity required to fill a joint. See Figure 2.7
V-
weave bead A type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation. See Figure 2.18. weld bead A weld resulting from a pass. See Figure 2.17. weld face The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was done. See Figure 2.7 (A). weld interface The interface between weld metal and base metal in a fusion weld, between base metals in a solid-state weld without filler metal, or between filler metal and base metal in a solid-state weld with filler metal. S e e Figure 2.9. weld layer = A single level of weld within a multiple-pass weld. A weld layer may consist of a single bead or multiple beads. See Figure 2.17.
(A).
weld mot The point, shownin cross section, at which the root surface intersects the base metal surfaces. S e e Figure 2.7 (C). welding sequence The order of making welds in a weldment. See Figures 2.19, 2.20 and 2.21. weld throat See actual throat, effective throat and theoretical throat. weld toe The junction of the weld face and the base metal. See Figure 2.7 (B).
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
42
For items 1-1 O below circle T if true, or F if false for each statement given,
1. Within each weld category associated with welding symbols a number of specific weld types may apply-
T F 2. Use of a flange weld symbolin connection with a flangedjoint requires the welder to apply a
flange weld.
T F 3. Single bevel or j- p v e welded joints are easier to weld because there is less area to weld than a v- or u- groove weldedjoint.
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F 4.
Where a joint is located within the weldment is one factor that determines the selection of mot openings and groove angles.
F 5.
Square grooveweldsareeconomical
to useand are generallyappliedonmaterialthicker
than one half inch.
T F 6. Fillet welds madearound the inside of a hole or slotare considered to be plug and slot welds.
T
7. The actual melting together of filler and base metal refers to penetration.
T F 8. That portion of the base metal that has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by the heatof welding is known as the heat-affected zone.
T F 9. The amount of penetration achieved during welding has a direct effect on the strength of the
joint.
T F 1O. Once welding begins and the base metal is melted, the groove face now becomes known as the fusion face.
43
Match the terms given in Column 1 (11-24) with the statements provided in Column2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing theletter from column2 in the space provided next to the terms in column 1.
COLUMN 1
11. welding sequence
12. buildup 13. back weld
fill a joint.
COLUMN 2 4. Excess weld metal beyond the amount required to
B.
Junction of the weld face and base metal.
C. Requires a definite depth of filling to a circular

hole in one member of a joint fusing that member to another member.
14. fusion face 15. fusion
D.
The distance the weld metal extends from the weld face into a joint exclusive of weld reinforcement.
E. The boundary between the weld metal and the base

metal.
16. joint penetration

17. weld interface
F.
A single level of weld within a multiple-pass weld, that may consist of a single bead or multiple beads.
G.
The weld formed as a result of a pass.
18. weld pass 19. weld bead
H. A single progressionof welding along a joint.

1.
The melting togetherof Wer metal and base metal.
20. weld layer

21. backing weld 22. plug weld
J. A weld made to the rear of a single groove weld

before welding the other side.
K. A surface of the base metal that will be melted during welding.
L. A weld made to the rear of a single groove weld

after welding the other side.
23.weld toe
24. weld reinforcement
M. A surfacing variation used to achieve a required

dimension.
N. The orderof making weldsin a weldment.
44
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For items 25 illustration.
- 34 below identify
(A) the weld type or types and (B) the joint type show for each
25. (A)
(B)
26. (A)
31. (A)
27. (A)
29. (A)
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32. (A)
Flgure 1
Questions 35 41 refer to Figure 1 above:

35. The portionof the weld labeled#1 in Figure 1 identifies the 36. The portionof the weld labeled#2 in Figure1 identifies the
37. The portionof the weld labeled #3 in Figure 1 identifies the
38. The portionof the weld labeled #Min Figure 1 identifies the
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39. The portionof the weld labeled #5 in Figure1 identifies the

40. The portionof the weld labeled#6 in Figure1 identifies the
41. The portionof the weld labeled #7 in Figure 1 identifies the

42. The portiono f the weld labeled #1 in Figure2 identifies the
43.The portion of the weld

44. The portion of the weld
labeled#2 in Figure 2 identifies the labeled#3 in Figure2 identifies the
45. The portion of the weld labeled #4 in Figure 2 idenaes the

46. The portion of the weld labeled#5 in Figure2 identifies the
46
(A)
Figure 3
47. Those portions of the completed welds labeled #1 and #2 in Figure 3 identify
and
48. The portion of the joint labeled #3 in Figure 3 identifies
49. The portion of the completed weld labeled #4 in Figure 3 identifies the
and
50. The amount of penetration shown in Figure 3 (A) is called and the amount of penetration shown in Figure 3 (B) is called
@
( i J
<
<>
Figure 4
Questions 51 - 57 refer to Figure 4 above:
~~
~~
53. The portion of the
completed weld labeled #3 in Figure 4 identifies the
47
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56. The portionof the completed weld labeled #6 i n Figure 5 identifies the
57. The portion of the completed weld labeled #7 i n Figure 5 identifies the
48
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55. The portionof the completed weld labeled #5 in Figure 4 identifies the
Symbolsprovide a system for placing complete welding information on drawings. They quickly indicate to the designer, draftsman, supervisor, and welding personnel which welding technique is needed for each joint to satisfy the requirements for material strength and service conditions. For layout and fitting personnel, welding symbols often relay information that affects the finished size of a prepared part. For example, root openings will cause a change in the actual sizeof a memberwhenonlydesignsize dimensions are provided on a drawing. Fitters and layout personnel mustbe aware of the placement and size of tack welds. Oversized tack welds and tack welds placed outside the designated weld area cause extra steps in the finishing phases of a project. One example of this is the placement of tack welds outside the designated area of intermittent fillet welds. Another example is the appearance of the weld face after the welder has fused an oversized tack weld into the required weld. It is the goal of this learning activity to provide the student with a basic understanding of the information which can appear in a welding symbol and supplementary symbols, the identification of basic weld symbols, and an understanding of the terminology associated with the basic welding symbol. Individuals desiring a detailed reference regarding welding symbols and the associated terminology should review the current edition of ANSVAWS A2.4,Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination. This document is published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL 33126.
WELD SYMBOL versus WELDING SYMBOLS AWS makes a distinction between the terms weld symbol and welding symbol, The weld symbol, (Figure 3.1, page 50) identifies each specific type of weld and is only part of the total information contained in the welding symbol. Weld symbols are drawn on the reference line of the welding symbol. TheweZding symbol, (Figure 3.2, page 51) indicates the total symbol including all information applied to it, to specify the weld(s) required. All welding symbolsreauire a reference line. andan arrow.
REFERENCE LINE (always shown horizontally)
Required Weldin# Symbol Elemsntr
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07842b5 0534765 b88
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE:
THE REFERENCE LINEI S SHOWN DASHED ( - -
- -) FOR ILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES.
DEFINITION: weld symbol. A graphical character connectedto the welding symbol indicating the typeof weld.
Figure 3.1 Weld Symbols

WELDIWG SYMBOL ELEYEWTS
Except for the reference lineand arrow, not all elements need be used unless required for clarity. A welding symbol may include the following elements: The reference line is always drawn horizontally. It is used to apply weld symbols and other data, and has a particular significance that remains the same regardless of any elements added to it. The lower side of the reference lineis termed the u m w side and the upper side of the reference line is termed the other side. The direction of the mow creates no change in the significanceof the reference line. Multiple reference lines may also be used w i t h the basic weld symbols and will be illustrated later in this learning activity.
Reference Line (required element) Arrow (required element) TaiI Basic weld symbol Dimensions and other data Supplementary symbols Finish symbols Specification, process or other reference
CONTOUR SYMBOL GROOVE WELDSEE DEPTH OF BEVEL; SIZE OR STRENGTH FOR CERTAIN WELDS SPECIFICATION, PROCESS OR OTHER REFERENCE
GROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLE OF COUNTERSINK WELDS PLUG FOR OF FILLING ROOT OPENING; DEPTH FOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDS LENGTH OF WELD PITCH (CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING) OF WELDS
- FIELD WELD
SYMBOL
T
TAIL (OMITTED WHEN REFERENCE IS NOT USED)
/
NCE LINE
AROUND SYMBOL
WELD SYMBOL
NUMBER OF SPOT, SEAM, STUD, PLUG, SLOT, OR PROJECTION WELDS
REFERENCE LINE TO ARROW SIDE MEMBER OF JOINTOR ARROW SIDE OFJOINT
' DEFINITION:
~
welding symbol. A graphicalrepresentation of a weld.
Figure 3 . 2 Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol
(OTHER SIDE) (ARROW SIDE) (OTHER SIDE) (ARROW SIDE)
Reference Line Significance
weld symbol Multiple referencelines applied to a basic
The a m w connects the reference line to the weld joint or area to be welded. It may be shown with or without a break, or with multiple arrows. When the arrow is shown with a break, the break is alwavs d e toward the member of the joint that is to be prepared or shaped. Multiple arrows may be added to show the same weld required in several different locations. See Figure 3 . 5 (A), page 58. Arrows point to a line or lineson the drawing which clearly identify the proposedjoint or weld area. When possible the arrow should point to a solid line (object line, visible line) but the arrow may point to a dashed line (hidden line).
51
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ELEMENTS IN THIS AREA REMAIN AS SHOWNWHEN TAIL AND ARROW ARE REVERESED
M 0764265 05147b7 450
OTHER SIDE
ARROW SIDE
ARROW SIDE
OTHER SIDE OF JOINT
The tail of the welding symbol is used to indicate the welding and cutting processes, as well as the welding specifications, procedures, or the supplementary information to be used in making the weld. When the process, specification, procedure or supplementary information is not necessary to identify the welding information, the tail is omitted from the welding symbol.
Tail (omitted when process, specification, procedure or
OTHER SIDE
include To process supplementary information is welding specification, procedures or supplementary information
SIDEOTHER F JOINT
ARROW SIDE OF JOINT
Note: Break in the arrow pointing to member be to prepared.
Process, references, specifications, codes, drawing notes or any other applicable documents pertaining to the welding may be specified by placing the reference in the tail of the welding symbol. The information contained in the referenced documents does not have to be repeated in the welding symbol.
OTHER SIDE
ARROW SIDE ARROW SIDE OF JOINT

OTHER SIDE OF JOINT
OTHER SIDE
ARROW SIDE
Repetitions of identical welding symbols on the drawing are avoided by designating a single welding symbol as typical or abbreviated as TYP, and pointing the arrow to the representative joint. m i c a l designations must clearly identifyall applicable joints, e.g. TYP @ 4 stiffeners. See Figure 3.7, page 62 for typical weld applications.
TYP-5Gwwtt
Note: Mulitiple a
m pointing to areas t o be welded.
Placement and Location Significance of Arrow
52
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 3.3 Reference line location significance for basic weld symbols
Weld Symbol locations

No matter which way the a m w points, when
weld symbols are placed on the lower side of the reference line the weld must be made on the a m w side of the joint. When weld symbols are placed on top of the reference line, the weld is made on the other sideof the joint. Weld symbols placed on both sides of the reference line indicate the weld is to be mude on both sides of the joint. The both sides designation does not apply to all weld symbols. Some symbols have no a m w side or other side significance, although supplementary symbols used in conjunction with them muy. Refer to Figure 3.3 above. For fillet, groove, and flange weld symbols the arrow always connects the welding symbol of the joint. That side is reference line to one side considered the arrow side of the joint, with the opposite side considered the other side of the joint. In addition,the perpendicular leg for fillet, bevel-groove, j-groove, flare-bevel-groove, and
comer-flange weld symbols is always drawn to the left.

