Energy Scenario

Energy demand

Current energy production status

Solar energy potential

Career opportunities

Solar
Radiation
availability
Photo-
voltaic
Effect
Working
of Solar
Cell
Selection
of Battery,
Charge
controller,
Inverter
Optimized
system
design
What could be the amount of solar
energy impacting the surface of earth ?

The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere,
oceans and land masses is approximately
3,850,000 exajoule (EJ) per year.

1 EJ = 10
18
J

Energy from sun
on the earth
in 1 hour
Energy used by whole world
in 1 year
hv E =
eV
m
E
) (
24 . 1

=
~ 0.5% ~ 0.5% 7.6% 48.4 % 43%
Ref: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter2/sw_atm.html
Measurements indicate that the energy flow received from sun
outside the earths atmosphere is essentially constant at particular
distance

The rate at which energy is received from sun on a unit
area perpendicular to the rays of sun is called as Intensity
What is Intensity ?
How does it vary with the distance ?
Radiation is inversely proportional to square of the distance
At the mean distance of sun and earth, rate at which energy is
received from sun on unit area perpendicular to rays of sun is solar
constant

Its value is 1367 W/m
2
= I
sc

What will be the average intensity falling on earth ?
Assumed
to be
Only for
calculation of
average radiation
What will be the actual solar radiation intensity
at specific day ?
|
.
|

\
|
+ = )
365
360
cos( 033 . 0 1
'
n
I I
sc sc
Where n is the day of the year
Beam radiations (Direct )
Diffused radiations (Diffuse from sky + Reflected from ground)
Global (Beam+Diffused)
PYRANOMETER

Measures global or diffuse radiation
Principle of heating proportional to radiation
1. The pyronometer is consist of black surface which heats up when
exposed to solar radiation
2. Its temperature increases until the rate of heat gain by solar radiation
equals the rate of heat loss.
3. The hot junction of a thermopile are attached to the black surface,
while cold junctions are located on side plate so they do not receive the
radiation directly.
4. EMF is generated (in range of 0 to 10mV)
5. Integrated over a period of time and is a measure of the global
radiation
How does it works !!!
For measuring Global radiations -
For measuring diffused radiation
1. This is done by mounting it at the centre of a
semicircular shading ring.

2. Ring is fixed in such a way that its plane is
parallel to plane of the path of the suns daily
movement.

3. Hence, the pyranometer measures only the
diffused radiation using same principal of
thermopile
PYRANOMETER with shading ring
PYRHELIOMETER

Measures beam (direct) solar radiation,
principle similar to Pyranometer is used,
but only direct radiation falls on the detector

In contrast to a pyrnometer, the black absorber plate
(with the hot junction of thermopile attached to it)
is located at base.

The direct (beam radiation) can be measured
Amount of solar radiation on an object will depend on
Location

Day of year

Time of day

Inclination of the object

Orientation of object (w.r.t. North-south direction)


Here the Object is solar panel, but it is true of any object (For solar thermal also!)
Latitude Longitude
()
Day of the year is characterized by an angle
Called as Declination angle ()
Angle made by line joining center of the sun and the earth w.r.t to
projection on equatorial plane (+23.45
o
to -23.45
o
)
Animated video
Declination Angle
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Days of year
D
e
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
Dec-
21
Sep
21
Mar-
21
Dec-
21
June
21
|
.
|

\
|
+ = ) 284 (
365
360
sin 45 . 23 n o
n day of year (=1 for Jan-1)
n=1 Jan 1, n=335 Dec 1, for June-21, what would be n?
This is to take care of daily variation of solar radiations
Graphically
Time of the day
Time is based on the rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun
It is characterized by Hour angle (w)

It is angular measure of time w.r.t. solar noon (LAT),
Since 360
o
corresponds to 24 hours
15
o
corresponds to 1 hour
W = 15 (12 - LAT )
Local
apparent
time
In hour
Hour
angle
15
degree
per hour
With
reference
to solar
noon
Tilt of solar collector |

O
Horizontal plane
S
N
Solar collector
90
O
Normal to collector
|
| is tilt of collector w.r.t. to horizontal plane
Orientation of object (w.r.t. North-south direction)
Surface azimuth angle ()

Normal to
the plane
South direction (horizontal plane)
For inclined object
It can vary from -180
O
to +180
O

