n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

Chng 1. Gii

Chng 1 Gii Thiu Chung v mng IP

1.1. Lch s v s hnh thnh mng IP

1.1.1. ng lc thc y s hnh thnh lin mng
Trao i tin tc, thng tin lin lc l mt trong nhng hot ng thit yu ca x hi loi ngi. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi, cc hot ng y ngy mt gia tng v pht trin theo.Khi h thng in thoi ra i, n mang li mt cuc cch mng thc s trong lnh vc trao i tin tc. N gip cho mi ni trn th gii c th thng tin vi nhau m khng cn e ngi v ro cn ca khong cch a l. V c bit, t khi my tnh xut hin, vi kh nng to ln trong vic x l tin tc lm ny sinh nn rt nhiu nhu cu thng tin. Nhu cu v trao i d liu trong k thut tnh ton; thu thp, tng hp d liu trong cc bi ton qun l, thng k, iu khinnhu cu v trao i th tn, cng vn; nhu cu v s dng chung cc ti nguyntt c cc yu t t ra mt bi bi ton. V gii quyt bi ton , ngi ta ngh n vic to nn mt h thng my tnh tng t nh h thng in thoi bng cch lin kt cc my tnh li vi nhau sao cho cc my tnh c th tng tc, trao i d liu cho nhau c. Tht may, vi cc phng tin truyn thng c, vic kt ni cc my tnh li vi nhau l mt vn c kh nng hin thc. V s tht, khi cc my tnh c ni kt li vi nhau th cng dng ca n mang li cho con ngi tht to ln. S kt hp gia my tnh vi cc h thng truyn thng, c bit l vin thng, to nn mt bc chuyn mi trong vn khai thc v s dng cc h thng my tnh. Cc my tnh ring l c ni vi nhau to nn mt mi trng lm vic mi, trong nhng ngi s dng phn tn trn nhng v tr a l khc nhau c th cng khai thc ti nguyn ca h thng. H thng ny c gi l mng my tnh. Ban u, hu ht cc mng my tnh u l cc mng nh c lp thng c gi l mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network), cc
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Chng 1. Gii

mng ny ch p ng nhu cu s dng cho mt nhm ngi nh cc cng ty, t chc, trng hctrong mt khng gian a l hp. H chia s thng tin cc lnh vc nh kinh doanh, k thut cho n nhng vn c nhn. Dn dn, yu cu s dng ngy cng nhiu v rng khp, nhiu t chc, trong bi cnh hi nhp, hp tc quc t, m rng phm vi hot ng ca mnh n nhiu ni trn th gii v iu cng c ngha l cc mng LAN ca h bt buc phi m rng theo. Mt khc, v s lin quan n cng vic nn i hi nhiu mng LAN thuc nhiu nhm ngi s dng khc nhau cn phi ni chuyn c vi nhau. Tic thay, hu ht cc k thut mng c thit k cho mt mc ch c th. Mi cng ty chn k thut phn cng thch hp cho yu cu v kh nng ti chnh ca h. Do ban u, nhn chung l cc mng LAN kh c th lin kt li c. Tt c cc yu t trn dn n i hi phi c mt cng ngh lin kt nhiu mng my tnh s dng cc cng ngh khc nhau sao cho chng hot ng nh mt mng bnh thng. Cng ngh phi chp nhn hng lot cc cng ngh v phn cng ang s dng, v cn c th cho php a thm cc thit b phn cng vi cc cng ngh khc mi hn, u vit hn, ng thi phi c mt lot cc th tc (protocol) cho cc thit b c th lm vic vi nhau v n cng cho php ngi s dng k tha v pht trin cc dch v c. Cc tnh nng trn chnh chnh l tnh nng ca mt h thng m (Open System Interconnection) hay ca mt lin mng (internet). Cng ngh lin mng phi m bo che du chi tit v phn cng v thm ch cc th tc (protocol), ngi s dng ch bit n cc dch v ( mc ng dng). M hnh lin mng nh hnh 1.1.
ken

To

PSTN PSTN PSDN PSDN Gateway

Ring

er D2000VT Nguyn Huy Hiu - Lp

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Rout er

 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

Chng 1. Gii

Ethernet

Ethernet

Hinh1.1:M hnh lin mng PSTN: Public Swiched Telephone Network - Mng in thoi cng cng. PSDN: Packet Swiched Data Network - Mng d liu chuyn mch gi. Khi mt lin mng hnh thnh, n mang li nhng li ch nh sau: Chia s ti nguyn chung (thit b, chng trnh, d liu). Chinh phc khong cch. Tng cht lng, hiu qu khai thc v x l thng tin. Cho php thc hin nhng ng dng tin hc phn tn. tin cy ca h thng tng ln nh kh nng thay th khi c s c vi my no .

1.1.2. Lch s mng IP

Trong qu trnh hnh thnh lin mng, v c nhiu k thut c s dng trong cc mng nn mng my tnh c th c phn thnh nhiu loi tng ng vi k thut p dng trong n. C th chia thnh 4 loi mng nh sau: mng X.25, mng chuyn tip khung (Frame Relay), mng ATM v mng IP. Mng X.25 l mng d liu cng cng u tin. Mng ny c trin khai tng lc vo nhng nm 1970 khi dch v in thoi c s c quyn khp ni v cng ty in thoi trong mi quc gia k vng rng c thm mt mng d liu cho nc mnh. s dng X.25, mt my tnh trc ht cn phi thit lp kt ni n mt my tnh xa, ngha l tin hnh mt cuc gi. y l tnh cht ca
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mt mng hng kt ni. Kt ni ny c cung cp mt s ca kt ni s dng trong cc gi chuyn d liu (bi v nhiu kt ni c th m ng thi). Cc gi d liu rt n gin, bao gm phn header di 3 byte v c th c n 128 byte d liu. Phn header cha s ca kt ni di 12 bit, s th t ca gi, s ca gi tr li v mt vi bit khc. Cc mng X.25 hot ng trong khong 10 nm v t c nhng thnh cng nht nh. Vo nhng nm1980, cc mng X.25 c thay th phn ln bi mt loi mng mi c gi l mng Chuyn tip khung (Frame Relay). Chuyn tip khung cng l mng hng kt ni v c s khc bit so vi mng X.25 l khng c iu khin li v khng c iu khin lung (khng cn thit l bi v cc thit b phn cng phc v cho thng tin s lc ny c tin cy cao). Chnh v vy m tc chuyn mch cc gi tin nhanh hn nhiu so vi X.25. Trong thc t, ng dng quan trng nht ca chuyn tip khung l lin kt cc LAN trong cc vn phng cng ty. Chuyn tip khung c mt thnh cng khim tn v vn cn c s dng nhiu ni hin nay. Mt mng hng kt ni khc v kh quan trng l mng ch truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). S d c ci tn ny l v ch truyn ca n khng nh trong h thng in thoi. Trong h thng in thoi hu ht cc cuc truyn l ng b (lin kt cht ch vi mt ngun xung Clock) cn ATM th khng. ATM c thit k vo u nhng nm 1990. Mc tiu ca k thut ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng ghp knh v chuyn mch tc cao, tr nh p ng cho cc dng truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia). ATM l mt phng thc truyn tin m trong thng tin c chia thnh cc gi gi l t bo thng tin. Mi t bo c di 53 byte gm 5 byte tiu v 48 byte ti trng. ATM c tnh cht khng ng b bi v s xut hin ca t bo ATM tip theo mi knh khng nht thit phi mang tnh chu k. Phng php thng tin ATM c th c coi nh s kt hp gia phng php chuyn mch knh v phng php chuyn mch gi. N
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Chng 1. Gii

