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LI NI U Trong nhng nm gn y trn th gii cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip ch to linh kin bn dn v vi mch tng hp, mt hng pht trin mi ca cc vi x l hnh thnh l cc vi iu khin. Vi nhiu u im, vi iu khin c s dng rng ri trn nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Bng cch p dng vi u khin trong qu trnh sn xut v x l, vi iu khin thc s th hin c u th ca mnh so vi cc thit b iu khin thng thng. V nhng l do trn, trong nhiu trng i Hc, Cao ng, vi x l thc s tr thnh mt mn hc ht sc quan trng, vi x l 8051 gn nh l mt mn hc s dng trang b cho chng ta nhng kin thc c bn v vi x l, t m rng ra cc loi vi x l khc c cu trc phc tp hn nh AVR, PIC, Qua bo co ny, gip chng em c c hnh dung thc t vi x l c p dng nh th no trong cuc sng hin i, c th chnh l h thng n giao thng dng vi iu khin AT89C51.Gm 4 chng: Phn 1: Tng quan v n giao thng, gii thiu khi qut ti, cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng n giao thng, nguyn l hot ng, ngn ng s dng v phn mm m phng. Phn 2: Nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n s gip , ch bo tn tnh ca c L Phng Quyn trong sut thi gian chng em thc hin bo co ny ny. nng, thng 5 nm 2013 Nhm sinh vin thc hin: Trn Thanh Hin Nguyn Hu Khnh Ton Phan Xun Lc Phan Cng Chu L Hong Phc
PHN 1:
Yu cu:
-Hai led 7 on hin th giy. -Ba led n hin th n:xanh,vng,.Hai led xanh cho ngi i b. -n sng trong vng 30 giy,n vng 3 giy, eng xanh 27 giy. -Mt nt n dng chng trnh iu khin n giao thng ban ngy,m ch hin th duy nht n vng,tt led 7 on,tt n ,n xanh. -Mt nt n quay tr li iu khin n giao thng chy ch bnh thng. -Mt nt nhn khn cp cho ngi i b khi cn sang ng gp.
1.1 Nguyn l hot ng: Mch n giao thng hot ng da trn ni dung lp trnh cho AT89C51, khi c tc ng t cc nt iu khin mch hot ng theo ng thi gian yu cu. AT89C51 a d liu n cc LED xanh, , vng iu khin cc LED ny ng, m. Ngoi ra, n cn xut d liu n cc BJT tng dng cho cc LED 7 on, cc BJT s iu khin vic ng m cc LED 7 on. LED 7 on cn nhn d liu t vi iu khin trung tm thc hin vic m li thi gian. Nh vy mi khi mch bt u thc hin m li, nu trc l bn ny n xanh hoc vng sng th trc l bn kia n sng v ngc li. B phn iu khin AT89C51 l cc nt nhn. Ty theo thi gian yu cu m ta iu khin cc trc giao thng sng. AT 89C51 s xut ra cc cng I/O nhng xung mc cao hoc mc thp iu khin cc BJT t iu khin cc n hin th. Khi AT89C51 nhn tn hiu iu khin t cc phm nhn, n s qut v tm ra chng trnh c m ha ph hp vi tn hiu iu khin hot ng. 1.2 Ngn ng s dng v phn mm m phng 1.2.1 1.2.2 Ngn ng: Phn mm m phng Assembly Phn mm Protues
H Thng n Giao Thng : Hnh: IC thi gian thc DS12C887 1.1.2 Kho st s chn ca DS12C887.