Perpendicular leg drawn to the left
ARROW SiDE OF JOINT
OTHER SIDE OF JOINT
With plug, slot, spot, projection and seam weld symbols, the arrow connects the weld symbol reference line to the outer surface of one of the joint members, at the center line of the desired weld. The member toward which the arrow points is considered the arrow side member. The opposite member is considered to be the other side member.
ARROW SIDE MEMBER
OTHER SIDE MEMBER
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
When only one member of a joint is to be prepared, such as the J-groove, bevel-groove, flare-bevel, andcomer flange, the arrow will have a break and point toward the member that must prepared. These types of joints will always be shown with a break when no joint details are given. If it is obvious which member is to be prepared, the arrow does not need to be broken.
Multiple Reference Lines

The additionof two or more reference lines to the welding symbol is made for several reasons. First, these types of welding symbols are used to be show thesequence o f operations. That is, the first operation (shown closest to the arrow) must be completed before the next operation can be performed and so on. Second, the addition of extra reference lines is also used when supplementary data applicable to each weld must be included, either in combination with the symbol or in the tail.
,-Prepared member
SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
3 r d OPERATION
2nd OPERATION
Combined Weld Symbols

Some welded joints require more than one type of weld. This is a common occurrence in groove welded joints for structural fabrication. Often the groove weld is finished with a fillet weld. As shown in the illustrations below a number of different combinations may apply to welded joints.
1st OPERATION
2nd
"/
Multiple ReferenceLines
(sequence of operatiom illustrated)
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(Note appearance of prepared edge t o the weld symbol.)

Single Bevel-Groovelad Double Fillet Weld Symbol
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
Supplementary symbols are used in connection with the weld symbol and can indicate extent of welding, weld appearance, material included in the preparation ofthe welded joint, or to indicate welding which is performed in some in the shop. place other than Certain supplementary symbols are used in combination with the basic weld symbols; others 3.4 will appear on the reference line. Figure identifies these supplementary symbols.
WELD CROSS SECTION
f prepared edge to (Note appearance o

Dollbel J&roove .adDmbk Fmet Weld Symbol
Combinationsof Weld Symbols
54
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BACKING CONSUMABLE OR INSERT SPACER (SQUARE) [RECTANGLE
CONTOUR CONVEX CONCAVE
Figure 3.4 Supplementary Symbols

Finish Methods
Supplementary symbols specifying contour are included with the weld symbol when the f i s h e d face of the weld is to appear flat, flush, convex or concave. Certain mechanical finishing symbols may be added to indicate the type of method used to obtain the desired contour. These mechanical methods are labeled the use of a letter designation, that signifies the finishing method required, but not the degree of finish. The letter U may be used when finish is necessary but method has not been determined.
Mechanical Methods: C = Chipping G = Grinding H = Hammering M = Machining R = Rolling U = Unspecified
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
Contour Symbol Applications
J
U U
Field WeldSymbols
Field welds are welds not made in a shop or at the place where the parts or assemblies where initially constructed. The symbol know as a j e M flag is placed on either side, and at a right angle to the reference line at the junction of the mow. It has no side significance in regards to the weld required. When used in conjunction with the weld all around symbol the field flag is still located at the junctionof the arrow and reference line. The flag may point in either direction. The Figures shown directly to the right indicate a number of welds used in combination with the field weld symbol.
Finish M e t h o d sS p e c i f i e d and Unspecined
Field Weld Symbol
56
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Melt-Thru Symbols
The melt-through symbol is used only when complete root penetration plus visible root reinforcement is required in welds madefrom one side. The symbol is placed on the side of the reference line opposite the weld symbol. The height requirement of root reinforcement is specified by placing the required dimension to the left of the melt-through symbol. The height of root reinforcement may be unspecified (no dimensionsindicated).
Backing and Spacer Symbols Joints with backing are specified by placing the backing symbol on the side of the reference line opposite the groove weld symbol. If the backing is to be removed after welding an, Ris placed in the backing symbol (see symbol for single v-groove weld below). The material and dimensions of backing are specified in the tail of the symbol or in a note placed on the drawing backing symbol is near the weld joint. The distinct from the back weld and backing weld symbol. Backing is materialor a device placed on
the back side of the groove. Backina welds and back welds are welds applied to the backside of the joint. The symbol, although similar to a plug or slot weld symbol, is distinguished by the it is used with. groove weld symbols
Melt-through Symbol
Melt-through symbols used with edge-flange weld symbols are also placed on the opposite side of the reference line and the symbol remains the same whether the joint is detailed or not detailed on the print. When the melt-through symbol is used in connection with a comer-flange weld symbol it is also placed on the opposite side of the Backing reference line, however the arrow will have a break pointing to the member that is flanged when no detail is given. See Figure 3.6.
/WELDED FROM THIS SIDE
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
e w w
Back Weld
Backing Weld
SYMBOL
Backing Specified
WELD CROSS SECTION
Edge-Flangewith Melt-through symbol applied.

WELDED FROM THIS SIDE
WELD CROSS SECTION
Corner-Flange witb Melt-through symbol applied.
=u -b
SYMBOL JOINT DETAILED DETAILED JOINT NOT SYMBOL
56
INSERT
Double-V-Groove with swcer
Consumable Inserts
U
J
Double-U-Groove with spacer
I l 4 X 1/2
Double-Bevel-Groove with spacer
show weld applications made completely around the joints specified.Thesymbolcanbeusedwith combination or single type welds. The series of joints may involve different directions and may be on more than one plane. The symbol is centered on the junction between the reference and the arrow line. Weld-all-around symbols are not used for circumferential welds made around pipe. See Figure 3.5 ( B ,C, & D, pages 59 and 60).
Weld-All-Around Symbol This symbol is used to
DoubleJ-Groove with spacer
Groove welds with Spacer specified
57
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Joints that require spacers are specified by modifying the groove symbol to show a rectangle within it (see symbols below). The spacer is applied to joints welded from both sides and is generally centered on the nose or landing of the prepared members. It is used to hold critical root openings in place. The spacer may be removed after welding from one side has been completed, or may remain as partof the welded joint. When used in connection with multiple reference lines , the symbol appears on the line closest to the arrow. Material and dimensionsof the spacer are shown in the tail of the symbol or noted on the drawing near the welded joint. The spacer symbol is centered on the reference line, and is similar to the appearance of the welded joint, centering on the reference line distinguishes it from the backing symbol.
Consumable Insert Symbols Consumable insertsare strips or rings of filler

metal, added to the weld joint, that completely fuse to the joining members. The insert may have a special composition of filler metal to prevent porosity and enable the weld metal to meet specific requirements. Inserts are used on certain groove welded plate and pipe joints. Inserts are generally welded with the GTAW welding process. The symbol is specified by placing the symbol on the opposite side of the groove weld symbol. The AWS consumable insert class( t y p e ) is placed in the tailof the symbol.
111 07842b5 0534733 754 W
WELDS
SYMBOLS
\'
WELDS
SYMBOLS
WELDS
(A) WELDS WITH ABRUPT CHANGES IN DIRECTION
Figure 3.5 - Specification of Extent of Welding

58
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SYMBOLS
SYMBOL
n
WELDS
SYMBOL
u
WELDS
U
WELDS SYMBOL
(B) APPLICATION OF WELD-ALL-AROUND SYMBOL
Figure 3.5 (continued) Specification of Extent of Welding

59
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELDS
SYMBOL
(C) WELD IN SEVERAL PLANES
WELD
SYMBOL
(D) WELD AROUND A SHAFT
J
I
SYMBOL
WELD
(E) SEAL WELD
Figure 3.5 (continued) Specification of Extent of Welding

60
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1/16
CROSS
WELD
(A) SQUARE-GROOVE WELD
CROSS
WELD
(B) SINGLE-BEVEL-GROOVE WELD
SYMBOL WELD CROSS SECTION
(C) SINGLE-V-GROOVE WELD

--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1"1-"
/-
I
(D) EDGE-FLANGE WELD

WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL JOINT DETAILED
JOINT NOT DETAILED
3
SYMBOL
(E)CORNER-FLANGE WELD
Figure 3.6 - Applications of Melt-Through Symbol

61
W 07842b5 0514777 3TT W
TYP EACH END TWO FLANGES
I
I
TYP 4 PAIR STIFFENER
SECTION A-A
Figure 3.7 Applications of "Typical"Welding Symbols

--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For items 1-1 O below circle T if true, orF if false for each statement given.
F l.
Welding symbols provide a system for placing complete welding information on drawings.
2. The weld symbol indicates the total symbol inchding a l l information applied to it.
T F 3. In addition to the reference line and arrow, the tail, basic weld symbol, dimensions and other
data are all required elementsof a welding symbol.
F 4.
The direction in which the arrow of a welding symbol points creates no change in the significance of the reference line.
T F 5. Identical welding symbols on a drawing are avoided by designating a single welding symbol as typical or TYP, and point the mow to the representative joint.
T
6. Whenonly one member of awelded joint requires preparation, the welding symbol must have a breakin the mow and pointto the prepared member if the joint is not detailed.
F 7.
All welding symbols have anarrowside,other side or both sidessignificance,but supplementary symbols used in conjunction with them do not.
T F 8. When multiple reference lines are used to. apply welding symbol information, the reference is the first welding operation performed. line information furthest from the arrow
T
F 9.
Supplementary symbols used in connection with the weld symbol can indicate the extent of welding, weld appearance, material includedin the preparationof a welded joint, or welding the shop. which is performed at places other than
F 10. The Weld-AU-Around symbol is used in connection with circumferential welds made around
a pipe.
63
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Match the terms given in Column 1 (11-24) with the statements provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the terms in column 1.
COLUMN 1
COLUMN 2
11. Weld Symbol

12. Welding Symbol
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A. Indicates complete root penetration plus visible

root reinforcement in welds made from one side.
B. Welds made completely aroundthe joints specified.

C. Letter designations identifying the equipment used to prepare the surface appearance of a weld.
13. Reference Line
14. Arrow
15. Other Side
D. Strips or rings of filler metal, added to the weld joint.
E. Used to apply weld symbols and other data, has a

particular significance that remains the same regardless of any elements addedto it.
16. Arrow Side
F. Filler metal added to the joint root, serves as

backing and to maintain the root opening during welding.
17. Tail 18. Contour Symbols 19. Mechanical Finishing Symbols 20. Melt -Thru Symbol 21. Backing Symbol 22. Spacer Symboi 23. Consumable Insert Symbol 24. Weld All Around Symbol
G.
H.
A graphical representation of a weld.
Material or device placed against the back side of the joint.
1. Clearly identifies the proposed joint or weld area.