gn vi phng php chuyn mch gi trn quan im s dng t bo ATM nh phng php truyn tin c bn nhng khc ch thng tin ATM c th truyn tin thi gian thc v cc tn hiu c tc truyn dn khng i. So vi h thng thng tin chuyn mch knh, chia tng knh cho tng dch v v truyn thng tin di dng chui bit thng qua knh th ATM chia thng tin thnh cc phn nh gi l t bo v truyn cc t bo nh cc knh o. Hin nay ATM vn c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng vin thng. Tuy nhin hu nh ATM c cc hng truyn thng s dng truyn ti bn trong nn ngi s dng thng khng bit c s tn ti ca n. Cng vi s xut hin v pht trin ca cc loi mng trn, mng IP cng c nhng giai on lch s ca ring mnh. Trc ht phi ni rng, mng IP l mt tp hp cc mng s dng chng giao thc TCP/IP lin kt vi nhau. Do lch s ca mng IP c th c bt u bng s xut hin ca m hnh giao thc TCP/IP. Ta c th vn tt qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca mng IP nh sau: Vo nhng nm 1960, khi nhng mng LAN m rng v phm vi, kch thc v t ra khng cn thch hp cho nhu cu trao i thng tin rng ln, cc b phn, vn phng ca chnh ph Hoa K nhn thc rng cn phi c mt k thut lin mng (internet) m rng kh nng ca cc mng my tnh. V h cung cp ti chnh cho vic nghin cu k thut p ng yu cu trn. Cng vic nghin cu ny c giao cho c quan qun l nghin cu d n pht trin ARPA (Advance Research Projects Agency) ca b quc phng M tin hnh. Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, h a ra mt k thut bao gm mt tp hp ca cc chun mng, c t chi tit cch thc m cc my tnh thng tin lin lc vi nhau. Tn chnh thc l TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite (Chng giao thc Internet TCP/IP) v thng c gi l TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). N c th dng thng tin lin lc qua tp hp bt k cc mng cng nh trong ni b mt mng vi nhau. Thng 7 nm 1968 n c ARPA ngh p dng ln u tin bng vic lin kt bn mng my tnh li vi nhau. 4 mng thuc 4 a
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im l vin nghin cu Stamford, trng i hc tng hp California Los Angeles, UC - Santa Barbara v trng i hc tng hp Utah. Nm 1969 n c gi l mng ARPANET. y l thi im nh du vic giao thc TCP/IP c chp nhn v dng lm giao thc c s cho mng ARPANET. ARPANET ngy cng pht trin khi cng c nhiu my ni vo, ch yu l t cc c quan ca b Quc Phng hoc nhng trng i hc, c quan nghin cu. Dn dn ARPANET tr thnh mng Quc gia. Vo gia thp k 1980, giao thc TCP/IP c dng trong mt s kt ni khu vc - khu vc (lin khu vc) v cng c s dng cho cc mng cc b. y l giai on to nn mt s bng n pht trin v ng dng ca lin mng. Mc lch s quan trng ca mng IP l vo gia thp k 1980 khi t chc khoa hc quc gia M NSF (National Science Foundation) thnh lp mng lin kt cc trung tm my tnh ln vi nhau gi l mng NSFNET. Cc c quan, doanh nghip chuyn t ARPANET sang NSFNET, do sau gn 20 nm hot ng ARPANET khng cn thch hp na v ngng hot ng vo khong nm 1990. S hnh thnh mng xng sng (backbone) ca NSFNET v nhng mng vng khc to mt mi trng thun li cho s pht trin ca mng IP. Ti nm 1995, NSFNET thu li thnh mt mng nghin cu, cn mng IP th vn tip tc pht trin. Trong s hnh thnh v pht trin ca mng my tnh ton cu, c 4 loi mng: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM v mng IP u c nhng ng gp v v tr nht nh. C nhng thi im, mi mt loi trong chng l s la chn v ph bin. Tuy nhin, cho n by gi th xu hng chung ca mng ton cu l s pht trin theo quan im thit k ca mng IP. Tt nhin nhng loi mng kia s cha hon ton bin mt v tn ti u trong cc mt xch ca mng. S d mng IP c chp nhn rng ri l v nhng u im vt tri ca n so vi cc mng kia. Nh ni trn, khi thc hin vic lin mng, ngi ta lun mong mun c c mt cng ngh sao cho c th lin kt cc mng s dng nhng phng tin phn cng khc
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nhau hot ng mt cch bnh thng. Cng ngh phi chp nhn hng lot cc cng ngh phn cng ang c s dng, v cn c th a thm cc thit b phn cng vi cng ngh khc mi hn, u vit hn. y, mng IP vi chng giao thc TCP/IP s dng cho vic truyn thng lin mng p ng y cc yu cu trn. Cc k thut X.25, Frame Relay v ATM t ra khng mm do trong vic thch ng vi cc k thut mng khc nhau v khng c kh nng pht trin nhiu loi dch v ng dng nn ch c s dng trong mt s mng nht nh. Trong khi , k thut TCP/IP c thit k thc y v chp nhn vic thng tin lin lc gia cc my c kin trc phn cng hon ton khc nhau, chp nhn nhiu loi ng dng, v cng chp nhn nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau do n c s dng rng ri trn ton cu.

1.2. Cc dch v c bn trong mng IP

Mng IP vi mc ch cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v, cc dch v hin nay rt a dng v phong ph phc v cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Cc dch v ny c th chia thnh hai loi l dch v mc ng dng v dch v mc mng. Di y l lit k mt s dch v mng c bn nm trong hai loi y.

