TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP.

HCM
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
BI GING
THC HNH K THUT
THC PHM.
H TN THNH
V VN SIM
1
TP HCM, 04/2011
M U
Trong lnh vc sn xut v ch bin thc phm, kim tra, vn chuyn nguyn vt
liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm cng nh cc qu trnh trong sn xut i hi qua
nhiu giai on x l. Hiu bit v vn dng kin thc cng ngh cho tng qu trnh
cho ra sn phm cht lng cao p ng yu cu cng ngh l cng vic k s thc
phm.
Mn Th nghim K Thut Thc Phm cung cp cho hc vin bit cch t chc
th nghim v vn hnh thit b lin quan lnh vc thc phm. Ngoi ra, mn hc ny
nng cao kh nng x l s liu tm cc thng s ti u cho qu trnh th nghim.
Pht thm nhng k nng khc tng hiu qu lm vic sau ny nh : lm vic
nhm, k nng tnh tnh ton, x l s liu

MC CH MN HC
Sau khi hc xong hc phn ny, sinh vin c kh nng:
Sinh vin hiu bit vng vng hn v bn cht ca cc qu trnh v thit b c
bn trong cng ngh thc phm.
Trnh by c cu to, nguyn l hot ng, tnh nng v u nhc im ca
cc thit b thc phm.
Vn dng kin thc hc trong hc phn k thut thc phm thc hin cc
qu trnh cng ngh trn cc thit b thc, qua tnh ton kim tra v tnh thit k cc
thit b c hc, thit b nhit
Rn luyn k nng thc hnh th nghim, bit cch vn hnh thit b. Qua mn
hc ny, sinh vin thm s t tin khi lm vic vi thit b cc nh my Ha v Thc
Phm sau ny.
2
YU CU MN HC
Theo Qui ch ao tao ai ho c va cao ng h chinh quy theo h thng tin chi (Ban
hanh kem theo Quyt inh s 43/2007/Q-BGDT nga y 15 thang 08 nm 2007 cua B
trng B Giao duc va ao tao).
- Sinh vin tham gia y 100% gi thc hnh trn lp.
- Sinh vin hc mn KTTP1, KTTP2, KTTP3.
- c k phn hng dn l thuyt thc hnh ca mi bi thc hnh trc khi
ln lp.
- Chun b nguyn liu cn thit cho tng bui hc.
- Vit bo co sau mi bi thc hnh theo ni dung ging vin yu cu.
THANG IM NH GI.
Kim tra l thuyt trn lp: 10%
Thc hnh trn lp : 20%.
Bi phc trnh : 70%
3
MC LC Trang
Bi 1 : C c. 4
Bi 2 : Chng ct 10
Bi 3 : Truyn nhit ng lng ng. 15
Bi 4 : Sy i lu 26
Bi 5 : Ct chm 38
Bi 6 : Lc khung bn 45
Tai liu tham khao 55
Bai 1: C C
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
4
- Lm quen vi thit b c c gin on mt ni,
hot ng trong iu kin chn khng c cc
dng c o nh o nhit (nhit k), o nng
ng (Brix k),
- Kho st qu trnh c c vi nguyn liu l
sa, tnh ton cn bng vt cht, cn bng nng
lng v cc i lng c trng cho qu trnh c
c .
2. C S L THUYT
2.1. Cc khi nim trong c c
- Khi nim c c:
C c l qu trnh lm tng nng ca dung dch bng cch tch mt phn
dung mi nhit si, dung mi tch ra khi dung dch bay ln gi l hi th.
- Mc ch ca qu trnh c c:
+ Lm tng nng ca cht ha tan trong dung dch.
+ Tch cht rn ha tan dng rn (kt tinh).
+ Tch dung mi dng nguyn cht (nc ct).
- Cc phng php c c:
+ C c p sut kh quyn: l phng php n gin nhng khng kinh t
+ C c p sut chn khng: dng cho cc dung dch c nhit si cao, d
phn hy v nhit,
+ C c p sut d: dng cho cc dung dch khng phn hy nhit cao,
s dng hi th cho cc qu trnh khc
2.2. Cn bng vt cht trong h thng c c 1 ni
Theo phng trnh cn bng vt cht ta c
W G G
c
+
c c
x G x G . .
(theo hm lng cht kh trong dung dch)
Trong :
G

Khi lng nguyn liu, [kg]; kg/s
G
c
Khi lng sn phm, [kg]; kg/s
W Lng hi th, [kg]; kg/s
x
d
Nng cht kh trong nguyn liu, [phn khi lng]
x
c
Nng cht kh trong sn phm, [phn khi lng]
Lng hi th trong qu trnh c c

,
_

x
x
G W 1
Nng sn phm cui
W G
x G
G
x G
x

c

c

. .
2.3. Cn bng nhit lng trong h thng c c 1 ni
Theo nh lut bo ton nhit .
5
7 6 5 4 3
2 1
Q Q Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q
r
v
r v
+ + + +
+

Trong :
Q
1
: Nhit do dung dch mang vo
Q
2
: Nhit do hi t ngng t
Q
3
: Nhit do dung dch sau c c mang ra
Q
4
: Nhit do hi th mang ra
Q
5
: Nhit do nc ngng mang ra
Q
6
: Nhit do qu trnh c c
Q
7
: Nhit tn tht ra mi trng
G

.c

.t

+ D.i = G
c
.c
c
.t
c
+ W.i + D.c
n
.t
n
+ Q
c
+ Q
mt
Vi:
t

: Nhit nguyn liu, []

t
c
; Nhit sn phm, [].
t
n
: Nhit nc ngng, []
c

: Nhit dung ring nguyn liu, [J/kg.]

c
c
: Nhit dung ring sn phm, [J/kg.]
c
n
: Nhit dung ring nc ngng, [J/kg.].
i : Hm nhit trong hi t, [J/kg]
i: Hm nhit trong hi th, [J/kg]
Lng hi t tiu tn :
n n
mt c c c c
t c i
Q Q t c G t c G i W
D

+ + +

. . . . ' .
Tnh b mt truyn nhit .
Theo phng trnh truyn nhit.
Q = K.F..
hi
= D.(i - c
n
.t
n
).
Trong :
Q: lng nhit truyn, [J].
K: H s truyn nhit,[ W/m
2
.].
F: Din tch b mt truyn nhit, [m
2
].
: Thi gian c c,[s].

hi
: Hiu s nhit hu ch , [].
Rt ra b mt truyn nhit :
,
.
) .(
hi
n n
t K
t c i D
F

[m
2
]
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT V NGUYN VT LIU
6
A. HA CHT
STT Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

B. DNG C
STT Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Prix k 0-100% Ci 1
2 ng ong 1000ml Ci 1

C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Thit b c c 1
2

4. S NGUYN L THIT B
H thng c c gm cc thit b chnh sau:
- Ni c c hai v c cnh khuy.
- My khuy trn
- Thit b ngng t ng xon.
- Bnh cha nc ngng.
- Bm chn khng loi vng nc.
- p k o chn khng.
- Nhit k in t.
- H thng in
- X nha cha dung dch u
7
5. TIN HNH TH NGHIM
5.1. Chun b
- Lm quen vi h thng thit b, tm hiu cc van v tc dng ca n.
- Lm quen vi thit b o nhit , cc v tr o v cch iu chnh cng tc o
nhit .
- Lm quen vi thit b o hm lng ng
- Xc nh cc i lng cn o.
- Chun b dung dch sa em c c
- Chun b bng s liu th nghim
5.2. Cc bc thc hin.
Bc 1: Ra thit b
- Kim tra cc van; m van 6, 10, cc van cn li ng.
- M cng tc tng.
- Chun b 20 lt nc sch trong x nha
- Ht chn khng khi kim p k ch 0.6 at th tt bm.
- M van 1 ht ht nc sch vo trong ni.
- Kim tra mc nc trong v o bng cch m van 5.
- M cng tc in tr
- M cng tc khuy trn.
- Khi nhit nc trong ni t 60
o
C th x nc bng cch x chn khng van
1 sau m van 4 x nc trong ni ra ngoi.
- Tt my khuy trn.
- Ra lp ln 2
Bc 2: C c dung dch.
- Pha 5lt dung dch sa 15% .
- Kim tra cc van , van 6 m, cc van cn li ng.
- M cng tc tng.
- Ht chn khng bng cch bm chn khng v m van 10 khi kim p k ch 0,6
0,8 at th tt bm v kha van 10.
8
Thi
gian
(pht)
Nng
dd ng
( Brix)
Lng nc
ngng V(ml)
Nhit
nc vo
t
v
Nhit
nc
ra t
r
Nhit
nc ngoi
v t
ng
Nhit
dd
t
dd
Nhit
hi th
t
ht
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
.
- M van 1 ht ht 5lt dung dch vo trong ni.
- M van 9 nc vo ng xon ngng t hi th.
- M cng tc khuy trn( 5 pht khuy 1 ln, mi ln 1pht).
- K t lc dung dch trong ni si (60
o
C), th c 10pht ly mu 1 ln o Brix,
ly nc ngng t ra o th tch v ghi nhn cc nhit .
- Cch ly mu : M van 2 trong thi gian 5giy sau ng van 2 li, m van 3
ly mu.
- Cch ly nc ngng t : ng van 6, m van 7, van 8, ly nc ngng xong
thao tc van ngc li tr v trng thi ban u( ch trong lc nuc ngng t
khng c ht chn khng).
- Khi dung dich trong ni t 50 Brix tr ln th dng qu trnh c c.
- M van 1 thng p kh tri.
- M van 4 x dung dch sau c c ra ngoi cn khi lng.
- Tt my khuy trn.
Bc3: V sinh thit b
- Kim tra cc van: van 6, 10 m, cc van cn li ng.
- M cng tc tng.
- Chun b 20 lt nc sch trong x nha .
- Ht chn khng khi chim p k ch 0.6 at th tt bm.
- M van 1 ht ht nc sch vo trong ni.
- M cng tc khuy trn trong thi gian 3 pht.
- M van 4 x nc trong ni ra ngoi.
- Ra lp ln 2.
- Tt my khuy trn.
- Tt cng tc tng.
6. PHC TRNH
- Tnh khi lng dung dch sa nhp liu
Ta tin hnh o th tch dung dch sa nhp liu ( V