Positive if the normal is east of south
And Negative if the normal is west of south
For object on the horizontal plane
=0
O
Normal to
the plane
Surface azimuth angle ()
South direction (horizontal plane)
In order to find the beam energy falling on a surface
having any orientation,
it is necessary to convert the value of the beam flux coming from the
direction of the sun to an equivalent value corresponding to the normal
direction to the surface.

beam flux
Equivalent flux
falling normal
to surface
u cos
n
b b
I I =
I
b

I
bn
Normal to
the plane

is affected by five parameters
- Latitude of location ()
- Day of year ()
- Time of the day (w)
- Inclination of surface ()
- Orientation in horizontal plane ()

z
Solid lines are reference lines
Vertical
(
z
= Zenith angle)




South direction (horizontal plane)
Latitude () angle of a location on earth w.r.t. to equatorial plane
Surface azimuth angle (+90
o
to -90
o
, +ve in the north)

Declination angle () Angle made by line joining center of the sun and the
earth w.r.t to projection on equatorial plane (+23.45
o
to -23.45
o
)

Hour angle (w) angular measure of time w.r.t. noon (LAT), 15
o
per hour,
(+180
o
to -180
o
, +ve in the morning)

Surface slope () Angle of the surface w.r.t horizontal plane (0 to 180
o
)

Surface azimuth angle () angle between surface normal and south
direction in horizontal plane, (+180
o
to -180
o
, +ve in the east of south)


Angle of Sun rays on collector
| e o
| o | e o |
| e o | o | u
sin sin sin cos
) sin cos sin cos cos (cos cos
) sin cos cos cos cos (sin sin cos
+
+
+ =
Incidence angle of rays on collector (|)
(w.r.t. to collector normal)
Latitude ()
Surface azimuth angle ()
Hour angle (w)
Surface slope ()
Declination angle ()

Case-1: i.e. = 0
o
. Thus, for the horizontal surface, then :
(Slope is zero)
z
u e o | o | u cos cos cos cos sin sin cos = + =
Case-2: =0
o
, collector facing due south
) cos( cos cos ) sin( sin cos | | e o | | o u + =
Will see the significance of special cases in later part
India, being in the Northern Hemisphere, experiences a
sun that is predominantly coming at us from the South.

There is of course deviance throughout the seasons,
but ideally solar panels should be facing as close to
true South as possible to reduce the impact that the
Winter seasons have on efficiency.

When sun is coming at us from north (anyways the days
are going to be cloudy) so this orientation is not
preferred

Also, the Radiation is symmetric about the true south
Calculate the angle made by beam radiation with the
normal to a PV panel on May 1 at 0900 h (Local
Apparent time) the panel is located in NEW DELHI
(28
O
35n,77
O
21E). It is tilted at angle of 36
O
with the
horizontal and pointing due south.
Solution
Tilt angle = =36
o
Longitude= =28
o
35=28.55
Orientation = =0
o
(due facing south)
From given -
Lets find out all the parameters

Hour angle =W = 15 (12-LAT)
= 45
O
Calculation -
= 14.90
o

Declination angle -
We need to characterize time and day parameter
..For LAT = 9h
|
.
|

\
|
+ = ) 284 (
365
360
sin 45 . 23 n o
For May 1 , n=121
= 48.90
O

Result -
Use all parameters to find cos
| e o
| o | e o |
| e o | o | u
sin sin sin cos
) sin cos sin cos cos (cos cos
) sin cos cos cos cos (sin sin cos
+
+
+ =
Answer
Cos = 0.65
Calculate the power output of array at location and conditions given
at last problem.
The beam radiations in direction of the rays (I
bn
) is 1000W/m
2
with
Total cell area = 15 m
2

Efficiency = 12.5%

From last solution
cos = 0.65

Power output from array = (Normal incident flux) X Cell area X Efficiency
= (1000Xcos ) X 15 X 0.125
= (1000X0.65)X 15X0.125
= 1218.75 W

We will learn this in later section of
course
We need to calculate this angle each time we
find the energy output at particular time period
We will develop a code for these calculations
Such code is actually used in many simulation software !
Can be used to develop your own software
Define variables
Call up different
parameters
Give input
values
Set formulae Display output
While developing the code
Include declarations of the basic standard library
Use the angle values in radiations

#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

//algorithm in C++

// Output




How will the code look like !
Now develop the code

Our aim to find out the optimum tilt angle of the panel () so
that cos should be maximum


2 tracking modes are usually employed for this.

Single Axis
Double Axis Tracking

For the power output to be maximum, the incident
radiation must be perpendicular to the panel.


