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1. a + b = b + a
2. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
3. 0 + a = a + 0 = a
4. (a - n) + (b + n) = a + b
5. (a - n) + (b - n) = a + b - n x 2
6. (a + n) + (b + n) = (a + b) + n x 2
7. Nu mt s hng c gp ln n ln, ng thi cc s hng cn li c
gi nguyn th tng c tng ln mt s ng bng (n - 1) ln s hng
c gp ln .
8. Nu mt s hng b gim i n ln, ng thi cc s hng cn li c gi
nguyn th tng b gim i mt s ng bng (1 - ) s hng b gim i .
9. Trong mt tng c s lng cc s hng l l l th tng l mt s l.
10. Trong mt tng c s lng cc s hng l l chn th tng l mt s
chn.
11. Tng ca cc s chn l mt s chn.
12. Tng ca mt s l v mt s chn l mt s l.
13. Tng ca hai s t nhin lin tip l mt s l.
B. PHP TR
1. a - (b + c) = (a - c) - b = (a - b) - c
2. Nu s b tr v s tr cng tng (hoc gim) n n v th hiu ca chng
khng i.
3. Nu s b tr c gp ln n ln v gi nguyn s tr th hiu c tng
thm mt s ng bng (n -1) ln s b tr. (n > 1).
4. Nu s b tr gi nguyn, s tr c gp ln n ln th hiu b gim i (n 1) ln s tr. (n > 1).
5. Nu s b tr c tng thm n n v, s tr gi nguyn th hiu tng ln
n n v.
6. Nu s b tr tng ln n n v, s tr gi nguyn th hiu gim i n n
v.
C.PHP NHN
1. a x b = b x a
2. a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c
3. a x 0 = 0 x a = 0
4. a x 1 = 1 x a = a
5. a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
6. a x (b - c) = a x b - a x c
4. a : c + b : c = (a + b) : c (c > 0)
5. Trong php chia, nu s b chia tng ln (gim i) n ln (n > 0) ng thi
s chia gi
nguyn th thng cng tng ln (gim i) n ln.
6. Trong mt php chia, nu tng s chia ln n ln (n > 0) ng thi s b
chia gi nguyn th thng gim i n ln v ngc li.7. Trong mt php
chia, nu c s b chia v s chia u cng gp (gim) n ln (n > 0) th
thng khng thay i.8. Trong mt php chia c d, nu s b chia v s
chia cng c gp (gim) n ln (n > 0) th s d cng c gp (gim ) n
ln.
E. TNH GI TR CA BIU THC
1. Biu thc khng c du ngoc n ch c php cng v php tr (hoc ch
c php nhn v php chia) th ta thc hin cc php tnh theo th t t tri
sang phi.
V d: 542 + 123 - 79
482 x 2 : 4
= 665 - 79
= 964 : 4
= 586
= 241
2. Biu thc khng c du ngoc n, c cc php tnh cng, tr, nhn, chia
th ta thc hin cc php tnh nhn, chia trc ri thc hin cc php tnh
cng tr sau.
V d: 27 : 3 - 4 x 2
=9-8=1
3. Biu thc c du ngoc n th ta thc hin cc php tnh trong ngoc n
trc, cc php tnh ngoi du ngoc n sau
V d: 25 x (63 : 3 + 24 x 5)
= 25 x (21 + 120)
=25 x 141
=3525