AD0-AD7 Bus a hp a ch/ d liu NC B trng MOT - La chn loi bus CS Ng vo la chn RTC AS Cht a ch R/W Ng vo c/ghi DS Cht d liu RESET\ - Ng voReset IRQ\ - Ng ra yu cu ngt SQW Ng ra sng vung VCC Ngun cung cp +5 Volt GND Mass
Hnh : s chn IC 74LS08 Cu to: IC 74LS08 gm 4 cng AND 2 u vo tch hp trn mt bn dn. u vo ca cng NOT ti cc chn: 1 2, 4 5, 9 10, 12 13, u ra ti cc chn: 3, 6, 8, 11, chn 8 ni ngun +5V, chn 7 ni t. Nguyn tc hot ng: 74LS08 hot ng nh cng AND cc li ra Y l tch ca 2 li vo A v B: Y i = Ai.Bi, I = 1,2,, 4. Led 7 on
Hnh 2.8: S kt ni led Led 7 on l mt linh kin hin th m 7 on chuyn dng, n hin th 6 gi tr tng ng vi m BCD Led 7 on c 2 loi : loi chung anot v loi chung catot. Led 7 ong cng c rt nhiu mu sc khc nhua. Trong n ny c s dng 4 led 7 on chung anot hin th thi gian
b. Bng thng s:
hiu VCEO
V V V mA oC
AT89S52 thch hp cho nhng ng dng iu khin. Vic x l trn byte v cc ton s hc cu trc d liu nh c thc hin bng nhiu ch truy xut d liu nhanh trn RAM ni. Tp lnh cung cp mt bng tin dng ca nhng lnh s hc 8 bit gm c lnh nhn v lnh chia. N cung cp nhng h tr m rng trn chip dng cho nhng bin mt bit nh l kiu d liu ring bit cho php qun l v kim tra bit trc tip trong h thng iu khin. AT89S52 cung cp nhng c tnh chun nh: 8 KByte b nh ch c c th xa v lp trnh nhanh (EPROM), 128 Byte RAM, 32 ng I/O, 3 TIMER/COUNTER 16 Bit, 5 vect ngt c cu trc 2 mc ngt, mt Port ni tip bn song cng, 1 mch dao ng to xung Clock v b dao ng ON-CHIP.Cc c im ca chip AT89S52 c tm tt nh sau: 8 KByte b nh c th lp trnh nhanh, c kh nng ti 1000 chu k ghi/xo Tn s hot ng t: 0Hz n 24 MHz 3 mc kha b nh lp trnh 9
H Thng n Giao Thng : 3 b Timer/counter 16 Bit 128 Byte RAM ni. 4 Port xut /nhp I/O 8 bit. Giao tip ni tip. 64 KB vng nh m ngoi 64 KB vng nh d liu ngoi. 4 s cho hot ng nhn hoc chia
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H Thng n Giao Thng : 1.2.1 Kho st s v chc nng cc chn AT89S52 1..2.1.1 S chn AT89S52:
Hnh 2.10 S chn ca AT89C51 1.4.1.2 Chc nng cc chn ca AT89S52: Vi iu khin AT89S52 c tt c 40 chn vi chc nng nh cc ng xut nhp. Trong c 24 chn c tc dng kp (c ngha 1 chn c 2 chc nng), mi chn c th hot ng nh ng xut nhp hoc nh ng iu khin hoc l thnh phn ca cc bus d liu v bus a ch. Cc Port ca 89S52 Port 0:
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H Thng n Giao Thng : T chn 32 n chn 39 (P0.0 _P0.7). Port 0 c 2 chc nng: trong cc thit k c nh khng dng b nh m rng n c chc nng nh cc ng IO, i vi thit k ln c b nh m rng n c kt hp gia bus a ch v bus d liu. Port 1: T chn 1 n chn 9 (P1.0 _ P1.7). Port 1 l port IO dng cho giao tip vi thit b bn ngoi nu cn. Port 2: Tt chn 21 n chn 28 (P2.0 _P2.7). Port 2 l mt port c tc dng kp dng nh cc ng xut/nhp hoc l byte cao ca bus a ch i vi cc thit b dng b nh m rng. Port 3: T chn 10 n chn 17 (P3.0 _ P3.7). Port 3 l port c tc dng kp. Cc chn ca port ny c nhiu chc nng, c cng dng chuyn i c lin h n cc c tnh c bit ca 89S52 nh bng sau: Bng 2.3 c tnh c bit ca 89S52 Bi t P3 .0 P3 .1 P3 .2 P3 .3 P3 .4 T0 Ng vo ca timer/couter 0.
