Chuyen de BDHSG Nhiet Hoc

( Hnh 1 )
B
O
A
v
B

v
A
x
.
y
.
Trn Nam Hiu Trang 1 M Ct
Phn 1: Cc bi ton v chuyn ng ca cc
vt
A. Cc bi ton v chuyn ng ca vt v h vt
1. H vt gm cc vt chuyn ng vi vn tc cng phng:
Phng php: s dng tnh tng i ca chuyn ng v cng thc cng vn tc. trong
trng hp cc vt chuyn ng cng chiu so vi vt mc th nn chn vt c vn tc nh
hn lm mc mi xt cc chuyn ng.
Bi ton: Trn mt ng ua thng, hai bn l ng c hai hng dc cc vn ng vin
chuyn ng theo cng mt hng: mt hng l cc vn ng vin chy vit d v hng kia l
cc vn ng vin ua xe p. Bit rng cc vn ng vin vit d chy u vi vn tc v
1
=
20km/h v khong cch u gia hai ngi lin k nhau trong hng l l
1
= 20m; nhng con s
tng ng i vi hng cc vn ng vin ua xe p l v
2
= 40km/h v l
2
= 30m. Hi mt
ngi quan st cn phi chuyn ng trn ng vi vn tc v
3
bng bao nhiu mi ln
khi mt vn ng vin ua xe p ui kp anh ta th chnh lc anh ta li ui kp mt vn
ng vin chy vit d tip theo?
Gii: Coi vn ng vin vit d l ng yn so vi ngi quan st v vn ng vin ua xe
p.
Vn tc ca vn ng vin xe p so vi vn ng vin vit d l: V
x
= v
2
v
1
= 20 km/h.
Vn tc ca ngi quan st so vi vn ng vin vit d l: V
n
= v
3
v
1
= v
3
20
Gi s ti thi im tnh mc thi gian th h ngang nhau.
Thi gian cn thit ngi quan st ui kp vn ng vin vit d tip theo l:
n
V
l
t
1
1

Thi gian cn thit vn ng vin xe p pha sau ui kp vn ng vin vit d ni trn
l:

X
V
l l
t
2 1
2
+
h li ngang hng th t
1
= t
2
. hay:
X
V
l l
v
l
2 1
3
1
20
+
Thay s tm c: v
3
= 28 km/h
2. H vt gm cc vt chuyn ng vi vn tc khc phng
Phng php: S dng cng thc cng vn tc v tnh tng i ca chuyn ng:
Bi ton: Trong h ta xoy ( hnh 1), c hai vt nh A v B chuyn
ng thng u. Lc bt u chuyn ng, vt A cch vt B mt on
l = 100m. Bit vn tc ca vt A l v
A
= 10m/s theo hng ox, vn tc
ca vt B l v
B
= 15m/s theo hng oy.
a. Sau thi gian bao lu k t khi bt u chuyn ng,
hai vt A v B li cch nhau 100m.
b. Xc nh khong cch nh nht gia hai vt A v B.
Gii: a. Qung ng A i c trong t giy: AA
1
= v
A
t
Qung ng B i c trong t giy: BB
1
= v
B
t
Khong cch gia A v B sau t giy: d
2
= (AA
1
)
2
+ (AB
1
)
2
Vi AA
1
= V
A
t v BB
1
= V
B
t
Nn: d
2
= ( v
2
A
+ v
2
B
)t
2
2lv
B
t + l
2
(*)
Thay s v bin i ra biu thc : 325t
2
3000t = 0
Gii ra c: t 9,23 s
b. - Xt phng trnh bc hai (*) vi bin l t.
(*) c nghim th 0 ' t tm c:
B
2
A
2
A
2 2
min
2
v v
v l
a 4
) d (
+

- Rt ra c d
min
=
B
2
A
2
A
v v
v l
+
- Thay s tnh c d
min
55,47 m
3. Chuyn ng lp:
Phng php: C th s dng mt trong hai phng php sau:
Nu vt chuyn ng lp khng thay i vn tc trn c qu trnh chuyn ng th s
dng tnh tng i ca chuyn ng
Nu vt tham gia chuyn ng lp c vn tc thay i trn cc qung ng th s
dng phng php t s qung ng hoc tnh tng i ca chuyn ng.
Bi ton 1: Trn qung ng di 100 km c 2 xe 1 v 2 cng xut pht v chuyn ng gp
nhau vi vn tc tng ng l 30 km/h v 20 km/h. cng lc hai xe chuyn ng th c mt
con Ong bt u xut pht t xe 1 bay ti xe 2, sau khi gp xe 2 n quay li v gp xe 1 v
li bay ti xe 2. Con Ong chuyn ng lp i lp li ti khi hai xe gp nhau. Bit vn tc ca
con ong l 60Km/h. tnh qung ng ng bay?.
Gii: Coi xe 2 ng yn so vi xe 1.Th vn tc ca xe 2 so vi xe 1 l:
V
21
= V
2
+ V
1
= 50 Km/h
Thi gian 2 xe gp nhau l: t = = = 2 h
V thi gian Ong bay bng thi gian hai xe chuyn ng. Nn qung ng Ong bay l:
S
o
= V
o
t = 60.2 = 120 Km
Bi ton 2: Mt cu b i ln ni vi vn tc 1m/s. khi cn cch nh ni 100m cu b th
mt con ch v n bt u chy i chy li gia nh ni v cu b. Con ch chy ln nh
ni vi vn tc 3m/s v chy li pha cu b vi vn tc 5m/s. tnh qung ng m con ch
chy t lc c th ra ti khi cu b ln ti nh ni?
Gii: - Gi vn tc ca cu b l v, vn tc ca con ch khi chy ln nh ni l v
1
v khi
chy xung l v
2
. Gi s con ch gp cu b ti mt im cch nh ni mt khong L, thi
gian t ln gp ny n ln gp tip theo l T.

B
.
O
A
x
y
. .
.
A
1
B
1
d
Thi gian con ch chy t ch gp cu b ti nh ni l L/v
1
. Thi gian con ch chy
t nh ni ti ch gp cu b ln tip theo l (T - L/v
1
) v qung ng con ch chy
trong thi gian ny l v
2
(T - L/v
1
); qung ng cu b i trong thi gian T l vT. Ta c
phng trnh: 2
1
( )
L
L vT v T
v
+

2 1
2
(1 ) L v v
T
v v
+
+
(1)
Qung ng con ch chy c ln ni v xung ni trong thi gian T l
2 1
( / )
c
S L v T L v +
.
Thay T t pt (1) vo ta c:
1 2 2 1
1 2
2 ( )
.
( )
c
v v v v v
S L
v v v

+
(2)
- Qung ng cu b i trong thi gian T:
1 2
1 2
( )
. .
( )
b
v v v
S vT L
v v v
+

+
(3)
- Lp t s
) 3 (
) 2 (
ta c :
1 2 2 1
1 2
2 ( )
( )
c
b
S v v v v v
S v v v

+
(4)
T s ny lun khng i, khng ph thuc vo T m ch ph thuc vo cc gi tr vn
tc cho. Thay cc gi tr cho vo ta c:
7
2
b
c
S
S
100.7
350( )
2
c
S m
3/ Chuyn ng c vn tc thay i theo quy lut:
Phng php:
Xc nh quy lut ca chuyn ng
Tnh tng qung ng chuyn ng. Tng ny thng l tng ca mt dy s.
Gii phng trnh nhn c vi s ln thay i vn tc l s nguyn.
Bi ton 1: Mt ng t xut pht t A trn ng thng hng v B vi vn tc ban u V
0
= 1 m/s, bit rng c sau 4 giy chuyn ng, vn tc li tng gp 3 ln v c chuyn ng
c 4 giy th ng t ngng chuyn ng trong 2 giy. trong khi chuyn ng th ng t
ch chuyn ng thng u. Sau bao lu ng t n B bit AB di 6km ?
Gii: c 4 giy chuyn ng ta gi l mt nhm chuyn ng
D thy vn tc ca ng t trong cc n nhm chuyn ng u tin l:
3
0
m/s; 3
1
m/s; 3
2
m/s .., 3
n-1
m/s ,..,
Qung ng tng ng m ng t i c trong cc nhm thi gian tng ng l:
4.3
0
m; 4.3
1
m; 4.3
2
m; ..; 4.3
n-1
m;.
Qung ng ng t chuyn ng trong thi gian ny l:
S
n
= 4( 3
0
+ 3
1
+ 3
2
+ .+ 3
n-1
) (m) Hay: S
n
= 2(3
n
1) (m)
Ta c phng trnh: 2(3
n
-1) = 6000 3
n
= 3001.
Ta thy rng 3
7
= 2187; 3
8
= 6561, nn ta chn n = 7.
Qung ng ng t i c trong 7 nhm thi gian u tin l: 2.2186 = 4372 (m)
Qung ng cn li l: 6000 4372 = 1628 (m)
Trong qung ng cn li ny ng t i vi vn tc l ( vi n = 8): 3
7
= 2187 (m/s)
)
1 1
(
2
2 1
2 1
V V
S
t t t + +
Thi gian i ht qung ng cn li ny l:
) ( 74 , 0
2187
1628
s
Vy tng thi gian chuyn ng ca ng t l: 7.4 + 0,74 = 28,74 (s)
Ngoi ra trong qu trnh chuyn ng. ng t c ngh 7 ln ( khng chuyn ng) mi ln
ngh l 2 giy, nn thi gian cn ng t chuyn ng t A ti B l: 28,74 + 2.7 = 42,74
(giy).
Bi ton 2: Mt vt chuyn ng xung dc nhanh dn. Qung ng vt i c trong giy
th k l S = 4k - 2 (m). Trong S tnh bng mt, cn k = 1,2, tnh bng giy.
a. Hy tnh qung ng i c sau n giy u tin.
b. V th s ph thuc ca qung ng i c vo thi gian chuyn ng.
Gii: a. Qung ng i c trong n giy u tin l:
S
n
= (4.1 2) + (4.2 2) + (4.3 2) +.+ (4.n -2)
S
n
= 4(1 + 2 + 3 + + n) 2n
S
n
= 2n(n + 1) 2n = 2n
2
b. th l phn ng parabol S
n
= 2n
2
nm bn phi trc S
n
.
B. Cc bi ton v vn tc trung bnh ca vt chuyn ng.
Phng php: Trn qung ng S c chia thnh cc qung ng nh S
1
; S
2
; ; S
n
v
thi gian vt chuyn ng trn cc qung ng y tng ng l t
1
; t
2
; .; t
n
. th vn tc
trung bnh trn c qung ng c tnh theo cng thc: V
TB
=
1 2
1 2
....
.....
n
n
s s s
t t t
+ + +
+ + +

Ch : Vn tc trung bnh khc vi trung bnh ca cc vn tc.
Bi ton 1: Hai bn Ho v Bnh bt u chy thi trn mt qung ng S. Bit Ho trn na
qung ng u chy vi vn tc khng i v
1
v trn na qung ng sau chy vi vn
tc khng i v
2
(v
2
< v
1
). Cn Bnh th trong na thi gian u chy vi vn tc v
1
v trong
na thi gian sau chy vi vn tc v
2
.
Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca mi bn ?

Gii: - Xt chuyn ng ca Ho A v
1
M v
2
B
Thi gian i v
1
l t
1
= =
Thi gian i v
2
l t
2
= = .

