Table of Contents Page Table of Contents Introduction Objective Procedure Experimental Results Graphic Results Conclusion i; 2; 2; 2; 3; 4; 5;

1.Introduction 1

The impact of jet experiment helps us to understand how does turbines works under fluid pressure. The mechanical work produced by using pressure of moving fluid at a high velocity jet of water from nozzle produces force when it strikes on the plane of the surface of the plate. The forces exerted on the surface plane will also depend on the density of the fluid. The force exerted on the impact will generate the momentum change. 2.Objective To measure the force by water jet on flat plate, hemispherical cup and conical plate and comparing it with momentum law. 3.Procedure 1- The apparatus was levelled with the jockey weight at its zero position. 2- The pump was turned on and the supply valve opened to the maximum. 3- The jockey weight was moved to the position that restores the level to the balanced position. 4- The weight and time of flow stored in the hydraulic bench was measured. 5- We took a series of about eight readings with roughly equally spaced positions of the jockey weight by decreasing the flow rate from the bench control valve. 6- These steps were repeated for flat plate, hemispherical cup and conical plate. 7- The data was recorded in the table provided. 8- The diameter of the nozzle (10 mm), the height of the vane above the tip of the nozzle ( s = `35 mm) when the lever is balanced, the distance between the centre of the vane and the pivot of the lever (0.15 m) and the mass of jockey weight (0.6 kg) were all carefully noted.

4.Experimental Results 2

The results obtained in the lab were as follows:

Nozzle Diam: 10mm S=35mm W (kg) Time (s) y (mm) (kg/s) u (m/s) uo (m/s) uo (N) F (Experimental) (N) F (Theoretical ) (N)

5 5 5 5 5

19.03 13.32 11.38 10 7.94

175 200 225 250 275

0.26 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.63

Conical Plate(=120) 3.35 3.24 0.85 4.78 4.71 1.77 5.60 5.54 2.43 6.37 6.32 3.16 8.02 7.98 5.02 Cup(=180) 7.00 3.87 5.99 2.85 5.56 2.45 4.27 1.45 3.12 0.79

6.867 7.848 8.829 9.81 10.791

1.28 2.65 3.65 4.74 7.54

5 5 5 5 5

9.04 10.53 11.34 14.66 19.71

300 270 240 210 180

Hemispherical 0.55 7.05 0.47 6.05 0.44 5.62 0.34 4.34 0.25 3.23

11.772 10.5948 9.4176 8.2404 7.0632

7.74 5.69 4.90 2.91 1.58

5 5 5 5

9.66 9.84 11.19 13.19

235 220 205 190

0.52 0.51 0.45 0.38

Flat Plate(=90) 6.59 6.54 6.47 6.42 5.69 5.63 4.83 4.76

3.39 3.26 2.52 1.80

9.2214 8.6328 8.0442 7.4556

3.39 3.26 2.52 1.80

5.Graphic Results

In the following graph we can observe the experimental forces (N) recorded in situ versus the rate of delivery of momentum.

In the next following graph we can observe the theoretical forces (N) recorded in situ versus the rate of delivery of momentum.

6.Conclusion The calculated force is correlated with the measured force. Both of the forces 4

will have directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as the measured force. However, this could not be achieved experimentally due to human and natural errors made during the experiment. From the results obtained and the plots graphed, the following points were concluded: As the volumetric rate of flow increased, the force resulted from the impact of the jet on both the flat plate, hemispherical and conic plate, is increased for the theoretical F and the experimental F values of the force. This relation can be clearly observed from the plots of this report (F VS Momentum). The predicted value of the jet force showed lower values than the measured one. This might be occurred for the following reasons: Errors in taking the reading. Losses in the experiment apparatus. We can conclude that the hemispherical plate is the more efficient one for using in a turbine than the flat plat or conic. I believe that this experiment could possibly be improved by choosing a higher collection of volume. I believe that this would allow for less error when recording the time to collect that volume because it would lengthen the time.