I. Cng ni tip RS 232.

1. Vi nt c bn v cng ni tip.

Cng ni tip RS 232 l giao din ph bin rng ri nht. Ngi dng my tnh PC cn gi cc cng ny l COM1, cn COM2 t do cho cc ng dng khc. Ging nh cng my in, cng ni tip RS 232 cng c s dng mt cch thun tin cho mc ch o lng v iu khin. Vic truyn d liu qua cng RS 232 c tin hnh theo cch ni tip, ngha l cc bit d liu c gi i ni tip nhau trn mt ng dn. Trc ht loi truyn ny c kh nng dng cho nhng khong cch ln hn, bi v kh nng gy nhiu l nh ng k hn khi dng mt cng song song. Vic dng cng song song c mt nhc im ng k l cp truyn dng qu nhiu si, v vy rt t tin. Hn na mc tn hiu nm trong khong 0 5v t ra khng thch ng vi khong cch ln. Cng ni tip RS 232 khng phi l mt h thng bus, n cho php d dng to ra lin kt di hnh thc im vi im gia hai my cn trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mt thnh vin th ba khng th tham gia vo cuc trao i thng tin ny. Trn hnh 1.3 l s b tr chn ca phch 232 my tnh PC 5 1 cm RS 1 13

25

14

Chn (loi 9 chn) 1 2 3 4 5

Chn (loi 25 chn) 8 3 2 20 7

Chc nng DCD Data Carrier Detect RxD Receive Data TxD Transmit Data DTR Data Terminal Ready GND Ni t Li vo Li vo Li ra Li ra

6 7 8 9

6 4 5 22

DSR Data Set Ready RTS Request to Send CTS Clear to send RI Ring Indicator

Li vo Li ra Li vo Li vo

Hnh 1.7 : Sp xp chn ca cng ni tip my tnh PC T hnh v ta thy cm ni tip RS 232 c tng cng 8 ng dn cha k ng ni t. Trn thc t c hai loi phch cm, mt loi c 9 chn v mt loi 25 chn. C hai loi ny u c chung mt c im khc hn vi cng my in l ch ni vi my in my tnh PC l cm, trong khi cng ni tip li l loi phch cm nhiu chn. Vic truyn d liu xy ra trn hai ng dn. Qua chn cm ra TxD (Transmit Data). Cc tn hiu khc ng vai tr nh l nhng tn hiu h tr khi trao i thng tin v v th khng phi trong mi ng dng u dng n. Vic truyn d liu. Mc tn hiu trn chn ra RxD tu thuc vo ng dn TxD v thng thng nm trong khong -12V n +12V. Cc bt d liu c c gi o ngc li. Mc in p i vi mc High gia -3V v -12V v mc Low nm gia +3V v +12V. Trn hnh 1.8. m t mt dng d liu in hnh ca mt byte d liu trn cng ni tip RS 232.

trng thi tnh trn ng dn c in p -12V. Mt bit khi

ng (Starbit) s m u vic truyn d liu. Tip l cc bit truyn d liu. Tip l cc bit d liu ring l s n, trong nhng bt gi tr thp s c gi trc tin. con s ca cc bt d liu thay i gia 5 v 8. cui dng d liu cn c mt bit dng (Stopbit) t trng thi li ra (-12V). Bng tc baud (c l b) ta thit lp tc truyn d liu. Cc gi tr thng thng l 300; 600; 1.200; 2.400; 4.800; 9.600; 19.200 c truyn Star bitbaud. K hiu baud tng ng vi s bit Stop trong mt giy. Chng hn nh khi tc baud bng bit 9.600 c ngha l c 9.600 bit d liu c truyn trong mi giy. TLO ta W suy ra rng cn c mt bit bt u v mt bit dng c gi km theo vi mt byte d liu. Nh vy vi mi mt byte c 10bit c D2 D3 D0 D6 d liu D7 cc i D4 d dng lng gi. Nh vy c D1 th c on mt cch HIGH D5 cho php truyn nhiu nht c truyn. Vi tc 9.600 baud 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Qua cch c tnh n gin ta cng thy c l 960 byte mi giy.
104u s

T= 1/fBaud

1.04ms

mt nhc im khng nh ca cng truyn ni tip l tc truyn d liu b hn ch.