Vn tc trung bnh v
H
= =

Xt chuyn ng ca Bnh A v
1
M v
2
B

t V S t V S . ;
2 2 1 1

M t
1
= t
2
= v s = s
1
+ s
2

s= ( v
1
+v
2
)
t=
Vn tc trung bnh v
B
= =
Bi ton 2: Mt ngi i trn qung ng S chia thnh n chng khng u nhau, chiu di
cc chng ln lt l S
1
, S
2
, S
3
,......S
n
.
Thi gian ngi i trn cc chng ng tng ng l t
1
, t
2
t
3
....t
n
. Tnh vn tc trung bnh
ca ngi trn ton b qung ng S. Chng minh rng:vn trung bnh ln hn vn
tc b nht v nh hn vn tc ln nht.
Gii: Vn tc trung bnh ca ngi trn qung ng S l: V
tb
=
t t t t
s s s s
n
n
+ + + +
+ + +
....
.....
3 2 1
3 2 1
Gi V
1
, V
2
, V
3
....V
n
l vn tc trn cc chng ng tng ng ta c:

;
1
1
1
t
s
v
;
2
2
2
t
s
v

;
3
3
3
t
s
v

.......
;
t
s
v
n
n
n

Gi s V
k
ln nht v V
i
l b nht ( n k >i 1). Ta phi chng minh V
k
> V
tb
> V
i
.
Tht vy: V
tb
=
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
....+
....
n n
n
v t v t v t v t
t t t t
+ + +
+ + + +
= v
i

t t t t
t
v
v
t
v
v
t
v
v
t
v
v
n
n
i
n
i i i
+ + + +
+ + +
....
.....
3 2 1
3
3
2
2
1
1
.
Do
v
v
i
1
;
v
v
i
1
...
v
v
i
1
>1

v
v
i
1
.t
1
+
v
v
i
1
.t
2
. + +
v
v
i
1
t
n
> t
1
+ t
2
+... + t
n

V
i
< V
tb
(1)
Tng t ta c V
tb
=
t t t t
t v t v t v t v
n
n n
+ + + +
+ + +
....
.....
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
= v
k
.
t t t t
t
v
v
t
v
v
t
v
v
t
v
v
n
n
k
n
k k k
+ + + +
+ + +
....
.....
3 2 1
3
3
2
2
1
1
.
Do
v
v
k
1
;
v
v
k
1
...
v
v
k
1
< 1. Nn
v
v
k
1
t
1
+
v
v
k
1
t
2
.+..
v
v
k
1
t
n
< t
1
+ t
2
+ ... + t
n

V
k
> V
tb
(2) PCM
Bi ton 3: Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca t trn c qung ng trong hai trng hp :
a. Na qung ng u t i vi vn tc v
1
, Na qung ng cn li t i vi vn tc
v
2

b. Na thi gian u t i vi vn tc v
1
, Na thi gian sau t i vi vn tc v
2
.
Gii: a. Gi qung ng t i l s .
Thi gian t i ht na qung ng u l :
1
1
s
t
2v

Thi gian t i ht na qung ng cn li l :
2
2
s
t
2v

Vn tc trung bnh ca t trn c qung ng:

+ +
+
2
1 2
tb
1 2 1
1 2
2v v s s
v
s s
t t v v
2v 2v

b. Gi thi gian i ht c qung ng l t
Na thi gian u t i c qung ng l :
2
1
1
v .t
s
Na thi gian sau t i c qung ng l :
2
2
2
v .t
s
Vn tc trung bnh ca t trn c qung ng l :
+
+ +

1 2
1 2 1 2
tb
v .t v .t
s s v v
2 2
v
t t 2
C. Cc bi ton v chuyn ng trn u.
Phng php:
ng dng tnh tng i ca chuyn ng.
S ln gp nhau gia cc vt c tnh theo s vng chuyn ng ca vt c coi l
vt chuyn ng.
Bi ton 1: Mt ngi i b v mt vn ng vin i xe p cng khi hnh mt a im,
v i cng chiu trn mt ng trn chu vi C = 1800m. vn tc ca ngi i xe p l v
1
=
22,5 km/h, ca ngi i b l v
2
= 4,5 km/h. Hi khi ngi i b i c mt vng th gp
ngi i xe p my ln. Tnh thi gian v a im gp nhau?
Gii: Thi gian ngi i b i ht mt vng l: t = 1,8/4,5 = 0,4 h
Coi ngi i b l ng yn so vi ngi i xe p.
Vn tc ca ngi i xe p so vi ngi i b l: V = v
1
v
2
= 22,5 4,5 = 18 km/h.
Qung ng ca ngi i xe p so vi ngi i b l: S = Vt = 0,4. 18 = 7,2 km.
S vng ngi i xe p i c so vi ngi i b l: n = = 7,2/1,8 = 4 (vng)
Vy ngi i xe p gp ngi i b 4 ln.
Khi i ht 1 vng so vi ngi i b th ngi i xe p gp ngi i b 1 ln cui on
ng.
Thi gian ngi i xe p i ht mt vng so vi ngi i b l: t

= = 1,8/18 = 0,1 h.
Ln gp th nht sau khi xut pht mt thi gian l 0,1h cch v tr u tin l 0,1.4,5 = 0,45
km
Ln gp th hai sau khi xut pht mt thi gian l 0,2h cch v tr u tin l 0,2.4,5 =0, 9 km
Ln gp th ba sau khi xut pht mt thi gian l 0,3h cch v tr u tin l 0,3.4,5 = 1,35
km
Ln gp th t sau khi xut pht mt thi gian l 0,4h cch v tr u tin l 0,4.4,5 = 1,8 km
Cc khong cch trn c tnh theo hng chuyn ng ca hai ngi.
Bi ton 2: Chiu di ca mt ng ua hnh trn l 300m. hai xe p chy trn ng ny
hng ti gp nhau vi vn tc V
1
= 9m/s v V
2
= 15m/s. Hy xc nh khong thi gian nh
nht tnh t thi im h gp nhau ti mt ni no trn ng ua n thi im h li
gp nhau ti chnh ni
Gii: Thi gian mi xe chy c 1 vng l: t
1
= = (s) , t
2
= = 20(s)
Gi s im gp nhau l M. gp ti M ln tip theo th xe 1 chy c x vng v xe 2
chy c y vng. V chng gp nhau ti M nn: xt
1
= yt
2
nn: =
x, y nguyn dng. Nn ta chn x, y nh nht l x = 3, y = 5
Khong thi gian nh nht k t lc hai xe gp nhau ti mt im n thi im gp nhau
cng ti im l t = xt
1
= 3. 100 (s)
Bi ton 3: Mt ngi ra i vo bui sng, khi kim gi v kim pht chng ln nhau v
trong khong gia s 7 v 8. khi ngi y quay v nh th tri ng v chiu v nhn thy
kim gi, kim pht ngc chiu nhau. Nhn k hn ngi thy kim gi nm gia s 1 v 2.
Tnh xem ngi y vng mt my gi.
Gii: Vn tc ca kim pht l 1 vng/ gi. Vn tc ca kim gi l
12
1
(vng/gi.)
Coi kim gi l ng yn so vi kim pht.
Vn tc ca kim pht so vi kim gi l (1 ) = vng/gi.
Thi gian kim gi v kim pht gp nhau gia hai ln lin tip l:
12
11
1
= (gi)
Khi kim gi i c 1 on so vi v tr gp trc l: . = vng.
Khi kim pht i c 1 vng tnh t s 12. nn thi gian tng ng l (1 + ) gi.
Khi gp nhau gia s 7 v s 8 th kim pht i c 7vng, nn thi im l 7 + gi.
Tng t. gia 2 ln hai kim i nhau lin tip cng c thi gian l gi.
Chn ti thi im 6h. kim pht v kim gi i nhau.
Th khi ti v tr kim gi nm gia s 1 v s 2. th thi gian l 7 + gi.
Chn mc thi gian l 12h. th khi hai kim i nhau m kim gi nm gia s 1 v s 2 th
thi im l (6 + 7 + ) gi. Vy thi gian ngi vng nh l (13 + ) (7+ ) = 6 gi.
D. Cc bi ton v cng thc cng vn tc:
V gii hn ca chng trnh lp 9. nn ch xt cc vn tc c phng to vi nhau nhng
gc c gi tr c bit, hoc cc vn tc c phng vung gc vi nhau.
Cn vit biu thc vc t biu th php cng cc vn tc. cn c vo biu thc vc t
chuyn thnh cc biu thc i s.
chuyn cng thc dng vc t thnh biu thc i s. ta s dng nh l Pitago. Hoc s
dng nh l hm s cosin v cc h thc lng gic trong tam gic vung.
Bi ton 1: Mt on tu ng yn, cc git ma to trn ca s toa tu nhng vt nghing
gc = 30
0
so vi phng thng ng. Khi tu chuyn ng vi vn tc 18km/h th cc git
ma ri thng ng. Dng php cng cc vc t dch chuyn xc nh vn tc ca git ma
khi ri gn mt t.
Gii: Lp h vc t vi phng ca vn tc ht ma so vi mt t to vi phng thng
ng gc 30
0
. Phng vn tc ca tu so vi mt t l phng ngang sao cho tng cc vc
t vn tc: vc t vn tc ca ht ma so vi tu v vc t vn tc ca tu so vi mt t
chnh l vc t vn tc ca ht ma so vi t.
Khi vn tc ht ma V = v.cos30
0
= 31 km/h
Bi ton 2: Mt chic t chy trn ng theo phng ngang vi vn tc v = 80 km/h trong
tri ma. Ngi ngi trong xe thy rng cc ht ma ngoi xe ri theo phng xin gc 30
0

L(m)
T(s)
400

200
0 10 30 60 80
so vi phng thng ng. bit rng nu xe khng chuyn ng th ht ma ri theo phng
thng ng. xc nh vn tc ht ma ?
Gii: Lp h vc t vi vn tc ca ht ma vung gc vi mt t. vn tc ca xe theo
phng ngang. Hp ca cc vn tc: Vn tc ht ma so vi xe v vn tc ca xe so vi mt
t chnh l vn tc ca ht ma so vi mt t..
T tnh c ln vn tc ht ma: V = v.tan30
0
= 46,2 km/h
E. Cc bi ton v th chuyn ng:
Phng php: Cn c th v lin h gia cc i lng c biu th trn th. Tm ra
c bn cht ca mi lin h v ngha cc on, cc im c biu din trn th.
C 3 dng c bn l dng th, gii th bng ng biu din v gii th bng din
tch cc hnh biu din trn th:
Bi ton 1: Trn on ng thng di, cc t u
chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i v
1
(m/s) trn cu
chng phi chy vi vn tc khng i v
2
(m/s).
th bn biu din s ph thuc khong. Cch L gia
hai t chy k tip nhau trong. Thi gian t. tm cc
vn tc V
1
; V
2
v chiu Di ca cu.
Gii: T th ta thy: trn ng, hai xe cch nhau 400m
Trn cu chng cch nhau 200 m
Thi gian xe th nht chy trn cu l T
1
= 50 (s)
Bt u t giy th 10, xe th nht ln cu v n giy th 30 th xe th 2 ln cu.
Vy hai xe xut pht cch nhau 20 (s)
Vy: V
1
T
2
= 400 V
1
= 20 (m/s)
V
2
T
2
= 200 V
2
= 10 (m/s). Vy chiu di ca cu l l = V
2
T
1
= 500 (m)

Bi ton 2: Trn ng thng x
Ox. mt xe chuyn ng qua cc giai on c th biu

din to theo thi gian nh hnh v, bit ng cong MNP l mt phn ca parabol nh
M c phng trnh dng: x = at
2
+ c.Tm vn tc trung bnh ca xe trong khong thi gian t
0 n 6,4h v vn tc ng vi giai on PQ ?
Gii: Da vo th ta thy:
Qung ng xe i c: S = 40 + 90 + 90 = 220 km
Vy:
375 , 34
4 . 6
220

t
S
V
TB
km/h
b. Xt phng trnh parabol: x = at
2
+ c.
Khi t = 0; x = - 40. Thay vo ta c: c = - 40
Khi t = 2; x = 0. Thay vo ta c: a = 10
Vy x = 10t
2
40.
Xt ti im P. Khi t = 3 h. Thay vo ta tm c x = 50 km.
Vy di qung ng PQ l S = 90 50 = 40 km.