1.2.1. Cc dch v mc ng dng

Cc dch v mc ng dng ch yu cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phng tin s dng khai thc thng tin, cc dch v ny nm trong tng ng dng trong m hnh giao thc TCP/IP. Cc dch v l: Truyn tp (File Transfer) Dch v ny da trn giao thc FTP (File Transfer Protocol), n cho php ngi s dng c th nhn hay gi mt gi d liu ti mt my khc vi yu cu ngi s dng phi bit tn v mt khu ca my i phng. Truyn tp l mt trong nhng ng dng lu i nht v vn cn c s dng rt nhiu trong Internet. Mc d nhng tp tin c th c nh km theo e-mail, nhng dch v truyn tp vn c s dng, c bit vi nhng tp tin c kch thc ln. H
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thng c kh nng kim sot nhng ngi s dng no c quyn truy xut, thm ch ngn chn tt c quyn truy xut. Tng t nh email, dch v truyn tp qua TCP/IP Internet c tin cy cao v hai my tnh tham gia trc tip vo vic chuyn nhn file, m khng ph thuc vo my tnh trung gian. Vo mng t xa (Remote Login) Dch v ny s dng giao thc Network Terminal Protocol, chnh l dch v TELNET rt quen thuc i vi ngi s dng. Dch v ny cho php ngi s dng ng nhp vo mt my bt k trn mng vi iu kin ngi c quyn truy nhp vo my (v d nh ng k vo my ca chnh mnh khi xa). Sau khi TELNET kt ni thnh cng ngi s dng c th lm vic nh ngay my ca mnh, mi d liu thao tc u n my ca ngi s dng, mn hnh hin thi ch c tc dng hin th cc thng tin g hay nhn c. Th in t (e-mail) Th in t l mt trong nhng dch v c s dng ph bin nht ca nhng ngi dng mng. Cch thc lm vic nh sau: Trn mng phi tn ti mt my ch th in t, cc my khch c ng k dch v th s c mt hp th ring v c quyn gi v nhn th ca h ti hp th. Khi mt ngi mun gi th cho ngi khc, th s c gi v lu li trn hp th ca ngi nhn. Khi nhn th, ngi nhn s c th ti hp th ca h. World Wide Web Web cho ngi s dng xem ti liu cha vn bn v hnh nh, v m cc lin kt hypermedia t vn bn ny n vn bn khc. Web m rng tr thnh ngun giao thng ln nht trn mng ton cu t 1994 n 1995, v vn cn tip tc. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cho nh gi rng Web ang chim khong 80% giao thng trn mng Internet.

1.2.2. Cc dch v mc mng

Mt ngi lp trnh ng dng, s dng cc giao thc TCP/IP, s c ci nhn v mng hon ton khc so vi ngi s dng, vn ch s dng cc ng dng nh e-mail. Ti mc mng, mt mng IP cung cp
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hai loi dch v ph bin m tt c cc chng trnh ng dng s s dng. Hai loi l: Dch v pht chuyn gi phi kt ni (Connectionless Packet Delivery Service) Dch v ny hnh thnh c s ca tt c cc dch v IP khc. Hot ng ca dch v ny ch n gin l cc TCP/IP thc hin phn pht cc gi tin t mt my ny ti mt my khc nh vo thng tin v a ch trong gi tin trn lin mng, theo ng i, trnh t khc nhau m khng c s kt ni. V dch v ny chuyn tng gi tch bit, nn n khng c tin cy cao trong vic m bo chuyn theo th t. Tuy nhin, v n thng nh x trc tip ln phn cng, nn dch v ny li rt hiu qu trong vic chuyn pht. Bi vy dch v ny l c s cho tt c cc dch v khc s dng chng giao thc TCP/IP. Dch v chuyn ti dng d liu c tin cy (Reliable Stream Transport Service) Hu ht cc ng dng cn nhiu loi dch v hn l ch c n thun vic chuyn d liu thng tin lin lc. Trong qu trnh truyn tin, tin tc c th b li, tht lc hoc cng truyn trung gian gia ni gi v ni nhn c th b h. Dch v ny dng x l nhng vn . N cho php mt ng dng trn mt my tnh thit lp li mi ni vi mt ng dng trn my tnh khc, ri gi d liu thng qua mi ni ny. D nhin, ng sau , cc giao thc khc s chia chui thng tin thnh nhng gi tin ri tun t gi chng, v i ni nhn xc nhn rng nhn c. Cch lm vic ny mang li tin cy cao trong vic chuyn d liu.

1.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng IP

Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng bao gm phn cng v mm. Tu theo tng trng hp c th m mng c th s dng mt nhm hay ton b cc thnh phn sau: My ch My ch (Server - cn gi l my phc v): L my tnh tc cao, cng sut ln ng vai tr trung tm lu tr, x l v cung cp thng tin.
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My Trm My trm (Client - cn gi l my khch): L cc my tnh ca ngi s dng ni vo mng vi mc ch s dng v chia s ti nguyn.

H iu hnh mng (Network Operating System) H iu hnh mng l mt h chng trnh phn mm nm trn serveriu khin hot ng ca ton h thng mng. Ngoi ra cn c h chng trnh c ci t trn my trm iu khin hot ng ca my trm. Card mng (Network Addapter) L thit b dng lin kt my tnh vi mng. Cc Card mng c th c nhiu kiu khc nhau nhng u tun theo chun chung. B pht lp (Repeater) Dng ghp ni hai hoc nhiu on mng (segment) li vi nhau khi cc on mng t gii hn v s node, di B pht lp c chc nng chuyn tip mc vt l, khuych i tn hiu. B pht lp cn c th c lp c li trong mt s on mng. B tp trung (Hub) Hub c s dng trong cc mng hnh sao. Hub c th l loi thng minh hoc khng thng minh. Loi khng thng minh ch c chc nng tp trung, cn loi thng minh c th iu khin gim st mng bng cc dch v iu khin. Khi mt trm pht tin tt c cc trm cng nghe nhng ch c mt trm c quyn nhn gi tin theo a ch ch. Trong mt thi im ch c mt cuc lm vic. B chuyn mch (Switch) c s dng chia mng thnh cc segment nh, n thit lp cc lung thng tin ng thi ngn chn cc lung thng tin khng cn thit thot ra khi segment lm tng thng lng ca
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mng. Khi switch nhn c gi tin n s phn tch a ch segment ngun v ch, nu ging nhau n s khng cho qua, ngc li n s cho i tip. C hai cch kim tra: cut-through v store and forward. Cut-through s c phn a ch gi tin nu thy tho mn n s cho qua hay thc hin lc gi tin. Store and forward s c v kim tra ton b gi tin, nu khng b li n s thc hin lc, nh vy hiu qu s cao hn na. S dng switch c nhiu u im v n lm vic ti tng 2 nn khng ph thuc vo giao thc mng, th na n c th thit lp N/2 cuc lm vic ti mt thi im (N l s cng ca switch). Bridge Khi s lng im ni v mt thng tin trn mng tng ng k th mng s chm v khng hiu sut. Bridge s thc hin chia nh thnh cc segment kim sot tt hn. Bridge thc hin trao i thng tin a ch gi tin. Cc bridge loi n gin s dng loi a ch nhp sn, cc bridge thng minh c th xy dng bng a ch.