J. Indicates the typeof weld.
K. Information placed on the lower side of the

reference line.
L.
the weld. Indicates the finished face of
M. Information place on the upper side

reference line.
of the
N. Used when the process, specification, proceduresor supplementary data required to the make the weld are included as part of the welding symbol.
Questions 25 28 refer to Figure 1 above: 25. The welding symbol element represented by #1 in Figure 1 identifies:
26. The welding symbol element represented by #2 in Figure 1 identifies:
27. The welding symbol element represented by #3 in Figure 1 identifies: 28. All elements shown in Figure 1 are required when drawingany welding symbol. (A) True (B) False.
29. The two joint types represented Figure in

(B)
2 identify (A)
30. The joint area represented by #1 in Figure 2 identifies the

31. The joint area represented by #2 in Figure2 identifies the 32. The workpiece represented by #3 in Figure2 identifies the 33. The workpiece representedby #4 in Figure 2 identifies the 34. The weld symbolshown in Figure 2 (A) represents: (A) fillet weld (B) double fillet weld. (c) bevel-groove weld (D) double-bevel-groove weld (E) none of the above 65
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
o
I
IJ I
I
I ! :
I
(A)
(6)
Figure 2
35. The symbol shown in Figure2 (B) represents a: (A) slot or plug weld (B) spacer or backing (C) plug weld only (D) spacer only (E) none of the above
Questions 36 - 44 refer to Figure 1 above:

36. The graphical illustrations shown in Figure 3 represent
symbols.
37. The symbol represented by(H) in Figure3 idenM1es a
38. The symbol represented by (D) in Figure 3 identifies a

39. The symbol represented by (A) in Figure 3 identifies a
40. The symbol representedby (G) in Figure 3 identifies a

41. The symbol represented by (C) in Figure 3 identifes a
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
42. The symbol represented by (B) in Figure 3 identifies a
43.The
symbol represented by (F) in Figure 3 identifies a
44. The symbol represented by (Ei) in Figure 3 identifies a
m 0784265 0534782 767m
(center to center spacing), or number of welds (for spot or projection welds). In addition By now you should have realized that each information regarding root basic weld symbol is a miniature detail of the dimensioning weld placed at the welded joint. Therefore, if a openings, depth of filling, depth of preparations, are included. and groove angle preparations specific set of dimensions is applied to the Each element of the welding symbol becomes reference line, and notations, specifications, or an important consideration for welding personnel references are placed in the tail of the welding in the fabrication process. Your ability involved symbol, the need for an enlarged detail view may accurately interpret welding symbol be eliminated in many cases on the field of the to information is seen when interpreting drawing drawing. information, then putting the information to use The use of welding symbols saves time, simplifies the process of interpretation, and duringproduction.Weldingsymbolinformation definitely affect part or assembly eliminates the need to dimension each individual can preparations. The data gathered while feature shown on a drawing. As shown in Figure interpreting a drawing must take into account the 4.1, there are certain specific and definite or weld specified for joint locations on the welding symbol that designate information size or strength of welds, length of weld, pitch preparation.
Introduction
Figure 4.1 Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol

67
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ELEMENTSI N THIS AREA REMAIN AS SHOWN WHEN TAIL AND ARROW ARE R M R E S E D
0784265 0534783 b T 3 H
Fillet Welds
Fillet welds are dimensioned according to size, length, and pitch (center-to-center spacing) when required. Dimensions for each fillet are placed on the same side that the symbol appears on the reference line. Double fillet dimensions are placed on both sides of the reference line whether they are different or identical. Fillet dimensions specified in drawing notes need not . 5 . repeated on the symbol. See Figures 4.2 - 4
Fillet Zength is placed to the right of the symbol. Length dimensions do not appear when the weld is made for the full length of the joint. may be Theextent of filletweldlength represented graphically with the use o f hatching inconjunctionwithdrawingobjectsand dimensions. The welding symbol for specific sizesandlocationscanalsobemadein conjunction with the drawing dimension lines. be Pitch dimensions (center to center spacing of welds) are placed to the right of the length dimension and separated bya hyphen. See F ) through 4.4. Figures 4.2 (E &
114
Dimension Location. Length Location. Drawing Notes.
3/16
Pitch Location.
Size Location.
Chain Intermittent Fillet Welddimensions are placed on both sides of the reference line; the welds are made opposite each other on both joints. Staggered Zntermittent Fillet Welds are dimensioned in the same manner, with welds placed on opposite sides of the joint, but not opposite each other, rather they are spaced . 3 and 4 . 4 . symmetrically. See Figures 4
Unequal Leg Size.
~+/
Chain Intermittent Fillet Welds. Staggered Intermittent Fillet Welds.
+ E \
68
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fillet size is located to the left of the weld symbol. Unequal leg fillet sizes arealso placed to the left of the weld symbol. Dimensioning will i l l be not tell which size applies to either leg and w shown by a drawing detail. See Figure 4.2 (A D).
Length (Extent specified by Hatching).
m
Fillet Weld contours that are obtained by welding will have face appearances which are approximatelyflush,concave, or convex. These contours are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbol above or below the symbol depending upon appearance on the reference line. When post weld finishing (contour obtained after welding) is specified, the appropriate letter is
07842b5 0534784 53T
applied above the contour symbol. This signifies the method used for obtaining the desired contour, but does not specify the degree of finish. The degree of finish is indicated by a drawing note, or detail, and when the welds require a flat, but not flush finish, a note explainingthis requirement is placed in the tail of the symbol. Comdete Review 4A now.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 4.2 - Specification of Size and Length of Fillet Welds

69
WELDS
(A) COMBINEDINTERMllTENT AND CONTINUOUS WELDS (ONE SIDE OF JOINT)
WELDS
SYMBOLS
(B) COMBINED INTERMITTENT AND CONTINUOUSWELDS (BOTH SIDESOF JOINT)
'
WELDS
(C) WELDS DEFINITELY LOCATED
SYMBOLS
WELDS
114
(D) WELDS APPROXIMATELY LOCATED
Figure 4.3 Specification of Location and Extent of Fillet Welds

70
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
9 07842b5 0534766 302 H
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELDS
SYMBOL
(A) LENGTH AND PITCH OF INTERMlTTENT WELDS
WELDS
SYMBOL
IB) LENGTH AND PITCHOF CHAIN INTERMIlTENT WELDS
SYMBOL
OF STAGGERED INTERMITTENT WELDS (C) LENGTH AND PITCH
Figure 4.4 Applications of Intermittent Fillet Weld Symbols

71
Figure 4.5 - Applications of Fillet Weld Symbol

72
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0534788 385
Plug and Slot Welds
Plug Welds Plug Welds are dimensioned according to Plug and slot welds are identified by the same weld size, angle of countersink, depth of filling, weld symbol. Weld symbol location for either weld type is designated on the arrow side or other pitch (center-to-center spacing) and the number of side of the reference line. Use of the both sides or welds required. Plug weld information is placed on the side of the reference line where the weld no arrow or other side significance, is not symbol appears. The arrow of the welding applicable to plug or slot welds. symbol must connect the welding symbol reference line to the outer surface of one of the joint members at the centerline of the desired weld. Applications of plug weld information are Plug andSlot Weld Location Significance 4 . 7 . shown in Figure Three dimensioning elements distinguish plug welds from slot welds. Plug weld diameter is measured as size, while slot welds are measured for width. Plug weld size is indicated through the use of a diameter symbol - 0. This symbol is omitted in the width specijcation for slot welds. I _ The second element that separates the two weld " types is a length dimension for slot welds. The Dimension Location and Arrow Orientation spacing (pitch) dimension for a plug weld is located in the same position as slot weld length. Plug Weld Size is located to the left of the Finally, the location and orientation of slots must symbol, regardless of arrowor other side be shown on the drawing (Figure4.8, page 79). significance. Size is detennined bythediameter of the hole at the faying surface (the point where the surfaces of the members comein contact with each other). See Figure4 . 7(A & E ) .
nu
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Plug Weld Size Significance
Slot Weld Width Significance
Plug WeldSize.
Plug Weld Spacing (Pitch) Significance
-if YPitCh
,
Angle o f countersink for plug welds is located above or below the weld symbol depending upon symbol location on the reference line. Angle of countersink is the included angle for tapered . 7(C& E ) . holes. See Figure 4
p , Y rN & P k i h
Slot Weld Length and Spacing (Pitch) Significance

Dimensionln0 Differences - Plu0 and Slot Welds
30"
J
Angle of Countersink.
73
Depth of filling is indicated by placing the dimension inside the plug weld symbol for filling that is less than complete. If the dimension has been omitted, this indicates that the hole is ) . completely filled. See Figure 4.7 (B & E
' T
J = \
welding) is specified, the appropriate letter is applied above the contour symbol. This signifies the method used for obtaining the desired contour, but does not specify the degree of finish. The degree of finish is indicated by a drawing note,or detail, and when the welds require a flat, but not flush finish, a note explaining this requirement is placed in the tail of the symbol.
Depth of Filling.
Spacing or Pitch (the center-to-center spacing of two or more plug welds), is placedto the right of the weld symbol. See Figure 4.7 (D & E). Plug weld spacing in any configuration other than a straight line must be dimensioned on the drawing.
1 3 ,
Contours Obtained byWelding
c
Spacing of Plug Welds.
Number of p l u g w e l d s . When definite numbers of plug welds are required, the desired number is specified in parentheses on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol. This dimension is located above or below the weld symbol depending upon symbol placement . 7 (D & E). on the reference line.See Figure 4
/T
n ,
74
Number of Plug Welds.
Plug Weld contours that are obtained by welding, will have face appearances which are approximately flush o r convex. These contours are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbol above or below the symbol depending upon appearance on the reference line. When post weld finishing (contour obtained after
At times the type of weld specified for holes will require a fillet weld. In these instances, the plug weld symbol willnot be specified, rather the fillet weld symbol will be applied and a weld all around symbol included. When thejoints of plug welds involve three or more members, Figure 4.6,typical welding symbol information and application still applies. However, the joints must be detailed to clarify preparation. This is accomplished by including on the drawing a section view of the members to be prepared, so that it is clear in the mind of the worker how the joint will be assembled. This type of joint can include two or more members in which the hole is made on the same side, Figure 4 . 6 (A), or involvethree members or more where . 6 holes are located onthe opposite sides, Figure4 (B). In either case the holesare considered arrow . 6 , and the side members as shown in Figure 4 feature mustbe detailed.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
F at"' '
C
MACHINE FLAT
Contours Obtained by Postweld Finishing.
0784265 0534790 8 3 3
~~
"
A
LI A
3
WELD CROSS SECTION
SECTION A-A NOTE: SECTION A-A IS MANDATORY TO CLARIFY THE INTERMEDIATE MEMBERIS ONE OF THE ARROW SIDE MEMBERS.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(F) ONE PLUG WELD IN THREE-MEMBER ASSEMBLY

TYP 2 SIDES SEE SECTION
I
" -
" "
I I
II
A-[ WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL SECTION A-A NOTE: SECTION A-A IS MANDATORY SINCE EACH OUTSIDE MEMBER IS AN ARROW SIDE MEMBER.
(G) TWO PLUG WELDSIN THREE-MEMBER ASSEMBLY
Figure 4.6 Plug Welded joints with three or more members.

