- 1 -

Li cm t

Thi gian thm thot thoi a, chp mt m em hon
thnh bn nm i hc. Nh ngy no, u kha hc, ba cn
a n trng gp thy c mi, bn b mi vi bao b ng lo
lng. Vy m cui cng em cng tri qua bn nm hc. Bn
nm hc tp vi bit bao kh khn, vt v, c nhng lc vp
ng em tng nh mnh khng th vt qua. Nhng mong
mun c lm lun vn khi tt nghip thc y em phn
u nhiu trong hc tp. Cui cng vi kt qu t c trong
cc nm u, em c b mn phn cng lm lun vn di s
hng dn ca thy Phm Gia Khnh. c lm lun vn l
mt nim vui, nim vinh d ln i vi em. Nhng bn cnh
cng c khng t ni lo v gp nhiu kh khn, no l khan
him ti liu, thi gian hn hp, m kin thc th mi v tng
i kh Nhng vi kin thc m em c thy c b mn
trang b trong cc nm qua cng vi s hng dn nhit tnh
ca thy Phm Gia Khnh cng nh s ng vin gip ca
gia nh, bn b, cui cng cun lun vn cng c hon
thnh. Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht n thy hng
dn, cc thy c khc trong b mn, cng gia nh v bn b.
Cn Th, thng 5 nm 2009
Ngi vit
Sinh vin. Phm Trn Nguyt Tho
- 2 -
PHN M U

1. L DO CHN TI
Nh bit, vic nghin cu qu trnh ng trong t nhin cng nh trong
x hi thng dn n vic kho st mt hay nhiu phng trnh o hm ring
bng vic nh lng ha cc c trng ca i tng nghin cu bng cc i
lng ton hc. Nhng ta cng d nhn thy rng cc quy lut t nhin thng
dn n cc h thc phi tuyn gia cc tham bin nn cn phi xt phng trnh
vi phn phi tuyn. Tuy nhin, khi xut hin nhng kh khn ton hc thc s.
Bi vy, khi xy dng m hnh ton hc chng ta buc phi bt tnh chnh xc v
b qua nhng phn thm phi tuyn b hoc chuyn sang tuyn tnh ha trong mt
ln cn ca nghim cho bng cch a bi ton v bi ton tuyn tnh. Vn
cha , gii bi ton ny ta li c nhng s thay i nht nh i vi gi
thit ca bi ton tng ng nghim ca n cng c nhng thay i nht nh.
Khi , vic tm nghim c in ca bi ton mi vn cn rt phc tp, v th,
u tin ngi ta xy dng nghim suy rng ca n, sau thit lp trn ca
chng v chng minh n l nghim c in ca bi ton. Ni nh vy thy
rng, khng gian nghim ca bi ton c gii c nhiu thay i so vi
khng gian nghim ca bi ton thc t ban u. V vy, vic chn cc khng
gian hm cho nghim ca cc bi ton c mt vai tr quan trng m bo tnh
t ng ca bi ton. Mt khng gian phim hm tuyn tnh c s dng rng
ri trong l thuyt phng trnh o hm ring l khng gian Sobolev.
C phn yu thch ton hc ng dng v c s hng dn gi ca
thy Phm Gia Khnh hon thnh lun vn tt nghip kha hc cng nh
bc u lm quen vi Phng trnh o hm ring hin i em quyt nh
chn ti Mt s vn v khng gian Sobolev.
2. MC CH NGHIN CU
Mc ch nghin cu nhm nm c cc nh ngha, nh l, tnh cht
lin quan n khng gian Sobolev. c bit quan trng v cng l mc tiu chnh
l xy dng h thng v d minh ha v gii cc bi tp c lin quan n n.
- 3 -
Qua , gip cng c cc kin thc c hc trong sut 4 nm i hc nh:
gii tch 1, 2, khng gian tp, o v tch phn Lebesgue, gii tch hm
3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Qu trnh lm lun vn s dng kt hp nhiu phng php nghin
cu, nhng ch yu l phng php tng kt kinh nghim.
C th, kt hp phng php tng hp, so snh, phn tch, nhn xt trong
qu trnh nghin cu l thuyt. u tin, sau khi tm c ngun ti liu tham
kho th tng hp cc kin thc trong vi cc kin thc sn c. Sau , tin
hnh so snh, phn tch chng, chn ra nhng kin thc trng tm, ng ghi nh,
t a ra nhng nhn xt ring. Cui cng, tng hp, trnh by li theo hiu
mt cch r rng.
Phng php tng hp, phn tch, so snh, nh gi cng c kt hp s
dng trong gii v sp xp cc bi tp. Sau khi tng hp cc bi tp t cc ngun
t liu khc nhau, s tin hnh phn tch, so snh, chn lc cc bi tp hay ph
hp vi ni dung l thuyt sp xp chng theo mt trnh t hp l. Cui cng, tin
hnh phn tch, nh gi gii mt cch chi tit, trnh by mt cch r rang.
4. NI DUNG LUN VN
Ni dung ca lun vn gm 2 chng.
Chng 1. Gm 4 , trong 1. Khng gian
p
L , 2. Bin i Fourier,
3. Hm suy rng, 4. Khng gian Sobolev. y, ch tp trung gii thiu mt
s nh ngha, nh l, tnh cht v cc v d c lin quan m khng quan tm n
vic chng minh cc nh l, tnh cht .
Chng 2. Gii chi tit v sp xp mt cch tng i hp l cc bi tp
c lin quan n phn l thuyt gii thiu chng 1.