INT1 INT0
Tn RxD TxD
Chc nng chuyn i D liu nhn cho port ni tip. D liu pht cho port ni tip. Ngt bn ngoi 0 Ngt bn ngoi 1
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P3 .5 P3 .6 P3 .7
T1
WR
RD
Cc ng tn hiu iu khin: Ng tn hiu PSEN (Program Store Enable): PSEN l tn hiu ng ra chn 29 c tc dng cho php c b nh chng trnh m rng thng c ni n chn c cc Byte m lnh. PSEN mc thp trong thi gian MicroController 8951 ly lnh. Cc m lnh ca chng trnh c c t Eprom qua Bus d liu v c cht vo thanh ghi lnh bn trong 8951 gii m lnh. Khi 8951 thi hnh chng trnh trong ROM ni PSEN s mc logic 1. Ng tn hiu iu khin cht a ch ALE (Address Latch Enable): 8951 s dng chn 30 xut tn hiu cho php cht a ch ALE(Address Latch Enable) d gii a hp (Demultiplexing) Bus a ch v Bus d liu. Tn ALE c tn s bng 1/6 tn s ca mch dao ng bn trong chip vi iu khin. Nu mch dao ng c tn s 12MHz, tn hiu ALE c tn s 2MHz. Chn ALE cn c dng nhn xung ng vo lp trnh cho Eprom trn chip i vi cc phin bn ca 8951 c Eprom. Chn truy xut ngoi EA( External Access): Ng vo ny (chn 31) c th c ni vi Vcc(logic 1) hoc vi GND(logic 0). Nu chn ny ni ln Vcc th 8951 thc thi chng trnh trong Rom ni(chng trnh nh hn). Nu chn ny ni vi GND( v chn PSEN cng logic 0) th 8951 s thi hnh chng trnh t b nh m rng. 13
OE
H Thng n Giao Thng : Nu chn AE logic 0 i vi 8051/8052. Rom ni bn trong chip c v hiu ha. Cc phin bn Eprom ca 8051 cn s dng chn EA lm chn nhn in p cp in 21V(Vpp) cho vic lp trnh Eprom ni(np Eprom). Chn RESET(RST): Ng vo RST chn s 9 l ng vo xa chnh (Master Reset) ca 8051 dng thit lp li trng thi ban u cho h thng hay gi l Reset h thng. Cc thanh ghi bn trong c np nhng gi tr thch hp khi ng h thng. Cc chn XTAL1 v XTAL2: Mch dao ng bn trong chip 8051 c ghp vi thch anh bn ngoi 2 chn XTAL1(chn 19) v XTAL2(chn 18). Tn s thch anh thng s dng cho 8951 l khong 12MHz (11.0592 MHz). Cc chn ngun: 89S52 s dng ngun n +5V. Vcc c ni vo chn 40 v Vss (GND) c ni vo chn 20. 2.1.1 Cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit: Cc thanh ghi ni ca AT89C51 c truy xut ngm nh bi b lnh, c nh dng nh mt phn ca RAM trn chip v vy mi thanh ghi s c mt a ch (ngoi tr thanh ghi b m chng trnh v thanh ghi lnh v cc thanh ghi ny him khi b tc ng trc tip). Vi iu khin AT89C51 c 21 thanh ghi c chc nng c bit vng trn ca RAM ni t a ch 80H n FFH. Tt c 128 a ch t 80H n FFH khng c nh ngha, ch c 21 thanh ghi c chc nng c bit c nh ngha sn cc a ch. 2.1.2. Thanh ghi iu khin b nh thi/b m TCON ( Timer/Counter Control Register): Thanh ghi ny bao gm cc bit trng thi v cc bit iu khin bi Timer 0, Timer 1. Thanh ghi TCON c bit nh v. K hiu: TCON 14
H Thng n Giao Thng : Chc nng: iu khin b nh thi/b m. a ch byte: 88H nh a ch bit: c. TF1 7 nh ngha bit: K hiu TF1 V tr TCON.7 TR1 6 TF0 5 TR0 4 IE1 3 IT1 2 IE0 1 IT0 0
a ch 8FH
M t C trn b nh thi 1. c Set bi phn cng khi b nh thi/m b trn, c xa bi phn mm hoc phn cng khi trnh phc v ngt c tr Bit iu khin b nh thi 1 hot ng. c
Set/Clear bi phn mm iu khin b nh thi 11 hot ng hoc ngng hot ng. C trn b nh thi 0 Bit iu khin b nh thi 0 hot ng. C ngt ngoi 1 tc ng cnh. c Set bi phn cng khi pht hin c ngt ngoi tc ng cnh, c xa bi phn cng khi ngt c x l. Bit iu khin chn ngt. c Set/Clear xc
nh ngt ngoi thuc loi tc ng cnh xung hay tc ng mc thp. C ngt ngoi 0 tc ng cnh. Bit iu khin chn loi ngt.