).
G

= V

.

(kg).

: khi lng ring dung dch ng nhp liu nhit phng
- Tnh lng nc ngng thc t .
W* = V
ngng
.
ngng
( kg)
V
ngng
: Tng th tch nc ngng thu c trong sut qu trnh thc nghim.

ngng
: Khi lng ring nc ngng ( kg/m
3
)
( Nc ngng tra 30
o
C)
- Tnh cn bng vt cht v cc i lng cha bit trong phng trnh
- Tnh sai s gia l thuyt v thc nghim:
+ Nng cui ca qu trnh
% 100 . %
*
c
c c
Xc
x
x x
SS

c
x
: Nng cht kh trong sn phm sau c c theo l thuyt [phn khi lng].
*
c
x
: Nng cht kh trong sn phm c c theo thc t o bng Bx k, [phn
khi lng].
+ Lng nc ngng thu c trong qu trnh c c:
9
% 100 . %
*
W
W W
SS
W

- Tnh nng lng v cc i lng cha bit

+ Tnh cn bng nhit cho thit b ngng t v xc nh lu lng nc s dng
trong gii nhit ngng t
+ Tnh cn bng nhit cho thit b c c v xc nh lng nhit m ngun
nng cung cp
Lu :
Cho tng mt mt nhit v nhit c c bng 10% tng lng nhit cung
cp
Ngun nhit l nc nng ch khng phi hi ngng t nn Q
2
trong
phng trnh cn bng nhit i thnh
Q
2
=G
n
c
n
t
n
- V th
+ th biu din quan h gia ch s Bx v thi gian c c .
+ th biu din quan h gia lng nc ngng thu c v thi gian c c .
7. CU HI CHUN B:
1. Nu mc ch th nghim.
2. C c l g?
3. Mc ch ca qu trnh c c?
4. Cc bc chun b tin hnh th nghim?
5. Vit cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh c c?
6. Nu cc thit b chnh ca h thng c c?
7. Cc phng php o nng ca dung dch ng?
8. Nu cc bc tin hnh th nghim?
9. Tnh p sut tuyt i da vo ch ca p k.
10. Nu trnh t tnh tan?
11. Mc ch th nghim?
12. Nu cu to thit b th nghim?
13. Nu cc dng cu to thit b c dc khc nhau?
14. Cc thng s cn do trong bi?
15. Vit cn bng nng lng cho qu trnh c c?
16. Brix l g?
17. u nhc im ca phng php c c gin on?
Bai 2 : CHNG CT
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
10
Kho st nh hng ca lu lng hon lu v v tr mm nhp liu ln sn phm,
trng thi nhit ng ca nhp liu trn trn s mm thc, hiu sut ca mt ct chng
ct v tinh khit ca sn phm.
2. C S L THUYT
M hnh mm l thuyt l m hnh ton n gin nht da trn cc c s sau:
a. Cn bng gia hai pha lng hi cho hn hp hai cu t
b. iu kin ng lc hc lu cht l tng trn mm l tng cho hai pha lng
hi l:
- Pha lng phi ha trn hon ton trn mm
- Pha hi khng li cun cc git lng t mm di ln mm trn v ng thi
c nng ng nht ti mi v tr trn tit din
- Trn mi mm lun t s cn bng gia hai pha
2.1 Hiu Sut:
chuyn t s mm l thuyt sang s mm thc ta cn phi bit hiu sut mm.
C ba loi hiu sut mm c dng l: Hiu sut tng qut, lin quan n ton thp;
Hiu sut mm Murphree, lin quan n mt mm; Hiu sut cc b, lin quan n mt
v tr c th trn mt mm
- Hiu sut tng qut E
o
: l hiu sut n gin khi s dng nhng kn chnh xc nht,
c nh ngha l t s gia s mm l tng vs mm thc cho ton thp
S mm l tng S bc thang -1
E
o
= =
S mm thc S mm thc
- Hiu sut mm Murphree: l t s gia s bin i nng pha hi qua mt mm
vi s bin i nng cc i c th t c khi pha hi ri mm cn bng vi
pha lng ri mm th n
y
n
- y
n+1
E
M
=
y*
n
- y
n+1
trong :
y
n
: nng thc ca pha hi ri mm th n
y
n+1
: nng thc ca pha hi vo mm th n
y*
n
: nng pha hi cn bng vi pha lng ri ng chy chuyn mm th n
Ni chung, pha lng ri mm c nng khng bng vi nng trung bnh ca ph
lng trn mm nn dn n khi nim hiu cc b
- Hiu sut cc b c nh ngha nh sau:
y
n
y
n+1
E
M
=
11
y
en
y
n+1
trong :
y
n
: nng pha hi ri khi v tr c th trn mm n
y
n+1:
nng pha hi mm n ti cng v tr
y
en:
nng pha hi cnbng vi pha lng ti cng v tr
2.2 Mi quan h gia hiu sut mm Murphree v hiu sut mm tng qut
Hiu sut tng qut ca thp khng bng vi hiu sut trung bnh ca tng mm.
Mi quan h gia hai hiu sut ny ty thuc trn dc tng i ca ng cn bng
v ng lm vic. Khi mG/L>1 hiu sut tng qut c gi tr ln hn v mG/L<1 hiu
sut tng qut c gi tr nh hn. Nh vy, vi qu trnh trong c c hai vng nh
trn (chng ct) th hiu sut tng qut E
o
c th gn bng hiu sut mm E
M
. Tuy nhin
khi phn tch hat ng ca mt thp hay mt phn ca thp thc t, trong o c
s bin thin nng qua mt hoc mt vi mm s xc nh c gi tr ng ca E
M
hn l gi s E
M
=E
o
.
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT V NGUYN VT LIU
A. HA CHT
STT Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Cn 96% Lt 6 Cho nhm 20SV
2

B. DNG C
STT Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Cn k 0-100% Ci 1
2 ng ong 100ml Ci 1

C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Thit b chng ct cn 1
2

12
4. S NGUYN L THIT B
A. Thng cha nhp liu B. Bm nhp liu
C. Lu lng k nhp liu D. in tr gia nhit nhp liu
E. Ct chng ct F. Ni un
G. Thit b ngng t H. Bm hon lu
5. K. Bnh cha sn phm
13
B
A
C
H
G
E
D
F
K
5. TIN HNH TH NGHIM
5.1 Thc hin th nghim
a. Khi ng:
1. Cho nhp liu t 20-60 lt vo bnh cha qua np C1
2. a nhp liu vo khang 1/3 ni un, ta m van nhp liu v bt bm
nhp liu .
3. a in vo h thng, sau bt nt ni un (boiler) v ch ni un si
s khi ng bm nhp liu (nt feed pump) Quan sat nhit trong ni
qua nhit k gn mt trc ni
4. Quan st mc cht lng trong ni thng qua ng o mc bn tri ni un
trong sut thi gian lm th nghim. Nu mc cht lng gim di mc
1/3 phi cp thm nhp liu, nu ni un qu y phi tho bt cht lng
trong ni
5. Trong khi h thng ang un nng m van thng p ca sn phm nh,
thng hi vi bnh cha, cc van sau s ng.
- Van x sn phm nh
- Van han lu dn sn phm nh li ct.
6. M van cho nc hoc dng lm lnh ha lng tt c cc hi qua b
phn ngng t
7. M van dn nhp liu vo mt mm nhp liu thch hp trn ct. iu
chnh lu lng nhp liu thch hp trn lu lng k.
8. Sn phm nh thu c s cho han lu v nh ct qua lu lng k.
iu chnh lu lng dng hon lu
9. un nng dng nhp liu v dng han lu
10. Khi phi thay i v tr mm, ta m van tng ng ca mm
11. Theo di thng xuyn mc cht lng trong ni. Nu v mt l do no
mc cht lng trong ni xung di in tr, dng in t ng ngt, khi
nhit trong ni gim bt cho in tr hat ng tr li
b. Ngng my:
1. Tt in tr ni un
2. Tt in tr nung nng nhp liu v hon lu v tt cc bm
3. Tho sn phm nh .
4. ng van nc cp ngng t sn phm nh
5. Ngt in vo h thng chng ct
14
5.2 S liu:
Bng B1: d kin o
TN V tr mm
Lu lng
dng
ch ph k Nhit o
F L
o
D x
D
x
F
t
F
t
Lo
1
2
3
4
5
6. PHC TRNH
- Tnh cn bng vt v xc nh cc thng s cn li ca phng trnh
F=D+W
Fx
F
=Dx
D
+Wx
w
(lu : n v ca cc i lng phi s dng ph hp vi tng cng thc)
- Tnh cc phng trnh ng lm
Phng trnh ngh ct
1
.
1 +
+
+