- 4 -
PHN NI DUNG

CHNG 1
KIN THC CHUN B
1. Khng gian
p
L
1.1 Khng gian
p
L
Cho ( ) , ,S O l mt khng gian o, trong O l mt tp con m ca
khng gian Euclide n chiu R
n
, S l o -i s trn tp o c Lebesgue v l
o Lebesgue. Cho s s p 1 , ta nh ngha khng gian
p
L nh sau
Vi < s p 1 , ta nh ngha
=
p
L { f f : l hm o c v ( ) ( ) <
}
O
x d x f
p
}
v
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) p
p
p
p
p
d f x d x f f
/ 1 / 1
(

=
(

=
} }
O

Vi = p , ta nh ngha
=

L { f f : l hm o c v ( ) k x f s hu khp ni 0 , > k }
v

f inf = { ( ) K x f K s > : 0 hu khp ni}

Ch . Ni ( ) k x f s hu khp ni tng ng vi ni rng
( ) { } ( ) 0 : = > K x f x .
Nu g f , l hai hm o c tha ( ) ( ) x g x f = hu khp ni th f v g
c xem l ging nhau. Do , 0 =
p
f khi v ch khi ( ) 0 = x f hu khp ni,
vi s s p 1 .
Cho s s p 1 , ch s q tha 1
1 1
= +
q p
c gi l s m lin hp ca p.
Ta thy, 1 = p th = q . Ngc li, = p th 1 = q .

- 5 -
1.2 Mt s nh l v bt ng thc
1.2.1 B
Cho a, b l hai s thc khng m, p, q l cp s m lin hp. Khi ,
q
b
p
a
ab
q p
+ s .
1.2.2 Bt ng thc Hoder. Nu
q p
L g v L f e e th
1
L fg e v
q
p
g f fg s
1

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi e - B A, R
+
sao cho ( ) ( )
q p
x g B x f A = .
1.2.3 Bt ng thc Minkowski. Nu
p
L g f e , th
p p p
g f g f + s + , vi s s p 1 .
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi e - B A, R
+
, 0
2 2
= + B A sao cho Bg Af = .
1.2.4 nh l.
p
L l khng gian Banach.
1.2.5 nh l.
p
L l khng gian phn x, vi < < p 1 .
1.3 Tch chp
Cho ( ) O e
1
, L g f , tch chp ca f v g c nh ngha l
( ) ( ) ( )
}
O
= - dy y g y x f x g f
1.4 Gi ca hm
1.4.1 nh ngha. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R
n
. Gi ca f , k hiu
l suppf , l bao ng ca tp ( ) { } 0 : = x f x .
K hiu
c
C (R
n
) l k hiu tp tt c cc hm lin tc vi gi compact.
c
C (R
n
) thng c vit l D(R
n
).
1.4.2 V d
- Cho : f RR c xc nh
( )

s
>
=

0 , 0
0 ,
2
/ 1
x
x e
x f
x

Khi ,

eC f .