2.1.3 Thanh ghi TMOD (Timer/Counter Mode Control Register): Thanh ghi ny gm 2 nhm 4 bit: 4 bit thp t mode hot ng cho Timer 0 v 4 bit cao t mode hot ng cho Timer 1. K hiu: TMOD Chc nng: iu khin chn ch nh thi/b m. a ch byte: 89H nh a ch bit: khng. Timer 1 Timer 0 15
H Thng n Giao Thng : GATE 7 nh ngha bit: K hiu GATE C/T 6 M1 5 M0 4 GATE 3 C/T 2 M1 1 M0 0
M t Bit iu khin cng. Khi bit TRx trong TCON c Set bng 1 v GATE = 1, b nh thi/m ch hot ng trong khi chn INTx mc cao(iu khin cng). Khi bit GATE = 0, b nh thi/m ch hot ng trong khi chn TRx mc cao(iu khin mm). Bit chn chc nng m hay nh thi cho b nh thi/m. Khi C/T =
C/T M1 M0
0, b nh thi/m hot ng nh thi(dng xung Clock nhn t ng vo Tx). Bit chn ch . Bit chn ch .
Hai bit M1,M0 dng chn mode Timer 0 v Timer 1: M1 M0 Ch M t 0 0 0 B nh thi 13 bit (tng thch h 8048). 0 1 1 B nh thi/m 16 bit. 1 0 2 B nh thi/m 8 bit t ng np li. B nh thi 0: TL0 l b nh thi/m 8 bit c iu khin 1 1 3 bi cc bit iu khin b nh thi 0. TH0 l b nh thi 8 bit c iu khin bi cc bit iu khin b nh thi 1. B nh thi 1: B nh thi/m 1 ngng hot ng.
2.1.4 H cc thanh ghi phc v nh thi: H thanh ghi ny gm 4 thanh ghi n cho php lp trnh vin np gi tr cho b nh thi. Thc t ch 2 thanh ghi 16 bit nhng n c ct i thnh 4 thanh ghi 8 bit. Trong 2 thanh phc v cho Timer 0 v 2 thanh phc v cho Timer 1. B Timer 0 c hai thanh ghi l TH0 v TL0, hai thanh ghi ny khng nh a ch bit. Thanh ghi 8 bit TH0 Thanh ghi 8 bit TL0 16
H Thng n Giao Thng : a ch: 8CH a ch: 8AH B Timer 1 c hai thanh ghi l TH1 v TL1, hai thanh ghi ny khng nh a ch bit. Thanh ghi 8 bit TH1 a ch: 8DH Thanh ghi TIMER Vi iu Khin 89S52 c 3 timer 16 bit, mi timer c bn cch lm vic. Ngi ta s dng cc timer : o nh khong thi gian. o m s kin. o To tc baud cho port ni tip trong 89S52. Trong cc ng dng nh khong thi gian, ngi ta lp trnh timer nhng khong u n v t c trn timer. C c dng ng b ha chng trnh thc hin mt tc ng nh kim tra trng thi ca cc ng vo hoc gi s kin ra cc ng ra. Cc ng dng khc c th s dng vic to xung nhp u n ca timer o thi gian tri qua gia hai s kin (v d o rng xung). Thanh ghi ngt (INTERRUPT) Mt ngt l s xy ra mt iu kin, mt s kin m n gy ra treo tm thi thi chng trnh chnh trong khi iu kin c phc v bi mt chng trnh khc. Cc ngt ng mt vai tr quan trng trong thit k v ci t cc ng dng vi iu khin. Chng cho php h thng p ng bt ng b vi mt s kin v gii quyt s kin trong khi mt chng trnh khc ang thc thi. - T chc ngt ca 89S52: C 5 ngun ngt 89S52: 2 ngt ngoi, 2 ngt