POST-EARTHQUAKE INTERVENTIONS : PREVENTION AND SAFETY TECHNIQUES

FACTORY BUILDINGS: THE MAIN FEATURES, THE INEFFICIENCIES AND THE SUITABLE INTERVENTIONS ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN REGULATIONS
Author: Anna Marzo

Working group: Alessandra Gugliandolo Maurizio Indirli Giuseppe Marghella Maria-Anna Segreto

ENEA ACTIVITIES FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION

Supporting the Italian Civil Protection

LAquila earthquake (2009) - 6.3 Richter
damage/safety evaluation for cultural heritage

Emilia Romagna earthquake (2012) 5.9 Richter

damage/safety evaluation for several typologies of constructions

ENEA ACTIVITIES FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION

Research activity: innovative seismic protection devices

BASE ISOLATION OF BUILDINGS SEISMIC ISOLATION OF VALUABLE OBJECTS
ERCOLANO SHIP

Springs and hydraulic system

O EU SPACE PROJECT

Rolling element

EUROPEAN SEISMIC MAPS

Distribution of the seismicity on the European territory form the highest (red) to the lowest (bleu) seismic areas The reduction of the seismicity from south to north due to the plates localization. The more seismic countries are located along the Italy is located on the plate limitation The earthquakes occur along the plate perimeter, when they move

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Surveyed simple storey typologies Covering completion elements

Omega shaped Notes: Precasted buildings Realization: 1960-2000

Double inclination

Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Single/double stories

TT reverse shaped

TT with skylight

Double inclination-2 body beam

Voulted

Plan covering system

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Surveyed multi storey typologies

Two levels
Notes: Precasted buildings Realization: 1960-2000 Reinfoced Prestressed Concrete Two-three levels Precasted slab

Three levels

Alveolar panels

Tile TT

FACTORY BUILDINGS : Cladding typologies

Vertical precast panels
Notes: Precasted vertical/horizontal panels Panels-structure connections realized by steel anchorages Regular opening Claddings faades are very common in industrial buildings. In these cases it is very important to check the fixing system to the building structure taking into account the vertical force distributed on the single panel. The seismic action may be evaluated by considering a force applied to the center of gravity of the element.

Horizontal precast panels

Notes: Traditional brick masonry claddings Cladding fill the empties between the structures Traditional mortar

Brick masonry claddings

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Connections

Connections among structural and completion elements
Ad omega CONNECTION TYPOLOGIES Tiles simply supported by the beams Beams simply supported by the pillars Pillars fixed to foundation Cladding panels connected to the structures by means of steel brackets

Beam Fork Beam Mortar or rubber layer Pillar Pillars

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Connection cladding-beam and cover-beam

Connections among structural and completion elements
Ad omega CONNECTION TYPOLOGIES

Tiles simply supported by the beams Beams simply supported by the pillars Pillars fixed to foundation

Cladding panels connected to the structures by means of steel brackets

Screw 16 with washer and nut steel ancor plate welding L shaped plate L SHAPED PLATE 130x65x10 L=75mm

hole 17

steel ancor plate buttonhole

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Current rules

UNI ENV 1992-1-3 30-09-1995. Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures . General rules and rules for buildings

The main requirements for structural elements and connections

Connections
Damage due to cyclic deformation in plastic field should be considered; the strength design of the connections should be reduced in order to taken into account of seismic stress, if it is required; in case of panel-bearing structures both r.c. and welded joints effectiveness should be experimentally tested; beam-pillar connections should guarantee the matching of both vertical and horizontal displacements and the stress should be transferred by means of mechanical devices; it is consented the realization of a sliding support at one end of the beam, but the sliding surface should be more extended then the seismic displacement required; in case of connection between non monolithic parts ad hoc design criteria should be considered (three types are possible); Pillar-horizontal elements connection should be fix (rigid or elastic) when the pillars are isostatic elements; In general, the connections between both structural and completion elements should be guarantee the transmission of both static and seismic stress in the safe side, therefore simply friction connections are not permitted.

Beams
The beam width should be greater then 20 cm, while for small beams (namely flat beams) it should not exceed the pillar width, increased on both sides by the half height of the same beam; The ratio between transversal dimension of the beam (width/height) should not exceed 0.25; Axes of both beam and pillars supported (namely in false) should be aligned; in addition the beams should have at least two supports (pillars or shell); the shell can not be supported on beam or plate in false; The critic zones are extended to 1 or 1,5 times the beam height for slow ductility class or high ductility class, respectively. In case of beam which supports in false pillars the critic zone should be extended for two times of the beam high, starting from the beam-pillar node in all cases.