Hnh 1.8 Dng d liu trn cng RS 232 vi tc 9.600 baud. Cn vn na l khun mu (Format) truyn d liu cn phi c thit lp nh nhau c bn gi v cng nh bn nhn. Cc thng s truyn c thit lp trn my PC bng cc cu lnh trn (cn gi l trong) DOS. Ngay c trn WINDOWS cng c nhng chng trnh ring s dng. Khi cc thng s truyn d liu nh : tc baud, s bit d liu, s bit dng, bit chn l (Parity) c th c thit lp mt cch n gin. 2. S trao i ca ng dn tn hiu. Cng nh cng my in, cc ng dn tn hiu ring bit cng cho php trao i qua cc a ch trong my tnh PC. Trong trng hp ny, Ngi ta thng s dng nhng vi mch c mc tch hp cao c th hp nht nhiu chc nng trn mt chp. my tnh PC thng c mt b pht / nhn khng ng b vn nng (gi tt l UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter) iu khin s trao i thng tin gia my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Ph bin nht l vi mch 8250 ca hng NSC hoc cc th h tip theo, chng hn nh 16C550. B UART ny c 10 thanh ghi iu khin tt c cc chc nng ca vic nhp vo v xut ra d liu theo cch ni tip. Lin quan n ni dung ca cun sch ny ch cp n hai iu ng quan tm. l thanh ghi iu khin mdem v thanh ghi trng thi mdem. S sp sp ca cc thanh ghi ny nh sau: Thanh ghi iu khin modem (a ch c bn +4) Bit 0: DTR (Li ra) Gi tr 1

Bit 1: RTS Thanh ghi trng Bit 4: CTS Bit 5: DSR Bit 6: RI Bit 7: DCD

(Li ra) Gi tr 2 thi modem (a ch c bn +6) (Li vo) Gi tr 16 (Li vo) Gi tr 32 (Li vo) Gi tr 64 (Li vo) Gi tr 128

Li cng nh cng ghp ni vi my in, cc thanh ghi c trao i qua nh trong vng vo/ra (Input/Output). a ch u tin c th ti c ca cng ni tip c gi l a ch c bn (Basic Address). Cc a ch ghi tip theo t c ti bng vic cng thm s thanh ghi gp ca b UART vo a ch c bn. a ch c bn ca cng ni tip ca my tnh PC c th tm tt trong bng cc a ch sau: COM 1 COM 2 COM 3 COM 4 (Cng ni tip th a ch c bn nht) (Cng ni tip th a ch c bn hai) (Cng ni tip th ba) a ch c bn (Cng ni tip th t) a ch c bn = = = = 3F8 (Hex) 2F8 (Hex) 3F8 (Hex) 2F8 (Hex)

Trong Qbasic cc tn hiu qua cng giao din ni tip RS 232 c th c trao i nh sau: Basadr = & H2F8 REM Basicaddress COM2 DTR t l -12V : OUT (basadr + 4) INP (basadr + 4) AND (255 1) DTR t l -12V : OUT (basadr + 4) INP (basadr + 4) OR 1 DTR t l -12V : OUT (basadr + 4) INP (basadr + 4) AND (255 2) DTR t l -12V : OUT (basadr + 4) INP (basadr + 4) OR 2 DCD hi li : level of dcd = ( INP (basadr + 6) AND 16)/16 DCD hi li : level of dcd = ( INP (basadr + 6) AND 32)/32 DCD hi li : level of dcd = ( INP (basadr + 6) AND 64)/64 DCD hi li : level of dcd = ( INP (basadr + 6) AND 128)/128 ng nhin trong hu ht cc ng dng ca giao din ni tip khng i hi phi lp trnh cho tt cc cc ng dn mt cch ring bit. Dng cho mc ch ny ta c cc chip thng minh c

dng pha bn nhn v bn gi. Sau phi k n l trong QBasic c nhng lnh rt n gin ph hp vi bin bn truyn RS 232. Chng hn nh c hai my tnh PC ghp ni vi nhau qua cng ni tip th ch cn c mt lnh gi mt byte d liu ng khun mu ti bn gi. Bng lnh OPEN COM giao din ni tip s c m. Bng PRINT v INPUT cc d liu c th c gi v c c. C php hon chnh ca lnh c miu t mt cch y trong bng di y: OPEN COMn: Options1 Options2 [FOR Mode] AS [#] Dateinr% LEN = Sntncelength% N Cng m truyn d liu: 1 = COM1; 2 = COM2 vv