B nh tuyn (Router) B chn ng dng lin kt hai hay nhiu mng LAN vi nhau k c cc mng s dng cc giao thc khc nhau. Cc on mng c router vn hot ng nh mt mng ni b bnh thng. So vi bridge, router thng minh hn ch n c th chn ng cho cc gi tin i n trm ch. Cc router thng t cp nht a ch ngun, a ch ch, bng dn ng v c th tnh ton ng i cho ph hp nh i ngn nht, r nht. Gateway L nhng thit b dng lin kt cc mng c giao thc hay cu trc khc nhau (th d chuyn i TCP/IP trn Ehernet thnh SNA trn Token Ring v ngc li).

1.4. Chng giao thc TCP/IP

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1.4.1. Gii thiu

Chng giao thc TCP/IP (TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite) l tp hp cc giao thc dng cho vic kt ni lin mng . Chng cung cp cc quy tc, cch thc m bo cho cc mng c th lin lc c vi nhau. Tn ca n c t da theo tn hai giao thc chnh l TCP v IP. Chng giao thc ny cho php cc loi my tnh c kch c khc nhau, t cc nh sn xut khc nhau, cc h thng vn hnh khc nhau truyn thng c vi nhau khi s dng cng mt chun. y chnh l tnh cht ca mt h thng m, ngoi ra n cn th hin tnh m ch cc nh ngha v b giao thc v vic thc hin chng c cung cp rng ri vi gi r hoc cho khng. B giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t qu trnh nghin cu ca c quan ARPA thuc B quc phng Hoa K. N bt ngun t s pht trin h thng thng tin trong ni b ARPA. Sau TCP/IP c phi hp vi Berkeley Sotfwave Distribution of Unix. Ngy nay, TCP/IP l mt chun ph bin cho hot ng thng tin lin mng v ng vai tr l giao thc vn chuyn trong Internet, cho php hng triu my tnh lin lc vi nhau trn phm vi ton cu. TCP/IP c mt s c tnh quan trng sau: L b giao thc chun m v sn c, v: n khng thuc s hu ca bt c mt t chc no; cc c t th sn c v rng ri. V vy bt k ai cng c th xy dng phn mm truyn thng qua mng my tnh da trn n. TCP/IP c lp vi phn cng mng vt l, iu ny cho php TCP/IP c th c dng kt ni nhiu loi mng c kin trc vt l khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Tokenring, FDDI, X25, ATM... TCP/IP dng a ch IP nh danh cc host trn mng to ra mt mng o thng nht khi kt ni mng. Cc giao thc lp cao c chun ho thch hp v sn c vi ngi dng. Nh ta ni trn, TCP/IP l m hnh m kt ni mng. N cng c thit k theo m hnh kin trc phn tng tng t nh trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. B giao thc TCP/IP c thit k
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gm bn lp c m t nh hnh sau y (ly m hnh 7 lp OSI tham chiu):

OSI 7 Applicatio 6 n Presentati 5 on Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data link 1 Physical

TCP/IP Applicatio n

Transport Internet Network Access

Hnh 1.2: M hnh phn lp ca TCP/IP Cc lp chu chi phi nhiu nht bi TCP/IP l lp 7, lp 4, lp 3. Bao gm trong cc lp ny l cc loi giao thc khc nhau vi chc nng v mc tiu khc nhau, tt c cc iu u lin quan n hot ng vn chuyn thng tin. Chc nng c th ca tng lp nh sau: Lp ng dng (Application Layer): y l lp cao nht trong cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP. Lp ny bao gm tt c cc chung trnh ng dng s dng cc dch v sn c thng qua mt TCP/IP Internet. Cc chng trnh ng dng tng tc vi mt trong cc giao thc ca lp Transport truyn hoc nhn d liu. Mi chng trnh ng dng la chn mt kiu giao thc thch hp cho cng vic ca n. Chng trnh ng dng chuyn d liu theo mu m lp Transport yu cu. Lp vn chuyn (Transport Layer): Nhim v trc tin ca lp Transport l cung cp dch v truyn ti t host ngun ti host ch,cung cp s giao tip thng tin gia cc chng trnh ng dng. Mi s giao tip c gi l end-to-end. Lp Transport cn c th iu chnh lu lng lung thng tin. N cng cung cp mt s
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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

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vn chuyn tin cy, m bo rng d liu n m khng b li. lm nh vy, phn mm giao thc h tr bn nhn c th gi li cc thng bo xc nhn v vic thu d liu v bn gi c th truyn li cc gi tin b mt hoc b li. Phn mm giao thc chia dng d liu ra thnh nhng n v d liu nh hn (thng c gi l cc segment) v chuyn mi segment ti lp tip theo tip tc qu trnh truyn dn. Lp Internet (Internet Layer): Lp Internet c chc nng chnh l chn ng tt nht gi d liu qua mng. N tip nhn segment t lp vn chuyn v bc n trong mt ci gi l IP Datagram bng cch thm vo phn header. Trong phn header ny cha a ch IP ca ngun v ch s dng cho vic chuyn d liu ti ni cn gi. Lp ny cn s dng cc gii thut chn ng quyt nh con ng tt nht cho mi gi tin. Lp truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer) : Bao gm hai lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI l lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. N chu trch nhim v vic tip nhn, x l cc IP datagrams t lp Internet a xung v vic truyn pht chng trn mt ng truyn dn vt l xc nh. Nh vy, chng giao thc TCP/IP c xy dng theo 4 lp ca m hnh, mi lp chu trch nhim truyn thng ring v c nhng giao thc ring. S kt hp ca cc giao thc khc nhau gia cc lp khc nhau to nn mt kh nng truyn thng hon chnh. Hnh 1.3 l cc giao thc c th trong tng phn lp. Applicatio n

Pin g

SMT FTP P

Teln NNT v.v NFS DN TFT v et P .. RPC S P v

Transpo rt

TCP ICM P IGM BGP P IP RAR P Data Link

UD P RIP

OSP F
Intern et

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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

Chng 1. Gii

Media (Physycal) Hnh1.3: B giao thc TCP/IP C th k n chc nng mt s cc giao thc trong tng lp nh sau: Lp ng dng gm c:

DNS (Domain Name Server) l mt h thng c dng trong

mng thng dch tn cc min (domains) v cc node mng tham gia cng khai thnh cc a ch IP.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

l giao thc qun l

hot ng truyn e-mail qua cc mng my tnh. N khng h tr truyn cc dng s liu khc ngoi dng text n gin.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) l mt giao

thc cung cp cc phng tin gim st v iu khin cc thit b mng, v qun l cc cu hnh, s thu thp thng k, hiu sut v bo mt.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt dch v c cu ni tin cy

s dng TCP truyn cc file gia cc h thng c h tr FPT. N h tr truyn cc file ASCII v file nh phn theo ch truyn bn song cng.