R
x
x
R
R
y
D
Phng trnh ng chng
F
x
R
F R
x
R
F R
y .
1
.
1 +
+

+
+

- V v xc nh s mm l thuyt
- Xc nh hiu sut ca qu trnh chng ct
Bng B2: D kin suy tnh
TN V tr mm R x
F
x
D
x
W
t
F
1
2
3
4
5
15
Bng B3: Phng trnh ng lm vic v ng nhp liu
TN Phng trnh ng chng Phng trnh ng ct
1
2
3
4
5
Bng B4: Kt qu th nghim
TN V tr mu R x
D
tin on S mm l thuyt H.sut mm tng qut
1
2
3
4
5
7. CU HI CHUN B
1. Chng ct l g?
2. Nu mt s lai thit b chng ct?
3. Th nghim ny kho st nhng yu t no?
4. T s han lu l g? Khng c dng hon lu c khng
5. M hnh mm l thuyt?
6. C my lai hiu sut mm?
7. Nu nh ngha cc hiu sut mm v mi tng quan nu c?
8. Trnh t th nghim?
9. Cc s liu cn o trong bi ny?
10. Khi R thay i th c nh hng nh th no?
11. Dng han lu c tc dng g?
12. Vit phng trnh cn bng vt cht
13. Khi thay i lu lng dng han lu th nh hng nh th no n sn phm?
14. Khi thay i v tr mm nhp liu th nh hng nh th no n sn phm
16
Bai 3: TRUYN NHIT NG LNG NG
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
- Lm quen vi thit b truyn nhit ng lng ng, cc dng c o nhit v lu
lng lu cht.
- Xc nh h s truyn nhit trong qu trnh truyn nhit gia hai dng lnh v
nng qua vch kim loi cc ch d chy khc nhau.
- Thit lp cn bng nhit lng.
2. C S L THUYT
Qu trnh truyn nhit trong thit b dng ng lng ng l mt v d ca s
truyn nhit phc tp. y din ra s trao i nhit gia hai lu cht c ngn cch
bi vch ngn kim loi, bao gm truyn nhit i lu t dng nng n vch, dn nhit
qua thnh ng kim loi v i lu nhit gia dng lnh vi thnh ng.
2.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng cho hai dng lu cht
Q = G
1
C
1
(t
v1
t
R1
) = G
2
C
2
(t
R2
t
v2
) , W (1)
G
1
, G
2
: lu lng dng nng v lnh, kg/s.
C
1
, C
2
: nhit dung ring trung bnh ca dng nng v dng lnh, J/kg.K
t
v1
, t
R1
: nhit vo v ra ca dng nng,
o
C.
t
v2
, t
R2
: nhit vo v ra ca dng lnh,
o
C.
2.2. Phng trnh biu din qu trnh truyn nhit
Lng nhit Q truyn qua tng phng trong mt n v thi gian l:
Q K.F. t , W
Trong :
K h s truyn nhit, W/m
2
.K;
F din tch b mt truyn nhit, m
2
;
t
hiu s nhit trung bnh, K.
H s truyn nhit cho tng nhiu lp theo cng tnh theo cng thc sau:
n
i
1 2
i 1
1 i 2
1
K
1 1
r r

+ + + +

, W/m
2
.K
Trong :
1 2
,
h s cp nhit ( hai pha ca tng, gia lu th v b mt tng),
(W/m
2
.K)
17
r
1
, r
2
nhit tr ca cn bn hai pha ca tng, (m
2
.K/W)
( )
2
i
i
i
nhiet trcua lp tng thi, m.K W

b dy lp tng th i, (m)
i

h s dn nhit tng ng vi lp tng th i, (W/m.K)

Phng trnh truyn nhit qua tng hnh tr nhiu lp:
L
Q K . t.L , W
Trong :
K
L
h s truyn nhit ca 1m chiu di ng, (W/m.K)
L chiu di ng, m
H s truyn nhit K
L
i vi tng hnh tr c n lp xc nh theo cng thc:
( ) L n
1 i 1 2
i 1
1 1 1 i i n 1 2 n 1
3,14
W
K ,
m.K
r d r 1 1 1
.ln
d d 2 d d d
+

+ +

+ + + +

Trong :
1 2
,
h s cp nhit ( hai pha ca ng, gia lu th v b mt ng),
(W/m
2
.K);
r
1
, r
2
nhit tr ca cn bn pha trong v ngoi ca ng, (m
2
.K/W);
d
1
v d
n+1
ng knh trong v ngoi ca ng, (m);
d
i
v d
i+1
ng knh trong v ngoi ca lp th i, (m);
i

h s dn nhit ca lp tng ng th i, (W/m.K);

bi th nghim ny, ta tin hnh th nghim vi ng truyn nhit, do vy ta
xem nh l truyn nhit tng hnh tr 1 lp nn cng thc trn tr thnh :
Q = K
L
.t
log
.L (2)
L : chiu di ng, m.
K
L
: h s truyn nhit di, W/mK.
t
log
: chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, K
2.3. chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit
t
log
=
N
l
N l
t
t
t t

ln
(3)
2.4. H s truyn nhit di l thuyt, K
L
*
18
K
L
*

=
b
b
ng tr
ng
tr
d
r
d d
d
d
+ + +
2 1
1
ln
2
1 1

(4)
d
ng
, d
tr
: ng knh ngoi v trong ca ng truyn nhit, m.
: h s dn nhit ca ng, W/mK.
r
b
: nhit tr ca lp cu.
d
b
: ng knh lp cu, m.
bi th nghim ny, lp cu coi nh khng ng k, tc l r
b
/d
b
0.
2.5. H s cp nhit
1
,
2
gia vch ngn v dng lu cht c tnh theo chun
s Nusselt nh sau
Nu=.l/
Trong
Nu = A.Re
m
Pr
n
R l
t

25 0,
Pr
Pr

,
_

(5)
Cc h s A, n, m,
R l
,
l cc h s thc nghim, ty thuc vo cc yu t sau:
Ch chy ca cc dng lu cht
S tng quan gia dng chy v b mt truyn nhit.
c im b mt truyn nhit ( nhm, hnh dng)
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT, NGUYN VT LIU
A. HA CHT
STT Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