Option1 Cc thng s truyn d liu hay c s dng nht [Baud], [Parity], [Daten] [,[Daten] [,[Stop] ] ] ] O Baud l tc truyn d liu tnh ra baudca thit b c m: 75; 110; 150; 300; 600; 1200; 2400; 4800; 9600; 19200 O Parity ch ra l tnh chn l cn phi c kim tra nh th no: N (khng kim tra) E (chn) O(l) S (k t trng) M (nh du) PE (c kim tra li) O Daten (d liu) l con s ca cc bit d liu trn byte; 5,6,7,8 O Stop l con s bit Stop: 1; 1,5;2 Thng thhng thit lp: 300 baud, chn, 7 bit d liu, 1 Stopbit Option 2 Mt danh sch cc tham s t c s dng hn, cc tham s ny c ngn cch bng du phy: Option ASC BIN M t Khi m my trong m ASCII Khi m my trong m nh phn

CD [m] dn Data

Khng nh thi gian ch li i vi ng Carrier Detect DCD (bng mili giy: ms)

CS[m] Khng nh thi gian ch li i vi ng dn Clear To Send (CTS) bng mili giy (ms) LF Gi mt k t xung dng sau mt k t li v u dng OP [m] Khng nh OPEN COM cn phi ch bao lu cho n khi tt c cc lin kt truyn d liu m (bng mili giy) RB [n] Khng nh kch thc b m bn nhn (bng byte) RS Nn li s xut hin ca mt yu cu gi

TB [n] Khng nh kch thc b m truyn (bng byte) Mode INPUT, OUTPUT hoc RANDOM (s thit lp tiu chun ) INPUT ch ra rng giao din m np d liu ra mt cch tun t . OUTPUT ch ra rng giao din m xut d liu ra mt cch tun t . RANDOM ch ra rng giao din m trong kiu (mode) truy nhp trc tip. Dateinr% Mt s nguyn nm gia 1 v 255 c trng cho knh truyn d liu, cho n lc n vn m. di cu% ln b m trong mode truy nhp trc tip (mc nh l 128 byte) Th d: AS# 1. OPEN COM2: 19200, N, 8, 1, CS0, DS0 FOR RANDOM

Lnh ny m cng ni tip COM2 vi 19.200 baud, khng c bit kim tra chn l (parity), tm bit d liu, mt bit dng nh l knh truyn d liu vi s 1. Qua vic m giao din bng lnh OPEN c hai ng dn RTS v DTS c chuyn sang +12V. Vi khun mu truyn c thit lp, by gi cc d liu c th c c vo v a ra. Vic d gi liu tun theo lnh PRINT #, k hiu $. Ta phi ch l khng bao gi c php qun lp du chm phy cui ca lnh! Bi v nu khng th mt k t th hai, c th l CR (Carriage Return) s c gi km. Du chm phy s ngn li k t CR. K hiu $ c th l mt k t no t b k t IBM. Lnh INPUT $ (n, #1) c n byte qua giao din ni tip. Gi tr c c vo l mt xu v c th c bin i bng lnh ASC (String $) thnh mu bit tng ng. c vo mt gi tr in p ca mt b bin i A/D th cn c lnh sau: u = ASC (INPUT $) 1, #1) ). Bin u sau cha mt gi tr bng s nm gia 0 v 255; (Thng thng, k hiu in p c vit bng U, nhng y in p c xem nh mt bin nn dng k hiu u!) Bng PRINT #1, CHR$ (); cho php gi mt mu bit trc tip qua cng ni tip. Cc th d di y s minh ho r hn cc ng dng ca lnh PRINT #1 Th d: Lnh Mu bit c gi D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PRINT #1, A ca A PRINT #1. a ca A 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 M ASCII M ASCII C gi tr C gi Ghi ch

PRINT #1,CHS$ (65) 0 65 PRINT #1, CHS$ (0) tr 0 PRINT #1,CHS$(255) 0 255

C g tr

PRINT #1, CHS$(15) 0 15

C gi tr

cui mt chng trnh, trong dng lnh OPEN m giao din ni tip, th li khng qun lnh ng CLOSE. Lnh CLOSE s ng giao din ni tip v sau ng dn DTR v RTS li c t tr li mc low (-12V)