Professional Documents
Culture Documents
System
Group of components related to each other and work together to achieve a common goal are collectively called a system. 1
Characteristics of System
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Information System
A system that collects data from various sources and processes that data to create meaningful information for its users.
For Example,
Information office in our college is and information system.
Hardware
The physical components in the information system, which can be touched, are called hardware.
Software
Set of instruction according to which the computers of information system worked are collectively called software. Sale order processing software, inventory software etc
Peoples
These are most important components in CBIS. People control the overall work of CBIS. There are different types of peoples work in CBIS. 1 1 1 1 1
Programmers Data Entry Operators Network Administrator Database Administrator System Analyst
Procedure
There are the rules and regulations, which are followed in the CBIS. These procedure ensure safe, smooth and efficient working of CBIS. For Example Examples are Security procedure, backing procedure etc.
Database
It is a structure collection of related data about the organization in which information
system is working. All the data is usually stored in the database. It was not used in older CBIS but database is important part of computer based information system of modern days. 6
6. Telecommunication Links
These are used to connect the devices in an information system. These may be wires, microwaves or even internet.
Transaction Processing System (TPS) Management Reporting System (MRS) Decision Support System (DSS) Office Support System (OSS)
DSS also get data from TPS and used it to help decision makers in making their decision. These systems are just to help decision maker and these system cannot make decision maker. 4
Level of management
There are three types of level, of management.
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Upper Level Manager (ULM) Middle Level Manager (MLM) Low Level Manager (LLM)
Low-level managers
Very short term planners (day to month) Supervision type job Large in numbers Higher and Middle-level managers decisions effect their decision. Usually take structured decision Less risk involve in their decision
Expert System
Expert system is software, which work like a human expert & can take decision according to the certain problems & can also provide helpful suggestions for decision making. Human experts usually feed their knowledge in expert system & then expert system take decision by using that knowledge. Expert system has not general knowledge. Expert system is usually developed for specific area of interest.
For example,
Xcon is an expert system used by DEC (Digital Electronic Corporation) to find the problem in their computing equipment or computer.
Types of Decision
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Structured Decision
These are predefined decisions we have some formula or rules to take these decisions.
Unstructured Decision
There is no criteria to make these decision but these decisions are only taken by
Identifying Problem Feasibility Study Detail Investigation System Analysis System Design System Development
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Identifying Problem
It is the phase in which the problem is identified for which system will be created.
Feasibility Study
In this stage the problem is checked and analyzed that is their any solution of this
problem. If there is a possible solution according to the situations feasibility of the project exist.
Detail Investigation
In this phase problems are investigated in detail. In this phase it is checked that what are
the problems and also user requirements are gathered. Usually detail investigation is done by four methods. 1 1 1 1
System Analysis
In this phase different solutions for the problems are analyzed and best possible solutions
System Designer
In this stage design of a system is created according to the chosen solution. Data flow
diagram, flow charts and entity relationship diagram are created in this phase. 3
System Development
In this phase system is developed according to the design. Programs are developed, hard
system is implemented. 5
If there is any problem in working of system is maintained to show desired result in this phase.
System Analyst
Programmers developed many years back systems and the programmers do all the investigation and analysis. Programmers were good at programming and they know about operating and hard ware systems of computers but they are not good enough to understand business system. So they always get poor information system requirements. So in those days very few information systems were succeeded and many work disastrous. Then system analyst
came into being. He is a person who is expert in programming and computer technique. But he also knows business systems very well. He is just like bridge between programmer and business environment. He is used in nearly all the stages of system development life cycle.
Interviews
It is face-to-face communication between interviewer and interviewee. It is a good way of getting to the point information but it is expensive and time-consuming method. This method is used when there is a lot of time to investigate and interviewees are small in numbers. Efficiency of interviews depends upon interviewers.
Questionnaires
It is less expensive method than interviews but may not provide to the point information. It is
used to investigate to large no of peoples in short time. Efficiencies of questioners depend on how accurately they are design. 1
Documents Reviews
It is the method of examining document exists in a system. Usually this method is used
Observation
It is the method in which system analyst or investigators get users information by observing
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Flow Charts
processes applied on the data. DFD is used to describe a system. System analysts communicate with each other with the help of DFD. 7
Flow Charts
Flow charts are used to represent data flow and processes in sequenced form. Usually system analyst and programmers communicate with each other by using flow charts.
Reports
Queries are very good in getting data from tables or existing queries but queries cannot show data to the users in user friendly way. Reports are used for this purpose. Reports can get data from tables or queries and provide that data to the user in an elegant way. There are three types of reports. 1 1 1
Detail Reports
These are regular reports and created after a specific period of time. In these
Summary Reports
It is also regular and time specific reports. It is based on detail report but it
Exception Reports
It is report that is but regular and time specific. It is created when something unusual happened. Some thing is very good or very bad. It can be created twice in a day or never in a year.