B. DNG C
STT Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Thit b truyn nhit ng
lng ng
1
2

19
4. S nguyn l thit b
S NGUYN L
A. in tr un nc a. Cng tc tng
B.Ni un nc nng b. Cng tc bm
C.Bm nc nng c. Cng tc in tr un nng.
D. Lu lng k d. ng h hin th nhit .
E. TBTN kiu chy ngang
F. TBTN kiu chy dc
V. Cc van
20
Loi ng Kch thc
ng trong
(mm)
Kch thc
ng ngoi
(mm)
Chiu di
(mm)
Chy dc 18/22 30/34 1050
Chy ngang 18/22 30/34 1050
5. TIN HNH TH NGHIM
5.1. Chun b
- Lm quen vi h thng thit b, tm hiu cc van v tc dng ca n.
- Lm quen vi thit b o nhit , cc v tr o v cch iu chnh cng tc o
nhit .
- Lm quen vi thit b o lu lng v cch iu chnh lu lng.
- Xc nh cc i lng cn o.
- o lu lng dng nng, dng lnh, nhit cc v tr cn thit. Lp bng ghi
kt qu o.
Bng 2: Kt qu o cho mt loi ng
Lu lng dng
nng (lt/ph)
3 6 9
Lu lng dng
lnh (lt/ph)
t
1v
t
1R
t
2v
t
2R
t
1v
T
1R
t
2v
t
2R
t
1v
t
1R
t
2v
t
2R
3
6
9
5.2. Cc bc th nghim
Bc1: Chun b th nghim
1. Kim tra mc nc bn trong ni un
2. Kim tra nc dng lnh trong cc ng
3. M cng tc tng
4. M cng tc gia nhit ni
Bc 2: kho st qu trnh truyn nhit trong ng chy vung gc
1. o lu lng dng nng
- M Van 4, Van 5
- ng Van 6
21
- M cng tc bm nc nng
- Chnh lu lng dng nng bng Van 10
2. o lu lng dng lnh
- M Van 6
- ng Van 4, Van 5
- M Van 2, Van 3
- ng Van 1
- Chnh lu lng dng lnh bng Van 9
3. o nhit cc dng
- Nhn nt N3 o nhit dng nng vo v ghi nhn t
nv
- Nhn nt N
4
o nhit dng nng ra v ghi nhn t
nr
- Nhn nt L1 o nhit dng lnh vo v ghi nhn t
LV
- Nhn nt L2 o nhit dng lnh ra v ghi nhn t
LR
Bc 3: kho st qu trnh truyn nhit trong ng chy dc
1. o lu lng dng nng
- M Van 4, Van 5
- ng Van 6
- M cng tc bm nc nng
- Chnh lu lng dng nng bng Van 10.
2. o lu lng dng lnh
- M Van 6
- ng Van 4, Van 5
- M Van 2, Van 3
- ng Van 1
- Chnh lu lng dng lnh bng Van 8
3. o nhit cc dng
- Nhn nt N5 o nhit dng nng vo v ghi nhn t
NV
- Nhn nt N4 o nhit dng nng ra v ghi nhn t
NR
- Nhn nt L1 o nhit dng lnh vo v ghi nhn t
LV
- Nhn nt L2 o nhit dng lnh ra v ghi nhn t
LR
Bc 4: Ngng
- Xoay cng tc ca GIA NHIT ngc chiu kim ng h. n hot ng
(mu ) tt. Cm gia nhit ngng hot ng.
- Xoay cng tc ca Bm. Bm nng ngng hot ng.
- Tt CB.
- ng tt c cc van.
6. PHC TRNH
6.1. Tnh nhit lng Q theo cng thc v tn tht nhit
- Dng nng
( )( ) W t t C G Q
r v
1 1
1 1 1

- Dng lnh
( )( ) W t t C G Q
v r
2 2
2 2 2

- Tn tht nhit:
22
Q=Q
1
-Q
2
(W)
6.2. Tnh hiu nhit trung bnh t
log
nh sau
S phn b nhit khi truyn nhit gia cc lu cht qua vch ngn
Trng hp ng lng ng song song ngc chiu:
-Nhit trung bnh ca dng nng:
2
1 1
1
r v
tb
t t
t
+

-Nhit trung bnh ca dng lnh:

2
2 2
2
v r
tb
t t
t
+

-Hiu nhit
t
1
=t
v1
t
v2
t
2
=t
r1
t
r2
Sau khi tnh so snh nu ci no ln hn th l t
max
ci no nh hn l t
min
- chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit:
min
max
min max
log
ln
t
t
t t
t

Trng hp ng lng ng vung gc:
Nhit trung bnh ca dng nng:
2
1 1
1
r v
tb
t t
t
+

Nhit trung bnh ca dng lnh:

2
2 2
2
v r
tb
t t
t
+

t
1
=t
v1
t
v2
t
2
=t
r1
t
r2
Sau khi tnh so snh nu ci no ln hn th l t
max
ci no nh hn l t
min
chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit:

min
max
min max
log
ln
t
t
t t
t
t

t
h s hiu chnh
6.3. Tnh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim K
L
theo cng thc (2)
t
1
t
1
t
v1
111
t
v2
t
v
t
2
t
log
t
2
23
6.4. Tnh h s cp nhit
1
,
2

6.4.1. Xc nh ch chy ca lu cht bng chun s Re

l
Re
Trong :

l vn tc dng, m/s

l nht ng hc ca lu cht, m
2
/s
l l kch thc hnh hc c trng, m

F
l
4
(7)
F : din tch mt ct (tit din ngang m dng lu cht chuyn ng qua), m
2
.
: chu vi tit din t (chu vi m cht lng tip xc vi b mt trao i nhit), m.
- Trng hp ng lng ng song song ngc chiu:
- Dng nng: y tin din l hnh trn l=d
tr
-Dng lnh: tit din l hnh vnh khn
) (
4 4
2
2 2
m
d D
F
n tr


( )
( ) m
F
d L
m d D
td
n tr

+
4

- Trng hp ng lng ng vung gc
- Dng nng: tit din hnh trn l=d
tr
- Dng lnh: din tch v chu vi t ca 2 hnh ch nht nh sau

6.4.2. Xc nh chun s Nu
Tnh nhit vch
Chn:

1
v
t
(Nh hn nhit vo ca dng nng)
t
l
= t
1
-
1
v
t
24
Dng nng
Dng lnh
Dng lnh
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
Re
Re
Re
Re
t t t
t
t
t
t
v
+

Xc nh chun s Prandlt ca lu cht v ca vch

Pr=Cp./
Pr
v
=Cp./
Cp: nhit dung ring ng p
: nht ca cht lng nhit trung bnh
: h s dn nhit ca lu cht
Trong cc thng s c tra theo nhit tng ng
Xc nh chun s Nu: ty thuc vo Re m ta tnh c Nu
Cho phng thc chy vung gc:
5 < Re < 10
3
: Nu = 0,5.Re
0,5
.Pr
0,38
.
25 0,
Pr
Pr

,
_

v
10
3
Re < 2.10
5
: Nu = 0,25.Re
0,6
.Pr
0,38
.
25 , 0
Pr
Pr

,
_

v
(8)
2.10
5
Re 2.10
6
: Nu = 0,023.Re
0,8
.Pr
0,37
.
25 , 0
Pr
Pr

,
_

v
Cho ch chy dc theo thn ng:
Ch chy mng Re < 2320
Nu = 0,15.Re
0,33
.Pr
0,43
.Gr
0,1
.
25 , 0
Pr
Pr

,
_

v

l
(9)
Ch chy chuyn tip 2320 < Re < 10.000
Nu = C.Pr
0,43
.
25 , 0
Pr
Pr

,
_

v
.
l
(10)
Gi tr ca C ph thuc Re:
Re.10
-3
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 3 4 5 6 8 10
C 1,9 2,2 3,3 3,8 4,4 6 10,3 15,5 19,5 27 33
Ch chy ri Re > 10
4
Nu = 0,021.Re
0,8
.Pr
0,43
.
25 , 0
Pr
Pr

,
_

v
(11)
Gi tr ca
l
ph thuc t l L/d khi Re <10
4
25
L/d 1 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50

l
1,9 1,7 1,44 1.28 1,18 1,13 1,05 1,02 1
Khi Re > 10
4
,
l
ph thuc vo Re
Re
L/d
10 20 30 40 50
1.10
4
1,23 1,13 1,07 1,03 1
2.10
4
1,18 1,10 1,05 1,02 1
5.10
4
1,13 1,08 1,04 1,02 1
1.10
5
1,10 1,06 1,03 1,02 1
1.10
6
1,05 1,03 1,02 1,01 1
Chun s Gr
Gr =
3
2
g. . . t

l
(13)
t : hiu nhit gia thnh ng v lu cht.
: h s gin n th tch, 1/K.
6.4.3. Tnh h s cp nhit
1
,
2

Nu

, W/m
2
K
: h s dn nhit ca lu cht, W/mK.
l : kch thc hnh hc c trng, m.
Sau khi c kt qu tnh
1
,
2
ta kim tra li vic chn nhit vch c hp l khng
bng phng trnh cn bng nhit sau:
q = K.t
log
=
1
.t
1
=
2
.t
2
(16)
Sai s cho php l 5% nu cha t, qu trnh tnh c lp li vi gi tr t
1
mi.
6.5. H s truyn nhit di l thuyt (
*
l
K )