75
07842b5 0534793 77T 9
I
I
I
TION
CROSS
WELD
(A) WELD SIZE

450
I
I
(B) INCLUDED ANGLE OF COUNTERSINK
(C) DEPTH OF FILLING

3
1
SYMBOL WELDS (5 REQUIRED)
SECTION WELDS (7 REQUIRED)
A-A
SYMBOL
(E) COMBINED DIMENSIONS
Figure 4.7 - Applications of Information to Plug Weld Symbols

76
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
W 07842b5 0534772 bob
Slot Welds Slot Welds are dimensioned according to

width, length, angle of countersink, depth of filling, pitch (center-to-center spacing) and the number o f welds required. Slot weld information is placed on the side of the reference line where the weld symbol appears. The arrow of the spbl must 'OMect the spbO1 reference line to the outer surface of one of the joint members at the centerline of the desired weld. In addition, the location and orientation of the slots must be specified on the drawing. Applications of slot weld information are shown in Figure 4.8, page 79.
Length of Slot Welds.
Angle o f countersink for slot welds is located above or belowtheweld symbol depending on symbol location on the reference line. Angle of
is the included angle for tapered slots. See Figure 4.8.
U
30"
Angle of Countersink.
" I2
P 4SlOts82 Y
Dimensioning, Arrow and Slot Location Orientation
Slot Weld Width is located to the left of the symbol, regardless of arrow or other side significance. Width is the dimension of the slot, a x i s at the measured in the direction of the minor of the faying surface (the point where the surfaces members come in contact with each other). See Figure 4.8.
Depth of filling is indicated by placing the dimension inside the slot weld symbol for filling that is less than complete. If the dimension has been omitted, this indicates that the hole is completely filled. S e e Figure 4.8.
' m
-J=
Depth of Filling.
\
Slot Weld Width.
Spacing or Pitch (the center-to-center distance of two or more slot welds), is placed to the right of the length dimension, separated by a hyphen. 4.8. See Figure
Slot Weld Length is located to the right of the symbol, regardless of arrow or other side significance. Length is the dimension of the slot, f the major axis at the measured in the direction o faying surface (the point where the surfaces of the members come in contact with each other). See Figure 4.8.
Spacing of Slot Welds.
77
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Number o f slot welds. When definite numbers of slot welds are required, the desired number is specified in parentheses on the same side of the referencelineastheweldsymbol.This dimension is located above or below the weld symbol depending upon symbol placement on the reference line. If the angle of countersink is included in the welding symbol, then the number of slots required dimension is placed above or below the angle of countersink as appropriate. See Figure 4.8.
141
the method used for obtaining the desired contour, but does not specify the degree of finish. The degree of finish is indicated by a drawing note,or detail, and when the welds require a flat, but not flush finish, a note explaining this requirement is placed in thetail of the symbol.
J
Contours Obtained by Welding
Number of Slot Welds.
C
FIAT
\ \
Slot Weld contours that are obtained by welding, will have face appearances which are approximately flush or convex.Thesecontours are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbol above or below the symbol depending upon appearance on the reference line. When post weld finishing (contour obtained after welding) is specified, the appropriate letter is This signifies applied above the contour symbol.
At times the type of weld specified for a slot will require a fillet weld. In these instances, the slot weld symbol will not be specified, but the fillet weld symbol will be applied and a weld all around symbol included. Comdete Review 4B now.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
II 0784265 0534794 489

--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L ORIENTATION AS SHOWN ON DRAWING

SEE DETAIL A
3oo (5)
DETAIL A
WELD CROSS SECTION
(A) COMPLETELY FILLED SLOT WELDS

ORIENTATION AS SHOWN ON DRAWING
"t""""""t"-"""-
DETAIL B (B) PARTIALLY FILLED SLOT WELDS
SECTION A-A
Figure 4.8 Applications of Information to Slot Weld Symbols

79
Spot and Projection Weld Symbols
Spot weld size und strength are placed to the left side of the symbol, Figures 4.11 (A & B). Like plug and slot welds, spot welds and Weld size is measured by diameter of the weld at projectionweldssharethesamesymbol. Differences in welding processes, joint design, the point of contact between the faying surfaces but not detailing on the drawing, and the reference placed of the members. Either size or strength, both dimensions w i l l appear in conjunction with in the tail of the symbol separate the two, see the welding symbol. Figures 4.9 through 4.12.
Spot Welds
A spot weld can be made using the resistance welding, gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding, or ultrasonic welding processes. It has limited applications when used with the gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) welding processes. Depending upon the welding process specified, the spot welding symbol is placed below (arrow side), above (other side) or centered (no arrow side or other side significance) on the reference line. See Figure 4.10. Welding symbol dimensions for spot welds include: weld size or strength, spacing and number o f spots required. The welding process is always indicated in the tail of the symbol. Dimensions are placed on the same side of the reference line as the symbol, or on either side in the case of no arrow or other side significance. of spot When spot welds are grouped or the extent welding is specified, dimensioning and location will be clearly marked on the drawing. See Figures 4.10 through 4.12.
I r4
2
P+
Spot Weld Size Significance
+ \
Spot Weid Strength Significance
Spacing or Pitch (center-to-center distance). Two or more spot welds made in a straight line are indicated by placing the appropriate distance dimension to the right of the spot weld symbol. See Figure4.1 1 (C).
7"/
Spot Weld Spacing Significance
-"J//"
Spot Weld Dimension Location.
80
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Number of spot welds. required is placed above or below the symbol (depending upon symbol placement) and is specified in parentheses ( ). See Figure 4.11 (C).
A / m
Number of Spot Welds Required
/+
1 , .
G /
(5)
20
Extent of Spot Welding
depending upon appearanceon the reference line. When post weld finishing (contour obtained after
Grouped spot welds may be represented by welding) is specified, the appropiate letter is the use of intersecting center lines on the drawing. applied above the contour symbol. This signifies If this is the case, multiple arrows connecting the the method used for obtaining the desired contour, reference lineof the welding symbolwill point to but does not specify the degree of finish. The at least one of the centerlines passing through degree of finish is indicated by a drawing note, or each weld location. Should the spot welds be and when the a flat, but not this requirement is the area where the welds will flush finish, a note explaining be applied must be clearly indicated on the placed in the tail of the symbol. drawing. See Figure 4.11 (E).
7
t . = /
Extent o f Spot Welding. At times spot welds may extend less than the distance between abrupt changes in the direction of welding, or less than the full length of the joint. In situations where this occurs, the desired extent of welding must be dimensioned on the drawing. See Figure 4.11 (D). Spot Weld contours that are obtained by welding, will have face appearances which are approximately flush or convex.These contours are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbolaboveorbelowtheweldsymbol
MACHINE FLAT
Contours Obtained by Postweld Finishing
Multiple member spot welds. Some spot welded joint configurations involve one or more membersincludedbetweenthetwoouter members. In these instances the spot welding symbol is applied to the two outer members. See Figure 4.12.
81
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Grouped Spot Welds
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m
Projection Welds
0784265 0534797 198
The projection weld symbol is placed either above or below the reference line because of the joint design and welding process used (resistance type welding), see Figure 4.9. The symbol for this weld type is never centered on the reference line. When projection welding is used, the Projection Weld Symbol Location and Process Reference welding process, will always be identified in the tail of the welding symbol. The side designation Complete Review 4C now.
of the projection weld symbol indicates which member is embossed.
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1/16
"
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SECTION A-A WELD
DETAIL B
LC
NOTE: SYMBOL REQUIRESTHE ARROW-SIDE MEMBER M BE EMBOSSED
(A) ARROWSIDE PROJECTION WELD SYMBOL
I
0 11 4
-T-
DETAIL C SECTION - WELD CROSS SECTION NOTE: SYMBOL REQUIRES THE OTHER-SIDE MEMBER TO BE EMBOSSED
u
SYMBOL
(B) OTHER-SIDE PROJECTION WELD SYMBOL
Figure 4.9 Applications of Projection Weld Symbol

82
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CROSS
SECTION A-A WELD
(A) ARROW-SIDE SPOT WELD SYMBOL
" " " "
l
I
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" " " "
CROSS
SECTION A-A WELD
(B) OTHER-SIDE SPOT WELD SYMBOL

A
""""-
I ""_
I
I
I
CROSS SECTION A-A WELD
L-
(C) NO ARROW-SIDE OR OTHER-SIDE SIGNIFICANCE
Figure 4.10 Applications of Spot Weld Symbol

83
"
3
SYMBOL
SECTION A-A SECTION WELD CROSS
(A) WELD SIZE

A
t.-
I
I
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I
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W
SYMBOL
SECTION A-A SECTION
WELD CROSS
(B)STRENGTH
A
""-i""-""""""
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SECTION A-A
d WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL
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(3)
(C) NUMBER AND PITCH.
Figure 4 . 1 1 - Applications of Information to Spot Weld Symbol

84
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I
I
SECTION A-A SYMBOL WELDS (9 REQUIRED)
1-1
16
(D) EXTENTOF WELDING

.10
EBW
A
SYMBOL
SECTION A -A
WELDS (4 REQUIRED)
(E) SPECIFIED NUMBER OF WELDS LOCATED AT RANDOM
I
A
SYMBOL
- J
SECTION A -A
WELDS (5 REQUIRED)
(F) COMBINED INFORMATION
Figure 4 . 1 1 (continued) Applications of Information to Spot Weld Symbol

85
D 0784265 O514801 449
1Il
i
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SECTION A-A
SYMBOL
Figure 4.12 Multiple MemberSpot Weld
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Seam Welds
The seam weld symbol, dependent upon its location on the reference line and the welding process used, may or may not have arrow-side or other side significance. As withother welding symbols, arrow-side is designated by placing the symbol below the reference line. Likewise, a symbol located above the reference line indicates the other side. When the symbol is placed centered on the line it does not indicate a both sides designation, rather it specifies no arrow or other side significance. See Figure 4.13. Seam welds are dimensioned according to size or strength, length and/or pitch and the number o f welds required. The welding process used will be specified in the tail of the welding symbol. See Figure 4.14
Seam Weld Strength Significance
Length and Pitch of Seam Welds. The length dimension of a seam weld is placed on the right side of the weld symbol. Length dimensioning is omitted if the seam extends for the length of the weld-joint, or the full distance between abrupt changes in the direction of welding. See Figure ) . 4.14 (A, C & D
Dimension Location.
Seam Weld Length Significance
\
-
Size or strength dimensions are placed to the left of the symbol on the same side as the weld symbol location, or to the left on either side in the case of no side significance. Seam weld size is measured according to the width of the weld at the faying surfaces of the members. Strength is specified by pounds per linear inch orin newtons per millimeter for metric measurements.S i z e and strengthdesignations are notspecifiedatthesame time. See Figure 4.14 (A & B).
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Seam Weld Significance Size
Z = J ,
!,-
Specific Length of Seam Welds Specified
. 5
Sometimes seam welds are made intermittently.Intheseinstances a pitch dimension willbe placed to the rightof the length dimension separated by a hyphen (-). If two or more seam welds are applied intermittently, length and pitch are understood measure to
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parallel to the weld axis. When the orientation is other than parallel to the weld axis, a detailed drawing is used to clarify the specific orientation. See Figure 4.14 (A & D ) .
,
pitch
When post weld finishing (contour obtainedafter welding) is specified, the appropriate letter is applied above the contour symbol. This signifies the method used for obtaining the desired contour, but does not specify the degree of finish. The degree of finish is indicated by a drawing note, or detail, and when the welds require a flat but not flush finish a note explaining this requirement is placed in the tail of the symbol.
Pitch Dimension Location
Number of seam welds required is placed above or below the symbol (depending upon symbol placement) and is specified in parentheses. See Figure 4.14 (D).
(3)
F*T
Contours Obtained by Postweld Finishing
Number of Seam Welds.
Seam Weld contours that are obtained by welding will have face appearances which are approximately flush orconvex. These contours ComDlete Review 4D now. are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbolabove or belowtheweldsymbol depending upon appearance on the reference line.
Multiplemember seam welds. Some seam welded joint configurations involve one or more membersincludedbetweenthetwoouter members. In these instances the seam welding symbol is applied to the two outer members. See Figure 4.15.
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SECTION A-A WELD
(A) ARROW-SIDE SEAM WELD SYMBOL

n
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""""""
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SECTION WELD
A-A
- A
(B) OTHER-SIDE SEAM WELD SYMBOL

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i" " "_ i

SECTION A-A WELD CROSS SECTION
""""_"
- A SYMBOL
(C) NO ARROW-OR OTHER-SIDE SIGNIFICANCE
Figure 4.13 Applications of Seam Weld Symbol

89
SECTION WELD CROSS
SYMBOL
(A) SIZE, LENGTH AND PITCH OF lNTERMlT7ENT SEAM WELDS
2
""""""-1"""""""
" "
SECTION A-A WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B) STRENGTH OF SEAM WELDS

SHOWN
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s
SECTION WELD CROSS
KY
SECTION A-A
' L ? J
SYMBOL
" " " " " "
(C) EXTENT OF SEAM WELD
Figure 4.14 Applications of Information to Seam Weld Symbol