A solar tracker is used to orient the panel such that the incident radiation
is perpendicular to the panel.

u cos
n
b b
I I =
Recall
Optimum inclination for fixed collector
But this will require continuous tracking of position of sun
Continuous tracking of sun will ensure that the sunrays are
always perpendicular to the solar panel
(tilt angle= is changed to ensure that incident angle= = 0)


So lets find out optimal angle for fixed
collectors
Optimum angle for fixed panel
What should be the optimum tilt angle (|) for south facing fixed
collector located in Mumbai?
Collector should be perpendicular to the sun rays

If collector is not moving, it should be perpendicular to sun
rays at noon time.
| is tilt of collector w.r.t. to horizontal plane
Optimum angle for fixed panel
o | | =
The inclination of the fixed collector (facing South) w.r.t.
horizontal at noon time should be
Under this condition at noon time Sun rays will be perpendicular to the
collector
One need to estimate declination angle for a given day, when
optimum inclination is to be estimated
Using case 2 - : =0
o
, collector facing due south
) cos( cos cos ) sin( sin cos | | e o | | o u + =
) cos( cos o | | u =
At noon,
0 = e
0 = u
o | | u =
For optimal radiations
o | | = 0
Optimum Inclination over a Year
The noon position of the sun is changes throughout the year
What is optimum position of collector for whole year
(we need to estimate average value of declination angle over year)

-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Days of year
D
e
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
Average o is Zero over the year

Hence | = |
What should be fixed collector inclination in summer?
Average inclination over a month
(o
a
= is monthly average)
Optimum Inclination over a Month
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Days of year
D
e
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
Summer and winter orientation for
maximum energy production
best winter performance collector should be mounted at |+15
o
.
best summer performance collector should be mounted at |-15
o
.
This can be termed as number of sun shine hours
This will be dependant on Sunrise and Sunset at
particular location
How to find Sunshine hours
(number of hours for which sun is available)
For horizontal collector
From special case 1
= 0
o
. Thus, for the
horizontal surface
e o | o | u cos cos cos sin sin cos + =
o | e tan tan cos =
For sunrise as well as for sunset the u=90
o

o | e tan tan cos =
This equation yields a positive and a negative value for w
s
Positive corresponds to Sunrise
And negative corresponds to sunset
Since 360
o
corresponds to 24 hours
15
o
corresponds to 1 hour
Corresponding day length will be
) tan tan ( cos
15
2
1
max
o | =

S
S
max
(day length or maximum number of sunshine hours)
And this will be used in simulation in the form of (Horizon) in later classes
Similarly, it can be found out for inclined surface (Home assignment)
Calculate the hour angle at sunrise and sunset sun shine hours
on January 10 for a horizontal panel and facing due south
(=0
o
). The panel is located in Mumbai (19
o
07 N,72
o
51E)
On January 1, n=10

} tan ) tan( { cos
1
o | e =

s
Latitude = = 19.12
o
= -22.03
o

Declination angle =
Solution
= 81.93
O
) tan tan ( cos
15
2
1
max
o | =

S
S
max
= 10.92 h

Maximum number of sunshine hours
) 81.93 (
15
2
max
= S
Maximum sunshine hour = 10 h 55min

Local apparent time (LAT)
As sun cant be exactly overhead for all location at same time

Due to difference in location there is difference in actual time

Normally the standard time for a country is based on a noon (overhead
Sun position) at a particular longitude

Correction in the real noon time by considering the difference in the
longitude w.r.t. standard longitude of that country, 1
o
longitude
difference = 4 min.


tion timecorrec of Eq Long Long T LAT
local st st
. ) ( 4 + =
Difference in
longitude of location
Correction factors
Due to the fact that earths orbit and
rate of rotation are subject to small
variation
Equation of time correction
Difference in longitude of location
Indian Standard Time (IST)
is calculated on the basis of
82.5 E longitude, from a clock
tower in

Mirzapur (25.15N, 82.58E)
(near Allahabad in the state
of Uttar Pradesh)
Determine the local apparent time (LAT) corresponding
to 1430h (Indian Standard Time) at Mumbai (19
o
07N ,
72
o
51E) on May 1. In India, standard time is based
on 82.50
o
E.
1430h = 870min
LAT = 870min 4(82.50 72.85)min + (3.5 min)
= 870min 38.6 min + 3.5 min
= 834.9min
= 1355h
Solar radiations

Measuring instruments

Parameters that define energy received by a particular object

Basic codes in simulation software

Local apparent time



ANY QUESTIONS