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) l mt dch v khng c

cu ni, thiu tin cy dng UDP truyn cc file gia cc h thng c h tr TFTP. N hu dng trn mt vi LAN bi hot ng nhanh hn FTP trong mt mi trng n nh.

PING (Packet Internet Groper) l mt giao thc chn on

dng xc nh mt my tnh c c kt ni mt cch thch hp vo cc thit b mng hay khng. Lp vn chuyn gm c:

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Giao thc dng iu

khin vic truyn ti d liu m bo tin cy.

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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

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UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Tng t nh TCP l cng s

dng iu khin qu trnh truyn ti d liu nhng khng m bo tin cy nh TCP Lp Internet gm c:

IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc dng chn ng tt nht

gi d liu t ngun ti ch.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Dng gi cc

bn tin li tr li bn gi gi (khi khng giao tip c vi mt cng hay mt host) v dng gi cc bn tin iu khin.

IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol): Giao thc dng

qun l cc nhm cho truyn multicast (a im). Lp truy nhp mng gm c:

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Giao thc dng chuyn

i a ch IP sang a ch lp lin kt.

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): Giao thc dng

chuyn i a ch lp lin kt tr li a ch IP. Hu ht cc d liu truyn trn b giao thc TCP/IP u kt thc ng gi d liu IP (IP datagram), tr ARP v RARP c ng gi trc tip Khung lp lin kt (Link level Frames). Trong phn tip theo ta s i su chi tit vo cc giao thc TCP, UDP v IP. l cc giao thc quan trng nht trong b giao thc TCP/IP.

1.4.2. Giao thc TCP v UDP

Lp vn chuyn cho php cc thit b ca ngi s dng phn on d liu ca cc ng dng lp trn t vo cng mt lung d liu ca lp 4, v cho php thit b thu ti thit lp tr li d liu cho cc ng dng lp trn. Lung d liu ca lp 4 l mt kt ni logic gia cc u cui trn mt mng, v cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn t mt ngun ti mt ch no . Dch v ny i khi c gi l dch v end-to-end. Lp vn chuyn cung cp hai giao thc: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): L mt giao thc hng kt ni tin cy, n iu khin lung bng ca s trt (sliding window), v c tnh tin cy ca n c c nh vo cc ch s
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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

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tun

(sequence

number)

dng

bo

nhn

(ackownlegment). TCP truyn li bt c d liu no khng c nhn tt v cung cp mt kt ni o gia cc ng dng ca user. u im ca TCP l phn phi cc phn on d liu mt cch bo m. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): L mt giao thc phi kt ni v thiu tin cy, mc d chu trch nhim truyn cc thng ip, nhng khng c phn mm no kim tra vic phn phi d liu ti lp ny. u im ca UDP l nhanh. V UDP khng c bo nhn nn lng ti gi xuyn qua mng c gim xung, lm cho vic truyn dn din ra nhanh hn. 1.4.2.1. Khun dng ca TCP v UDP Khun dng ca TCP segment: 0 Source Port 31 Destination Port Sequence Number Code bits Window Urgent Pointer TCP data

Acknowledgement Number Data Offset Checksum Reserveed

Khun dng ca UDP datagram: 0 15 Source port Message length 16 31 Destination port Checksum

DATA n v d liu ca TCP thng c gi l segment cn ca UDP th li l datagram. Gi tin TCP v UDP cha cc trng (field) (trong header) phc v cho vic iu khin d liu trong qu trnh trao i thng tin nh sau ( y nu tng hp tt c cc trng ca c hai loi v d nhin l c nhng trng m UDP khng c): Source Port: (16 bit). Ch s ca cng ngun.
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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

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Destination Port: (16 bit). Ch s ca cng ch. Sequence number: (32 bit). Ch s tun t. Xc nh v tr trong chui cc byte d liu segment ca ni gi. Acknowlegment number: (32 bit). S xc nhn. Xc nh s lng octet m ngun ang i nhn k tip. Lu l Sequence Number ch n lng d liu theo cng chiu vi segment, trong khi gi tr Acknowlegment number ch lng d liu i ngc chiu vi segment. Data offset: (4 bit). L s cc t 32 bit trong phn header ca TCP. Reserved: (6 bit). Cha s dng, cc bit c t bng 0. Code bit: (6 bit). Cc chc nng iu khin (v d thit lp v kt thc mt phin) dng xc nh mc ch v ni dung ca segment. Cc iu khin gm 6 bit tnh t tri sang phi nh sau: gdg +) URG: Gi tr trong con tr khn (Urgent Pointer) l c +) ACK: Gi tr trong s xc nhn (Acknowlegment) l c ngha. +) PSH: Chc nng push. +) RST: Reset- khi ng li lin lc. +) SYN: Synchronous - iu khin ng b cc s th t. +) FIN: My gi segment ny thng bo ht d liu truyn. Window: (16 bit). segment Checksum: (16 bit). Tng kim tra c tnh cho phn header v phn d liu. Urgent Pointer: (6 bit). Con tr khn, nu bit URG trong trng code bit c t th gi tr trong trng ny ch ra s th t m cc octet trc l d liu khn theo li gi ca ngi s dng t TCP gi. Data: Phn d liu ca giao thc lp trn.
Nguyn Huy Hiu - Lp D2000VT

ngha.

Ca s d liu. L kch thc vng m

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Chng 1. Gii

Message Length: di ca UDP datagram tnh theo octet (gm c phn header UDP v d liu). Khi s dng UDP, cc giao thc lp ng dng phi chu trch nhim v s tin cy khi cn. UDP s khng dng ca s hay bo nhn (chi tit v cc k thut ny s ni k phn sau). N c thit k cho cc ng dng khng cn t cc segment theo tun t. Nh chng ta thy, trong khun dng ca UDP segment, phn header ca n rt nh. C th k n cc giao thc lp ng dng dng UDP l: TFTP, SNMP, NFS (Network File System)v DNS. 1.4.2.2. Cc ch s TCP v UDP port C TCP v UDP dng cc ch s port chuyn thng tin ln cc lp cao hn. Cc ch s port c dng theo di cc cuc m thoi khc nhau i qua mt mng vo cng mt thi im. Cc nh ng dng thng nht vi nhau dng cc ch s port c bit c nh ngha trong yu cu ch gii RFC 1700 (Request for Commend). V d bt k mt trao i no gii hn trong phm vi mt ng dng FTP s dng ch s port chun l 21. F T E L N E
21 T 23