90
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""_
,"""' ' I""""-"""" I

SYMBOL
""""
1""""
Figure 4.14 (continued) Application of Information to Seam Weld Symbol

91
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SECTION A-A
DETAIL D
WELD CROSS SECTION
(D) ORIENTATION OF SEAM WELDS
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SECTION A-A
"""""""""""-
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SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
Figure 4.15 Multiple Member Seam Weld
82
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Stud Welds
The stud welding symbolis a new category of weld symbol. In the ordinary sense the stud weld symbol does not indicate the welding of a joint. For this reason it has no arrow-side or other-side significance. The symbol is placed below the reference line and points directly to the surface where the studs are welded. Studs are dimensioned according to stud size (left of the symbol), spacing (right of the symbol) and number of studs required (placed below the symbol in parenthesis). The location of the first and last stud placed on a single line will be dimensioned on the drawing, and the arrow will
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point directly to thestart of each line of studs. In the caseof multiple lines of studs, multiple arrows will point to each line. See Figure 4.16 below.
Significance Location
Stud Size
Spacing of Stud Welds
Number of Stud Welds
Complete Review4E now.
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1I4
WELDS SYMBOL
(A) STUD WELD SYMBOL WITH COMBINED DIMENSIONS
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4
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8
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WELDS
SYMBOL
(B) STUD WELD SYMBOL FOR MULTIPLE ROWS
Figure 4.16 Applications of Stud Weld Symbols

83
Surfaclno Welds
Many times welders will be called upon to place layers of welds (buildup) on metal surfaces, or make cross hatch surfacing patterns on the outside of heavy equipment. In fabrication shops that include machine shops or departments,the welder may be called upon to build up shafts or other pieces of materials so the machinist canturn
the part down to Ound base and achieve a desired dimension or diameter. Surfacing welds may also be employed to correct dimensions of Parts that have been Previously fit, Figure 46 @) Surfacing is sometimes used to provide corrosion or heat resistant surfaces (cladding). In certain surfacing applications butter passes are welded to the surfaces of existing members before the prepared parts are installed. Buttering is done to keep the weld metal uniform (metallurgically compatible) and in some applications make a transition between two dissimilar weld metals. Surface welds can be applied using single or multiple pass welds, and can include single or multiple Surfacing weld symbols do not indicate welded joints, therefore there is no arrow side or other side significance. The symbolalways appears below the reference line of the welding symbol. Dimensions are placed on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol. The arrow of the welding symbol points to the area to be built-up by the surface welds.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
Surfacing Weld Size and Direction of Welding Significance
In the case of multiple layer surfacing welds, the use of multiple reference linescan be used and will show the required size (thickness) of each layer and direction of welding in the tail of the symbol or on the drawing. See Figure 4.17
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3/16 W
layers.
I .
LONGITUDINAL
Multiple Layers and Direction of Welding Specified
Surfacing Weld Location Significance
Size (minimum thickness) dimensions are placed to the left of the weld symbol. Welding tail of the welding direction is placed in the symbol. The direction can also be specified on the drawing. See Figure 4.17 (A & C ) .
Surfacing of Previous Welds Specified
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When the entire area of the surface is to be built up, no dimension other than thickness is necessary on the welding symbol. In cases where only a portion the area will be built-up by surface welds,theextent of weld,location,and orientation will beshownon the drawing. See Figure 4.17 (A, B & C).
SECTION A-A CROSS WELD
ECTION
(A) SIZE (THICKNESS) OF SURFACING WELD
p2--
4 - - 2 - w
+ +
J
A d SECTION A-A WELD CROSS SECTION
1/8
SYMBOL
7I
(B)WIDTH AND LENGTHOF SURFACING WELD
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
WELD CROSS SECTION
(C) MULTIPLE LA
REDUCE ROOT OPENING TO 1/8 MIN, 3/16 MAX
J
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(D) CORRECTION OF DIMENSIONS
Figure 4.17 - Applications of Surfacing Weld Symbol

95
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Back or Backing Weld Symbols

Back and backing weld symbols are identical. The term back weld or backing weld is specified in the tail of the welding symbol and provides an indication of the welding sequence when used in a combined weld symbol having a single reference line. See Figure 4.18. Backing welds are made to the opposite side of a groove before a groove weld is applied. When shown in conjunction with a welding symbol using multiple reference lines, the backing symbol will be located on the reference line closestto the arrow.
/
Back welds are made after the groove has been welded, usually after some type of back gouge operation has been performed to ensure that the weld metal is sound. When used with a welding symbol having multiple reference lines, the symbol will appear on the line after the one containing the groove welding symbol. The i l l always appear on the opposite side of symbol w the welded groove.
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WELD
Contours Obtained by Welding.
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GRIND
Comdete Review 4 6 now.
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Back or backing weld contours that are obtained by welding, will have face appearances which are approximately flush or convex. These contours are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbol above or below the weld symbol depending upon appearance on the reference line. When post weld finishing (contour obtained after welding) is specified, the appropriate letter is applied above the contour symbol. This signifies the method usedfor obtaining the desired contour, but does not specify the degree of finish. The degree of finishis indicated by a drawing note,or detail, and when the welds require a flat, but not flush finish, a note explaining this requirement is placed in the tail of the symbol.
L BACK WELD
WELD
OSS
(A) APPLICATION OF BACK WELD SYMBOL
E WELD MADE AFTER WELD ON OTHER SIDE
L
WELD
BACKING WELD
CROSS
(B) APPLICATION OF BACKING WELD SYMBOL
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VGROOVE WELD MADE AFTER BACKING WELD ON OTHER SIDE
BACKING WELD SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
(C) APPLICATION OF BACKING WELDWITH ROOT OPENING SPECIFIED
Figure 4.18 - Applications of Back or BackingWeld Symbol

97
WHERE: T = Weld Size F = Flange Size R = Radius of Flange R 0 = Root Opening
Dimension Location Edge Flange - Joint Detailed or Not Detailed
Radius and Flange Size are placed to the left of

the weld symbol. Both dimensions are separated by a plus (+) sign. The radius dimension appears first followed by the plus sign, then flange size. The dimensions are read in that order (left to right) along the reference line. See Figure4 . 2 0 .
Corner Flange Joint Detailed.
Comer Flange Joint NotDetailed. Flange Weld Symbol Placement andArrow Orientation Radius and Flange Size
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arrow-side or other-side significance. Flange a both sides There are two types of flange weld symbols, weld symbolsdonothave significance due to preparation of the joint the edge -flange symbol and the corner--flange svmbol. Unlike otherwelding symbols, use of members. Because both members are flanged for an edge-flange welded joint, use of a broken these symbols does not denote a specific weld f joint used. arrow is not necessary when the joint is not type, rather, they refer to the type o The specific weld types or type used depends on detailed. However, this is not the case for corner flange welded joints. Because only one of the the flanged joint configuration. Flange weld symbol usage is intended for members is flanged, a broken arrow mustbe used sheet metal joints. The members are prepared by to point to the flanged member. If the comerflanging one or both of the outside members of flange is detailed on the drawing, the arrow need not be broken. See Figure 4.19. the joint. A flanged joint may also include Three dimensions are applied to flange-weld multiple members placed between the two outer symbols, radius of flange, flange sizeand weld members. (thickness). All dimensions are placed to the size In Learning Activity I , the student learned that five flanged joint classifications exist. As of left of the welding symbol. Dimensions are read this writing only three of the five classifications from left to right, radius first, then flange size, followed by weld size centered directly under or can be identified by a flange weld symbol. The above these two dimensions depending on weld first two are edge-flange and comer-flange. The third type of joint, a flanged butt joint (without symbol location on the reference line. A root opening (specified size of separation at the joint, specific symbol) may be identified by using an edge flange symbol because ofits similarity to an between the workpieces) may also be applied. The root opening dimension is placed inside the edge flange configuration. has a welding symbol. See Figure 4.20 The corner-flange symbol perpendicular straight line drawn to the left side and a perpendicular line which curves outward from the reference line on the right side. The edge-flange symbol is drawn with two perpendicular lines that curve outward on the reference line. Both symbols have either an
Flange Weld Symbols
I 07842b5 0514814 OT7 I
Weld size (thickness) is indicated by placing the required dimension above or below the flange dimensions as applicableto weld symbol location on the reference line.
Edge-Flange Joint Detailedor Not Detailed
Weld Size (Thickness)
Root opening dimensions for flange welds are located within the weld symbol.
Corner-Flange Joint Detailed.
/ F
Root Opening. Corner-Flange Joint Not Detailed.
When complete joint penetration (CJP) is required for flange welds, the melt-through symbol will appear on the opposite side of the reference line. The melt-through symbol is used regardless of any view that details the flange welded joint on the drawing. See Figure 4.19. In some instances the joint preparations for flange-welds will require multiple members (one
Flange Welds Requirlnp Complete Joint Penetration.
or more pieces are inserted between the two outer pieces). The use of a corner-flangeor edge-flange symbol in these cases is determined by the appearance of the two outside members, that illustrate the type of joint used. See Figure 4.21. Contour symbols are not used in connection with flange welds. Comolete Review 4 H now.
,--1
I
WELD CROSS SECTION
(A) EDGE-FLANGE WELD

WELDED FROM
WELD CROSS SECTION JOINT DETAILED DETAILED JOINT NOT
(B) CORNER-FLANGE WELD
a
SYMBOL
SYMBOL
Figure 4.19 - Applications of Melt-Through Symbol

99
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WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL JOINT DETAILED
SYMBOL JOINT NOT DETAILED
(A) ARROW-SIDE EDGE-FLANGE WELD SYMBOL
CROSS WELD DETAILED JOINT
JOiNT DETAILED NOT
SECTION
(B) OTHER-SIDE EDGE-FLANGE WELD SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
n &?-T
SYMBOL SYMBOL DETAILED JOINT DETAILED NOT JOINT
JOINT DETAILED DETAILED NOT JOINT
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y(-
(C) ARROW-SIDE CORNER-FLANGE WELD SYMBOL
BOL
SYMBOL
SECTIONWELD CROSS
(D) OTHER-SIDE CORNER-FLANGE WELD SYMBOL
Figure 4.20 Applications of Flange Weld Symbols