Thi gian xe chuyn ng trn qung ng ny l: t = 4,5 3 = 1,5 (h)
Vn tc trung bnh ca xe trn qung ng ny l:
3
80
5 , 1
40
'
'
'

t
S
V
TB km/h
Bi ton 3: Mt nh du hnh v tr chuyn ngdc theo mt ng thng t A n B.
th chuyn ng c biu th nh hnh v. (V l vn tc nh du hnh, x l khong cch
t v tr nh du hnh ti vt mc A ) tnh thi gian ngi chuyn ng t A n B
(Ghi ch: v
-1
=
v
1
)
Gii: Thi gian chuyn ng c xc nh bng cng thc: t =
v
x
= xv
-1
.
T th ta thy tch ny chnh l din tch hnh c gii hn bi th, hai trc to v
on thng MN.Din tch ny l 27,5 n v din tch. Mi n v din tch ny ng vi
thi gian l 1 giy. Nn thi gian chuyn ng ca nh du hnh l 27,5 giy.
Phn 2
Cc bi ton v iiu kin cn bng vt rn
v my c n gin
A. L thuyt
I. Mmen lc: M men lc ( nm trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay):
M F.l(N.m)
Trong : l l khong cch t trc quay n gi ca lc ( cn gi l tay n ca lc).
II. iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c trc quay c nh:
Mun cho mt vt c trc quay c nh ng cn bng ( hoc quay u) th tng mmen cc
lc lm vt quay theo chiu kim ng h bng tng cc m men
cc lc lm cho vt quay ngc chiu kim ng h..
V d: Vi vt bt k c th quay quanh trc c nh O (Hnh bn)
ng yn cn bng quanh O ( hoc quay u quanh O) th
mmen ca lc F
1
phi bng mmen ca lc F
2
.
Tc l: M
1
= M
2

F
1
. l
1
= F
2
. l
2
Trong l
1
, l
2
ln lt l tay n ca cc lc F
1
, F
2
(Tay n ca lc l khong cch t trc qua n phng ca lc)
III. Quy tc hp lc.
1. Quy tc tng hp hai lc ng quy ( quy tc hnh bnh hnh).
Hp lc ca hai lc ng quy ( cng im t) c phng trng vi
ng cho ca hnh bnh hnh m hai cnh l hai lc ,
ln ca hp lc l di ng cho.
2 2
1 2 1 2
F F 2F.F .cos + +
2. Tng hai lc song song cng chiu:
Hp lc ca hai lc song song cng chiu l mt lc cng phng,
ln bng tng hai lc thnh phn, c gi chia trong khong
cch gia hai gi ca hai lc thnh phn thnh nhng on thng t
l nghch vi hai lc y.
1 2
1 2
2 1
F l
F F F ;
F l
+
F
1

F
2
l
1
l
2
1
F
O
P
2
F F
l
1
l
1
1
1
l
2
P
F
T
h
3. Tng hp hai lc song song ngc chiu:
Hp lc ca hai lc song song ngc chiu l mt lc c phng cng
phng vi lc ln hn, ln bng hiu hai lc thnh phn, c gi
chia ngi khong cch gia hai gi ca hai lc thnh phn thnh nhng
on thng t l nghch vi hai lc y.
1 2
1 2
2 1
F l
F F F ;
F l

IV. Cc my c n gin
1. Rng rc c nh: Dng rng rc c nh khng c li g v lc, ng i
do khng c li g v cng.
F P;s h
2. Rng rc ng.
Vi 1 rng rc ng: Dng rng rc ng c li hai ln v lc nhng
li thit hai ln v ng i do khng c li g v cng.
P
F ;s 2h
2

Vi hai rng rc ng: Dng 2 rng rc ng c li 4 ln v lc nhng li thit 4
ln v ng i do khng c li g v cng.
P
F ;s 4h
4

Tng qut: Vi h thng c n rng rc ng th ta c:
n
n
P
F ;s 2 h
2

3. n by: Dng n by cli bao nhiu ln v lc th thit by nhiu ln v ng i
do khng c li g v cng.
1 1 2 2
F.l F .l
( p dng iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c trc quay c nh)
Trong F
1
; F
2
l cc lc tc dng ln n by, l1; l2 l cc tay n ca lc hay khong
cch t gi ca cc lc n trc quay.
l
1
l
1
1
l
1
l
2
P
F
T
O
2
F
1
F
l
2
l
1
A
B
O
2
F
1
F
l
2
l
1
A
B
I. Cc bi ton v iu kin cn bng ca vt rn v m men lc:
Phng php: Cn xc nh trc quay, xc nh cc vt t lc tc dng ln vt. Xc nh
chnh xc cnh tay n ca lc. Xc nh cc m men lc lm vt quay theo chiu kim ng
h v ngc chiu kim ng h. s dng iu kin cn bng ca vt rn lp phng trnh.
Bi ton 1: Mt thanh thng AB ng cht, tit din u c rnh
dc, khi lng thanh m = 200g, di l = 90cm. Ti A, B c t 2
hn bi trn rnh m khi lng ln lt l m
1
= 200g v m
2
. t
thc (cng 2 hn bi A, B) trn mt bn nm ngang vung gc
vi mp bn sao cho phn OA nm trn mt bnc chiu di
l
1
= 30cm, phn OB mp ngoi bn.Khi ngi ta thy thc
cn bng nm ngang (thanh ch ta ln im O mp bn)
a. Tnh khi lng m
2
.
b. Cng 1 lc , y nh hn bi m
1
cho chuyn ng u trn rnh vi vn tc v
1
= 10cm/s
v pha O v y nh hn bi m
2
cho chuyn ng u vi vn tc v
2
dc trn rnh v pha O.
Tm v
2
cho thc vn cn bng nm ngang nh trn.
Gii: a. Trng tm ca thanh l I chnh gia thanh. Nn cch im O l 0,15 m
M men do trng lng ca bi m
1
: m
1
.OA
M men do trng lng thanh gy ra: m.OI
M men do bi m
2
gy ra l: m
2
OB
thanh ng cn bng: m
1
OA = m.OI + m
2
.OB
Thay cc gi tr ta tm c m
2
= 50 g.
b. Xt thi im t k t lc hai vin bi bt u chuyn ng.
Cnh tay n ca bi 1: (OA V
1
t) nn m men tng ng l: m
1
(OA v
1
t)
Cnh tay n ca vin bi 2: (OB v
2
t) nn m men l: m
2
(OB V
2
t)
Thc khng thay i v tr nn m men do trng lng ca n gy ra l OI.m
thc cn bng: m
1
(OA v
1
t) = m
2
(OB V
2
t) + OI.m
Thay cc gi tr cho vo ta tm c v
2
= 4v
1
= 40cm/s
Bi ton 2: Mt thanh di l = 1m c trng lng P = 15N,
mt u c gn vo trn nh nh mt bn l.Thanh c
gi nm nghing nh mt si dy thng ng buc du t
do ca thanh. Hy tm lc cng F ca dy nu trng tm ca
thanh cch bn l mt on bng d = 0,4m.
Gii: M men gy ra do trng lng ca thanh ti trng tm ca n: P.OI
M men do lc cng si dy gy ra: F.OA
m
1

A
m
2

B
O
A
O
I
G
B

V thanh cn bng nn: P.OI = F.OA
Hay:
N P F
OB
OG
OA
OI
P
F
6 15 . 4 , 0 4 , 0 4 . 0
Bi ton 3: Mt thanh mnh, ng cht, phn b u khi
lng c th quay quanh trc O pha trn. Phn di ca
thanh nhng trong nc, khi cn bng thanh nm nghing
nh hnh v, mt na chiu di nm trong nc. Hy xc
nh khi lng ring ca cht lm thanh .
Gii: Khi thanh cn bng, cc lc tc dng ln thanh gm: Trng lc P tp trung im gia
ca thanh (trng tm ca thanh) v lc y Acsimet F
A
tp trung trng tm phn thanh nm
trong nc (Hnh bn). Gi l l chiu di ca thanh.
M men do lc c si mt gy ra:F
A
d
1
M men do trng lng ca thanh gy ra: Pd
2
Ta c phng trnh cn bng lc:
3
2
4
3
2
1
1
2

l
l
d
d
P
F
A
(1)
Gi D
n
v D l khi lng ring ca nc v
cht lm thanh. M l khi lng ca thanh, S
l tit din ngang ca thanh
Lc y Acsimet: F
A
= S.
2
1
.D
n
.10 (2)
Trng lng ca thanh:
P = 10.m = 10.l.S.D (3)
F
A
d
1
P d
2
Thay (2), (3) vo (1) suy ra:
2
3
S.l.D
n
.10 =
2.10.l.S.D
Khi lng ring ca cht lm thanh:
D =
4
3
D
n
Bi ton 4: Mt hnh tr khi lng M t trn ng ray,
ng ny nghing mt gc so vi mt phng nm ngang.
Mt trng vt m buc vo u mt si dy qun quanh hnh
tr phi c khi lng nh nht l bao nhiu hnh tr ln
ln trn ? Vt ch ln khng trt, b qua mi ma st.
Gii: Gi R l bn knh khi tr. P
M
l trng lng khi tr.
T l sc cng si dy.
Ta c: P
M
= 10M. V T = 10m
Khi tr quay quanh im I l im tip xc gia khi tr v
ng ray. T hnh v HI l cnh tay n ca lc P
M
v IK
l cnh tay n ca lc T .
Ta c: HI = Rsin v IK = R - IH = R(1 - sin)
iu kin khi tr ln ln trn l T.IK P
M
.IH
Hay 10m.IK 10M. IH hay m M
Thay cc biu thc ca IH v IK vo ta c: m M
Khi lng nh nht ca vt m khi tr ln u ln trn l: m = M
O
Bi ton 5: Mt thanh ng cht tit din u, t trn thnh ca
bnh ng nc, u thanh c buc mt qu cu ng cht bn
knh R, sao cho qu cu ngp hon ton trong nc. H thng ny
cn bng nh hnh v.