t timer v 1 ngt port ni tip. Tt c cc ngt theo mc nhin u b cm sau khi reset h thng v c cho php tng ci mt bng phn mm. Mc u tin ca cc ngt c lu trong thanh ghi IP (Interrupt Priority) hay ni cch khc thanh ghi IP cho php chn mc u tin cho cc ngt (gi tr thanh ghi IP khi reset l 00h). Bng 2.4 Tm tt thanh ghi IP Bi t IP K hiu _ a ch bit _ Khng c m t M t Thanh ghi 8 bit TL1 a ch: 8BH
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.7 IP .6 IP .5 IP .4 IP .3 IP .2 IP .1 IP .0 EX0 B8H ET0 B9H EX1 BAH ET1 BBH ES BCH ET2 BDH Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti timer 2 Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti cng ni tip. Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti timer 1 Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti ngt ngoi 1 Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti timer 0 Chn mc u tin cao (=1) hay thp (=0) ti ngt ngoi 0 Tm tt thanh ghi IP Nu 2 ngt xy ra ng thi th ngt no c no c mc u tin cao hn s c phc v trc. Nu 2 ngt xy ra ng thi c cng mc u tin th th t u tin c thc hin t cao n thp nh sau: ngt ngoi 0 timer 0 ngt ngoi 1 timer 1 cng ni tip timer 2. Nu chng trnh ca mt ngt c mc u tin thp ang chy m c mt ngt xy ra vi mc u tin cao hn th chng trnh ny tm dng chy mt chng trnh khc c mc u tin cao hn. - Cho php v cm ngt: Mi ngun ngt c cho php hoc cm ngt qua mt thanh ghi chc nng t bit c nh a ch bit IE (Interrupt Enable: cho php ngt) a ch A8H. _ _ Khng c m t
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H Thng n Giao Thng : Bng 2.5 Tm tt thanh ghi IE Bit hiu IE. 7 IE. 6 IE. 5 IE. 4 IE. 3 IE. 2 IE. 1 3.1 Linh kin s dng trong mch Bng: Danh sch linh kin s dng trong mch S th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn linh kin Vi iu khin AT89S52 Real-time DS12C887 IC 74LS08 Led n Led 7 on in tr 330Ohm in tr 10K Nt nhn mm S lng 1 1 1 6 4 6 1 3 19 ET0 A9H Cho php ngt t Timer 0 EX1 AAH Cho php ngt ngoi 1 ET1 ABH Cho php ngt t Timer 1 ES ACH Cho php ngt port ni tip ET2 ADH Cho php ngt t Timer 2 (8052) _ AEH Khng c m t EA K bit AFH Cho php / Cm ton b a ch M t
9 10
1 4
3.1.1:Mch dao ng Tinh th thch anh (Quartz Crytal) l loi trong m trong thin nhin, chnh l dioxyt silicium (SiO2). Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct m lt thch anh c c tnh khc nhau. Lt thch anh c din tch t nh hn 1cm2 n vi cm2 c mi rt mng, phng (vi mm) v 2 mt tht song song vi nhau. Hai mt ny c m kim loi v ni chn ra ngoi d s dng.