100
WELD CROSSSECTION
SYMBOL
(A)
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
vWELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL
Figure 4.21 Two, Threeand Four Member Flange Welds
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Groove Welds
In Learning Activity 3, a statement was made that the welding symbol is actually a miniature detail of the part or surface to which it points. Groove welds mustbe carefully considered when determining the actual size of a member during the layout stage of the fabrication process. All grooveweldsrequiresometypeofedge preparation at the joint, and theroot opening of all grooved joints affects part preparation when a separation of members is specified. Eight types of groove weld symbols have been developed according to ANSVAWS A2.4 standards and are illustrated as follows:
termsusedtodescribeeachgrooveweld dimension are the same as those introduced in Learning Activity 1, Welded Joint Terminology and Learning Activity 2, Weld Terminology. All groove weld symbols have an arrow-side, other-side, and both-sides significance. The square groove weld symbol may have no arrowside or other-side significance, meaning the weld can be started from either side. As with other weld symbols, location significanceis determined by the side of the reference line on which the symbol is placed. Broken arrows are used with the bevel-groove weld symbol, the J-groove weld symbol, and the flare bevel groove weld symbol. Use of a broken m o w for these three symbols is done to i d e n e the joint member that must be prepared. A broken arrow need not be used if the joint is detailed on the drawing.
Single-groove dimensions are placed on the same side of the reference line as the symbol. Double-groove dimensions are placed on both sides of the referenceline for each groove, except root opening which appears only once. See Figure 4.22.
f
Note: The reference line is shown dashed for illustrative purposes.
Symbol Identification and Reference Line Orientation
For the purpose of this learning activity, grooveweldsymbolsas a groupwillbe presented. Supplementary data and dimensioning will address information that is applicable to a group of symbols. The illustrations provided will attempt to use each individual symbol at least once to demonstrate the concept presented. Where necessary, an individual symbol will be used to clarify some supplementary information or dimension peculiarto that type of groove. The
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Single- Groove Dimensions
"
35"
Double-Groove Dimensions.
Dimensions that are common to all groove welds include depth o f bevel, groove weld size, root opening, and groove angle Additional dimensioning applicable toj- and u-groove welds include radius, and mot face. Radius is also used in the size specification for flare-bevel and flare-v groove welds. See Figures 4.22 through 4.27. Depth o f bevel dimensioning is placed to the left of the weld symbol represented by S in the illustration that follows. Depthof bevel is defined as, the perpendicular distance from the base metal surface to the mot edge or the beginningof the mot face. This dimension is important to the person responsible for preparing the edge shapes of each joint member. See Figure 4.24 Groove weld size is, the joint penetration of the weld placed into a groove. Penetration may include the fusion of the base metal ator beyond the depth of bevel, the groove face and/or the root face, represented by (E) in the illustration below.Grooveweldsize dimensions are placed in parentheses ( ) between the dimension for depth of bevel and the weld symbol. This dimension is of particular importance to the welder responsible for applying the weld into the groove. See Figures 4.22 through 4.27
Except for square-groove welds, groove weld size (E) in relation to depth of bevel S is shown as S(,) to the left of the weld symbol. Because of joint geometry (square edge shapes), weld size (E) only is shown for a square-groove weld. See Figures 4.24,4,25,4.27 and 4.30.
S16 (7116 )
Depth of Bevel and Groove Weld Size Specified.
Root opening is, a separation at the joint root between the workpieces forming the joint. The root of a joint is either open or closed. When a separation (root opening) is indicated the dimension appears inside the groove weld symbol on the same side as the weld symbol appears. This dimension is specified only one time for double groove welded joints, generally in the arrow side welding symbol. See Figure 4.3 l.
Depth Bevel Groove of Weld Size
Depth of Bevel and Groove Weld Size
f
1-1
Depth of Groove Bevel Size Weld

Root Opening Location Significance
Depth of Bevel and Groove Weld Size Location Significance.
Root openings affect member preparation when a drawing specifies design size (overall size of both members after fitup), rather than actual size (true size of a member after allowance or
1 0 3
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tolerances are applied). Allowances must be made when a root opening dimension is specified in the welding symbol and design size dimensions are specified for a particular object on the field of a drawing.
Groove Angle Location Significance
Design Size and Root Opening Specified

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L I z I l
Actual u e s S m * ,a i \6 z -Root e r Openinp Allowance
Radius and root face (landing) dimensions canapplyfor U- orJ-groovejoints.These dimensions do not appear in connection with the weldingsymbol.Radiiandrootfaceare indicated by a reference to a particular drawing detail, cross section or other data in the tail of the welding symbol.
Joint Cross Section
z
\
SEC I 4-A
L '/ \
Effect o f Root Opening onActual Size of Members
Groove angle is specified outside the weld symbol, positioned above or below the symbol on the dependent upon symbol placement reference line. See Figure 4.32. Angle dimensioning is specified by degree (O), indicating the angle formed by the members to be welded. Layout or fitting personnel must pay particular attention to the relationship of groove angle and the preparation of each member of the joint. When the groove angle affects both members (such as a V, or U), the bevel angle for each member equals half the given dimension. For example: a V-groove weld with a dimension of 60", requires each member to be chamfered (beveled) at 30". When combined, the members then form an included angle (groove angle) of 60". This is not the case when only one member is prepared. For example: a double-J groove weld specifying 20" on the arrow-side, and 30" on the other-side, is interpreted as 20" included angle arrow-side, 30" include angle other-side. In this case the arrow-side member is prepared on both sides (at different angles), but the other-side member remains square. See Figure 4.32(E).
Radii andRoot Faces (U- and J-Groove Welds) (Specified bycross section, detailor other data in the tail.)
Weld Size and Depthof Bevel Condderatlons Groove weld size may be smaller (partialjoint penetration weld) than the dimension given for depth of bevel, at other times it will equal the depth of bevel (complete joint penetration weld). Where double grooves are specified, the groove weld size can be largerthan the depth of bevel on either side of the joint, and the weldswill overlap beyond depth of bevel (complete joint penetrations). See Figures 4.22, 4.31, 4.32 and
4.33. Welding personnel may encounter a groove welding symbol with no depth of bevel or weld size specified. When these dimensions are left out of the welding symbol, complete joint penetration is required. This rule holds true for all single-groove welds, and those double-groove welds having symmetrical joint geometries. In other words,for double-groove prepared members having the same edge shapeon both sides of each member. (See Figures 4.23 (D & E), 4.31, 4.32 (A, B & D) and 4.33.) Asymmetrical groove welds that extend completely through the joint
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(complete joint penetration), require the use of grooveweldsizedimensions.SeeFigure 4.26@).
determined by layout or fitting personnel. In is omitted. When these situations the weld symbol no weld symbolis provided and the reference line and arrow point to the joint or weld area, and the letters CJP are be shown i n the tail, this
Single-Groove (complete joint penetration required) Joint Geometry Not Specified, Complete Joint Penetration Required
J Symmetrical Double-Groove
(complete joint penetration required)
indicates complete joint penetration is required and joint geometry is optional. S e e Figure 4.28. The second instance used to indicate optional joint geometry, gives groove weld size only and also omits the weld symbol. Groove weld size is placed on either side of the reference line as
J
Nonsymrnetrical Double-Groove (complete joint penetration required)
In some instances, depth of bevel will not be specified by the welding symbol; only groove weldsizewillappear.Thisgrooveweld dimensioning technique applies to groove welds that extend only partly through the joint (partial joint penetration seeFigure 4.23 P*( c & F ) .
Joint Geometry Not Specified, Groove Weld Size Specified
required to show weld placement from the arrow or other side. S e e Figure 4.29. For bevel-,V-, J- or U-grooves, depthof bevel only may be placed to the left of their respective weld symbols and groove weld size may appear elsewhere on the drawing. If this is the case, reference to the location of any required groove a i l of the welding weld size will be made in the t symbol.
J
Partial Penetration Welds, Groove Weld Size Specified, Depth of Bevel Not Specified.
At times the type of groove welded joint may not be specified on the drawing. Joint preparation becomes optional and i n some cases it is
Depth of Bevel Specified, Groove Weld Size Specified Elsewhere.
105
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Flare-Groove Welds
So far the discussion has addressed a l l groove weld symbols except flare grooves. In many respects flare grooves are special cases since they do notconformtoalloftheconventions associated with other types of groove welds. Dimensions related to depth of bevel and gmove angle in a normal groove weld are functions of the edge shape. With flare groove welds these same dimensions are related to the curvature of the base metal and may be beyond the control of the designer or welder. Complete penetration may not be obtainable in many flare groove welds along the surface of one or since the fusion occurs both members rather than through the thickness. Likewise, the amount of curvature in these typeof grooves, may result in a weld size that is only some fractionof the radius.
Supplementary Symbols and Data for Groove Welds Groove weld contours that are obtained by welding, will have face appearances which are approximately flush or convex. These contours are indicated by placing the appropriate contour symbolabove or belowtheweldsymbol depending on appearance on the reference line. When post weld finishing (contour obtained after welding) is specified, the appropriate letter is applied above the contour symbol. This s i d e s the method used for obtaining the desired contour, but does not specify the degree of finish. The degree of finish is indicated by a drawing note, or detail, and when the welds require a flat, but not flush finish, a note explaining this requirement is placed in thetail of the symbol. See Figure 4.33.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A distinction also exists in the interpretation of the S (depth of bevel) dimension for flaregroove welds and its interpretation for other i t h flare groove joints depth groove weld types. W of bevel is defined as radius, or the point of tangency, indicated by dimension lines on the drawing below. Groove weld size (E) dimensioning also applies to flare-groove welds. See Figure 4.30, pages 116 and 117.
Contours Obtained by Welding.
\ T
I
G
FLARE-BEVEL-GROOVE FLARE-V-GROOVE
Relationship of Depth of Bevel for Flare-GrooveWelds.
Groove welded joints that employ a backing material or device are specified by placing the backing symbol on the side the reference of line opposite the groove weld symbol. If the backing will be removed after welding, an R is placed in
106
Consumable inserts are also used with groove the backing symbol. The type of material or device used and dimensions of the backing are welded joints. When specified, the consumable a i l of the welding symbol or on insert symbol is placed on the side of the specified in the t the drawing. See Figure 4.35 (A). Use of a reference line opposite the groove weld symbol. AWS Class of Consumable Insert information is backing symbol should not be confused with the use of back or backing weld symbols. Although a placed i n the tail of the welding symbol. backing weld is backing in the form of a weld, the Additional information regarding insert class can be obtained by consulting ANSI/AWS A5.30, backing symbol represents a material or device. Specijcation for Consumuble Inserts. See Figure 4.35. Compare Figures 4.34 and 4.36. /
/+++
I
114 x 1
J
Joint with Backing.
If a particular groove welded joint requires use of a spucer, the specific p v e weld symbol is modified to show a rectangle within it. When multiplereference lines are used in connection with groove welds and spacers, the spacer symbol will appear on the reference line closest to the arrow. Material and dimensions for spacers are indicated in the tail or the welding symbol or on the drawing. See Figure 4.35 (B Br C).
\
Consumable Inserts.
DOUBLE-V-GROOVE
DOUBLE-U-GROOVE
A common practice associatedwithgroove weldsand complete joint penetration involves back gouging. Whenbackgougingisinvolved, the operation may be specified using either a single or multiple reference line welding symbol. 125. See Figure 4.37, pages 124 and Reference to back gouging is included in the tail of the welding symbol. When back gouging is used for asymmetrical double-groove welds, the welding symbol must show the depth of bevel on both sides, along with groove angle and root opening dimensions. See Figure 4.37 (A). When the operation involves single-groove welds or symmetrical double-groove welds, the only information required is weld symbols, with groove angles and root opening. See Figure 4.37
(B 8 L C).
20"
M
DOUBLEJ-GROOVE
114 X 112 SAE 1020
DOUBLE-BEVEL-GROOVE GOUGE
60"
Asymmetrical Double Groove Welds
with Back Gouging
with Joint
Spacer
Comdete Review 41 now.