Bit trng lng ring ca qu cu v nc
ln lt l d v d
o
,

T s l
1
:l
2
= a: b. Tnh trng lng ca thanh
ng cht ni trn. C th sy ra trng hp l
1
>l
2
c khng? Gii thch?
Gii: Gi chiu di ca thanh l L v trng tm ca thanh l O. Thanh quay ti im tip xc
N ca n vi thnh cc. V thnh ng cht, tit din u nn trng tm ca thanh l trung
im ca thanh.
V l
1
:l
2
= a:b nn l
2
= b v l
1
= a
Gi trng lng ca thanh ng cht l P
0
th cnh tay n ca P
0
l l
2
- = L
M Men ca n l M
1
= L .P
0
Trng lng qu cu l P = dV , Lc c si mt tc dng ln qu cu l F
A
= d
0
V
Lc tc dng ln u bn phi ca thanh l F = P - F
A
= (d - d
0
)V
lc ny c cnh tay n l l
1
v m men ca n l M
2
= a (d - d
0
)V
V thanh cn bng nn: M
1
= M
2
L .P
0
= a (d - d
0
)V
T tm c P
0
= Thay V = R
3
ta c trng lng ca thanh ng cht
Trong trng hp l
1
>l
2
th trng tm ca thanh v pha l
1
. trng lng ca thanh to ra m
men quay theo chiu kim ng h. thanh cn bng th hp lc ca qu cu v lc y c si
mt phi to m men quay ngc chiu kim ng h. khi F
A
> P
Vy trng hp ny c th sy ra khi ln ca lc y c si mt ln qu cu ln hn trng
lng ca n.
II. Cc bi ton v my c n gin:
Phng php: - Xc nh cc lc tc dng ln cc phn ca vt.
S dng iu kin cn bng ca mt vt lp cc phng trnh
Ch : - Nu vt l vt rn th trng lc tc dng ln vt c im t ti khi tm ca vt.
Vt dng thanh c tit din u v khi lng c phn b u trn vt, th trng
tm ca vt l trung im ca thanh. Nu vt c hnh dng tam gic c khi lng c
phn b u trn vt th khi tm chnh l trng tm hnh hc ca vt.
Khi vt cn bng th trc quay s i qua khi tm ca vt
Bi ton 1: Tm vn OB c khi lng khng ng k, u O t trn 1 dao cng ti O, u
B c treo bng 1 si dy vt qua rng rc c nh R (vn quay c quanh O).Mt ngi
c khi lng 60kg ng trn tm vn
a. Lc u, ngi ng ti im A sao cho OA =
3
2
OB (Hnh 1)
b. Tip theo thay rng rc c nh R bng 1 palng gm 1 rng rc c nh R v 1 rng
rc

ng R
ng thi di chuyn v tr ng ca ngi v im I sao cho OI =

2
1
OB (Hnh
2)
c. Sau cng palng cu b c mc theo cch khc nhng vn c OI = 1/2 OB (Hnh 3)
Hi trong mi trng hp a), b), c) ngi phi tc dng vo dy 1 lc F bng bao nhiu
tm vn nm ngang thng bng?Tnh lc F

do vn tc dng vo im ta O trong mi
trng hp ( B qua ma st cc rng rc v trng lng ca dy, ca rng rc )
Hnh 1 Hnh 2 Hnh 3
Gii:
a. Ta c : (P - F).OA = F.OB suy ra : F = 240N
Lc ko do tm vn tc dng vo O: F
/
= P - F - F = 120N
b. Ta c F
B
= 2F v (P - F).OI = F
B
.OB suy ra : F = 120N
/
= P - F - 2F = 240N
c. Ta c F
B
= 3F v (P + F).OI = F
B
.OB suy ra : F = 120N
/
= P + F - 3F = 360N
Bi ton 2: Mt ngi c trng lng P
1
ng trn tm vn c trng lng P
2
ko u mt
si dy vt qua h rng rc ( Hnh v ). di tm vn gia hai im treo dy l l. . B qua
trng lng ca rng rc, si dy v mi ma st.
a. Ngi phi ko dy vi mt lc l bao
nhiu v ngi ng trn v tr no ca tm vn
duy tr tm vn trng thi nm ngang ?
b. Tnh trng lng ln nht ca tm vn ngi
cn ln tm vn.
Gii: a. Gi T
1
l lc cng dy qua rng rc c nh.
T
2
l lc cng dy qua rng rc ng, Q l p lc ca
ngi ln tm vn. Ta c: Q = P
1
- T
2
v T
1
= 2T
2
(1)
h cn bng th trng lng ca ngi v vn cn
bng vi lc cng si dy. Vy: T
1
+ 2T
2
= P
1
+ P
2

T (1) ta c: 2T
2
+ 2T
2
= P
1
+ P
2
hay T
2
=

Vy duy tr trng thi cn bng th ngi phi tc dng mt lc ln dy c ln l
O
A
B
F
F
R
P
O
I
B
R
/
F
R
P
O
I
B
R/
F
R
P
F = T
2
=

Gi B l v tr ca ngi khi h cn bng, khong cch t B n u A ca tm vn l l
0
.
Chn A lm im ta. tm vn cn bng theo phng ngang th
T
2
l
0
+ T
2
l = P
1
l
0
+ (T
2
- 0,5P
2
)l = (P
1
- T
2
)l
0

Vy: l
0
= Thay gi tr T
2
trn v tnh ton c: l
0
=

Vy v tr ca ngi duy tr vn trng thi nm ngang l cch u A mt khong
l
0
=
b. ngi cn ln tm vn th Q 0 P
1
- T
2
0 P
1
-

0
3P
1
P
2
Vy trng lng ln nht ca vn ngi cn ln tm vn l: P
2max
= 3P
1
Bi ton 3: Mt ming g mng, ng cht hnh tam gic vung c chiu di 2 cnh gc
vung AB = 27cm, AC = 36cm v khi lng m
0
= 0,81kg; nh A ca ming g c treo
bng mt dy mnh, nh vo im c nh 0.
a. Hi phi treo mt vt khi lng m nh nht bng bao nhiu ti im no trn cnh
huyn BC khi cn bng cnh huyn BC nm ngang ?
b. By gi ly vt ra khi im treo( cu a)Tnh gc hp bi cnh huyn BC vi
phng ngang khi ming g cn bng
Gii: a. h cn bng ta c: P.HB = P
0
.HK
m.HB = m
0
.HK
M HB =
BC
AB
2
=
45
27
2
= 16,2cm
HK =
3
2
.HI =
3
2
.(BI - BH) =
3
2
.(45/2 - 16,2) = 4,2cm
m = 4,2/16,2 . 0,81 = 0,21kg
Vy cnh huyn BC nm ngang th vt m phi t ti B
v c ln l 0,21kg.
b. Khi b vt, ming g cn bng th trung tuyn AI c
phng thng ng
Ta c : Sin
2
BIA
=
2 /
2 /
BC
AB
=
45
27
= 0,6
BIA = 73,74
0
Do BD //AI Suy ra DBC = BIA = 73,74
0
Gc nghing ca cnh huyn BC so vi phng ngang
= 90
0
- DBC = 90
0
- 73,74
0
= 16,26
0
III. Cc bi ton v s kt hp gia my c n gin v lc y c si mt:

Bi ton 1: Hai qu cu bng kim loi c khi lng bng nhau c treo vo hai a ca

mt cn n. Hai qu cu c khi lng ring ln lt l D
1
= 7,8g/cm
3
; D
2
= 2,6g/cm
3
.
Nhng qu cu th nht vo cht lng c khi lng ring D
3
, qu cu th hai vo cht lng
c khi lng ring D
4
th cn mt thng bng. cn thng bng tr li ta phi b vo a
c qu cu th hai mt khi lng m
1
= 17g. i v tr hai cht lng cho nhau, cn thng
bng ta phi thm m
2
= 27g cng vo a c qu cu th hai. Tm t s hai khi lng ring
ca hai cht lng.
Gii: Do hai qu cu c khi lng bng nhau.
Gi V
1
, V
2
l th tch ca hai qu cu, ta c:
D
1
. V
1
= D
2
. V
2
hay
3
6 , 2
8 , 7
2
1
1
2

D
D
V
V
Gi F
1
v F
2
l lc y Acsimet tc dng vo cc qu cu. Do
cn bng ta c:
(P
1
- F
1
).OA = (P
2
+P
F
2
).OB
Vi P
1
, P
2
, P
l trng lng ca cc qu cu v qu cn;

OA = OB; P
1
= P
2
t suy ra:
P
= F
2
F
1
hay 10.m
1
= (D
4.
V
2
- D
3
.V
1
).10
Thay V
2
= 3 V
1
vo ta c: m
1
= (3D
4
- D
3
).V
1
(1)
Tng t cho ln th hai ta c;
(P
1
- F
1
).OA = (P
2
+P
2
).OB
P
= F
2
- F
1
hay 10.m
2
=(D
3
.V
2
- D
4
.V
1
).10
m
2
= (3D
3
- D
4
).V
1
(2)
Lp t s
4 3
3 4
2
1
D - 3D
D - 3D
) 2 (
) 1 (

m
m
m
1
.(3D
3
D
4
) = m
2
.(3D
4
D
3
)
( 3.m
1
+ m
2
). D
3
= ( 3.m
2
+ m
1
). D
4

2 1
1 2
4
3
3
3
m m
m m
D
D
+
+
= 1,256
Bi ton 2: Hai qu cu ging nhau c ni vi nhau bi mt
si dy nh khng dn vt qua rng rc c nh. Mt qu nhng
trong bnh nc (hnh v). Tm vn tc chuyn ng ca cc qu
cu. Bit rng khi th ring mt qu cu vo bnh nc th qu
cu chuyn ng u vi vn tc V
0
. Lc cn ca nc t l vi
vn tc qu cu. Cho khi lng ring ca nc v cht lm qu
cu ln lt l D
0
v D.
Gii: Gi trng lng mi qu cu l P, Lc yc si mt ln qu cu l F
A
.

Khi ni hai qu cu nh hnh v th qu cu chuyn ng t di ln trn. F
C1
v F
C2
l lc
cn ca nc ln qu cu trong hai trng hp ni trn.T l sc cng si dy.
Ta c: P + F
C1
= T + F
A
F
C1
= F
A
( v P = T) suy ra F
C1
= V.10D
0

Khi th ring qu cu trong nc, do qu cu chuyn ng t trn xung di nn:
P = F
A
- F
c2
F
c2
= P - F
A
= V.10(D - D
0
)
Do lc cn ca nc t l vi vn tc qu cu nn ta c: =

Nn vn tc ca qu cu trong nc l: v =

Bi ton 3: H gm ba vt c v ba rng rc c b tr nh hnh
v. Trng vt bn tri c khi lng m = 2kg v cc trng vt hai
bn c lm bng nhm c khi lng ring D
1
= 2700kg/m
3
. Trng
vt gia l cc khi c to bi cc tm c khi lng ring
D
2
= 1100kg/m
2
. H trng thi cn bng. Nhng c ba vt vo nc,
mun h cn bng th th tch cc tm phi gn thm hay bt i t vt
gia l bao nhiu? Cho khi lng ring ca nc l D
0
= 1000kg/m
3
.
B qua mi ma st.
Gii: V b qua mi ma st v h vt cn bng nn khi lng vt bn phi cng bng m v
khi lng vt gia l 2m. Vy th tch vt gia l: V
0
= = 3,63 dm
3
. Khi nhng cc vt
vo nc th chng chu tc dng ca lc y c si mt. Khi lc cngca mi s dy treo
hai bn l: T = 10( m - D
0
). cn bng lc th lc si dy treo chnh gia l 2T.
Gi th tch ca vt gia lc ny l V th: = 2T - 2.10m.( 1 -

)
V =

= 25,18 dm
3
. Th tch ca vt gia tng thm l: V = V - V
0
= 21,5 dm
3
.
Cc bi ton v cng v cng sut
Bi ton 1: Mt bnh cha mt cht lng c trng lng ring d
0
, chiu
cao ca ct cht lng trong bnh l h
0
. Cch pha trn mt thong mt
khong h
1
, ngi ta th ri thng ng mt vt nh c v ng cht
vo bnh cht lng. Khi vt nh chm y bnh cng ng l lc vn tc
ca n bng khng. Tnh trng lng ring ca cht lm vt. B qua lc
cn ca khng kh v cht lng i vi vt
Gii: Khi ri trong khng kh t C n D vt chu tc dng ca trng lc P.
Cng ca trng lc trn on CD = P.h
1
ng bng ng nng ca vt D :
A
1
= P.h
1
= W
Ti D vt c ng nng W
v c th nng so vi y bnh E l W
t
= P.h
0
Vy tng c nng ca vt D l: W
+ W
t
= P.h
1
+ P.h
0
= P (h
1
+h
0
)
T D n C vt chu lc cn ca lc y Ac si met : F
A
= d.V
Cng ca lc y Acsimet t D n E l: A
2
= F
A
.h
0
= d
0
Vh
0
Do thanh cn bng nn: P = F
1

10.D
2
.S.l = 10.D
1
.(S S).h
h
S
S S
D
D
l .
'
'
.
2
1

(*)
Khi thanh chm hon ton trong nc, nc dng ln mt
lng bng th tch thanh.
Gi V
o
l th tch thanh. Ta c : V
o
= S.l
Thay (*) vo ta c:
h S S
D
D
V ). ' .(
2
1
0