Pillars
The pillar transversal section should be grater then 25 cm, while for small beams it should not exceed the pillar width, increased on both sides by the half height of the same beam. In addition, the codes provide same limitation about reinforcement, which are evaluated case by case.

UNI ENV 1998-1-4 31-10-1999. Eurocodice 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for building.

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Damages surveyed after the sesmic events (may 20th and 29th)
Buildings with double inclined beams: Lack of the support and collapse of the cover

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Damages observed after the sesmic events in Emilia Romagna region (May 20th and 29th, 2012)
Lack of support due to the break of the upper forks of the pillars: collapse of the cover

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Damages observed after the sesmic events in Emilia Romagna region (May 20th and 29th, 2012)
Collapse of the cladding panels

Connession panel-pillar

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Damages observed after the sesmic events in Emilia Romagna region (May 20th and 29th, 2012)
Collapse of the beam: separation of the two composing parts of the 2-body beam

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Damages observed after the sesmic events in Emilia Romagna region (May 20th and 29th, 2012)
Mixed precast reinforced concrete structures: Shear collapse of the masonry pears Beneficial effects of the metallic ties

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Damages observed after the sesmic events in Emilia Romagna region (May 20th and 29th, 2012)
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS: These building are not collapsed thanks to the realization of good connections

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Reduction of the seismic vulnerability

PILLAR-BEAM
- Evaluation of the damages and of their mechanisms; - Evaluation of mechanical properties of the constitutive materials; - Evaluation and upgrading of stiffness, strength and ductility against the design stresses, by considering the suitable static scheme (usually cantilever);

CONNECTIONS FOUNDATION
- Assessment of any damage and identification of its mechanisms; - Knowledge of the type of soil for the characterization of the seismic response with appropriate investigations (spreading seismic); - Evaluation of the possibility of differentiated sags; - Stiffness against rotation, such as to guarantee the joint at the base of the pillars; - Resistance against lateral actions, transmitted from the pillar (in the context of a hierarchy of resistors, the resistance of this element should be oversized with respect to the superstructure) -The connections between beams and columns and between beams and roof elements must not introduce significant bending moments at the end of the connected elements since they are not sized to absorb it; -Simple supports must be transformed into hinges, in order to not change the original static scheme; - Sliding may also be permitted, but it should be, in any case, limited by properly-sized restraints. - Torsion rotation of the beams must be tackled ; - The strength hierarchy should be considered when dimensioning the connections (links ductile and weaker than the connected elements); - The used fasteners (typically wall plugs) shall be more resistant than the connecting devices set by them.

Anna Marzo

ENEA - UNITA' UTSISM

Laboratorio LAERTE

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Reduction of the seismic vulnerability Guideline for both local and global interventions on factory buildings developed by Eurocode.
It has been providing some suggestions for professional engineers, suitable to evaluate quickly seismic safety and set up reasonable anti-seismic strengthening interventions for simple-storey. Reinforced prestressed precast concrete construction, taking into account both the safeguard of human life and the recovery of serviceability conditions, saving machinery and equipment.

SLIDING SUPPORTS

Evaluation of the section features and of the related forks (reinforcement, transversal sections, and so on ; Realization of constraint elements, when any fork is present

Beam Fork

Pillar

Beam
Sliding plain (teflon)

Pillar

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Reduction of the seismic vulnerability

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CONNECTION WITH COLD FORMED PROFILES
Beam

Pillar

Pre-existing hole

Steel pin

Evaluation of the section features and of the related forks (reinforcement, transversal sections, etc) Any substitution of the forks with other support system in order to avoid the beam overturning

Supporting steel plate Ancor steel bars

FACTORY BUILDINGS: Reduction of the seismic vulnerability

FOUNDATIONS
Bars which connect the concrete ring Brackets Forks for both bars and brackets connection Ringing with concrete

Connection steel bar Hole in the industrial floor Injection with waterconcrete mixture

Additional concrete cast Industrial floor

Improvement of the mechanical properties of the soil

Requirements for foundation elements: Adequate stiffness against rotation, sufficient to ensure the joint at the base of the pillars. Adequate resistance against lateral actions transmitted from the pillar Interventions category Connecting the plinth with the industrial floor