c tnh theo cng thc (4)
bi th nghim ny ta xem lp cu l khng ng k, do vy xem nh loi b
nh hng ca lp cu bm trn b mt ng.
6.6. Lp bng kt qu tnh
*
l
K v
l
K
theo ch chy.
6.7. Dng th
*
l
K ,
l
K
theo Re
6.8. Bn lun
26
Sau khi tnh ton v dng cc th sinh vin t a ra nhng nhn xt, nh gi
v bn lun v kt qu th nghim. Cc ni dung cn cp n c th l:
1. Tn tht nhit c ng k khng. Ti sao?
2. Mc sai s, nguyn nhn gy ra sai s trong lc lm th nghim? Bin php
khc phc?
3. So snh h s truyn nhit di thc nghim K
L
vi h s truyn nhit di l
thuyt K
L
*
.
7. CU HI CHUN B:
1. Mc ch bi th nghim?
2. Cc thng s cn o?
3. Trnh t th nghim?
4. TBTN ng lng ng c phi l TBTN kiu v ng khng?
5. Ch r ng i ca dng nng trong h thng thit b th nghim.
6. Ch r ng i ca dng lnh trong h thng thit b th nghim.
7. u nhc im ca TBTN ng lng ng?
8. Hy cho bit cc phng thc truyn nhit c bn? Trong bi th nghim ny
c nhng phng thc truyn nhit no?
9. V v gii thch s c ch truyn nhit gia 2 lu cht qua vch ngn
TBTN ng lng ng.
10. Vit phng trnh cn bng nhit lng. Gii thch cc thng s v cho bit
n v o ca chng.
11. ngha vt l ca h s truyn nhit di Kl? Cng thc tnh? Gii thch cc
thng s v cho bit n v o ca chng?
12. Vit phng trnh truyn nhit? Gii thch cc thng s v cho bit n v o
ca chng?
13. nh hng ca ch chy n qu trnh truyn nhit? Gii thch.
14. Phn bit qu trnh truyn nhit n nh v khng n nh.
15. Nu cc yu t nh hng n h s cp nhit ?
16. So snh hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit xui chiu v ngc chiu?
Bai4: SY I LU
27
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
- Sinh vin bit cch vn hnh thit b sy.
- Xy dng ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy
- Xc nh cc thng s sy: tc sy ng tc, m ti hn, m cn bng,
thi gian sy ng tc v gim tc
- nh gi sai s ca qu trnh sy.
2. C S L THUYT
2.1 nh ngha
Sy i lu l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu bng cch cp nhit cho m bay hi.
Trong , c hai qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn m u c thc hin bng phng
php i lu
2.2 c trng ca qu trnh sy
Qu trnh sy din ra rt phc tp, c trng cho tnh khng thun nghch v khng
n nh. N din ra ng thi 4 qu trnh: truyn nhit cho vt liu, dn m trong lng
vt liu, chuyn pha v tch m vo mi trng xung quanh
2.3 Xc nh tc sy theo cn bng nhit ca qu trnh sy
Lng nhit do dng tc nhn sy cung cp cho khong thi gian d
d t F dQ ) (
(1)
Nhit ny c tiu hao
- un nng vt liu:
GaCa)d (GoCo +
(2)
- Bay hi m v qu nhit hi: [r+C
h
(t-t
h
)]dG
a
(3)
Trong :
: h s cp nhit t tc nhn sy vo vt liu sy, W/m
2

F: b mt vt liu, m
2
t, , t
h
: nhit tc nhn sy, vt liu v hi bo ha,
G
o
, C
o
: khi lng v nhit dung ca vt liu sy, kg; j/kg
G
a
, C
a
: khi lng v nhit dung ca m, kg; j/kg
r: An nhit ha hi ca m, j/kh
C
h
: Nhit dung ring ca hi m, j/kg
Lng m bc hi trong thi gian d:
dG
a
= d(G
o
U) = G
o
dU (4)
28
U: hm m (hay m) ca vt liu, tnh theo vt liu kh, kg m/kg vt liu
kh
T (1), (2), (3) v(4), thit lp cn bng nhit:
F(t-)d = (G
o
C
o
+ G
a
C
a
)d + G
o
[r + C
h
(t - t
h
)]dU (5)
T (5) rt ra:
)] ( [
] [ ) (
h h o
a a o o
t t C r G
d
d
C G C G t F
d
dU
+
+

y l biu thc tnh tc sy

d
dU
theo cn bng nhit
2.4 Phng trnh c bn ca ng hc qu trnh sy
Theo phng trnh truyn m t vt liu vo tc nhn sy:
dG
a
= k
p
F(p
m
-p)d (7)
Vi: k
p
: h s truyn m trong pha kh kg/m
2
.h.p
P
m
, p: p sut ca hi m trn b mt vt liu v trong pha kh, mmHg (at)
Thay G
a
=G
0
U vo (7) v bin i ta c:
( ) p p
G
F k
d
dU
m
O
p

(8)
Khi hi m khng b qu nhit (tc t=t
h
) th biu thc (5) c bin i thnh:
qF F
Fd
dQ
d
dU
rG
d
d
G
G
G
C C
o o
o
a
a o
+

,
_

(9)
q: cng dng nhit hay mt dng nhit
t:
U
G
G
o
a

o
o
a
V
G
C U C C
a o
+
o
o
R
F
V

Vi
o
: khi lng ring ca vt liu kh, kg/m
3
V
o
: th tch vt kh, m
3
C: nhit dung ring ca vt liu m, j/kg
R
o
: bn knh qui i ca vt liu, m
Khi , nu b qua nhit lm qu nhit hi m, ta c:
( )( )

d
dU
r R Rb
d
dU
r R
dU
d
r
C
d
d
R C
d
dU
r R q
O o O o O o O o
+

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

+ + 1 1
(10)
vi
dU
d
r
C
Rb

,
_

+ 1
: chun s Rebinde c trng cho ng hc qu trnh sy
Biu thc (10) l phng trnh c bn ca ng hc v sy, n cho bit s bin i m
ca vt liu theo thi gian. Ta c th nhn c biu thc (10) khi gii h phng trnh
vi phn m t truyn nhit truyn m trong vt liu. Nhng ni chung h phng trnh
ny khng gii c bng phng php gii tch.
29
2.5Lng nhit cp cho vt liu trong giai on sy gim tc (q
2
)
Trong giai on sy gim tc, ng cong tc sy c dng ng thng, nn tc
sy trong giai on ny c biu din:
) (
*
U U K
d
dU

(11)
K: h s t l, gi l h s sy. N ph thuc vo tc sy v tnh cht ca vt
liu m, 1/s
K chnh l h s gc ca ng cong tc sy giai on sy gim tc, nn:

N
U U
N
K
th

*
(12)
*
1
U U
th


: h s sy tng i, ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu m
U
th
: m ti hn
U
*
: m cn bng
N: tc sy ng tc, kg m/(kg vt liu kh.s)
Tch phn phng trnh (11) ta nhn c:

) exp(
*
*
N
U U
U U
th

(13)
Hay logarit ha (8), ta c
N U U U U
th
3 , 2
1
) lg( ) lg(
* *

(14)
Nh vy, nu bit c h s sy K, c th xc nh c thi gian cn thit thc
hin giai on sy gim tc
H s sy tng i c xc nh bng thc nghim v c th tnh gn ng nh sau:
o
U
8 , 1

(15)
Vi U
o
: m ban u ca vt liu
T ta c:

* *
8 , 1
1
U
U
U U
o
th
+ +

(16)
Thay (12) v (15) vo phng trnh (11), ta c:

,
_

o
U
U U
N
d
dU
*
8 , 1

(17)
Thay (17) vo (10) ta c

,
_

+
o
o o
U
U U
N Rb r R q
*
2
8 , 1 ) 1 (
(18)
2.6Lng nhit cung cp cho vt liu trong giai on sy ng tc (q
1
)
30
Trong giai on sy ng tc, ton b lng nhit cung cp t dng tc nhn bng
lng nhit bc hi m v nhit vt liu khng i nn:

rN R
d
dU
r R q
o o o o

1
2.7Cng trao i nhit (q(x))
) 1 ( 8 , 1 ) (
*
2
1
Rb
U
U U
q
q
x q
o
+

Nh vy, theo biu thc (20), khi bit chun s Rb s tnh c cng trao i nhit
theo m ca vt liu.
2.8ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy.
th ng cong tc sy th ng cong sy
2.8.1 ng cong sy
L ng cong biu din s thay i ca m vt liu (U) theo thi gian sy
) (
U = f
) (
(21)
Dng ca ng cong sy:
Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh lin kt gi m v vt liu, hnh dng kch
thc; Cu trc vt liu, phng php v ch sy.
ng cong sy l hm ca qu trnh sy. V vy, tuy ch v phng php
sy khc nhau nhng dng ng cng sy l tng t nhau.
2.8.2 ng cong tc sy:
L ng cong biu din mi quan h gia tc sy v m ( hm m) ca
vt liu sy:
) (U g
d
dU

(22)
T biu thc (21) v (22), r rng ng cong tc sy l o hm ca ng
cong sy.
2.9Cc giai on ca qu trnh sy
31
2.9.1 Giai on un nng vt liu (AB)
Giai on ny xy ra nhanh vi khong thi gian ngn khng ng k. Ton b
nhit do dng tc nhn cp dng un nng vt liu t nhit u
) (
ln
nhit bu t (t

).
Trong giai on ny lng m tch ra khng ng k, m vt liu gim khng
nhiu v tc sy nhanh ln vi tc cc i (N). thng giai on ny b qua
trong tnh ton.
2.9.2 Giai on sy ng tc (BC)
Trong giai on ny, tc khuch tn m t trong lng vt liu ra b mt ln
hn tc bc hi m t b mt vt liu, nn b mt vt liu lun bo ha m.
Tan b lng nhit cung cp bc hi m b mt (m t do) v b mt bc
hi l b mt ngoi ca vt liu khng i nn cc thng s sy sau y s khng
i: Nhit b mt vt liu v tc sy; v m vt liu gim nhanh.
Thi gian sy trong giai on ny l (thi gian sy ng tc
) (
c xc nh
t:
- const N
d
dU