Lc mc nc dng ln 1 on h
( so vi khi cha th thanh vo)
h
D
D
S S
V
h .
'
2
1 0

T D n E do tc ng ca lc cn l lc y Ac si met nn c ng nng v th nng
ca vt u gim. n E th u bng 0. Vy cng ca lc y Ac si met bng tng ng
nng v th nng ca vt ti D: P (h
1
+h
0
) = d
0
Vh
0

dV (h
1
+h
0
) = d
0
Vh
0
d =
0 1
0 0
h h
h d
+
Bi ton 2: Mt vt nng bng g, kch thc nh, hnh tr, hai u hnh nn c th
khng c vn tc ban u t cao 15 cm xung nc. Vt tip tc ri trong nc, ti su
65 cm th dng li, ri t t ni ln. Xc nh gn ng khi lng ring ca vt. Coi rng
ch c lc c si mt l lc cn ng k m thi. Bit khi lng ring ca nc l 1000
kg/m
3
.
Gii: V ch cn tnh gn ng khi lng ring ca vt v v vt c kch thc nh nn ta c
th coi gn ng rng khi vt ri ti mt nc l chm hon ton ngay.
Gi th tch ca vt l V v khi lng ring ca vt l D,
Khi lng ring ca nc l: D. h = 15 cm; h = 65 cm.
Khi vt ri trong khng kh. Lc tc dng vo vt l trng lc. P = 10DV
Cng ca trng lc l: A
1
= 10DVh
Khi vt ri trong nc. lc c si mt tc dng ln vt l: F
A
= 10DV
V sau vt ni ln, nn F
A
> P
Hp lc tc dng ln vt khi vt ri trong nc l: F = F
A
P = 10DV 10DV
Cng ca lc ny l: A
2
= (10DV 10DV)h
Theo nh lut bo ton cng: A
1
= A
2
10DVh = (10DV 10DV)h
D =
'
'
'
D
h h
h
+
Thay s, tnh c D = 812,5 Kg/m
3
Bi ton 3: Trong bnh hnh tr,tit din S cha nc c chiu cao
H = 15cm Ngi ta th vo bnh mt thanh ng cht, tit din u
sao cho n ni trong nc th mc nc dng ln mt on h = 8cm.
a. Nu nhn chm thanh hon ton th mc nc s cao bao nhiu ?
(Bit khi lng ring ca nc v thanh ln lt l D
1
= 1g/cm
3
; D
2
= 0,8g/cm
3
b. Tnh cng thc hin khi nhn chm hon ton thanh, bit thanh c chiu di l = 20cm,
tit din S = 10cm
2
.
Gii:a. Gi tit din v chiu di thanh l S v l. Ta c trng lng ca thanh: P =
10.D
2
.S.l
Th tch nc dng ln bng th tch phn chm trong nc: V = ( S S).h
Lc y Acsimet tc dng vo thanh : F
1
= 10.D
1
(S S).h
H
h
l
P
F
1
S
H
h
P
F
2
S
F
l
T chiu cao ct nc trong bnh l: H = H +h =H +
h
D
D
.
2
1
H = 25 cm
b. Lc tc dng vo thanh lc ny gm : Trng lng P, lc y Acsimet F
2
v lc tc dng
F. Do thanh cn bng nn: F = F
2
- P = 10.D
1
.V
o
10.D
2
.S.l

F = 10( D
1
D
2
).S.l = 2.S.l = 0,4 N
T pt(*) suy ra :
2
1
2
30 ' . 3 ' . 1 . cm S S
h
l
D
D
S
,
_
+
Do khi thanh i vo nc thm 1 on x c th tch V = x.S
Th nc dng thm mt on:
2 ' 2 '
x
S
V
S S
V
y
Mt khc nc dng thm so vi lc u:

cm h
D
D
h h 2 . 1
2
1
,
_

4 2
2
x
x
Vy thanh c di chuyn thm mt on: x +
cm x
x x
3
8
4
2
3
2

.
V lc tc dng tng u t 0 n F = 0,4 N, Nn cng thc hin c:
J x F A
3 2
10 . 33 , 5 10 .
3
8
. 4 , 0 .
2
1
.
2
1

Bi ton 4: Khi ca n c vn tc v
1
= 10 m/s th ng c phi thc hin cng sut P
1
= 4 kw.
Hi khi ng c thc hin cng sut ti a l P
2
= 6 kw th ca n c th t vn tc v
2
ln
nht l bao nhiu? Cho rng lc tc dng ln ca n t l vi vn tc ca n i vi nc.
Gii: V lc tc dng ln ca n t l vi vn tc ca n. Gi h s t l l K
Th: F
1
= Kv
1
v F
2
= K
1
v
Vy: P
1
= F
1
v
1
= K
2
1
v ; P
2
= F
2
v
2
= K
2
2
v .
Nn:
2
2
2
1
2
1
v
v
P
P

1
2
2
1
2
P
P v
v Thay s ta tm c kt qu.
Bi ton 5: Mt xe my chy vi vn tc 36km/h th my phi sinh ra mt cng sut 1,6kW.
Hiu sut ca ng c l 30%. Hi vi 2 lt xng xe i c bao nhiu km? Bit khi lng
ring ca xng l 700kg/m
3
; Nng sut to nhit ca xng l 4,6.10
7
J/kg
Gii: Nhit lng to ra khi t chy hon ton 2 lt xng:
Q = q.m = q.D.V = 4,6.10
7
.700.2.10
-3
= 6,44.10
7
( J )
Cng c ich: A = H.Q = 30%.6,44.10
7
= 1,932.10
7
( J )
M: A = P.t = P.
v
s

) ( 120 ) ( 10 . 2 , 1
10 . 6 , 1
10 . 10 . 932 , 1 .
5
3
7
km m
P
v A
s
Cc bi ton v khi lng v trng lng
Bi ton 1: Mt mu hp kim thic Ch c khi lng m = 664g, khi lng ring D =
8,3g/cm
3
. Hy xc nh khi lng ca thic v ch trong hp kim. Bit khi lng ring ca
thic l D
1
= 7300kg/m
3
, ca ch l D
2
= 11300kg/m
3
v coi rng th tch ca hp kim bng
tng th tch cc kim loi thnh phn.
Gii: Ta c D
1
= 7300kg/m
3
= 7,3g/cm
3
; D
2
= 11300kg/m
3
= 11,3g/cm
3

Gi m
1
v V
1
l khi lng v th tch ca thic trong hp kim
Gi m
2
v V
2
l khi lng v th tch ca ch trong hp kim
Ta c m = m
1
+ m
2
664 = m
1
+ m
2
(1)
V = V
1
+ V
2

3 , 11 3 , 7 3 , 8
664
2 1
2
2
1
1
m m
D
m
D
m
D
m
+ +
(2)
T (1) ta c m
2
= 664- m
1
. Thay vo (2) ta c
3 , 11
664
3 , 7 3 , 8
664
1 1
m m
+
(3)
Gii phng trnh (3) ta c m
1
= 438g v m
2
= 226g
Bi ton 2: Mt chic vng bng hp kim vng v bc, khi cn trong khng kh c trng
lng P
0
= 3N. Khi cn trong nc, vng c trng lng P = 2,74N. Hy xc nh khi lng
phn vng v khi lng phn bc trong chic vng nu xem rng th tch V ca vng ng
bng tng th tch ban u V
1
ca vng v th tch ban u V
2
ca bc. Khi lng ring ca
vng l 19300kg/m
3
, ca bc 10500kg/m
3
.
Gii: Gi m
1
, V
1
, D
1
,l khi lng, th tch v khi lng ring ca vng.
Gi m
2
, V
2
, D
2
,l khi lng, th tch v khi lng ring ca bc.
Khi cn ngoi khng kh: P
0
= ( m
1
+

m
2
).10 (1)

Khi cn trong nc. P

= P
0
- (V
1
+ V
2
).d =
10 . .
2
2
1
1
2 1 1
]
1
,
_
+ + D
D
m
D
m
m m


P = 1
]
1
,
_
,
_
2
2
1
1
1 1 . 10
D
D
m
D
D
m
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
10m
1
.D.

,
_
1 2
1 1
D D
=P - P
0
.

,
_
2
1
D
D
v 10m
2
.D.

,
_
2 1
1 1
D D
=P - P
0
.

,
_
1
1
D
D
Thay s ta c m
1
= 59,2g v m
2
= 240,8g.
Cc bi ton v p sut trong lng cht lng v
cht kh
I. Cc bi ton v p sut gy ra trong lng cht lng.
Phng php: Cn xc nh c hng ca lc do p sut cht lng gy ra.
Biu th s tng quan gia cc p sut hoc tng quan gia lc gy ra do p sut v
trng lc tc dng ln vt. T xy dng cc phng trnh biu th mi tng quan y.
Bi ton 1: Ti y ca mt ci ni hnh tr tit din S
1
= 10dm
2
, ngi ta khot mt l trn
v cm vo mt ng kim loi tit din S
2
= 1 dm
2
. Ni c t trn mt tm cao su nhn,
y ln ngc ln trn, rt nc t t vo ng pha trn. Hi c th rt nc ti cao H l
bao nhiu nc khng thot ra t pha di. (Bit khi lng ca ni v ng kim loi l m
= 3,6 kg. Chiu cao ca ni l h = 20cm.Trng lng ring ca nc d
n
= 10.000N/m
3
).
Gii: Nc bt u chy ra khi p lc ca n
ln y ni cn bng vi trng lc:
P = 10m ; F = p ( S
1
- S
2
) (1)
Hn na: p = d ( H h ) (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 10m = d ( H h ) (S
1
S
2
)
H h =
1 2 1 2
10m 10m
H h
d(S S ) d(S S )
+

Thay s ta c: H = 0,2 +
10.3,6
0,2 0,04 0,24(m) 24cm
10000(0,1 0,01)
+
Bi ton 2: Ngi ta nhng vo trong thng cht lng mt ng nh di hnh tr ng knh

d; pha di ng c dnh cht mt ci a hnh tr dy h, ng knh D, khi lng ring
ca vt liu lm a l
. Khi lng ring ca cht lng l
L
( vi
>
L
). Ngi ta
nhc ng t t ln cao theo phng thng ng. Hy xc nh su H (tnh t ming di
ca ng ln n mt thong ca cht lng) khi a bt u tch ra khi ng.
Gii: F
1
l p lc ca cht lng tc dng vo mt di ca a.

