SOLAR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEAT

Dr. B.F. TCHANCHE Agricultural University of Athens, Greece tfb@aua.gr OR tfb_tchanchef@yahoo.fr

Overview
Introduction System components Solar thermal collectors Market potential System design Examples System cost Barriers African context

Conclusion
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Introduction
Annual solar radiation Meteotest, Berne, Switzerland

PV panels Batteries, inverter, cables, etc Solar thermal collector

Electricity

Heat exchangers, storage tank, controllers, etc

Heat

Electricity

PV-T
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System Components
Water Vapor Pressurized water PCM etc Auxiliary heater/ boiler

Solar radiation

Space heating Domestic hot water End-uses Industrial processes (cooling, heating, etc) Power generation

Solar collector Flat plates Evacuated tubes Parabolic trough etc

Storage tank

Control system

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Solar thermal collectors

Global Irradiance Ig 100%
Glass cover Reflection 8%
radiation
Forced convection

Absorption 2%
Free convection

insulation

Heat conduction

Usable heat (<60%)

Collector operating principle flat plate

(photo-thermal conversion)

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Solar thermal collectors

Unglazed flat plate

Double glazed flat plate

Evacuated tube

Hot Air solar collector

single glazed flat plate

Parabolic trough
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Solar thermal collectors

CPC collector

Maximum reflector collector (mareco)

Combined heat and power solar collector (CHAPS)

heliostat

Compact linear fresnel reflector Paraboloidal dish reflector

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Solar thermal collectors

Type
Air collector Pool collector Reflector collector Solar pond Solar chimney Flat plate collector Advanced Flat Plate collector Combined heat and power solar collector (CHAPS) Evacuated tube collector Compound Parabolic CPC Fresnel reflector technology Parabolic trough Heliostat field + Central receiver Dish concentrators

T [C]
0-50 0-50 50-90 70 90 20 80 30 100 80-150 80-150

Concentra tion ratio 1

1 1 1 1 1 8-80

Tracking
One-axis

90 200 70-240 100 400 70 400 500 800 500 - 1200

1 1-5 8 80 8 80 600 1000 800 8000

One-axis One-axis Two-axis Two-axis

Efficiency vs temperature ranges (1kW/m2)

Temperature and Applications Low temperature solar collectors (T<80 C) Heating (swimming pool, hot water, space) Medium Temperature collectors (80<T<400 C) Process industrial heat!! High Temperature collectors (T>400 C) Power generation

Typical operating temperature and concentration ratio for different solar collectors

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Market potential
Final Energy Use of the EU-Industry

Industrial sectors Paper Food & beverage industries Textile industry Metal & plastic Chemical industry

Electricity 33%

Processes Drying Washing Cleaning Frying/cooking Liquid/solid heating/cooling Space heating/Cooling Sterilization Distillation etc

Heat 67%

ESTIF European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (www.estif.org)

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Market potential
Industry Food industry Process Temperature (C) Sterilization 60-120 Pasteurization 60-80 Cooking 90-100 Bleaching 60-90 Washing 60-90 Soaps 200-260 Synthetic rubber 150-200 Processing heat 120-180 Pre-heating water 60-90 Preparation 120-140 Distillation 140-150 Separation 200-220 Extension 140-160 Bleaching, dyeing 60-90 Drying, degreasing 100-130 Fixing 160-180 Pressing 80-100

Chemical

Plastics

Textile

Processes and temperature ranges (kalogirou, 2003)

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System design example

Solar collector Buffer solar storage tank Boiler

90 C Heater 70 C Bath

Heat exchanger

Industrial bath Ref. SOPRO

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System design example

Air solar collector Fan Fan Gas/liquid heat exchanger Hot air for the process

Ambient air

Air pre-heating for an open drying process Ref. SOPRO

Boiler
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Examples
Metal processing company Steinbach & Vollman, Germany (2008) Solar coll: vacuum tube, 400 m2, 280 kW Storage: 9 m3 Design: bath heating, heating, domestic hot water Temperature: 60 - 80 C Energy savings: 30-35% (gas reduction) Capital cost: 240,000 (50% subsidies) Payback period: 7 years (Subs. Incl.) Brewery, Neumarkteur Lammsbrau Gebr. Ehrensperger e.K., Germany (2000) Solar coll.: single glazed flat plate, 72 m2, 50 kW Design: air preheating (drying process) Storage: no Temperature: up to 60 C

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System Cost
Investment Cost Distribution
Collector field

In Europe Capital cost: 180-500 /m2 Heat: 2-8 c/kWh

6% 11%

3%

Piping Planning Storage & Heat exchangers

Capital cost location (solar resource, local wages) Application (temperature, load profile) System concept Size of the system System components

53% 14% 14%

Control system Others

Ref: SOPRO project

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Barriers/Obstacles
Identified obstacles Awareness (not known by public, decision makers) Resistance (new tech & business as usual attitude of managers) High investment cost (as most renewable energy technologies) Lack of standard technology (designs, materials) Lack of suitable planning guidelines & tools Lack of training & education

How to overcome the barriers Information campaign More demo projects (references) Subsidies Training (workshops, seminars,)

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African context
Industries
- agro-food & beverage - textile - chemical Conservation of agricultural products - drying - refrigeration Buildings - Air conditioning (60% of energy consumption)

The solar resource

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African context
Major obstacles lack of technology high upfront cost lack of subsidies lack of appropriate energy policy lack of skilled workers lack of research facilities

Benefits for countries landlocked countries/oil imports (energy security) development of remote areas (PV + solar thermal) more jobs less CO2 emissions

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More
Potential of Solar Heat in Industrial Processes. POSHIP - 2001 SO-PRO Project (http://www.solar-process-heat.eu/)- 2009/28 months IEA SHC (solar cooling & heating): Tasks 33, 38 and Task 49 Solar Process Heat for Production and Advanced Applications begin January 2012. (http://www.iea-shc.org/)

MEDISCO project (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt) http://www.medisco.org

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Conclusion
Low temperature solar heating (swimming pools, space heating, domestic hot water) well known and mature!

High temperature thermal applications are under development for electricity generation since the 1980s(CSP)!
Medium temperature solar applications are at the infancy stage (start 2000) despite the huge potential that exist in industries and buildings. Major technology in the coming decades provided the barriers are overcome: More research Financial support Increase awareness (managers, policy makers)

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