1

(23)
Nn tch phn (23) ta c
1
1
N
th
U
o
U

(24)
Vi
th
U
l m cui giai on sy ng tc.
2.9.3 Giai on sy gim tc (CD)
Do bc hi ht m b mt ch cn m lin kt, nn b mt bc hi b co hp
li dn i su vo trong lng vt liu.
Tc khuch tn m trong vt liu chm lm gim tc chung.
Nhit ca vt liu tng dn t nhit bu t (t

) n nhit dng tc nhn

(t) nhit bu kh.
Lc ny; Trong vt liu xut hin 3 vng : m, bc hi v kh.
Trong giai on ny, nu ng cong tc sy c dng ng thng (hoc qui
i sang ng thng N
2
=ax +b) th ta c th phn tch tnh thi gian sy giai
on sy gim tc ny (
2

) :
'
2
'
ln
1
'
2
U U
U
th
U
N
U
th
U

Vi U: m cn bng, m kt thc giai on sy gim tc.
2.10 Thi gian sy vt liu
Thi gian sy vt liu c tnh bng tng thi gian ca 3 giai on sy: t nng
vt liu
0

. Sy ng tc
1

v sy gim tc
2

. C th b qua giai on t nng

vt liu, v giai on ny xy ra rt nhanh. Biu thc tnh thi gian sy nh sau:
32
1
1
1
]
1

+
'
2
'
lg ) '
(
3 . 2
2 1
U U
U
th
U
U
th
U
N
N
th
U
o
U

(26)
Vi
2
U
m vt liu cui qu trnh sy. Tng ng vi
2

.U
2
> U v thng
c ly : U
2
= U + 2 3 (%)
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT V NGUYN VT LIU
A. HA CHT
STT Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

B. DNG C
STT Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Thit b sy i lu 1
2

33
4. S NGUYN L THIT B
1. Ca kh vo 5. Bung sy
2.Qut ly tm 6. Khy sy
3.Caloriphe 7. Ca ra kh thi
4. Cn
5. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
5.1. Ni dung th nghim
Tin hnh sy bnh trng 2 ch ca Caloriphe:50
0
C v 60
0
C. t vt liu
vo bung sy, ghi nhn khi lng vt liu sau khi lm m (G
1
). Sau c 2 pht ghi
nhn gi tr cn v gi tr nhit bu kh, bu t. Tip tc n khi gi tr khi lng
vt liu khng i trong vng 15 pht th dng ch th nghim ny v chuyn sang
ch th nghim khc.
5.2. Tin hnh
5.2.1. Chun b th nghim:
Xc nh khi lng vt liu kh ban u (G
0
) ca vt liu:
. M ca bung sy ra, t cn thn
. c gi tr cn (G
0
)
Lm m vt liu:
34
5
2
1
3
4
6
7

Sau khi cn xong, ly vt liu ra v nhng nh nhng (trnh rch vt liu) vo chu
nc. Ch khong 30 giy cho nc thm u, ly vt liu ln v ro nc sau
xp vo gi.
Chun b ng h eo tay o thi gian.
Kim tra h thng:
. Lp li ca bung sy.
. M ht cc van ca hai ca kh vo ra
. Chm y nc vo bu t (pha sau h thng)
5.2.2. Khi ng h thng:
Khi ng qut: bt cng tc ca qut ht dng tc nhn vo v thi qua
caloriphe gia nhit dng tc nhn.
Khi ng caloriphe, bt cng tc Caloriphe.
Ci t nhit cho Caloriphe nhit th nghim.
5.2.3. Tin hnh th nghim
Ch h thng hot ng n nh khi: nhit ca Caloriphe t gi tr mong mun (
C
0
2 1 t ). Tin hnh sy vt liu nhit kho st.
5.3. o s liu trong ch th nghim.
5.3.1. Cc s liu cn o: Khi lng, nhit bu kh, bu t v thi gian.
5.3.2. Cch c:
. Khi lng (gam) khi t gi vt liu sy, c s hin th trn cn.
. Nhit (
0
C) : Nhn nt tng ng cc v tr cn o v c s trn ng h
hin s.
5.4. Chuyn ch th nghim:
M ca bung sy, ly vt liu ra lm m tip (lp li nh ban u).
Ci nhit Caloriphe gi tr tip theo cho ch sy mi.
Ch h thng hot ng n nh.
Lp li trnh t nh ch u.
5.5. Kt thc th nghim
Tt cng tt ca in tr Caloriphe.
Sau khi tt Caloriphe c 5 pht, tt qut cho Caloriphe ngui.
35
Bng s liu
STT Ch sy 50
0
C Ch sy 60
0
C

(ph)
G
(g)
T
()
(
0
C) T
(k)
(
0
C)

(ph)
G
(g)
T
()
(
0
C) T
(k)
(
0
C)
1
2
3

6. PHC TRNH
6.1. Tnh theo thc nghim:
m vt liu:

% 100 .
1
G
G G
W
o i
i

Tc sy :

) (
) 1 (
1
h
i i
i
T
W W
dt
dw
N

+
+ (%/h).
S liu x l c trnh by thnh bng sau :
i T(pht) G
i
(g) W
i
(%) N(%h) T
k
tb T

tb P
b
(mmHg)
P
h
(mmHg)
Th
sy
1
2
3
4

P
b
(mmHg) : p sut ring phn hi m trn b mt vt liu iu kin on nhit.
P
h
(mmHg) : p sut hi m trong tc nhn sy.
(c tra trn gin khng kh m)
6.2 Tnh theo l thuyt:
- Cng m:
J
m
= a
m
.(P
b(TB)
P
h(TB)
).760/B (kg/m
2
.h)
J
m
: Cng m.
B: p sut phng sy; B = 760mmHg.
a
m
: H s trao i m tnh theo chnh lch p sut ( kg/m
2
.h.mmHg).
a
m
= 0,0229 + 0,0174.V
k
V
k
: Tc kh trong phng sy ( chn V
k
= 1,6 (m/s)).
- Tc sy ng tc :
N
t
=100.J
m
.F/G
o
(%/h).
- m ti hn :
W
th
= W
1
/1,8 + W
c.
36
W
1
: m ban u trc khi sy(%).
W
c
: m cn bng = 3%.
- Thi gian sy :
Thi gian sy ng tc:

t
th
N
W W
T

1
Thi gian sy gim tc:


c cuoi
c th
t
c th
W W
W W
N
W W
T

ln .
2
W
c
: m cui qu trnh sy.
- Thi gian tng cng qu trnh sy gn ng:
T
sy
= T
1
+ T
2
(h)
- Lp bng so snh:
So snh cc thng s: m ti hn, tc sy ng tc, thi gian sy v sai s.
Cng thc tnh Sai s:

% 100 .
lt
tn lh
X
X X
SS

Nhit T
LT
T
TN
SS
50
o
C
60
o
C
6.3. V th :
V th thc nghim ng cong sy (W-t) v ng cong tc sy (N-W).
7. CU HI CHUN B
1) nh ngha Qu trnh sy i lu?
2) Th no l truyn nhit v truyn m bng phng php i lu
3) Cc giai on sy?
4) C my qu trnh sy ?
5) K tn mt vi loi thit b sy?
6) Cc thng s cn o trong qu trnh th nghim?
7) Ni dung th nghim?
8) Cch thc tin hnh th nghim?
9) Mc ch th nghim?
10)ng cong sy?
11)ng cong tc sy?
12)Phng trnh c bn ca ng hc qu trnh sy
13)Sy l g? S khc nhau giasy v c c?
14)Thi gian sy ca vt liu?
37
Tham kho thm trong ti liu cc mn hc c lin quan? (Cc qu trnh truyn
khi, truyn nhit,)
38
Bai 5: CT CHM
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
Kho st c tnh ng lc hc lu cht v kh nng hot ng ca ct chm bng
cch xc nh:
- nh hng ca vn tc dng kh v lng ln tn tht p sut ( gim p) khi i
qua ct.
- S bin i ca h s ma st ct kh f
ck

