Correction for microbiolgy script #2

Note: This sheet involves the correction of mistakes, the missed info that the doctor mentioned during the lecture and the missed info from the slides. *Page 1 Line 20 >> 5. Phycology or Algology.

*Page 2 Line 2 >> Epidemiology >> Add this: (Study the patterns of disease within a population). Line 6 >> Aseptic techniques >> Add this: (How to prevent yourself from getting the disease). Line 9 >> Development of vaccines >> Add this: (Many microbiologists keep mutating bacteria and viruses. If they take parts from these microbes such as specific proteins or glycoproteins, they can use them to create vaccines). Line 10 >> Diagnostic microbiology >> Add this: (Here you give a specimen to the lab and then they culture the specimen to isolate the bacteria (for example) that causes the disease and then they identify it and determine which drugs are active against these pathogens). Line 12 >> Biotechnology >> Add this: (For example: we can use various bacteria to create yoghourt or various yeasts to make bread or to create alcohol). Line 22 >> At the end of this line add: (such as Lice, Fleas or Mites). Line 24 >> (Toxoplasma gondii) instead of toxoplasma coroid bacteria.

*Page 3 The first title (Agricultural microbiology) >> Add this from the slides: (Studies of the beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation and fertility; in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles; in disease of plants; in the digestive processes of cows and other ruminants; and in the production of crops and food). Line 17 >> bacteria (cocci "spherical bacteria" & bacilli "rod-shaped bacteria").

Line 22 >> Add the definition of resolution: (It's the minimum distance between two points to at which the two points are seen as separate). Line 26 >> (at this point the distance is 0.2 mm, so for the naked eye any two objects closer to each other more than 0.2 mm; they will be seen as a single object. And if they are apart from each other for a distance of 0.2 mm or more, they will be seen as 2 distinct objects. And this is known as the resolving power of the naked eye.). Line 32 >> (Typical compound light microscopes) instead of critical compounds like microbes. And (We usually use a light of around 400 nm in wave length) instead of 200 nm wave length. Line 33 >> delete the word "power". At the end of the page add these information: (The lower the resolving power "R.P" value the better the microscope). (So R.P is highly dependent on wave length of light used ). (In a compound light microscope, yellow light is usually used (~ 400 nm) so R.P = 200 nm).

*Page 4 Line 2 >> (Illumination) instead of elimination. Line 3 >> (Illumination) instead of elimination. Line 6 >> (resolving) instead of resolution. Line 7 >> (microscope with small value of resolution has high value of resolving power). Line 11 >> Add this: (magnification: 3-20 X). Line 13 >> Add this: (magnification: up to 1000 X). Then add these info: III. Electron microscope: A. Transmission Electron Microscope. B. Scanning Electron Microscope. IV. Atomic Force Microscope.

*Page 5 Line 3 >> (resolving) instead of resolution.

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Line 8 >> at the end of the line add this: (which is the tungsten lamp). Line 13 >> (The tungsten light found in the middle of the base and above it we have the collector lens which collects all the light towards the sample, but before the light goes to the sample; it passes throw the condenser which is another lens to focus the light from wide ranges to narrow ones so that all the light coming from this wide opening will be focused into a very small part within the specimen). Line 18 >> DELETE IT and instead of it write this: (The collector lens is equipped with a diaphragm so you can open or close it to increase or decrease the amount of light coming from the light source. also the condenser is equipped with an iris diaphragm that can open or close depending in your needs to adjust the amount of light coming throw the sample). Line 25 >> (clamps) instead of claps. Line 26 >> (it has various knobs) instead of it's subjected to a various positions.

*Page 6 Line 1 >> at the end of the line add this: (using the coarse adjustment knob and the fine adjustment knob). Line 2 >> DELETE IT Line 9 >> 4X >> Add to it: (it provides a very wide field of view of the sample, so u can easily find unique features and then center the view on these features and later on u can switch to higher magnification). Line 12 >> 100X >> (immersion) instead of objective. Line 17 >> at the end of the line add: (For studying protozoa; u can use 40X or may be less).

*Page 7 Line 10 >> (metabolizing) instead of organizing. Line 14 >> (unstained) instead of unseen. AFTER Line 16 >> Add this: (Dark field microscope allows foe visualization of surface structures and unstained living organisms).

Line 19 >> (The lenses and the condenser allow to visualize very fine details within the sample). Lines 21+22 >> instead of them: (Here the background is bright and the objects will appear to have varying shapes of white or may be grey color. Also this microscope shows higher details of cells than other light microscopes (above)). Line 24 >> (Fluorescence microscope: similar to a compound bright field microscope). Line 26 >> (230 350 nm) instead of 253 nm and then add (and uses quartz condenser). Line 28 >> (florescent stain and the stain will absorb the U.V wave-length and will emit light in the visible range such as green, blue, yellow light and so on). Line 31 >> (Fluorescent) instead of Florence.

*Page 8 Line 3 >> (illumination) instead of elimination. Line 4 >> (illumination) instead of elimination. Line 5 >> (100,000) instead of 100. Line 6 >> (resolving power value will be much lower or the resolution will be much higher). Line 10 >> (place) instead of plate. Line 11 >> (it will die from the vacuum) instead of it's from the vacuum.

*Page 9 Line 2 >> at the end of the line add: (such as: flagella, cilia, mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclei and so on). Line 3 >> (Basically the configuration of the transmission electron microscope is similar to the configuration of the). Line 5 >> (tungsten) instead of tendency. Line 7 >> (magnified) instead of magnify. Line 8 >> (magnified) instead of magnify.
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THE paragraph from line 9 >> (Similarly, to the transmission electron microscope it uses electrons but to manipulate these electrons you have to use electromagnetic lens not glass lens, then the electrons will pass throw the specimen, electrons will be magnified by one objective lens and one projector lens, and eventually you want to visualize the electrons using a phosphor-coated screen or a computer screen). Line 16 >> (very thin sections) instead of sectioned. Line 19 >> (TEM "Transmission Electron Micrograph") instead of ATM.

*page 10 Line 2 >> (transmission electron) instead of transition. Line 4 >> (electromagnetic) instead of electrons. Line 5 >> (electrons will scan the sample back and forth to create diagram of the sample surface). Line 7 >> (will recreate a 2D picture of the sample. However this 2D picture will appear to have depth). Line 8 >> (However it's not a true 3D picture of the sample. So u can't rotate it on the computer screen and see the other sides of the sample. And here u don't have to section the sample. You put the sample, u stain it and u visualize it directly). Line 12 >> DELETE IT and instead add: (this one involves a very special probe called cantilever and this probe). Line 16 >> (recreate) instead of read. And add (profile) after the word surface. Line 19 >> at the end of the line add: (No vacuum is needed).

Done by Bader Ikbarieh