S M T P
25

D N S

T F T P

S N M P

Application Layer Port number Transport Layer

T P

TCP

53 69 16 1

UDP

Hnh 1.4: Cc ng dng giao tip vi lp vn chuyn bng ch s port qui nh cho n. Cc cuc trao i thng tin khng lin quan n mt ng dng c ch s port c bit no, m vi mi ng dng s c ch s port dnh ring cho n. Cc ch s ny c dng nh l a ch ngun v a ch ch trong cc TCP segment. Mt s port c dnh ring trong c TCP v UDP cho d cc ng dng c l khng c vit h tr chng. Cc ch s port c cc dy c gn nh sau:
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Cc s nh hn 255 dnh cho cc ng dng cng cng. Cc s t 255-1023 c dng cho cc cng ty lm ra cc ng dng l thng phm. Cc s ln hn cha c sp xp. Nh ni trn, segment ca TCP c phn header rt phc tp so vi UDP. iu ny lm cho TCP tr nn l mt giao thc c nhiu c tnh khc bit v u vit hn. Cc c tnh ch c TCP m UDP khng c l: pht chuyn d liu theo kiu hng kt ni; dch v chuyn d liu c tin cy cao. Di y s i su vo cc vn lm cho TCP l mt giao thc u vit nh vy. 1.4.2.3. Cc vn v giao thc TCP S kt ni bt tay theo 3 bc ca TCP TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. mt kt ni c thit lp, hai u cui phi ng b nhau theo mi ch s tun t khi ng TCP, ch s ny vit tt l ISN (Initial TCP sequence number). Cc ch s tun t c dng bm theo th t ca cc gi v m bo khng c gi no b mt trong khi truyn. ISN l s bt uc dng khi mt cu ni TCP c thit lp. Trao i cc ch s khi ng trong tun t m bo rng d liu b mt c th c phc hi S ng b c thit lp bng cch trao i cc segment c mang cc ISN v mt bit iu khin gi l SYN, vit tt cho synchronous (ng b) (cc segment mang bit SYN cng c gi l cc SYN). Kt ni kh thi yu cu mt c cu thch hp nhm chn mt tun t khi ng v bt tay nh nhng trao i cc ISN. S ng b yu cu mi pha gi ISN ca n, tip nhn mt xc thc v ISN ca pha bn kia kt ni. Mi pha phi nhn ISN ca Pha Pha pha kia v gi mt bo nhn (ACK) nhm xc thc vic nhn theo mt th t ch qu trnh c th m t theo cc bc sau: Gi nh, SYN (seq=x) Nhn SYN(seq=x) Gi SYN(seq=y, ACK=x+1) Nhn SYN(seq=y, ACK=x+1) Gi ACK Nguyn Huy Hiu - Lp D2000VT (ACK=y+1) Nhn ACK (ack=y+1)

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Hnh1.5:Ba bc bt tay ca TCP thit lp mt kt ni A A A A B SYN: ch s tun t ca ngun l X B ACK: cng nhn ch s tun t ca ngun l X. B SYN: ch s tun t ca ch l Y. B ACK: cng nhn ch s tun t ca ch l Y.

Bi v bc th hai v th ba c th kt hp vi nhau trong mt thng ip, nn hot ng trao i ny c gi l s kt ni bt tay theo ba bc. Nh m t hnh 1.5, hai u cui ca kt ni c ng b thng qua tun t ba bc. Mt hnh ng bt tay theo ba bc l cn thit v cc TCP c th dng cc c cu khc nhau ly ISN. My thu nhn SYN u tin khng c cch no bit segment ny c phi l segment c b tr hay khng tr khi n nh ch s tun t sau cng c dng trn kt ni, iu ny khng phi lun lun c th, v v vy n phi i hi my truyn xc nhn SYN ny. Sau khi ng b, hai pha ca kt ni c th truyn tin, v c hai pha u c kh nng ngt kt ni bi v TCP l mt phng php thng tin ngang hng (bnh ng). K thut bo nhn trong TCP Giao thc TCP s dng mt k thut mang li tin cy cho lung d liu khi truyn dn. N c tn l k thut bo nhn tch cc v truyn li (positive acknowledgement with retransmission). K thut ny i hi ni nhn phi lin lc vi ngun, gi ngc d liu tr li thng ip acknowledgement (ACK) khi n nhn c d liu. Ni gi lu thng tin ca mi gi d liu n gi i v i thng ip acknowlegement trc khi gi gi d liu k. Ni gi cng khi ng mt b m thi gian khi n gi gi d

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liu v s truyn li gi d liu nu b m ht hn trc khi nhn c thng ip acknowledgement. Hnh 1.6 trnh by cch n gin nht m giao thc bo nhn tch cc truyn d liu. S kin ti pha gi nhn Gi gi 1 Nhn gi 1 Gi ACK1 Nhn ACK1 Gi gi 2 Nhn gi 2 Gi ACK2 Nhn ACK2 Hnh 1.6:Hot ng bo nhn ca TCP Trong hnh ny, nhng s kin xy ra ti ni gi v ni nhn c th hin ln lt ti bn tri v bn phi. Mi ng cho i t bn ny qua bn kia th hin vic truyn mt thng ip qua mng. Hnh 1.7 s dng cng mt dng lc nh hnh 1.6 trnh by nhng g xy ra khi mt gi d liu b mt hoc b hng. Ni gi khi ng mt b m thi gian ngay sau khi truyn mt gi d liu. Khi b m ht hn, ni gi gi nh rng gi d liu b mt v phi truyn li. S kin ti ni gi gi mt Gi gi 1 Khi ng thi gian Gi ng l s n ACK ng l s c gi ACK s c nhn vo thi im ny S kin ti ni nhn S kin ti pha

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Thi gian ht hn Truyn li gi 1 Khi ng thi gian Nhn gi 1 Gi ACK 1 Nhn ACK 1 Kt thc thi gian Hnh 1.7:Hot ng truyn li khi cha nhn c ACK ca TCP K thut ca s trt trong TCP K thut ca s trt (sliding window) l mt dng phc tp hn ca bo nhn tch cc v truyn li va c trnh by trn. Ca s c kch thc c nh cho php s gi d liu ti a c truyn trc khi nhn c mt ACK t ch xc nhn v. K thut ny gii quyt hai vn quan trng l tng hiu qu truyn dn v iu khin tc dng d liu. Cc giao thc ca s trt s dng bng thng ca mng tt hn v chng cho php ni gi truyn nhiu gi d liu trc khi qua trng thi i acknowledgement. Cch d nht tng tng hot ng ca ca s trt l mt dy cc gi d liu sp c truyn nh trong hnh 1.8. Giao thc ny t mt ca s nh c kch thc c nh ln dy ny v truyn i tt c nhng gi d liu no nm trong ca s. Ca s khi u (initial window) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

