ACCOUNTING & ECONOMICS

FOR BUSINESS
AFTERSCHO☺OL
– DEVELOPING CHANGE MAKERS
CENTRE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
PGPSE PROGRAMME –
World’ Most Comprehensive programme in social
entrepreneurship & spiritual entrepreneurship
OPEN FOR ALL FREE FOR ALL

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 ACCOUNTING & ECONOMICS
FOR BUSINESS
Dr. T.K. Jain.
AFTERSCHO☺OL
Centre for social entrepreneurship
Bikaner M: 9414430763
tkjainbkn@yahoo.co.in
www.afterschool.tk, www.afterschoool.tk
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
 What will be the closing stock?

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 Solution
• Nil

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M/s ABC Brothers, which was registered in the
year 2000, has been following
Straight Line Method (SLM) of depreciation.
In the current year it changed its method from
Straight Line to Written Down Value (WDV)
Method, since such change would result in
the additional depreciation of Rs. 200 Iakhs as
a result of which the firm would qualify
to be declared as a sick industrial unit. The
auditor raised objection to this change in
the method of depreciation.
The objection of the auditor is justified because
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 Options
1. Change in the method of depreciation should
be done only with the consent of the auditor
2. Depreciation method can be changed only from
WDV to SLM and not vice versa
3. Change in the method of deprecation should be
done only if it is required by some statute and
change would result in appropriate presentation
of financial statement.
Solution: 3.

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 Goti Ltd. has issued 14% Debentures of
Rs.20,00,000 at a discount of 10% on April 01,
2004 and the company pays interest half-yearly
on June 30, and December 31 every year. On
March 31, 2006, the amount shown as “interest
accrued but not due” in the Balance Sheet will
be
(a) Rs.70,000 shown along with Debentures
(b) Rs.2,10,000 under current liabilities
(c) Rs.1 ,40,000 shown along with Debentures
(d) Rs.2,80,000 under current liabilities

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 Solution
• Interest for 3 months : 70,000 as
outstanding

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 Solve it
• P Ltd. issued 5,000, 12% debentures of Rs.100
each at a premium of 10%, which are
redeemable after 10 years at a premium of 20%.
The amount of loss on redemption of debentures
to be written off every year is
• (a) Rs.80,000
• (b) Rs.40,000
• (c) Rs.10,000
• (d) Rs. 8,000

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 What is perfect market?
• There are very large number of buyers and
sellers
• Prices are determined purely based on demand
and supply
• There is complete information
• Market has complete knowledge
• Homogenous products
• Free entry and free exit
• No barriers.
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 How is price determined in perfect
market?
• Purely based on market demand and
supply
• No individual firm can influence the price
• Prices are always fluctuating to reflect the
current demand and supply
• Firm is only a price taker – and not the
price maker.

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 When does the firm reach
equilibrium ?
• When MR = MC, the firm is in equilibrium
• When the marginal cost is equal to
marginal price, the firm is in equilibrium
• The firm may have profit or loss in the
short run, but in long run, it cannot have
loss or abnormal profit (just economic
profit – the minimum profit required to
sustain the firm – which is when MR =
MC).
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How is perfect market different from
imperfect market?
• There are three types of markets in
imperfect markets:
• 1. monopoly (single seller)
• 2. oligopoly (2 or a few sellers)
• 3. monopolistic competition (a few sellers)

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 How are prices determined in
monopolistic competition?
• Prices are determined purely based on
demand and supply – but here each firm
can decide its own price.
• Goods are differentiated
• Every firm has its own pricing curve
• Every firm can change price to suit its
revenue model .

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 How is prices determined in
oligopoly?
• In oligopoly, the firms cannot change the
price, - because – if they will reduce the
price, the competitor will also reduce the
price – thus the gain will be nill. If they
increase the price - the competitor may
not increase and as a result the customers
will shift to competitor’s products.
• 2 or 3 companies are selling similar
products / services in oligopoly

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 How is prices determined in
monopoly
• Monopolist can earn extraordinary profit in
long run.
• Prices are determined as per availability of
supply.
• MR = MC is the point of equilibrium.
• Profit =Quantity *( AR – AC )or TR – TC
• Monopolist can earn super profit in short
run and long run both.
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 ABOUT AFTERSCHO☺OL
Afterschoool conducts three year integrated PGPSE
(after class 12th along with IAS / CA / CS) and 18
month PGPSE (Post Graduate Programme in Social
Entrepreneurship) along with preparation for CS / CFP /
CFA /CMA / FRM. This course is also available online
also. It also conducts workshops on social
entrepreneurship in schools and colleges all over India –
start social entrepreneurship club in your institution
today with the help from afterschoool and help us in
developing society.