107
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
m 0784265 0514823 OOT m
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
25O
25"
I )
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
4 IR
(B) DOUBLEGROOVE WELD SYMBOLWITH COMBINED DIMENSIONS
Figure 4.22 Application of Dimensions to Groove Weld Symbols
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B)
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
L'n
SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
I
WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD CROSS SECTION
3 3
SYMBOL
Figure 4.23 - Specificationof Groove Weld Size Depth of Bevel not Specified
1o9
CTION
CROSS
WELD
(A) DEPTHOF BEVEL EQUALTO WELD SIZE
SECTION
CROSS
WELD
(B) DEPTHOF BEVEL LESS THAN WELD SIZE
34
7/8
I
I
SECTION
CROSS
WELD
(C) DEPTH OF BEVEL MORE THAN WELD SIZE
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SECTION
CROSS
WELD
(D) SQUARE-GROOVE WELD, WELD SIZE ONLY
Figure 4.24 Groove Weld Size "(E)" Related to Depth of Bevel "S"
110
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
111
OTE OVERLAPOF 1116
SECTION
CROSS
WELD
NOTE: TOTAL WELD SIZE = 5/16
(A) SQUARE-GROOVE-WELD WITH NOROOT OPENING

T
NOTE: TOTAL WELD SIZE CANNOT EXCEED T
E1
ECTION
CROSS
WELD
(B) ARROW-SIDE BEVEL-GROOVE WELD WITH ROOT OPENING

T
NOTE: TOTAL WELD SIZE CANNOT EXCEED T
E2
El
B 3
(C) DOUBLE-V-GROOVE WELD WITH ROOT OPENING
Figure 4.26 Specification of Groove Weld S i z e Only

112
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
NOTE: TOTAL GROOVE WELD SIZE CANNOT EXCEEDYs
OVERLAP
11 4 (QI1 6) 114 (9116)
3ia
38
I - 1 4
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
NOTE: TOTAL GROOVE WELD SIZE CANNOT EXCEED 1
Figure 4.27 Combined Groove and Fillet Welds

113
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
114
m O784255
0534829 528
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(A)
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B)
Figure 4.28 Complete Joint Penetration with Joint Geometry Optional

--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
112
R \
1
I
I
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(A)
112
(C)
(D)
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD SECTION CROSS
SYMBOL
(1
Ja
1R
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
Figure 4.29 P a r t i a l Joint Penetration with Joint Geometry Optional

115
0764265 0514831 1 8 b m
Figure 430 Applications of Flare-Bevel and Flare-V-Groove Weld Symbols

116
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1I4
WELD CROSS SECTION
(D) SINGLE FLARE-BEVEL~ROOVE WELD
A
W8 (114)
SYMBOL SYMBOL
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SYMBOL
SECTION WELD CROSS
(E) DOUBLE FLARE-BEVEL-GROOVE WELD
WELO CROSS SECTION
(F) TWO SINGLE-FLARE-BEVEL-GROOVE WELDS
Figure 4.30 (continued) Applications of Flare-Bevel and Flare-V-Groove Weld Symbols

117
+/
1/16
7
SYMBOL
(A)
SECTION CROSSWELD
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(B)
1I8
YMBOL
SECTION
(C) CROSS
WELD
(D)
SECTION CROSSWELD
SYMBOL
I t(E)
SECTION CROSSWELD
118
SYMBOL
1
SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
Figure 4 . 3 1 - Specification of Root Opening of Groove Welds

118
45"
L 4 5 A
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
SYMBOL SECTION CROSS
WELD
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD CROSS SECTION
WELD
30"
WELD
Figure 4.32 SpecEcation of Groove Angleof Groove Welds

119
WELD APPROXIMATELY FLUSH WITH THE BASE METAL
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(A) ARROW-SIDE FLUSH CONTOUR SYMBOL
L REINFORCEMENT REMOVED
BY CHIPPING
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B) OTHER-SIDE FLUSH CONTOUR SYMBOL

G
I \BY GRINDING
FINISH TO CONVEX CONTOUR
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(C) BOTH-SIDES CONVEX CONTOURSYMBOL
Figure 433 Applications of Flush and Convex Contour Symbols

120
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ORE IDE
L BACK WELD
(A) APPLICATION OF BACK WELD SYMBOL
E WELD MADE AFER WELD ON OTHER SIDE
L BACKING WELD
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B) APPLICATION OF BACKING WELD SYMBOL
V-GROOVE WELD MADE AFTER WELD ON OTHER SIDE
BACKING WELD SYMBOL
WELD CROSS SECTION
(C) APPLICATIONOF BACKING WELD WITH ROOT OPENING SPECIFIED
Figure 434 Applications of Back or Backing Weld Symbol

121
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0784265 0534837 bT4 E
30"
REMOVED AFTER
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(A) SINGLE-V-GROOVE WELDWITH BACKING
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B) DOUBLE-V-GROOVE WELDWITH SPACER
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
( C lDOUBLE-BEVELGROOVEWELD WITH SPACER
Figure 435 Joints with Backing or Spacers

122
CLASS 1 INSERT
(A) JOINT WITH WELDING SYMBOL
(B) JOINT GEOMETRY WITH INSERT IN PLACE
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(C) JOINT WITH ROOTPASS COMPLETED
Figure 436 Application of the Consumable Insert Symbol

123
20"
1/2 20"
1/2
60"
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(A) BACK GOUGING AFTER WELDINGFROM ONE SIDEWITH BOTH SIDES GROOVED
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(B)BACKGOUGINGAFTERWELDING
~~
FROM ONESIDEWITHONE
SIDE GROOVED
Figure 4.37 Groove Welds with Back Gouging

I24
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
GOUGE
WELD CROSS SECTION
SYMBOL
(C) SYMMETRICAL GROOVE WELDS WITH BACK GOUGING
Figure 437 (continued)- Groove Welds with Back
Gouging
125
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For items 1-1 O below circle T if true, or F if false for each statement given.
T F l . Fillet welds may be dimensioned according to size, length and pitch.

T F 2. The size dimensionfor fillet welds is always locatedto the right of the symbol.
T F 3. Fillet weld symbols may appear as arrow-side or other-side on the reference line, but haveno both sides designation. T F 4. Fillet weld length and pitch are placed to the left of the symbol and the two dimensions are separated by a hyphen. T F 5. When unequal leg fillet welds are indicated, a drawing detail must be shown to clarify the leg size dimension for either leg. T F 6. When fillet weld length dimensioning is omitted from the welding symbol, the weld is made the full length of the joint.
T F 7. Filletweldingsymbolsdenotingchainintermittentfilletweldsarerepresented
offsetting each symbol on the reference line.
T F 8. Pitch refers to the center to center spacing of welds. T F 9. When staggered intermittent fillet welds are designated, the welds are made directly opposite each otheron either side of the joint.
T F 10. The extent of welding for fillet welds can be indicated with length-pitch dimensions or by
hatching lines used in connection with a drawing object.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
by slightly
127
0784265 0534842 T b L Match the information given in Column 1 (11-24) w i t h the fillet welding symbols provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the information in column l. Only one answer applies.
COLUMN 1
11.Chain intermittent fillet welds specified. 12.Fillet weld, arrow-side, length specified. 13.Fillet weld, other side, length specified. 14.Fillet weld, arrow-side, length and spacing specified.
COU 2
15. Unequal legsize specified.

16. Fillet weld, both-sides, identical sizes specified.
17.Fillet weld, other-side, length and pitch specified. 18.Fillet weld, arrow-side, size specified.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2-5
1LFillet weld, both-sides, identical lengths specified. 20~Fd.kweld, arrow-side, size and length specified.
a.1/2fillet weld, arrow-side, 6 inch length.
22.Double fillet welds, different sizes

Specified.
23.Staggered intermittent fillet welds

Specified.
24.Fillet weld, other-side, size, length and pitch specified.
For items 1-10 below circleT if true, orF if false for each statement given.
T F 1. The location and orientationof holes for plug welds must be detailed on the drawing. T F 2. Use of a symbol distinguishes plug weld diameter from slot weld length. T F 3. Dimensioning and supplementary informationfor plug welding symbols may include:
of welds required. diameter, spacing, depth of fill, angle of countersink, and number
T F 4. Slot weldwidthandlengthare
hyphen between dimensions.
specified to the right of the weld symbol separated by a
T F 5. A dimension placed within the weld symbol for either plug or slot welds, indicates depth of
filling.
T F 6. Plug weld diameter and slot weld

symbol.
spacing dimensions are located to the left of the weld

--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
T F 7. Size of a plug weld is determined by the diameter of the hole at the faying surface between
joint members.
T F 8. The location and orientation of slots for slot welds must be detailed on the drawing.
T F 9. Plug welded joints having more than three members require a section view on the drawing to
clanfy member preparation.
T F 10. Both plug and slot weld require that the arrow connect the reference line of the welding of the desired weld. symbol to the outersurface of the joint members at the centerline
129
COLUMN 1
COLUMN 2
11.Number of plugor slot welds required,

arrow-side. 12.Slot weld, arrow side, length and spacing specified. 13.Number of plug or slot welds required, other-side. 14.Plug weld pitch or slot weld length significance, other-side.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
15.Contour obtained by postweld finishing. 16.Plug weld pitch or slot weld length sigrdicame, arrow-side. weld face 17.Convex plug or slot reinforcement.
18.Slot weld, other-side, width specified.

19.Specific depth of filling indicated, other-side.
20.Slot weld arrow side, width specifed

21.Specific depth of filling indicated,
arrow-side. =.Plug Weld, other-side, diameter specified. =.Slot weld, other-side, length and pitch specified. 24.Plug Weld,arrow-side,diameter specified.
1 1 7
For items1-1 O below circle T if true, orF if false for each statement given.
T F 1. Arrow-side or Other-side designated spot orprojection weld symbols caneasily be distinguished by a welding process reference in the t a i l of the welding symbol. T F 2. Embossmentofamember
for a projection welded joint is dependentuponweldsymbol placement on the reference line to projectionweldsymbol
T F 3. Both-sidesornoarrow-orother-sidesignificanceisapplicable information.
T F 4. Spot weld dimensioning and supplementary data may include weld size or strength, spacing,
number of weld required and welding process specification.
T F 5. Grouped spot welds are represented by the use
T F 6. Spot weld size or strength dimensionsare placed to the left of the weld symbol.
T F 7. When both spot weldsizeand strength are indicated, the dimensions are separated by
hyphen.
T F 8. A spot weld symbol centeredon the reference line, indicates spot welding from both sides.
T F 9. Contour symbols are not used in conjunction with either spot or projection weld symbols.
T F 10. Some projection welded joint configurations involve placement of one or more members of the joint. between the two outer members
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of intersecting center Lines on the drawing,
with multiple arrows pointing to at least one of the centerlinespassing through each weld.
131
Match the information givenin Column 1 (11-24) with the spotor projection weldingsymbols provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the informationin column 1. Only one answer applies.
COLUMN 1
11.Spot weld, other side, strength specified. 12.Spot weld, no arrow- or other-side significance, spacing specified. 13.Spot weld, no arrow- or other-side sigtllficance, size, spacing and number of welds required specified. 14.Spot weld, arrow-side, number welds required specified. 1S.Spot weld, arrow-side, strength specified.
COL" 2
of
16. Spot weld, arrow-side, pitch specified.

17.Spot weld, arrow-side, weld size specified. 18.Projection weld, other-side member embossment specified.
19. Spot weld, other-side, pitch specified.

20.Spot weld, no arrow- or other-side sigmfcance, strength specified. .Projection weld, arrow-side member embossment specified. =.Spot weld, no arrow- or other-side significance, size specified. 23.Spot weld,other-side,weldsize specified.
24.Spot
weld, other-side, number of welds required specified.

3 I 2
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0784265 0534847 543
For items1-1O below circle T if true, orF if false for each statement given.
T F l . Dependent upon placement of the weld symbol on the reference line, a seam weld may have an arrow-side, other-side, or no arrow- or other-side significance.
T F 2. A seam welding symbol may include size or strength, length, pitch and the number of welds
required supplementary information.
T F 3. Strength of seam welds may be specified in newtons per linear inch or pounds per millimeter.
T F 4. Like length and pitch dimensioning, seam welds may specify size and strength to the left of the weld symbol, withboth dimensions separated by a hyphen. T F 5. Length dimensioning is omittedif the seam extends for the lengthof the weld joint.
T F 6. Intermittent spacing of seam welds is neverused.