D
d
H
h
F
2
l p lc ca cht lng tc dng ln phn nh ra
ngoi gii hn ca ng mt trn ca a.
P l trng lng ca a.
a bt u tch ra khi ng khi: P + F
2
= F
1
(1)
Vi: F
1
= p
1
S =10.(H+h).
L
.S = 10.
4
D
2
(H+h).
L
F
2
= p
2
S' =10.H.
L
.(
4
D
2
-
4
d
2
)
P = 10.
.V = 10.
.h
4
D
2

Th tt c vo (1) v rt gn:
D
2
.h.
+ (D
2
- d
2
)H.
L
= D
2
(H + h)
L

2 2
2
L
L
D h D h
H
d

=
2
L
L
D
h
d

_

,

II. Cc bi ton v bnh thng nhau:
Phng php: Nu hai nhnh ca bnh thng nhau cha cng 1 cht lng, nn chn 1 im
ti y bnh lm im so snh p sut. Nu chng cha hai loi cht lng khng ha tan
nhau th nn chn im ti mt phn cch gia hai cht lng lm im so snh p sut.
Nu bnh thng nhau c t cc pitton nh v tit din cc nhnh khc nhau, cn xt ti lc
tc dng ln pitton do p sut kh quyn gy ra.
Bi ton 1: Hai nhnh ca mt bnh thng nhau cha cht lng c tit din S. Trn mt
nhnh c mt pitton c khi lng khng ng k. Ngi ta t mt qu cn c trng lng P
ln trn pitton ( Gi s khng lm cht lng trn ra ngoi). Tnh chnh lch mc cht lng
gia hai nhnh khi h t ti trng thi cn bng c hc?. Khi lng ring ca cht lng l
D
Gii: Gi h
1
l chiu cao ct cht lng nhnh khng c pitton, h
2
l chiu cao ct cht lng
nhnh c pitton. D thy h
1
> h
2
.
p sut tc dng ln 1 im trong cht lng y chung 2 nhnh gm
p sut gy ra do nhnh khng c pitton: P
1
= 10Dh
1
p sut gy ra do nhnh c pitton: P
2
= 10Dh
2
+
S
P
Khi cht lng cn bng th P
1
= P
2
nn 10Dh
1
= 10Dh
2
+
S
P
chnh lch mc cht lng gia hai nhnh l: h
1
h
2
=
DS
P
10

F1
P
F2
D
d
H
h
CC BI TON V S CN BNG CA VT TRONG CHT LNG
I/ Cc bi ton v s cn bng ca vt v h vt trong mt cht lng:
Bi 1: Mt cc hnh tr c y dy 1cm v thnh mng. Nu th cc vo mt bnh nc ln
th cc ni thng ng v chm 3cm trong nc.Nu vo cc mt cht lng cha xc nh
c cao 3cm th cc chm trong nc 5 cm. Hi phi thm vo cc lng cht lng ni
trn c cao bao nhiu mc cht lng trong cc v ngoi cc bng nhau.
Gii: Gi din tch y cc l S. khi lng ring ca cc l D
0
, Khi lng ring ca nc
l D
1
, khi lng ring ca cht lng vo cc l D
2
, th tch cc l V.
Trng lng ca cc l P
1
= 10D
0
V
Khi th cc xung nc, lc y c si mt tc dng ln cc l:
F
A1
= 10D
1
Sh
1
Vi h
1
l phn cc chm trong nc.
10D
1
Sh
1
= 10D
0
V D
0
V = D
1
Sh
1
(1)
Khi vo cc cht lng c cao h
2
th phn cc chm trong nc l h
3
Trng lng ca cc cht lng l: P
2
= 10D
0
V + 10D
2
Sh
2
Lc y c si mt khi l: F
A2
= 10D
1
Sh
3
Cc ng cn bng nn: 10D
0
V + 10D
2
Sh
2

= 10D
1
Sh
3
Kt hp vi (1) ta c:
D
1
h
1
+ D
2
h
2
= D
1
h
3
1
2
1 3
2
D
h
h h
D

(2)
Gi h
4
l chiu cao lng cht lng cn vo trong cc sao cho mc cht lng trong cc v
ngoi cc l ngang nhau.
Trng lng ca cc cht lng khi l: P
3
= 10D
0
V + 10D
2
Sh
4
Lc c si mt tc dng ln cc cht lng l: F
A3
= 10D
1
S( h
4
+ h)
(vi h l b dy y cc)
Cc cn bng nn: 10D
0
V + 10D
2
Sh
4
= 10D
1
S( h
4
+ h)
D
1
h
1
+ D
2
h
4
= D
1
(h
4
+ h) h
1
+ 4
2
1 3
h
h
h h
=h
4
+ h
h
4
=
3 2 1
2 2 1
'
h h h
h h h h
+
Thay h
1
= 3cm; h
2
= 3cm; h
3
= 5cm v h = 1cm vo
Tnh c h
4
= 6 cm

II. Cc bi ton v s cn bng ca vt v h vt trong hai hay nhiu cht lng khng
ha tan.
Bi ton 1:
Mt qu cu c trng lng ring d
1
=8200N/m
3
, th tch V
1
=100cm
3
, ni trn mt mt bnh
nc. Ngi ta rt du vo ph kn hon ton qu cu. Trng lng ring ca du l
d
2
=7000N/m
3
v ca nc l d
3
=10000N/m
3
.
a. Tnh th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc khi du.
b. Nu tip tc rt thm du vo th th tch phn ngp trong nc ca qu cu thay i nh
th no?
Gii: a. Gi V
1
, V
2
, V
3
ln lt l th tch ca qu cu, th tch ca qu cu ngp trong du v
th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc. Ta c V
1
=V
2
+V
3
(1)
Qu cu cn bng trong nc v trong du nn ta c: V
1
.d
1
=V
2
.d
2
+V
3
.d
3
. (2)
T (1) suy ra V
2
=V
1
-V
3
, thay vo (2) ta c:
V
1
d
1
=(V
1
-V
3
)d
2
+V
3
d
3
=V
1
d
2
+V
3
(d
3
-d
2
)
V
3
(d
3
-d
2
)=V
1
.d
1
-V
1
.d
2

2 3
2 1 1
3
) (
d d
d d V
V
Thay s: vi V
1
=100cm
3
, d
1
=8200N/m
3
, d
2
=7000N/m
3
, d
3
=10000N/m
3
3
2 3
2 1 1
3
40
3
120
7000 10000
) 7000 8200 ( 100 ) (
cm
d d
d d V
V
b/T biu thc:

2 3
2 1 1
3
) (
d d
d d V
V
. Ta thy th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc (V

3
) ch ph
thuc vo V
1
, d
1
, d
2
, d
3
khng ph thuc vo su ca qu cu trong du, cng nh lng
du thm vo. Do nu tip tc thm du vo th phn qu cu ngp trong nc
khng thay i
III. Cc bi ton lin quan n s chuyn th ca cc cht
Ch rng: Khi cc cht chuyn th th th tch ca c th thay i, nhng khi lng ca
n l khng i.
Bi ton 1: Ngi ta th mt cc nc c mt mu thu tinh b ng bng trong vo
mt bnh hnh tr c cha nc. khi mc nc trong bnh dng ln mt on h = 11mm.
cn cc nc ni nhng ngp hon ton trong nc. hi khi cc nc tan ht th mc
nc trong bnh h xung mt on bng bao nhiu. Cho khi lng ring ca nc l D
3
=
1g/cm
3
; ca nc l D
1
= 0,9g/cm
3
; v ca thu tinh l D
2
= 2g/cm
3
Gii: Gi th tch nc l V; th tch thu tinh l V, V
1
l th tch nc thu c khi
nc tan hon ton, S l tit din bnh.
V ban u cc nc ni nn ta c: (V + V)D
n
= VD
+ VD
t
Thay s c V = 10V ( 1)
Ta c: V + V = Sh. Kt hp vi (1) c V =
11
10Sh
(2)
Khi lng ca nc bng khi lng ca nc thu c khi nc tan ht nn: D
V =
D
n
V
1
V
1
=
D
V D
0,9V
Khi cc nc tan ht. th tch gim i mt lng l V V
1
=V 0,9V = 0,1V
Chiu cao ct nc gim mt lng l: h =

11 .
1 , 0 . 10 1 , 0
S
Sh
S
V
1 (mm)
PHN II - NHIT HC
I. Cc bi ton v s trao i nhit ca hai cht v nhiu cht
Phng php: Xc nh cc cht thu nhit, cc cht ta nhit.
p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit thit lp cc phng trnh cn thit.
Bi 1: Ngi ta cho vi nc nng 70
0
C v vi nc lnh 10
0
C ng thi chy vo b c
sn 100kg nc nhit 60
0
C. Hi phi m hai vi trong bao lu th thu c nc c
nhit 45
0
C. Cho bit lu lng ca mi vi l 20kg/pht. B qua s mt mt nng lng
ra mi trng.
Gii: V lu lng hai vi chy nh nhau nn khi lng hai loi nc x vo b bng nhau.
Gi khi lng mi loi nc l m(kg):
Ta c: m.c(70 45) + 100.c(60 45) = m.c(45 10)

25.m + 1500 = 35.m
10.m = 1500

1500
150( )
10
m kg
Thi gian m hai vi l:
) ( 5 , 7
20
15
pht t
Bi 2: Mt chic ca khng c vch chia c dng mc nc thng cha I v thng
cha II ri vo thng cha III. Nhit ca nc thng cha I l t
1
= 20
0
C, thng II l
t
2
= 80
0
C. Thng cha III c sn mt lng nc nhit t
3
= 40
0
C v bng tng s ca
nc va thm. Cho rng khng c s mt mt nhit lng ra mi trng xung quanh.
Hy tnh s ca nc cn mc thng I v thng II nc thng III c nhit bng 50
0
C ?
Gii:
Gi m l khi lng ca mi ca nc, n
1
l s ca nc thng I, n
2
l s ca nc thng II
Vy s ca nc thng III l n
1
+ n
2
, nhit cn bng ca nc trong thng III l 50
0
C
Ta c :
Nhit lng thu vo ca s nc t thng I l : Q
1
= m
1
.c.(50-20) = n
1
.m.c.30 (1)
Nhit lng ta ra ca s nc t thng II l : Q
2
= m
2
.c.(80-50) = n
2
.m.c.30 (2)
Nhit lng thu vo ca s nc t thng III l : Q
3
=(n
1
+n
2
).m.c.(50 - 40) =
(n
1
+n
2
).m.c.10 (3)
Do qu trnh l cn bng nn ta c : Q
1
+ Q
3
= Q
2
(4)
Thay h thc (1), (2), (3) vo h thc (4) ta c: 2n
1
= n
2

Nh vy nu mc thng II: n ca th phi mc thng I: 2n ca v s nc c sn trong
thng III l: 3n ca (n nguyn dng )
Bi 3: Trong mt bnh nhit lng k cha hai lp nc. Lp nc lnh di v lp nc
nng trn. Tng th tch ca hai khi nc ny thay i nh th no khi chng sy ra hin
tng cn bng nhit?. B qua s trao i nhit vi bnh v vi mi trng.
Gii: Gi V
1
; V
2
; V
1
; V
2
ln lt l th tch nc nng, nc lnh ban u v nc nng,
nc lnh khi nhit cn bng. n ra hoc co li ca nc khi thay i 1
0
C ph thuc
vo h s t l K. s thay i nhit ca lp nc nng v nc lnh ln lt l t
1
v t
2
.
V
1
= V
1
+ V
1
Kt
1
v V
2
= V
2
- V
2
Kt
2
Ta c V
1
+ V
2
= V
1
+ V
2
+ K(V
1
t
1
- V
2
t
2
)
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit th: m
1
Ct
1
= m
2
Ct
2
vi m
1
, m
2
l khi lng nc tng
ng iu kin cn bng nhit, v cng iu kin nn chng c khi lng ring nh nhau
Nn: V
1
DCt
1
= V
2
DCt
2
V
1
t
1
V
2
t
2
= 0
Vy: V
1
+ V
2
= V
1
+ V
2
nn tng th tch cc khi nc khng thay i
II/ Cc bi ton c s chuyn th ca cc cht
Bi 1: Trong mt bnh bng ng c ng mt lng nc c nhit ban u l t
1
=
5
o
C. H c cung cp nhit lng bng mt bp in. Xem rng nhit lng m bnh
cha v lng cht trong bnh nhn c t l vi thi gian t nng (h s t l khng i).
Ngi ta thy rng trong 60 s u tin nhit ca h tng t t
1
= 5
o
C n t
2
= 0
o
C, sau
nhit khng i trong 1280 s tip theo, cui cng nhit tng t t
2
= 0
o
C n t
3
= 10
o
C
trong 200 s. Bit nhit dung ring ca nc l c
1
= 2100 J/(kg.), ca nc l c
2
= 4200 J/
(kg.). Tm nhit lng cn thit 1kg nc tan hon ton 0
0
c.
Gii: Gi K l h s t l v l nhit lng cn thit 1 kg nc nng chy hon ton
nhit nng chy.
+ Trong T
1
= 60 s u tin, bnh v nc tng nhit t t
1
= - 5
o
C n t
2
= 0
o
C:
k.T
1
= (m
1
.c
1
+ m
x
.c
x
)(t
2
- t
1
) (1)
+ Trong T
2
= 1280 s tip theo, nc tan ra, nhit ca h khng i:
k.T
2
= m
1
. (2)
+ Trong T
3
= 200 s cui cng, bnh v nc tng nhit t t
2
= 0
o
C n t
3
= 10
o
C:
k.T
3
= (m
1
.c
2
+ m
x
.c
x
)(t
3
- t
2
) (3)
T (1) v (3):
) 5 (
t t
T . k
c m c m
) 4 (
t t
T . k
c m c m
2 3
3
x x 2 1
1 2
1
x x 1 1
+
Ly (5) tr i (4):
) 6 (
t t
T . k
t t
T . k
) c c ( m
1 2
1
2 3
3
1 2