- 6 -
- Cho : f R
n
R c xc nh
( )

>
<
=

a x
a x e
x f
x a a
, 0
,
)) /( (
2 2 2
, vi
2 2
1
2
...
n
x x x + + =
Khi , ( )e x f D(R
n
) v supp( ) f { } a x x a B s = _ : ) , 0 ( .
- Cho 0 > c v nh ngha ( ) ( ) c | c |
c
/ x x
n
= , vi
1
L e | (R
n
), 1
1
= | v
( ) 0 > x | khi 1
1
=
c
| . Tht vy,
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 / = = =
} } }

n n n
R R
n
R
dy y dx x dx x | c | c |
c
, vi c / x y = .
- Cho 0 > c v nh ngha ( ) ( ) c | c |
c
/ x C x
n
= , vi ( )
}
=

n
R
dx x C |
1
v
: | R
n
R c cho bi hm
( )

>
<
=

1 , 0
1 ,
)) 1 /( 1 (
2
x
x e
x
x
|
Khi , ( ) x
c
| D e (R
n
) v supp( ) ) , 0 ( c |
c
B =
2. Bin i Fourier
2.1 K hiu
- ( )e =
n
x x x x ,..., ,
2 1
(R
n
),

=
=
n
j
j j
x x
1
. , vi e , x (R
n
).
- ( )
( )
n
n
dx dx dx x dm ...
2
1
2 1
2 /
t
= o c Lebesgue trn R
n
.
- ( ) ( ) y x f x f
y
= t , vi y thay i trn R
n
, ( ) ( )

/
1
x f x f
n
= , 0 > ,
;
1
1
f f
y
= t
1 1
f f =

.
- Cho
1
, L g f e (R
n
), tch chp ( ) ( ) ( )
}
= -
n
R
dy y g y x f x g f ,
1 1 1
g f g f s - .
- a ch s ( ) e =
j n
a , ,..., ,
2 1
o o o o N,

=
=
n
j
j
a
1
o . Cho e R
n
,
n
n
o o o o
...
2 1
2 1
= vi
j
j
x c
c
= c , v
n
n
D
o o o o
c c c = ...
2 1
2 1
.

- 7 -
- Cho
1
L f e (R
n
), bin i Fourier ca f c nh ngha l
( ) ( ) ( )
}

=
n
R
x i
x dm e x f f

.
Vi mi e R
n
,
x i
e x

l mt hm c trng trong R
n
.
2.2 Tnh cht c bn
-
1
L f e (R
n
),
1

f f s

.
-
1
L f e (R
n
),
0

C f e ( R
n
).
-
1
, L g f e (R
n
), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) g f g f

^ = - .
- ( ) ( ) ( ) t

f e f
y i
y

^

= , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t

f x f e
x i

^
0
0
= v ( ) ( )

f f

= .
- Nu
1
L f e (R
n
) v
1
L f
j
e c ( R
n
) th ( ) ( ) ( ) f i f
j j

^ = c .
Nu
1
L f e (R
n
) v
1
L f D e
o
(R
n
), k s o , th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).

^
o o
f i f D =
- Nu
1
L f e (R
n
) v ( )
1
L x f x
j
e (R
n
) th f

kh vi n
j
v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ^

x f ix f
j j
= c
Nu
1
L f e (R
n
),
1
L f x e
o
(R
n
) v f D

o
tn ti, th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
^

x f ix f D =
2.3 V d
- (Gauss) ( )
2 /
2
x
e x

= | ; ( )
2 /
2

|

= e ;
2 / 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
n
i j
j
x x .
- (Poisson) ( ) ( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ 2 / 1
2
1 /
n
n
x C x | , vi
n
C lm cho 1
1
= | th
( )

|

= e

.
- (Fejer) ( )
( )
[
=
=
n
j
j
j
n
x
x
C x K
1 2
2
2 /
2 / sin
; ( ) ( )
[
=
n
j
K
1
1

.
- (de la Vallie Pousin) (cho 1 = n ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x K x K x V