theo chun s Reynolds (Re) ca dng
kh v suy ra cc h thc thc nghim.
- S bin i ca tha s lin h gia gim p ca dng kh qua ct kh v qua
ct t theo vn tc dng lng.
- Gin gii hn kh nng hot ng ca ct (gin ngp lt v gia trng).
2. C S L THUYT
2.1. gim p ca dng kh
gim p P
ck
ca dng kh qua ct ph thuc vo vn tc khi lng G ca
dng kh qua ct kh (khng c dng chy ngc chiu). Khi dng kh chuyn ng
trong cc khong trng gia cc vt chm tng dn vn tc th gim p cng tng
theo. S gia tng ny theo ly tha t 1,8 n 2,0 ca vn tc dng kh.
n
ck
G P
(1)
Vi n = 1,8 2,0
Khi c dng lng chy ngc chiu, cc khong trng gia nhng vt chm b
thu hp li. Dng kh do di chuyn kh khn hn v mt phn th tch t do gia cc
vt chm b lng cht lng chim c . Khi tng vn tc dng kh ln, nh hng cn
tr ca dng lng tng u n cho n mt tr s ti hn ca vn tc kh, lc
gim p ca dng kh tng vt ln. im ng vi tr s ti hn ca vn tc kh ny c
gi l im gia trng. Nu tip tc tng vn tc kh qu tr s ti hn ny, nh hng
cn tr h tng gia dng lng v dng kh rt ln, P
c
tng mau chng khng theo
phng trnh (1) na. Dng lng lc ny chy xung cng kh khn, ct im lt.
ng biu din log(P
c
/Z) ( gim p sut ca dng kh qua mt dn v chiu
cao ca phn chm trong ct) d kin nh trnh by trn hnh 1.
39
log(PC/Z)
L=0
A
B
C
L1
L2
L3
logG
Hnh 1: nh hng ca G v L i vi gim p ca ct P
c
2.2. H s ma st f
ck
theo Re
c
khi ct kh
Tr lc thp kh:
2
2 2
/ ,
8 2
m N
w ha f w
d
h
f p
o k ck k o
td
ck

k
td k
k
d w

Re
Trong :
h - chiu cao lp m, m
w
o
- vn tc pha kh
a - b mt ring, m
2
/m
3
- xp, m
3
/m
3

k
khi lng ring ca khng kh, kg/m
3
f
ck
- h s ma sat ca dng chy qua lp ht, ph thuc vo Re
k

Khi Re
k
<40:
k
Re
40
f
ck

Khi Re
k
>40:
2 , 0
Re
16
k
ck
f
2.3. gim p P
c
khi ct t
S lin h gia gim p ct kh P
ck
v ct t P
c
c th biu din nh sau:
P
c
= P
ck
(6)
Do c th d kin f
c
= .f
ck
(7)
Vi : h s ph thuc vo mc xi ti ca dng lng L, kg/m
2
s.
40
Leva ngh nh hng ca L ln nh sau:
= 10
L
(8)
hay log = L (9)
Gi tr ty thuc vo loi, kch thc, cch thc sp xp vt chm (xp ngu
nhin hay theo th t) v ln ca lu lng lng L. Th d vi vt chm l vng s
Raschig 12,7 mm, chm ngu nhin, xp = 0,586; gi tr ca L t 0,39 n 11,7
kg/m
2
s v ct hot ng trong vng di im gia trng.
= 0,084
Mt s ti liu cn biu din s ph thuc gia t s
ck
c
p
p

vi h s xi ti nh sau:
3
2
2
75 1
3
g
q
F
G
A
L
L
L

,
_

Re
,
Khi A < 0,3 cho vt chm bng s c d < 30 mm, ta c:
3
1
1
) ( A p
p
ck
c

(10)
L
L
L
Fa
G

4
Re
(11)
2.4. im lt ca ct chm
Khi ct chm b ngp lt, cht lng chim ton b khong trng trong phn
chm, cc dng chy b xo trn mnh lit, hin tng ny rt bt li cho s hot ng
ca ct chm. Gi gi tr ca G
L
tng ng vi trng thi ny l G
L
*
.

Hnh 2: Gin lt ca ct chm
Zhavoronkov kt lun rng trng thi ngp lt xy ra khi hai nhm s sau c s
lin h nht nh vi nhau cho mi ct.
2 0
2
3
1
2
,
. .
.
t
L
G ck
g
v a f

,
_

(12)

2
41
v
L
G
G
L

2
(13)
Vi f
ck
: h s ma st ct kh.
v: vn tc di ca dng kh ngay trc khi vo ct, m/s.
t

: nht tng i ca cht lng so vi nc.

nc
l
t

, nu cht lng l
nc th
1
t

.
Do s lin h gia
1
,
2
trn gin log
1
log
2
s xc nh mt gin
lt ca ct chm, phn gii hn hot ng ca ct chm di ng ny.
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT V NGUYN VT LIU
A. HA CHT
STT Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

B. DNG C
STT Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1
2

C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Thit b ct chm 1
2

4. S NGUYN L THIT B
I-My thi kh 1,2-Van iu chnh lu lng dng kh
II-Lu lng k dng kh 3-Van x nc ng trong ng kh
III-Ct chm 4,6-Van iu chnh lu lng dng lng
IV-Bn cha 5-Van to ct lng ngn kh
V-Bm 7-Van iu chnh mc nc trong ct chm
VI- Lu lng k dng lng 8-Van x nhanh khi lt ct chm
D-lp m vng s Raschig 9-Van x y bn cha
42
5. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
5.1. Chun b
- Lm quen vi h thng thit b, tm hiu cc van v tc dng ca n.
- Lm quen vi thit b o nhit , cc v tr o v cch iu chnh cng tc o.
- Lm quen vi cch iu chnh lu lng.
- Xc nh cc i lng cn o.
- Lp bng ghi kt qu o.
Kh 1 2 3 4 5
43
Lng(l/p)
0
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.2. Trnh t th nghim
1) Kha li tt c cc van lng (t 4 n 8).
2) M van 2 v kha van 1, 3.
3) Cho qut chy trong 5 pht thi ht m trong ct. Tt qut.
4) M van 4 v 7. Sau cho bm chy.
5) M van 5 v t t kha van 4 chnh mc lng y ct ngang bng vi ng
nh mc g. Tt bm v kha van 5.
6) o gim p ca ct kh:
Kha tt c cc van lng li. M van 1 cn 2 vn ng. Cho qut chy ri t
t m van 2 chnh lu lng kh vo ct.
ng vi mi gi tr lu lng kh chn ta c P
ck
trn p k U theo
mmH
2
O. o xong tt qut, ngh 5 pht.
7) o gim p khi ct t:
M qut v iu chnh lu lng kh qua ct khong 15 20%.
M van 4 v cho bm chy. Dng van 6 ti lu lng k chnh lu lng
lng. Nu 6 m ti a m phao vn khng ln th dng van 4 tng lng
lng.
ng vi lu lng lng chn c nh, ta chnh lu lng kh v c
gim p P
c
ging nh P
ck
trc . Ch l tng lng kh n im lt
th thi.
Ch :
44
1. Trong qu trnh o gim p ca ct t, sinh vin cn canh gi mc lng
y ct lun n nh chiu cao y bng cch chnh van 7. Nu cn, tng
cng van 8 nc trong ct thot v bnh cha.
2. Khi tt my phi tt bm lng trc, m ti a van 8 sau tt qut BK.
6. PHC TRNH
6.1. Cc s liu lin quan n ct chm
Ct thy tinh:
ng knh d = 0,09 m.
Chiu cao H = 0,805 m.
Chiu cao phn chm h = 0,6 m.
Vt chm xp ngu nhin, vng Raschig ng knh 16 mm, b mt ring a = 350
m
2
/m
3
, xp = 0,67.
6.2. Kt qu tnh ton:
Bng 1: Cc tr s kt qu khi ct kh L = 0
G, kg/s.m
2
P
ck
/Z, (N/m
2
)/m
f
ck
Re
ck
Bng 2: Cc tr s kt qu trng hp ct t (mi bng ng vi mt tr s ca L)
G, kg/s.m
2
P
ck
/Z, (N/m
2
)/m f
c
= . f
ck
Re
c
Bng 3: Cc tr s kt qu khi ct lt
G
*
, kg/s.m
2
L/G
*