Chia 2 v ca 2 phng trnh (2) v (6):
1 2
1
2 3
3
2
1 2
1
2 3
3
2
1 2
t t
T
t t
T
T
t t
T . k
t t
T . k
T . k
c c
Vy:
1 2
1
2 3
3
1 2 2
t t
T
t t
T
) c c ( T

Thay s: kg
J
10 . 36 , 3 336000
) 5 ( 0
60
0 10
200
) 2100 4200 ( 1280
5

III/ Cc bi ton c s trao i nhit vi mi trng
S trao i nhit vi mi trng lun t l vi chnh lch nhit . T l vi din tch tip
xc vi mi trng. Nn nhit lng hao ph ra mi trng l k.S.(t
2
- t
1
) vi k l h s t l.
Trong trng hp nhit lng cung cp cho vt khng lm cho vt chuyn th th khi vt
c nhit n nh ta lun c cng sut ta nhit ra mi trng ng bng cng sut ca
thit b t nng cung cp cho vt.
Bi ton 1:
C ba bnh hnh tr ch khc nhau v chiu cao. Dung tch cc bnh l 1l, 2l, 4l. tt c u
cha y nc. Nc trong cc bnh c un nng bi thit b un. Cng sut thit b un
khng nc si. Nc bnh th nht c t nng n 80
0
c. bnh th hai ti 60
0
c.
Nc bnh th 3 c t nng ti nhit no? Nu nhit phng l 20
0
c. Cho rng
nhit lng ta ra mi trng t l vi hiu nhit gia nc v mi trng xung quanh, t
l vi din tch tip xc gia nc v mi trng. Nc trong bnh c t nng u n.
Gii: Gi nhit ca nc trong bnh 1, 2, 3 khi n nh nhit l T
1
, T
2
, T
3
v nhit
phng l T. Din tch hai y bnh l S v din tch xung quanh ca cc bnh tng ng l S
1
;
S
2
; S
3
. Dung tch cc bnh tng ng l V
1
; V
2
; V
3
V: V
3
= 2V
2
= 4V
1
Nn S
3
= 2S
2
= 4S
1

V nhit ta ra mi trng t l vi chnh lch nhit v t l vi din tch tip xc.
Nn cng sut hao ph ca thit b un ca cc bnh tng ng l:
P
hp1
= A(S
1
+ S)(T
1
-T) = A( S
3
+S)60
P
hp2
= A(S
2
+ S)(T
2
-T) = A( S
3
+S)40
P
hp3
= A(S
3
+ S)(T
3
-T) = A( S
3
+S)(T
3
- 20)
Vi A l h s t l.
Nhit ca cc bnh s n nh khi cng sut cung cp ca thit b un ng bng cng sut
hao ph. Nn: A( S
3
+S)60 = A( S
3
+S)40 S
3
= 4S
T: A( S
3
+S)60 = A( S
3
+S)(T
3
- 20) v S
3
= 4S ta tnh c T
3
= 44
0
C
Vy nc trong bnh th 3 c un nng ti 44
0
c.
Bi 2: Ngi ta th mt chai sa ca tr em vo phch ng nc nhit t = 40
0
C. Sau
khi t cn bng nhit, chai sa nng ti nhit t
1
= 36
0
C, ngi ta ly chai sa ny ra v
tip tc th vo phch mt chai sa khc ging nh chai sa trn. Hi chai sa ny khi cn
bng s c lm nng ti nhit no? Bit rng trc khi th vo phch, cc chai sa u
c nhit t
0
=18
0
C.
Gii: Gi q
1
l nhit lng do phch nc to ra n h 1
0
C , q
2
l nhit lng cung cp cho
chai sa n nng thm 1
0
C , t
2
l nhit ca chai sa th hai khi cn bng.
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit ta c:
+ Ln 1: q
1
(t t
1
) = q
2
(t
1
- t
0
)
+ Ln 2: q
1
(t
1
t
2
) = q
2
(t
2
- t
0
)
+ T (1) v (2) gii ra ta c t
2
=32,7
0
C
IV/ Cc bi ton c lin quan n cng sut ta nhit ca cc vt ta nhit.
Bi ton 1:
Mt l si gi cho phng nhit 20
0
C khi nhit ngoi tri l 5
0
C. Nu nhit ngoi
tri h xung ti 5
0
C th phi dng thm mt l si na c cng sut 0,8KW mi duy tr
nhit phng nh trn. Tm cng sut l si c t trong phng lc u?.
Gii: Gi cng sut l si trong phng ban u l P, v nhit to ra mi trng t l vi
chnh lch nhit , nn gi h s t l l K. Khi nhit trong phng n nh th cng sut
ca l si bng cng sut to nhit ra mi trng ca phng. Ta c: P = K(20 5) = 15K (
1)
Khi nhit ngoi tri gim ti -5
0
C th:(P + 0,8) = K[20 (-5)] = 25K (2)
T (1) v (2) ta tm c P = 1,2 KW.
Bi ton 2: Mt m in bng nhm c khi lng 0,5kg cha 2kg nc 25
o
C. Mun un
si lng nc trong 20 pht th m phi c cng sut l bao nhiu? Bit rng nhit dung
ring ca nc l C = 4200J/kg.K. Nhit dung ring ca nhm l C
1
= 880J/kg.K v 30%
nhit lng to ra mi trng xung quanh
Gii: + Nhit lng cn tng nhit ca m nhm t 25
o
C ti 100
o
C l:
Q
1
= m
1
c
1
( t
2
t
1
) = 0,5.880.(100 25 ) = 33000 ( J )
+ Nhit lng cn tng nhit ca nc t 25
o
C ti 100
o
C l:
Q
2
= mc ( t
2
t
1
) = 2.4200.( 100 25 ) = 630000 ( J )
+ Nhit lng tng cng cn thit:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
= 663000 ( J ) ( 1 )
+ Mt khc nhit lng c ch un nc do m in cung cp trong thi gian 20
pht
Q = H.P.t ( 2 )
( Trong H = 100% - 30% = 70% ; P l cng sut ca m ; t = 20 pht = 1200 giy )
+T ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) : P = W)
Q 663000.100
789,3(
H.t 70.1200

V/ Cc bi ton v s trao i nhit qua thanh v qua cc vch ngn
S trao i nhit qua thanh s c mt phn nhit lng hao ph trn thanh dn nhit. Nhit
lng ny t l vi din tch tip xc ca thanh vi mi trng, t l vi chnh lch nhit
ca thanh dn vi nhit mi trng v ph thuc vo cht liu lm thanh dn.
Khi hai thanh dn khc nhau c mc ni tip th nng lng c ch truyn trn hai thanh
l nh nhau.
Khi hai thanh dn khc nhau mc song song th tng nhit lng c ch truyn trn hai thanh
ng bng nhit lng c ch ca h thng.
Khi truyn nhit qua cc vch ngn. Nhit lng trao i gia cc cht qua vch ngn t l
vi din tch cc cht tip xc vi cc vch ngn v t l vi chnh lch nhit gia hai
bn vch ngn.
Bi ton 1: Trong mt bnh cch nhit cha hn hp nc v nc 0
0
c. Qua thnh bn
ca bnh ngi ta a vo mt thanh ng c mt lp cch nhit bao quanh. Mt u ca
thanh tip xc vi nc , u kia c nhng trong nc si p sut kh quyn. Sau thi
gian T
d
= 15 pht th nc trong bnh tan ht. Nu thay thanh ng bng thanh thp c
cng tit din nhng khc nhau v chiu di vi thanh ng th nc tan ht sau T
t
= 48
pht. Cho hai thanh ni tip vi nhau th nhit t ti im tip xc gia hai thanh l bao
nhiu? Xt hai trng hp:
1/ u thanh ng tip xc vi nc si
2/ u thanh thp tip xc vi nc si.
Khi hai thanh ni tip vi nhau th sau bao lu nc trong bnh tan ht? (gii cho tng
trng hp trn)
Gii: Vi chiu di v tit din ca thanh l xc nh th nhit lng truyn qua thanh dn
nhit trong mt n v thi gian ch ph thuc vo vt liu lm thanh v hiu nhit gia
hai u thanh. Lng nhit truyn t nc si sang nc nc tan ht qua thanh
ng v qua thanh thp l nh nhau. Gi h s t l truyn nhit i vi cc thanh ng v
thp tng ng l K
d
v K
t
.
Ta c phng trnh: Q = K
d
(t
2
- t
1
)T
d
= K
t
(t
2
-t
t
)T
t
Vi t
2
= 100 v t
1
= 0 Nn:

=

= 3,2
Khi mc ni tip hai thanh th nhit lng truyn qua cc thanh trong 1 s l nh nhau. Gi
nhit im tip xc gia hai thanh l t
Trng hp 1: K
d
(t
2
-t) = K
t
(t - t
1
) Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c t = 76
0
c
Trng hp 2: Tng t nh trng hp 1. ta tm c t = 23,8
0
c.
Gi thi gian nc tan ht khi mc ni tip hai thanh l T
Vi trng hp 1: Q = K
d
(t
2
-t
1
)T
d
= K
d
(t
2
-t)T = 63 pht.
Tng t vi trng hp 2 ta cng c kt qu nh trn
Bi ton 2:Trong mt bnh c tit din thng l hnh vung
c chia lm ba ngn nh hnh v. hai ngn nh c tit din thng
cng l hnh vung c cnh bng na cnh ca bnh. vo cc
ngn n cng mt cao ba cht lng: Ngn 1 l nc nhit
t
1
= 65
0
c. Ngn 2 l c ph nhit t
2
= 35
0
c. Ngn 3 l sa nhit
t
3
= 20
0
c. Bit rng thnh bnh cch nhit rt tt nhng vch ngn c th
dn nhit. Nhit lng truyn qua vch ngn trong mt n v thi
gian t l vi din tch tip xc ca cht lng v vi hiu nhit hai bn vch ngn. Sau mt
thi gian th nhit ngn cha nc gim t
1
= 1
0
c. Hi hai ngn cn li nhit bin i
bao nhiu trong thi gian ni trn? Coi rng v phng din nhit th 3 cht ni trn l ging
nhau. B qua s trao i nhit ca bnh v mi trng.
Gii: V din tch tip xc ca tng cp cht lng l nh nhau. Vy nhit lng truyn gia
chng t l vi hiu nhit vi cng mt h s t l K
Ti cc vch ngn. Nhit lng ta ra:
Q
12
= K(t
1
- t
2
); Q
13
= k(t
1
- t
3
); Q
23
= k(t
2
- t
3
) T ta c cc phng trnh cn bng nhit:
i vi nc: Q
12
+ Q
23
= K(t
1
- t
2
+ t
1
-t
3
) = 2mct
1