=
2
2 . Khi ,
( )

s
s s
s
=

2 , 0
2 , 2
, 1

V .
- 8 -
2.4 nh l o ca bin i Fourier
Nu
1
L f e (R
n
) v
1

L f e (R
n
) th ( ) ( ) ( )

dm e f x f
x i
R
n }
=

hu khp ni.
2.5 nh l Plancherel
Nu
2 1
L L f e (R
n
) th
2

L f e (R
n
),
2
2

f f = v nh x
: F
2 1
L L (R
n
)
2
L (R
n
) c cho bi f Ff

= c thc trin thnh mt ng

c
2
L (R
n
)
2
L (R
n
).
2.6 Khng gian Schwartz S
Khng gian Schwartz S l khng gian ca cc hm tiu chun m bt bin
i vi cc php ton bin i, php nhn cn bng, m rng, nhn bi hm c
trng, tch nh x, php tnh tch phn v php bin i Fourier. Khng gian
Schwartz S c m t
= S {

eC | (R
n
): ( )( ) | o |
| o
, , sup
n
R
<
e
x D x
x
}
y | o, l a ch s.
Mt vi ch
- Ch S D c nn S tr mt trong
p
L (R
n
), s s p 1 . Mt hm
( )
2
x
e x
o
|

= , 0 > o thuc S nhng khng thuc D.
- Cho mt a thc P v S e | , ( ) ( ) S x x P e | v ( ) S D P e | .
- S e | khi v ch khi vi mi s nguyn 0 > k v vi mi a ch s | ta
c ( ) ( ) x D x
k
|
|
2
1+ gii ni.
- | |

l song nh t S vo S . Khi , ta c cc kt qu
i. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o
^

x ix D = .
ii. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
| |

^ i D = .





- 9 -
2.7 Hm suy rng iu ha
2.7.1 nh ngha. Khng gian tp i ngu ' S ca khng gian
Schwartz S c gi l khng gian ca nhng hm suy rng iu ha.
2.7.2 V d
- Cho
p
L f e (R
n
), s s p 1 , nh ngha C S T
f
: c xc nh bi
( ) ( ) ( )
}
= =
n
R
f
dx x x f f T | | | ,
Khi , ( )
' p p
f
f T | | s do
f
T l lin tc.
- Nu M e (R
n
) (Khng gian ca cc o gii ni thng thng, i
ngu ca
0
C (R
n
)), xt
( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
n
R
x d x T | |

Khi ' S T e

.
- Cho f l mt hm o c trn R
n
sao cho vi mi s nguyn khng
m k ta c ( )
p
k
L f x e +

2
1 (R
n
), vi s s p 1 . Khi ,
( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
n
R
f
dx x x f T | |
xc nh mt hm trong ' S , do
( ) s |
f
T ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}

+ +
n
R
k k
dx x x x f x |
2 2
1 1
nn hm cho l hm iu ha.
- Nu l mt o thng thng trn R
n
sao cho
( ) M x
k
e +

2
1 (R
n
), theo cch xc nh trn ' S T e

. o cho c gi l
o iu ha.
2.7.3 nh l. Mt hm tuyn tnh L trn S l mt hm iu ha nu v ch
nu tn ti mt hng s 0 > C v s nguyn l, m sao cho
( ) ( ) S C L
m l
e s

s s
| | |
| o
| o
,
,
,
.



- 10 -
2.7.4 Ton t trong S' . Cho T e S.
- Php tnh tin. Nu heR
n
, nh ngha ( )( ) ( ) S T T
h h
e =

| | t | t , th
' S T
h
e t .
- Php nhn vi mt phn t ca S. Cho S e | , nh ngha
( )( ) ( ) | | T T = . Khi , ' S T e | . Nu P l mt a thc trn R
n
, PT c nh
ngha ging nh trn cng l mt hm iu ha.
- Php phn x. ( ) ( ) | |
~ ~
T T = . Khi , S T e
~
.
- Php tnh vi phn. Cho mt a ch s o , nh ngha
( ) ( ) ( ) S D T T D e = | | |
o o o
, 1
(Cng thc trn cho ta mt php tnh tch phn). Do , ' S T D e
o
.
- Tch chp. Cho S e nh ngha ( ) ( )
.
- = - | | T T . Khi ,
' S T e - .
- Lc , ta xt hm ( ) ( ) t
x
T x F = . Khi

eC F (R
n
) v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). | | t | t | - = = =
} } }
T dx x T dx x T dx x x F
n n n
R
x
R
x
R

iu ny ch ra rng, tch chp vi mt phn t ca S l mt qu trnh trn. Vi
mi hm iu ha T, th

e - C T | .
- Bin i Fourier. nh ngha ( ) ( ),

| | T T = S e | . Khi , '

S T e .
Kt hp php bin i Fourier v php vi tch phn, ta c
i. ( ) ( )
.
= T x i T D
o o o

ii. ( ) ( ) T i T D

o o o
=
.