(a) Ca s trt (sliding window)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
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0 (b) Hnh 1.8: tng k thut ca s trt Trong v d hnh 1.8, kch thc ca s l 8 th ni gi c php truyn i 8 gi d liu trc khi n nhn c mt acknowledgement. Hnh 1.9 trnh by mt v d na v cch hot ng ca giao thc ca s trt khi gi 3 gi d liu. Lu rng ni gi truyn tt c 3 gi d liu trc khi nhn c bt k acknowledgement no. Gi gi1 Gi gi2 Gi gi3 Vn cha nhnACK no nn khng truyn na Gi gi4 Mt gi2 hoc qu hn Gi li gi2 Hnh 1.9: Hot ng ca s trt trong trng hp W=3 Gi tr Window = 3, v th ch c 3 gi tin c truyn i trn kt ni. Nu cha nhn c ACK no v gi nhn u thu th khng c gi mi no c gi i. Bn gi s gi li gi khi b m thi gian ht hn. Nu c ACK tr v li tip tc gi gi mi. Nu kch thc ca s l 1 th k thut nay li ging y ht nh k thut bo nhn tch cc. Bng vic tng kch thc ca s, h thng c th loi b hon ton thi gian nhn ri ca mng. Kt qu l mng c hiu sut cao hn nhiu so vi trng hp bo nhn tch cc. ACK1 ACK2 ACK3 Nhn gi1, gi ACK1 Khng nhn gi2 Nhn gi3, gi ACK3

1.4.3. Giao thc IP

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1.4.3.1. Gii thiu chung Giao thc IP l mt trong nhng giao thc thuc lp Internet trong m hnh TCP/IP. Chnh v vy chc nng chnh ca n cng nh chc nng chnh ca lp Internet, l chuyn thng tin (d liu) t a ch IP ngun n a ch IP ch bng mt con ng tt nht (nu c th) qua mng. IP cn c gi l giao thc d liu bi v n v d liu ca n l datagram (d liu ). Cc datagram c to nn bng cch phn mm IP a thm phn header vo n v d liu do lp vn chuyn a xung. Mi datagram c x l c lp, cc datagram k tip gi ti cng ch c th i trn cc tuyn khc nhau. Dch v IP c coi l stateless (khng lu gi trng thi): sau khi datagram c chuyn i th bn gi khng cn lu thng tin g v n na. Dch v IP c th lm mt gi tin v: Bn gi khng lu gi trng thi ca bt k gi no c gi i. Khng c vic nh s cc datagram nn khng c phng php no pht hin cc gi mt. Chnh v vy, dch v IP c th dn ti vic lp gi hoc gi truyn sai th t. Giao thc IP l giao thc phi kt ni (connectionless), mi datagram s c x l c lp (tri ngc vi TCP l giao thc hng kt ni). IP khng c phn tng kim tra cho d liu ca mnh (ch c header ca gi l c kim tra trnh gi nhm a ch). V vy, d liu trong IP datagram khng c m bo. x l cc nhc im mt hoc lp gi IP phi da vo giao thc lp cao hn (vd: TCP). 1.4.3.2. Cu trc IP datagram

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Cu trc ca IP datagram nh sau: 0 Vers 4 hlen 8 Type service Identification Time to live fragment offset Protocol header checsum source IP address destination IP address IP option (if any) padding DATA . ................ ngha cc trng trong IP header nh sau: header, ng thi quy nh khun dng ca IP header. Hlen (header length): 4 bit - ch ra di ca IP header theo bi s ca 4 byte (hay 32bit). Type of service: 8 bit - tham s ny ch cho ni x l IP bit kiu dch v cn c phc v. N s cn c vo la chn dch v khi truyn datagram trn mng. Trng ny cng c th mang thng tin v mc an ton ca datagram. Total length: 16 bit - ch ra di ca datagram bao gm c IP header v d liu tnh theo byte. di ca datagram c th ln n 65535 byte. Thng thng di gii hn l 576 byte, bao gm 512 byte d liu, v 64 byte ca IP header. Identification: 16 bit. L mt s nguyn 16 bit mang thng tin nh danh v datagram, trng ny c s dng tp hp cc datagram phn mnh. Flags: 3 bit. Trng ny s dng 2 bit iu khin s phn mnh, bit cn li cha s dng. Fragment offset: 13 bit - xc nh v tr ca mnh trong datagram, tnh theo s 8 byte, mnh u tin l 0. Time to live: 8 bit. Trng ny xc nh thi gian tn ti trn mng ca datagram. Gi tr ny khi x l ti mi node hoc host s b gim i. Datagram s b hu b khi gi tr ny gim n 0 mc d n cha n c ch, iu ny rt quan
Nguyn Huy Hiu - Lp D2000VT

16 of flags

19

24

31

total length

Vers (version): 4 bit - ch ra phin bn ang s dng ca IP

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Chng 1. Gii

trng v sau khong thi gian nht nh nu gi tin vn cha n, n b loi b trnh tnh trng lp cc gi tin trn mng qu lu gy tc nghn. Protocol: 8 bit. Ch ra giao thc tng k trn s nhn d liu x l. Header checsum: 16 bit. L gi tr tng kim tra ca IP header, gi tr c tnh bng cng modul 16 bit. Ti mi node khi c trng no c x l th vic kim tra li c thc hin. Source address: 32 bit - a ch IP ngun, ni gi gi tin. Destination address: 32bit- a ch IP ch, ni nhn gi tin. Option ( di thay i): La chn ny c s dng cho nhiu mc ch nh kiu d liu, mc bo mt Padding ( di thay i): c s dng thm vo IP header cho bi s ca 32 bit. 1.4.3.3. Cc chc nng chnh ca IP thc hin c mc ch l truyn cc datagram qua lin mng, IP bao gm mt lot cc chc nng chnh nh nh a ch, phn mnh, Di y l cc chc nng chnh : nh a ch Cc host trong mng IP c xc nh thng qua a ch hoc tn. gi thng tin n ch phi bit a ch (hoc tn) v thng tin v ng i c th gi thng tin ti ng ch. IP ch xc nh ch cho gi tin n thng qua a ch, IP khng hiu tn ca cc host, nu mt dch v s dng tn thay v a ch th dch v phi i tn thnh a ch v cng vic ny phi thc hin tng trn ca IP (v d dch v DNS nh xt). a ch IP l mt s gm 4 byte (32bit). d qun l, ngi ta quy nh phn chia a ch thnh cc 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Cc bit u tin ca byte u trong a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0, 10, 110, 1110 v 1111 ln lt cho lp A, B, C, D v E) nh hnh v

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Chng 1. Gii

Lp A

a 0 mng

ch (7

a ch trm (24 bit)-hostid 32 bit

bit)- netid Lp B Lp C Lp D Lp E Netid 1 0 (14 bit) Netid 1 1 0 (21 bit) a ch multicast 1 1 1 0 (28 bit) Cha s dng 1 1 1 1 Hnh 1.10: Cc lp a ch IP a ch IP cn c th c biu din di dng s thp phn, mi byte phn bit nhau bi du (.) nh sau: T Lp A Ti Hostid (16 bit) Hostid (8 bit)

0 . 0 . 0 .
T

127 . 255 . 255 .