i vi c ph: Q
12
-Q
23
= k(t
1
- t
2
- t
2
+ t
3
) = mct
2

i vi sa: Q
13
+ Q
23
= k(t
1
- t
3
+ t
2
- t
3
) = mct
3

T cc phng trnh trn ta tm c: t
2
= 0,4
0
c v t
3
= 1,6
0
c
VI/ Cc bi ton lin quan n cng sut ta nhit ca nhin liu:
Bi ton:
Mt bp du ho c hiu sut 30%.
a)Tnh nhit lng ton phn m bp to ra khi t chy hon ton 30g du ho?
b)Vi lng du ho ni trn c th un c bao nhiu lt nc t 30
0
C n 100
0
C. Bit
nng sut to nhit ca du ho l 44.10
6
J/kg , nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K.
Gii:
a) Q
TP
=mq = 0,03 .44 10
6
= 1320 000(J)
b) + Gi M l khi lng nc cn un, theo bi ra ta c:
Q
thu
= cMt = 4200.M.(100 - 30) = 294 000.M(J)
+ T cng thc : H =
TP
i
Q
Q
Q
i
= H.Q
TP
=
100
30
.1320 000 = 396 000(J)
+ Nhit lng cn un si lng nc l Q
i
, theo phng trnh cn bng nhit ta c:
294 000.M = 396 000 M = 1,347 (kg)
Vy vi lng du trn un bng bp ta c th un c 1,347 kg (1,347l) nc t 30
0
C
n 100
0
C.
VII/ Bi ton th:
Bi ton: Hai lt nc c un trong mt chic bnh un nc c
cng sut 500W. Mt phn nhit ta ra mi trng xung quanh.
S ph thuc ca cng sut ta ra mi trng theo thi gian un
c biu din trn th nh hnh v. Nhit ban u ca
nc l 20
0
c. Sau bao lu th nc trong bnh c nhit l 30
0
c.
Cho nhit dung ring ca nc l c = 4200J/kg.K
Gii: Gi th biu din cng sut ta ra mi trng l P = a + bt.
+ Khi t = 0 th P = 100
+ Khi t = 200 th P = 200
+ Khi t = 400 th p = 300
T ta tm c P = 100 + 0,5t
Gi thi gian nc tng nhit t 20
0
c n 30
0
c l T th nhit lng trung bnh ta ra
trong thi gian ny l: P
tb
=

= = 100 + 0,25t
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit: 500T = 2.4200(30 - 20) + (100+0,25t)t
Phng trnh c nghim: T = 249 s v T = 1351 s
Ta chn thi gian nh hn l T = 249s
PHN III - CC BI TON THC NGHIM C - NHIT
I/ Cc bi ton thc nghim ng dng iu kin cn bng ca vt rn:
Bi ton 1:
Hy tm cch xc nh khi lng ca mt ci chi qut nh vi cc dng c sau: Chic chi
cn xc nh khi lng, mt s on dy mm c th b qua khi lng, 1 thc dy c
chia ti milimet. 1 gi m n lin m khi lng m ca n c ghi trn v bao ( coi khi
lng ca bao b l nh so vi khi lng ci chi)
Gii: ( xem hnh v pha di)
Bc 1: dng dy mm treo ngang chi. di chuyn v tr buc dy ti khi chi nm cn bng
theo phng ngang, nh du im treo l trng tm ca chi ( im M)
Bc 2: Treo gi m vo u B. lm li nh trn xc inh v tr cn bng mi ca chi
( im N)
Bc 3: v lc tc dng t l nghch vi cnh tay n nn ta c: P
c
.l
1
= P
M
.l
2
m
c
.l
1
= m .l
2
m
c
=
1
2
.
l
l m
T xc nh c khi lng chi. cc chiu di c o bng thc dy.
Bi ton 2: Trnh by phng n xc nh khi lng ring (gn ng) ca mt cht lng x
vi cc dng c sau y. Mt thanh cng, ng cht, mt thc thng c thang o, dy buc
khng thm nc, mt cc nc( bit D
n
), Mt vt rn khng thm nc( c th chm
c trong c hai cht lng), Cc ng cht x.
Gii: - Dng dy treo thanh cng, khi thanh thng bng, nh du v tr dy treo l G( G
chnh l trng tm ca thanh).
Treo vt nng vo thanh cng, dch chuyn dy treo thc thng bng tr li, nh
du v tr treo thanh v treo vt l O
1
v A, dng thc o khong cch AO
1
=l
1
, O
1
G=l
2
. khi
ta c phng trnh cn bng: l
1
P
1
= p
0
l
2
(1)
Nhng chm vt rn vo cht lng x , dch dy treo thc n v tr O
2
thc thng
bng tr li. o khong cch AO
2
=l
3
, O
2
G=l
4

Ta c phng trnh cn bng: l
3
( P
1
- 10 V D
x
) = P
0
.l
4
(2).
Nhng chm vt rn vo cc nc , dch dy treo thc n v tr O
3
thc thng
bng tr li. o khong cch AO
3
=l
5
, O
3
G=l
6
, Ta c phng trnh cn bng:
l
5
( P
1
- 10 V D
n
) = P
0
.l
6
(3).
Gii h 3 phng trnh 1,2,3 ta tm c D
x

II/ cc bi ton thc nghim ng dng iu kin cn bng ca vt trong cht lng:
Bi ton 1:
Trong tay ch c 1 chic cc thy tinh hnh tr thnh mng, bnh ln ng nc, thc thng
c vch chia ti milimet. Hy nu phng n th nghim xc nh khi lng ring ca
mt cht lng no v khi lng ring ca cc thy tinh. Cho rng bn bit khi lng
ring ca nc.
Gii:
Gi din tch y cc l S, Khi lng ring ca cc l D
0
; Khi lng ring ca nc l D
1
;
khi lng ring ca cht lng cn xc nh l D
2
v th tch cc l V. chiu cao ca cc l h.
Ln 1: th cc khng c cht lng vo nc. phn chm ca cc trong nc l h
1
Ta c: 10D
0
V = 10D
1
Sh
1
D
0
V = D
1
Sh
1
. (1)
D
0
Sh = D
1
Sh
1
D
0
=
h
h
1
D
1
xc nh c khi lng ring ca cc.
Ln 2: thm vo cc 1 lng cht lng cn xc nh khi lng ring ( va phi) c chiu
cao h
2
, phn cc chm trong nc c chiu cao h
3
Ta c: D
1
Sh
1
+ D
2
Sh
2
= D
1
Sh
3
. ( theo (1) v P = F
A
)
D
2
= (h
3
h
1
)D
1
xc nh c khi lng ring cht lng.
Cc chiu cao h, h
1
, h
2
, h
3
c xc nh bng thc thng. D
1
bit.
Bi ton 2: Hy trnh by phng n xc nh ( gn ng) khi lng ring ca mt vt nh
bng kim loi
Dng c gm: Vt cn xc nh khi lng ring, lc k, ca ng nc c th nhng chm
hon ton vt, mt s si dy nh mm c th b qua khi lng. coi rng khi lng ring
ca khng kh l D
1
v khi lng ring ca nc l D
2
bit.
Gii:
Bc 1: Treo vt vo lc k. c s ch lc k khi vt trong khng kh ( P
1
)
Nhng chm vt trong nc. c s ch ca lc k khi vt b nhng chm (P
2
)
Bc 2: Thit lp cc phng trnh:
Gi th tch ca vt l V, Lc c si mt khi vt ngoi khng kh l F
A1
v khi vt trong nc
l F
A2
.
Khi vt trong khng kh: P
1
= P - F
A1
= P 10D
1
V (1)
Khi vt c nhng chm trong nc: P
2
= P - F
A2
= P 10D
2
V (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: V =
( )
1 2
2 1
10 D D
P P
(3)
Mt khc. T (1) v (3) c: P = F
1
+ 10D
1
V =
1 2
1 2 2 1
D D
D P D P
Vy khi lng ca vt: m =
10
P

( )
1 2
1 2 2 1
10 D D
D P D P
T tnh c khi lng ring ca vt: D =

2 1
1 2 2 1
P P
D P D P
V
m
III/ Cc bi ton thc nghim ng dng p sut trong lng cht lng:
Bi ton: Trnh by cch xc nh khi lng ring ca du ha bng phng php thc
nghim vi cc dng c gm: hai ng thy tinh rng ging nhau v mt ng cao su mm c
th ni kht hai ng thy tinh , mt cc ng nc nguyn cht, mt cc ng du ha , mt
thc di c chia nh nht n mm. 1 bt vch du, 1 phu rt thch hp, mt gi th
nghim. Trng lng ring ca nc bit l d
n
.
Gii: Bc 1: Ni hai ng thy tinh bng ng cao su mm thnh mt bnh thng nhau v gn
ln gi th nghim sao cho hai ming ng thy tinh c chiu cao nh nhau.
Bc 2: nc vo mt nhnh , sau du vo nhnh kia.. Do du khng ha tan v
nh hn nc nn ni trn mt nc.xc nh 2 im A v B trong 2 nhnh (gi s A nhnh
c du) sao cho A nm trn mp phn cch gia du v nc v A, B cng nm trn mt
phng nm ngang. ( thc hin bng cch o t ming ng)
Bc 3: Thit lp cc phng trnh: p
A
= p
B
nn h
A
. d
d
= h
B
.d
n
Vy: d
d
=

Dng thc c chia n mm o cao h
A
ca ct du v cao h
B
ca ct nc v
th vo biu thc trn tnh d
n

C th tin hnh o nhiu ln vi lng nc v du khc nhau tnh tr s trung bnh ca
trng lng ring ca du
IV/ Cc bi ton thc nghim ng dng phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Bi ton: Hy nu phng n xc nh nhit dung ring ca cht lng khng c phn ng
ha hc vi cc cht khi tip xc. Dng c gm: 1 nhit lng k c nhit dung ring l C
k
,
mt nhit k ph hp, 1 chic cn khng c b qu cn, hai chic cc thy tinh, nc c nhit
dung ring l C
n
, bp in v bnh un.
Gii: Bc 1: Dng cn ly ra mt lng nc v mt lng cht lng c cng khi lng
bng khi lng ca nhit lng k: ta thc hin nh sau:
Ln 1: Trn a cn 1 t nhit lng k v mt cc rng 1. trn a cn 2 t cc rng 2. rt
nc vo cc 2 cho n khi cn thng bng.
Ln 2: b nhit lng k ra khi a cn 1. rt cht lng vo cc 1 cho n khi cn thng
bng. ta c khi lng cht lng bng khi lng ca nhit lng k. m
l
= m
k
. cht lng
t cc 1 vo bnh nhit lng k.
Ln 3: rt nc vo cc 1 cho n khi cn thng bng. Ta c khi lng ca nc bng khi
lng nhit lng k. m
n
= m
k
. nc t cc 1 vo bnh un.
Bc 2: o nhit t
1
ca cht lng nhit lng k. un nc ti nhit t
2
ri rt vo
nhit lng k v khuy u. o nhit ca hn hp cht lng khi cn bng nhit l t
3
.
Bc 3: Lp phng trnh cn bng nhit:
m
n
C
n
(t
2
- t
3
) = (m
l
C
l
+ m
k
C
k
)(t
3
- t
1
) t xc nh c C
l

Chuyen de BDHSG Nhiet Hoc

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Copyright:

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Chuyen de BDHSG Nhiet Hoc

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( Hnh 1 )

Ox. mt xe chuyn ng qua cc giai on c th biu

ng thi di chuyn v tr ng ca ngi v im I sao cho OI =

l trng lng ca cc qu cu v qu cn;

Mt khc nc dng thm so vi lc u:

Bi ton 2: Ngi ta nhng vo trong thng cht lng mt ng nh di hnh tr ng knh

. Khi lng ring ca cht lng l

b/T biu thc:

. Ta thy th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc (V

25.m + 1500 = 35.m

Vy khi lng ca vt: m =

T tnh c khi lng ring ca vt: D =

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