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 Why such a programme?
• To promote people to take up entrepreneurship
and help develop the society
• To enable people to take up franchising and
other such options to start a business / social
development project
• To enable people to take up social development
as their mission
• To enable people to promote spirituality and
positive thinking in the world

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 Who are our supporters?
• Afterschoolians, our past beneficiaries,
entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs
are supporting us.
• You can also support us – not necessarily
by money – but by being promotor of our
concept and our ideas.

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 About AFTERSCHO☺OL PGPSE – the
best programme for developing great
entrepreneurs
• Most flexible, adaptive but rigorous programme
• Available in distance learning mode
• Case study focused- latest cases
• Industry oriented practical curriculum
• Designed to make you entrepreneurs – not just
an employee
• Option to take up part time job – so earn while
you learn
• The only absolutely free course on internet
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 Workshops from
AFTERSCHO☺OL
• IIF, Delhi
• CIPS, Jaipur
• ICSI Hyderabad Branch
• Gyan Vihar, Jaipur
• Apex Institute of Management, Jaipur
• Aravali Institute of Management, Jodhpur
• Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar
• Pacific Institute, Udaipur
• Engineering College, Hyderabad

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 Flexible Specialisations:
• Spiritualising business and society
• Rural development and transformation
• HRD and Education, Social Development
• NGO and voluntary work
• Investment analysis,microfinance and inclusion
• Retail sector, BPO, KPO
• Accounting & Information system (with CA / CS /CMA)
• Hospital management and Health care
• Hospitality sector and culture and heritage
• Other sectors of high growth, high technology and social
relevance

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 Salient features:
• The only programme of its kind (in the whole world)
• No publicity and low profile course
• For those who want to achieve success in life – not just a
degree
• Flexible – you may stay for a month and continue the rest of
the education by distance mode. / you may attend weekend
classes
• Scholarships for those from poor economic background
• Latest and constantly changing curriculum – keeping pace
with the time
• Placement for those who are interested
• Admissions open throughout the year
• Latest and most advanced technologies, books and study
material

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 Components
• Pedagogy curriculum and approach based on IIM Ahmedabad and ISB
Hyderabad (the founder is alumnus from IIMA & ISB Hyderabad)
• Meditation, spiritualisation, and self development
• EsGotitial softwares for business
• Business plan, Research projects
• Participation in conferences / seminars
• Workshops on leadership, team building etc.
• Written submissions of research projects/articles / papers
• Interview of entrepreneurs, writing biographies of entrepreneurs
• Editing of journals / newsletters
• Consultancy / research projects
• Assignments, communication skill workshops
• Participation in conferences and seminars
• Group discussions, mock interviews, self development diaryng
• Mind Power Training & writing workshop (by Dr. T.K.Jain)

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 Pedagogy
• Case analysis,
• Articles from Harvard Business Review
• Quiz, seminars, workshops, games,
• Visits to entrepreneurs and industrial visits
• PreGotitations, Latest audio-visuals
• Group discussions and group projects
• Periodic self assessment
• Mentoring and counselling
• Study exchange programme (with institutions out of
India)
• Rural development / Social welfare projects
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 Branches
• AFTERSCHO☺OL will shortly open its
branches in important cities in India
including Delhi, Kota, Mumbai, Gurgaon
and other important cities.
Afterschooolians will be responsible for
managing and developing these branches
– and for promoting social entrepreneurs.

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 Case Studies
• We want to write case studies on social
entrepreneurs, first generation
entrepreneurs, ethical entrepreneurs.
Please help us in this process. Help us to
be in touch with entrepreneurs, so that we
may develop entrepreneurs.

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Basic values at AFTERSCHO☺OL
• Share to learn more
• Interact to develop yourself
• Fear is your worst enemy
• Make mistakes to learn
• Study & discuss in a group
• Criticism is the healthy route to mutual support
and help
• Ask fundamental questions : why, when, how &
where?
• Embrace change – and compete with yourself
only
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 www.afterschoool.tk
social entrepreneurship for better
society

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