Hnh 3.2 Hnh dng thch anh c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (Piezoelectric Effect) theo khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s xut hin mt in th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt in th xoay chiu, lt thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra mt in th xoay chiu c tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i, tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay i theo nhng vn c n nh tt hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng thch anh (tn s dao ng gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch ngoi). 1.2.3 Mch Reset Chn Reset (chn 9) c tc dng reset chip AT89C51, mc tch cc ca chn ny l mc 1, reset ta phi a mc 1 (5V) n chn ny vi thi gian ti thiu 2 chu k my (tng ng 2 S i vi thch anh 12MHz). Tn s lm vic AT89C51
f = f TA 12
T=
1 f
Khi reset th trng thi ca RAM ni khng thay i, bng trng thi ca cc thanh ghi khi reset
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3.1.2:Mch hin th m ngc LED 7 on Khi hin th m ngc led 7 on: hin th thi gian ca cc ch thi gian, c hin th trn led 7 on, cc chn ca led c ni thng qua mt in tr thanh ni vi IC vi iu khin.
Hnh 3.3 Hnh dng in tr thanh Vic gii m nh phn sang led 7 on iu c thc hin trn vi iu khin. Led 7 on c ni theo kiu anode chung, ngha l: chn E ca transistor c ni ln ngun. Led hot ng vi dng ti thiu l 20mA. S dng port (P0): P0.0, P0.1, P0.2, P0.3, P0.4, P0.5, P0.6, P0.7. Vi cc chn iu khin hot ng thng qua cc transistor PNP A654 iu khin hot ng ch bo ha cung cp dng cho LED sng. Transistor PNP A654 c ni vi port (P2) ca vi iu khin c chc nng khuych i dng cho led hot ng bnh thng. P2.7: Ni vi led 1 (transistor 1) P2.6: Ni vi led 2 (transistor 2) P2.5: Ni vi led 3 (transistor 3) P2.4: Ni vi led 4 (transistor 4)
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H Thng n Giao Thng : Hnh 3.3 S mch hin th m ngc 4.1.1:Mch hin th LED n P2.0: Ni vi n xanh ng 1. P2.1: Ni vi n xanh ng 2. P2.2: Ni vi n vng ng 2. P2.3: Ni vi n ng 2. P3.6: Ni vi n ng 1. P3.7: Ni vi n vng ng 1. P1.4: Ni vi n i b 1. P1.5: Ni vi n i b 2. P1.6: Ni vi n i b 3. P1.7: Ni vi n i b 4. S dng cc led n ni anode chung. Cn cc chn cathode th c ni vo in tr R. V n c iu khin bi cc chn P2.0, P2.1, P2.2, P2.3 V LED n c dng hot ng khong 10mA tr ln nn ta c th chn in tr R sao cho ph hp. Ngun c cp: Vcc = +5V. in p phn cc thun ca cc LED: Led xanh Led vng Led : Vx = 2V 2.8V. : Vv = 2V- 2.5V. : Vd = 1.4V- 1.8V.
Hnh 3.4 Mch hin th led n 1.3 Mch nt n P1.0 Ni vi Key_1 P1.1 Ni vi Key_1 P1.2 Ni vi Key_1
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S mch in hin th
24
Mch in iu khin
25
Khi iu khin
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Khi hin th
KT LUN 4.3 Kt qu t c Sau nhiu tun tch cc tm hiu v n lc thc hin, ngi thc hin ti hon thnh n ng theo yu cu v thi gian quy nh. Trong ti, ngi thc hin ti hon thnh c nhng phn sau: iu khin n giao thng bng tay, thng qua nt nhn. Cho n giao thng hot ng ch t ng, theo thi gian thc. Led n gn trn board hin thi trang thai giao thng mt cach trc quan . Led 7 on gn trn board hin th thi gian m ngc trc quan. Board mach c thit k gon nhe, d dang s dung. 27
H Thng n Giao Thng : 4.4 Hn ch v hng pht trin * Hn ch: Mt s han ch con tn tai trong mach : - S dng nhiu y ni 2 board - Cha c tnh nng bo ng khi c s c xy ra i vi thit bi iu khin. - Mch hot ng cha thc s n nh do do ph thuc vo thi gian thc. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Tng Vn On Hong c Hi, H Vi iu Khin 8051, Nh Xut Bn Lao ng X Hi. [2] R.H.WARRING, S Tay Linh Kin in T Cho Ngi Thit K Mch , NXB Thng K, 1996. [3] Website: dientuvietnam.net [4] Website: dientuvienthong.net [5] Website: dtvt.org
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