T F 7. When a specific number of seam welds is required, the information is placed in parentheses and is locatedto the right of the welding symbol.
F 8.
Contours obtained by postweldfinishingare neverused in connectionwithseamwelding symbol supplementary data.
T F 9. Length and pitch dimensions are understood to measure parallel to the weld axis. T F 1O. When a seam weld symbol appears centered weld mustbe made all around the joint.
on the reference line, this indicates the seam
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Match the information given in Column 1 (11-23) w i t h the seam welding symbols provided in Column 2 (A"). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the information in column l . Only one answer applies.
COLUMN 1
COWMN 2
11.Seam weld, no arrow- or other-side

significance, size and length specified.
12. Seam weld, arrow-side, size specified.

13.Seam weld, no arrow- or other-side significance, size specified. length arrow-side, weld,14.Seam specified. 15.Seam weld, arrow-side, number of welds and full length specified. 16.Seam weld, other-side, strength specified. 17.Seam weld, other-side, number of welds, length, spacing and size specified. 18.Seam weld, arrow-side, size and length specified. 19.Seamweld,arrow-side,strength specified.
" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
(C)
(D)
/ +
(E)
(F)
20.Seam weld, other-side, length specified.
21.Seam weld, no arrow- or other sick

sigdicance, length specified. 22.Seam weld, arrow-side, length and pitch specified. =.Seam weld, no arrow- or other-side significance, extent of welding specified.
1 3 4
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For items 1-1O below circleT if true, orF if false for each statement given.
T F l. Use of a stud welding symbol denotes both weld type and joint type required.
T F 2. Dependent upon placement on the reference line, a stud weld symbol may have either arrowside, other-side, or both-sides significance.
-
T F 3. Studs can be dimensioned according to size of weld, number of studs required and spacing.
T F 4. When a single line of studs is to be welded, the first and last stud in the line must be will clearly pointto the start of each line. dimensioned and the arrow T F 5. If multiple rows of studs are to be welded, multiple arrows are used in conjunction with the reference Line, and eachmow will pointingto the start of each row. T F 6. To clearlyidentxfyeachrowof last studof each row.
studs, multiple arrows will alternately point to the first and
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
T F 7. Stud size dimensions are placed to the left of the weld symbol.
T F 8. Stud spacing dimensions are placed to the right of the symbol. T F 9. Contoursusedinconnectionwiththestudweldingsymbolcan postweld finishing.
be prepared by welding or
T F 10. The number of studs required dimension is shown in parentheses and is located above or upon symbol placementon the reference line. below the weld symbol depending
135
Match the information given in Column 1 (11-1 4) with the stud welding symbols provided in Column 2 (A-D). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the information in column 1. Only one answer applies.
CUI"
COI"
11.Stud weld, stud spacing, number of

studs requiredand stud size specified. 12.Studweld, no sidesignificance, number of studs specified. 13.Stud weld, stud size specified.
(4
(B)
14. Stud weld,stud spacing specified.
(4
Figure 1
(B)
15. The total number of studs requiredin Figure 1(A) equals

16. The stud size show in Figure 1 (A) equals
and in Figure 1(B)
17. What is the overall length dimension of the member in Figure 1(B)
18. The location dimension for the first stud in Figure 1(B) is
19. Center to center spacingof rows in Figure 1(A) equals

20. Center to center spacingof studs in Figure lm) equals
21. What is the overall length dimension of the member in Figure 1(A)
2 2 .The total number of studs requiredper row in Figure 1(A) equals

136
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0784265 05L485L T 7 4
For items 1-10 below circle T if true, or F if false for each statement given.
F l.
Surfacing weld symbols indicate the type of welded joint required. Surfacing weld symbols are always located on the arrow-side of thereferencelineeven no arrow-side or other- side significance. though they have Weld size for surfacing welds refers to minimum thickness and the dimension is located the leftof the weld symbol. to
T
T
F 2.
F 3.
T F 4. When the entire surface area is to be built up, no dimensions otherthan thickness needs to be
shown on the welding symbol.
T F 5. Direction of welding for surfacing welds can be placed in the t a i l of the welding symbol or
specified on the drawing.
F 6.
Multiple reference lines are sometimes used when surfacing weld passes involve more one layer.
than
T T
F 7. F 8.
When only a portion of the base metal area will be surfaced, the extent of welding, location, be identified by a drawing view. and orientation will Length and pitch dimensioning of surfacing welds are located to right of the weld symbol, and thetwo dimensions are separated by a hyphen.
T F 9. The specific number of surfacing weld passes required are located above or below the weld
on the reference line. symbol in parenthesis, depending upon symbol orientation
F 10. A surfacing weld symbol appearing above

completed on the other-side of the joint.
the reference line requires that all welding be
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Match the information given in Column 1 (1 1-16} with the surfacing welding symbols provided in to Column 2 (A-F). Indicate your choice by writing the letterfrom column 2 in the space provided next the information in column l. Only one answer applies.
COLUMN 1
11.Surfacing welds, thickness and surfacing of previous welds specified. 12.Surfacing welds around pipe or round stock material. 13.Surfacing welds, surfacing of previous welds specified. 14.Multiple layer surfacing welds, thickness specified. 15.Surfacing weld, entire area, crossdirectional layers specified
COLUMN 2
16.Surfacing weld, single layer, thickness

specified
p 2"-
_ J I c
p2
4 +
2-jf
+
i
118
-E,
(BI

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Figure 1
17. Direction of welding shownin the symbol for Figure 1(A) indicates the material is 18. Thewelding extent of specified
in Figure 1(B) equals
1(A) equals and 1(B)
square inches.
19. The overall length of the workpiece for Figure
m.The minimum amountof build-up specified in Figure 1(B) equals fi. The number of layers required in 1(B) totals and in 1(A)
1 8 8
For items 1-1O below circleT if true, or F if false for each statement given.
T T
F l. F 2.
The welding symbol shown in Figure 1 (A) indicates a back weld is required. The welding symbol shown in Figure 1 (B) indicates a backing weldis required.
T F 3. Groove andback or backingweldsymbolsused in conjunctionwitheach other indicate a weld madeto the opposite side of the joint f r o m the grooveweld application.
T T
F 4.
Dimensioning for either back or backing welding symbols include height of penetration. and depth
of reinforcement
F 5.
A backing weld symbol requires a weld be made to the opposite side of the joint before the groove weld is applied.
T F 6. A back weld symbol requires a weld be made to the opposite side of the joint before the
groove weld is applied.
F 7.
Back or backingweldingsymbolsshown on a single reference line must include the back or backing in the tail of the welding symbol to identify the weld type required.
term
T F 8. Contours obtained by welding or postweld finishing may be used in connection with back or
backing weld symbols.
T
T
F 9.
When used in connection with welding symbols having multiple reference lines, the backing weld mustbe shown as the first welding sequence. lines, the back
F 10. Whenusedinconnectionwithweldingsymbolshavingmultiplereference
weld must be shown as the second welding sequence.
139
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For items 1-10 below circleT if true, or F if false for each statement given.
T F l. Flange weld symbol usage is intended for sheet metal joints. T F 2. Both sides or no arrow- or other-side symbollaation applies to flange welds.
T F 3. Melt-through symbols used in conjunction with flange weld symbols indicate complete joint penetration. T F 4. Radius of flange, flange size, weld size and root opening are typical dimensions that may apply to either the corneror edge-flange welding symbol. T F 5. The weld size (thickness) dimensionfor a flange weld is located to the left of the symbol and is placed in parentheses.
T F 6. Radius and flange size dimensions are placed to the left ofthewelding symbol w i t h both
dimensions separated by a "+" sign.
T F 7. When a root opening is specified for a flange weld, the dimension is located directly above or below the radius and flange size dimensions depending upon symbol placement on the
reference line.
T F 8. A brokenarrowconnecting the reference line of an edge-flangeweldingsymbolmust be

used if the joint is not detailed on the drawing.
T F 9. Flanged joint configurationsmay include more than two members.

T F 10. Use of a flange weld symbol indicates the type of joint rather thana specific weld type.
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141
Match the information givenin Column 1 (11-24) with the flange welding symbols provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the information in column 1. Only one answer applies.
COWMN 1
11.Edge-flange, radius, flange size and weld size specified. 12. Corner-flange, radius, flange size and weld size specified, joint not detailed.
COWMN 2
T +
(A) (B)
(C)
13.Edge-flange, other side, complete joint

required. penetration 14.Edge-flange, arrow-side, radius and flange size specified. %Edge-flange, arrow-side complete joint penetration required. 16.Corner-flange, other-side, radius and flange size specified. 17.Corner-flange, other-side, joint not detailed, complete joint penetration
\h
(D)
(El
3/84 + 1116
(F)
l&Edge-flange, other-side. lg.Corner-flange,arrow-side,jointdetailed, complete joint penetration required.
(1)
(4
20. Comer-flange, mw-side.
21.Comer-flange, mot opening specified.
2 2 .Comer-flange,
24.Edge-flange,
other-side.
(1)
B.Edge-flange, root openingspecified. arrow-side.
142
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v L ,
118 + 118
For items 1-10 below circle T if true, orF if false for each statement given.
T F l . When a groove welding symbol is modified to include a rectangle within it, use of a spacer is
indicated.
T F 2. Use of the terms back or backing in the tail of a groove welding symbol signify that a back
or backing weldis required in connection with the groove weld type.
T F 3. Radius for a flare-groove weld, is what depth of bevel is to all other groove weld types. T F 4. Equal grooveweld size anddepthofbeveldimensions, or no dimensions specified, mean complete joint penetration isrequired for single groove welded configurations. T F 5. When used in connection with a groove welding symbol having a both sides significance, the root opening dimension must appear within both symbols.
T F 6. When V-U-, square- o r flare-v- groove joint configurations are not detailed on the drawing,
the associated welding symbol for each must include a break in the arrow to clarify which member mustbe prepared.
T F 7. When the groove weld size dimension is smaller than the depth of bevel dimension, a partial
joint penetration weld is required.
T F 8. Square-groove welds having no-arrow or other-side significance means the weld can be started f r o m either side.
--`,```,,,`,,,,,``,`,``,``,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
T F 9. Asymmetrical groove welds that require complete joint penetration, must include theweld size dimension for both weld types shown on the welding symbol.
T F 10. When the specific groove-weld symbol is left out of the welding symbol equation, optional
joint geometry is indicated.
143
Match the information given in Column 1 (11-24) with the groove welding symbols provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the . . information in column 1. Only one answer applies.
COLUMN 1
11. single bevel-groove with backing
COLUMN 2
12. double flare-bevel groove

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13.j-groove, arrow-side
14.1.1-groove with spacer
15. double flare-v-groove with spacer
16.v-groove, other side

17. square-groove 18. single j-groove with consumable insert
19. double v-groove with spacer
20. scarf groove, other-side
21. double bevel-groove
22.single bevel-groove, arrow-side
2 3 .double
j-groove
24.flare-v-groove,
arrow-side
144
~~
~~~
~~
IW 0 7 a 4 m
omma
329
Match the information given in Column 1 (25-38) with the groove welding symbols provided in Column 2 (A-N). Indicate your choice by writing the letter from column 2 in the space provided next to the information in column 1. Only one answer applies.
COLUMN 1
25.Symmetricaldoublegroove, required. 26.Square groove, U P required. CJP
COI"
n.Asymmetrical double groove weld
2 8 .Symmetrical double groove, partial

penetration welds required.
29. Joint geometry optional, CJP required.

30.Backing required.
1 1 4 (N)
P l 31.Joint geometry optional, weld size specified 32.Dept.h of bevel, groove weld size and root opening location significance. 33.Dept.h of bevel specified, partial joint penetration welds required.
(*O)
34.Consumable
insert required.
(JI
35.Root opening location significance.
36. Groove weldsize location significance.

37.Gmve angle location significance.
38.Depth of bevel location significance.
145
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Joint Weld Terminology

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Joint Weld Terminology

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