1

2
Bng 4: Cc kt qu, h thc thc nghim
Mi lin h Kt qu thc nghim
P
ck
/Z theo G
P
c
/Z theo G
f
ck
theo Re
c
f
c
theo Re
c
theo L ti G
1
, G
2
,
6.3. th
45
log P
ck
/Z theo logG v P
c
/Z theo L v G
log f
ck
v logf
c
theo Re
c
log theo L (ti vi v tr ca G di im gia trng)
Gin lt ca ct log
1
theo log
2
7. CU HI CHUN B
1. Cc yu t nh hng n gim p ca ct kh?
2. Thp chm c ng dng trong nhng lnh vc no? u v nhc im ca
chng?
3. C my loi vt chm? Chng c ch to t vt liu g?
4. Kch thc vt chm cn phi tha mn iu kin g? Ti sao?
5. La chn vt chm cn phi tha mn nhng iu kin g?
6. u v nhc im ca vt chm bng s?
7. Trong th nghim cc s liu o c cng nh lu lng ca cc dng c n
nh khng? Ti sao?
8. Trong th nghim c my im cn lu ? im no quan trng nht?
9. Ti sao phi duy tr mc lng y ct?
10. C my loi qut? K tn? Qut trong bi ny l loi g? Cao p hay thng?
11. Ti sao phi nghin cu th ca thp chm t im gia trng n im lt?
12. Cng thc tnh vn tc lm vic ti u trong thp chm?
13. Cng thc tnh h s tr lc do ma st trong thp chm cc ch chy (Re)
khc nhau?
14. Cng thc tng qut tnh tn tht p sut trong thp chm? Gii thch cc tha
s trong cng thc v mc nh hng ca chng n gim p.
15. Thp chm lm vic ch no l tt nht? Thc t c th vn hnh ch
ny hay khng? Ti sao?
46
Bai 6: LC KHUNG BN
1. MC CH TH NGHIM
- Lm quen vi cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lc khung bn.
- Bit ch vn hnh, kim tra trc khi vn hnh thit b.
- Vn hnh th nghim lc huyn ph CaCO
3
trong nc vi p sut khng i.
- Xc nh cc h s lc theo s liu th nghim thu c.
2. C S L THUYT
2.1. Lc cht lng
Lc l qu trnh phn ring cc hn hp nh 1 vt ngn xp, vt ngn xp c kh
nng cho 1 pha i qua cn pha kia c gi li nn cn gi l vch ngn lc.
2.2. Nguyn tc lc
To ra trn huyn ph mt p sut P
1
, pha lng xuyn qua cc mao dn, pha rn b
gi li. Chnh lch gia hai vch ngn gi l ng lc qu trnh lc.
P = P
1
P
2

C th to ng lc ca qu trnh lc bng cc cch sau:
- Ct p thy tnh
- Bng my bm hay my nn
- Bng bm chn khng
Cn bng vt tcht trong qu trnh lc:
Vh = V0 + V1 = Va + V
Gh = G0 + G1 = Ga + G
V
h
, G
h
: Th tch v khi lng hn hp huyn ph em i lc.
V
0
, G
0
: Th tch v khi lng cht rn kh.
V
1
, G
1
: Th tch v khi lng nc lc nguyn cht.
Va, Ga : Th tch v khi lng b m
V, G : Th tch v khi lung nc lc cha nguyn cht.
47
m ca b :
a
o a
a
G
G G
W

( % kg m / kg vt liu t).
2.3. Phng trnh tc lc
2.3.1. Tc lc v cc yu t nh hng
Lng nc lc thu c trn mt n v din tch b mt vch ngn lc trn mt
n v thi gian gi l tc lc.
, /
dV
W m s
Fd

Trong :
V Th tch nc lc thu c, m
3
F Din tch b mt vch lc, m
2
- thi gian lc, s
Qu trnh lc huyn ph ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Tnh cht huyn ph:
nht, kch thc v hnh dng pha phn tn; ng lc qu trnh lc; tr lc b v vch
ngn; din tch b mt vch lc.
2.3.2. Theo DAKSI, tc lc c th biu din di dng phng trnh sau:
( )
dV P
W
Fd
R R
v
b

+
(5.2)
Trong :
- nht ca pha lin tc, Ns/m
2
R
b
= 1/P
b
tr lc ca b lc (tn tht p sut qua lp b), 1/m
R
v
=1/P
v
tr lc ca vch lc (tn tht p sut qua vch lc), 1/m
2.3.3. Lc vi p sut khng i, P = const
phng trnh lc c dng
q
2
+ 2.C.q = K
q = V/F lng nc lc ring
0 0
.
v
R
C
r X

;
0 0
2.
. .
P
K
r X

V
V
X
a

0
- t s gia th tch b m thu c v lng nc lc
r
0
tr lc ring theo th tch ca b lc (1/m
2
)
2.3.4. Lc vi tc lc khng i, W=const
phng trnh lc c dng
48
q
2
+ Cq =
K

2
3. THIT B, DNG C, HA CHT V NGUYN VT LIU
A. HA CHT
STT Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 CaCO
3
kg 3 Cho nhm 20SV
2

B. DNG C
STT Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 ng ong 1lit ci 3
2

C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
1 Thit b lc khung bn 1
2

4. S NGUYN L THIT B
1. Khung khuy huyn ph
2. Bm huyn ph
3. Thit b lc khung bn
4. p k
49
1
2
3
1
5. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM
5.1. Chun b
- Lm quen vi h thng thit b, tm hiu cc van v tc dng ca n.
- Lm quen vi thit b o p sut, cch iu chnh lu lng, cc v tr o v cch
iu chnh cng tc
- Xc nh cc i lng cn o.
- Lp bng ghi kt qu o
Bng1: s liu th ngim
P
1
(s)
V(l)
. P
2
(s)
V(l)
P
3
(s)
V(l)
5.2. Trnh t th nghim
- Pha 500 g bt CaCO
3
vo 20lt nc c dd huyn ph lc
- ng van V1 v van V2
- Cho dd pha vo bn cha.
- Bt cng tc my khuy, khuy u hn hp dd CaCO3.
- M van V3, V4,V5,V6.
- M bm, iu chnh p sut bng V4 khi ng h p sut ch mc mong mun
- Hng dd lc u C1 v ghi nhn th tch trong mi thi gian 30 giy.
- Lm th nghim vi cc ch p sut khc nhau
6. PHC TRNH
- Tnh nng sut ca qu trnh lc (Q)
50
Q=V/
- Tnh lng nc lc ring (q)
q = V/S
Trong :
V: th tch nc lc thu c
S: din tch b mt lc (o trn thit b lc)
: thi gian lc
- Xc nh cc h s C, K v r
o
trong phng trnh lc
Lu : C v K xc nh bng 2 phng php th v i s
Bng 2: tnh Q, q v /q.
P
1
V
Q
.
q
/q.
Bng 3: gi tr C, K v r
o
theo P
,
vi
o
o
X K
P
r
. .
2

P
C K r
o
- V th cho mi th nghim lc
+ V gin /q theo q
+ S bin i ca tr lc ro theo p sut lc, v ng biu din log r
o
theo logP
7. CU HI CHUN B:
1. Nu mc ch bi th nghim?
2. Lc s dng dng lm g? Cho v d?
3. Nu cc phng php to chnh lch p sut khi lc?
51
4. Lc c my ch , c c trng bng i lng no?
5. Lc n nh v lc khng n nh l g? u nhc im?
6. Phng trnh vi phn lc v nghim ca n?
7. Nu s th nghim lc khung bn ?
8. Nu cu to nguyn l hat ng, u nhc im v phm vi s dng ca lc
khung bn?
9. Trnh t tin hnh th nghim?
10. Phng php s l s liu th nghim?
11. Cc i lng cn o trong bi?
12. K tn mt vi loi thit b lc ngoi lc khung bn?
13. Nu cc phng php tng nng sut lc?
14. Nu cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh lc?
15. Trnh by phng trnh lc khi p sut khng i v nga ca cc i lng?
16. Nu phng trnh lc khi tc khng i v nga ca cc i lng?
52
PHU LUC
BANG D TRU TNG
A. HA CHT
Tn ha cht Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
Cn 96% Lt 6 Cho nhm 20SV
CaCO
3
kg 3 Cho nhm 20SV
B. DNG C
Tn dng c Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
Prix k 0-100% Ci 1
Cn k 0-100% Ci 1
ng ong 100ml Ci 1
ng ong 1000ml Ci 3
C. THIT B
Tn thit b Quy cch /v tnh S lng Ghi ch
Thit b c t 1
Thit b chng ct cn 1
Thit b truyn nhit
ng lng ng
1
Thit b sy i lu 1
Thit b ct chm 1
Thit b lc khung bn 1
53
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[1] Nguyn Knh, K thut thc phm 1,2,3, Nh xut bn Lao ng, 2008
[2] Nguyn Vn La, Cc Qu trnh v thit b c hc, tp 1, quyn 1, Khuy lng lc,
NXB HQG TPHCM nm 2003.
[3] Nguyn Vn Lc v cc tc gi, cc qu trnh v thit b c hc, tp 1, quyn 2,
Bm, qut , my nn v ng ng, NXB HQG TPHCM nm 2003.
[4] Phm Xun Ton, Qu trnh v Thit b Truyn nhit, Tp 5, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc K thut H ni, 2005.
[5] V Vn Bang, V B Minh Truyn khi Trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph
H Ch Minh, 2001
[6] Phm Vn Bn, V B Minh, Hong Minh Nam, V d v bi tp - tp 10, i hc
Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1995.
[7] Khoa cng ngh thc phm, Th nghim qu trnh v thit b, Trng i hc Cng
Ngh Thc Phm Tp HCM
[8] X c lp, Tnh ton v thit k my ch bin bo qun thc phm, NXB Khoa hc
K thut H Ni-1983
[9] Wilhelm, L.R., D.A. Suter and G.H. Brusewitz, Food & Process Engineering
Technology textbook. St. Joseph, Michigan: ASAE. American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 2005.
54