Ti

lp B

128 . 0 .
T

191 . 255 . 255 .

Ti

Lp C

192 . 0 .
T

223 . 255 . 255 .

Ti

Lp D

224 . 0 . 0 240. 0 . 0
T

. .

239 . 255 . 255 . 255 . 255 . 255 .

Ti

Lp E

Hnh 1.11: Cc lp a ch IP biu din di dng s thp phn Lp A

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Chng 1. Gii

Bit u bng 0. 7 bit cn li nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l s mng c a ch IP lp A rt hn ch. V l thuyt c th c 128 mng lp A. Thc t ch c 126 mng v c hai mng c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c th. Trong mng lp A, 24 bit c s dng nh danh a ch trm. 2 a ch c bit (phn a ch trm gm ton bit 0 hoc ton bt 1) c s dng lm cc a ch c bit v c ti a 16.777.214 trm trong mt mng lp A. Cc a ch lp A c thit k cho cc t chc c s lng my tnh cc ln kt ni vo mng. Tuy nhin, khng c mt t chc no c s lng my ln nh vy do rt nhiu a ch b lng ph. Lp B 2 byte u trong a ch lp B c dng nh ngha a ch mng v 2 byte sau dng nh ngha a ch trm. V 2 bit u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 10, nn ch c 14 bit nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. S mng lp B l 16.384. Trong mt mng lp B, 16 bit c s dng nh danh trm, ngha l v l thuyt c ti a 65.536 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit nn thc t mt mng lp B ch c 65534 trm. Cc a ch lp B c thit k cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng my tnh tng i ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nh mng lp A, nhiu a ch IP b lng ph v rt t cng ty c s lng my tnh ln nh vy. Lp C Trong a ch lp C, 3 byte u c dng cho a ch mng, v mt byte cui c dng cho a ch trm. Do 3 bit u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 110 ch a ch lp C nn ch c 21 bit nh ngha a ch mng. S mng lp C ln hn s mng lp A v B v bng 2.097.152 mng. Mt mng lp C v l thuyt c th c ti a 256 trm tuy nhin thc t ch c th c ti a 254 trm do c hai a ch c s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. a ch lp C c thit k cho cc cng ty nh, nhng cng ty ch c t trm ni vo mng.
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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

Chng 1. Gii

Lp D a ch lp D c nh ngha cho truyn multicast (a im). Trong lp ny, khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bit lun bng 1110 nh ngha lp D. 28 bit cn li nh ngha a ch nhm. Lp E Lp E c d phng s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. Khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bit u tin bng 1111 nh ngha lp E. Phn mnh IP datagram Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, mt IP datagram c t vo khung truyn dn (frame) v sau c th phi di chuyn qua nhiu loi mng vt l i ti ch. Trong mi loi mng, kch thc khung (frame) m datagram t vo c gii hn l khc nhau. V d, Ethernet l 1500 octet d liu, hoc FDDI gii hn l 4470 octet trong mi frame. Chng ta gi cc gii hn ny n v truyn ti a MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit). MTU l kch c khung truyn ti a trn mt kt ni im - im. Bi v c mi loi mng khc nhau li c MTU khc nhau, c loi MTU ln (v d mng Token Ring c MTU=4464 octet), c loi MTU nh (v d mng X.25 c MTU = 576 octet) trong khi vic thit k cc datagram khng tun theo s rng buc ca cc mng vt l (ngha l phn mm TCP/IP s chn cho datagram mt kch thc khi u) nn giao thc IP b tr mt cch chia cc datagram ln thnh nhng phn nh hn sao cho c th t va vo mng c MTU nh. Nhng phn nh ca mt datagram c gi l mnh (fragments), cn tin trnh chia mt datagram c gi l phn mnh (fragmentation). V d trong hnh 1.12 di y minh ho cho vic phn mnh:

Host A
Net 1 MTU=150 0 Huy Hiu - Lp D2000VT Nguyn

Host B
Net 3 MTU=150 0

R 1

Net 2 MTU=620

R 2

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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

Chng 1. Gii

Hnh 1.12:V d minh ho vic phn mnh IP datagram Trong hnh ny, c hai my tnh ni trc tip vo Ethernet c MTU l 1500 octet. Nh th, c hai my u c th gi cc datagram di n 1500 octet. Tuy nhin, con ng ni chng, cha mt mng c MTU l 620. Cho nn nu host A gi cho host B mt datagram ln hn 620 octet, b nh tuyn R1 s phn mnh datagram . Cng vic cng tng t nu nh host B gi cho host A mt datagram ln. Kch thc ca mt mnh c chn sao cho mi mnh c th c gi qua mng c s trong mt frame. Hn na, v IP c d liu l bi ca 8 octet, nn kch thc ca mnh cng chn l bi ca 8. D nhin, vic chn bi s ca 8 gn nht vi MTU ca mng khng phi lun chia mnh thnh nhng phn bng nhau; thng thng mnh cui cng s nh hn. Cc mnh phi c kt hp li c c ng bn sao ca datagram ban u trc khi n c x l ti ch cui cng. Tt c cc mnh vn c coi nh l mt datagram, trng nhn dng (identification field) s ch ra datagram m mnh thuc vo n (hnh1.13).

4096 Id: 187 1460 1460 1176 Id: Id: Id: 187 187 187

4096 Id: 187 1460 1460 1176 Id: Id: Id: 187 187 187

Etherne t

Etherne t

Nguyn Huy Hiu - Lp D2000VT

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 n tt nghip i hc thiu chung v mng IP

Chng 1. Gii

Hnh 1.13: Phn mnh IP qua mt mng vt l Trong IP header c mt s trng iu khin vic phn mnh ca datagram nh: Offset: cho bit v tr ca mnh trong datagram. Flag: s dng cho cc chn la: c th phn mnh hay khng th phn mnh; l mnh cui cng hay cn mnh khc tip sau. Chn ng Chc nng chnh th ba ca IP l chn ng, chc nng ny to cho IP c kh nng tm ra c nhng con ng tt nht nu c th cho mi gi tin IP. Chc nng ny s c xem xt k trong chng 3.

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