2.7.5 V d. Cho o = T tha ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 | | o | = = T . Khi
- ( ) ( ) x
x
| | o t =
- ( ) ) 0 ( ' | | o = c
j

- ( ) ( ) 0

, 1

| | o o = =
- ( ) x o | - = ( ) x |
- o | |
j j
c - = c , S e | , vi phn l mt trng hp c bit ca tch chp.

- 11 -
3. Hm suy rng
3.1 Khng gian cc hm chun ( ) O D
3.1.1 nh ngha. Mt hm tiu chun ( ) ( )
n
x x x x ,..., ,
2 1
| | = trn _ O R
n
l
mt hm kh vi v hn trn O v trit tiu bn ngoi min gii hn, min gii
hn c th ph thuc vo hm tiu chun. Khng gian tt c cc hm tiu chun
trn O c k hiu l ( ) O D .
3.1.2 V d.
- Cho : | RR c xc nh bi
( )
( )

>
<
=

1 , 0
1 ,
1 / 1
2
x
x e
x
x
|
D dng kim tra | l mt hm v hn kh vi, tr trng hp 1 = x . V
| l hm chn, ta ch cn kim tra tnh kh vi ti 1 = x .
Ta c,
0 lim
1
1
1
2
=

x
x
e
Suy ra | lin tc ti 1 = x
Hn na,
( )
0 lim
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
=

x
x
x
e
m

Do , tt c o hm ca | bng 0 ti 1 = x
- Mt hm tiu chun i xng cu | trn R
n
c cho bi
( )
( )

>
<
=

1 , 0
1 ,
1 / 1
2
x
x e
x
x
|
Trong , x l khong cch t tm n x.
3.1.4 Mt s tnh cht
- Nu ( ) O eD
2 1
,| | th ( ) O e + D c c
2 2 1 1
| | vi mi s thc
2 1
c v c .
- Nu | thuc ( ) O D v a kh vi v hn trn O th | . a cng thuc
( ) O D .
- 12 -
- Nu | thuc ( ) O D th mi o hm ring ca | cng thuc ( ) O D .
- Cho hm | nh trong v d hm tiu chun i xng cu, khi
|
.
|

\
|
c
|
0
x x
cng l mt hm tiu chun trn R
n
trit tiu ngoi hnh cu tm x
0
bn
knh c .
- Cho ( ) D x x x
m
e ,..., ,
2 1
| (R
m
) v ( ) D x x
n m
e
+
,...,
1
(R
n-m
). Nu
( )( ) =
n
x x x ,..., , .
2 1
| ( )
m
x x x ,..., ,
2 1
| . ( )
n m
x x ,...,
1 +
th D e |. (R
n
).
3.2 nh ngha v dy rng
Chng ta ni mt dy { } ( ) O c D
m
| l mt dy rng trong ( ) O D nu
0
m
| , trong ( ) O D tn ti mt tp con compact c nh O c K sao cho
supp( ) K
m
_ | vi tt c m,
m
| v tt c o hm ca n u hi t u n 0
trn K.
3.3 nh ngha v hm suy rng
Mt hm tuyn tnh T trn ( ) O D c gi l mt hm suy rng trn O
nu 0
m
T| vi mi dy rng { }
m
| trong O. Khng gian cc hm suy rng
c k hiu l ( ) O ' D .
3.4 nh l. Cho f l mt hm kh tch a phng trn mt tp
con m c O R
n
. nh ngha
( ) ( ) ( )
}
O
= dx x x f T
f
| |
Khi ,
f
T thuc ( ) O ' D .
Nhn xt. Cho ( ) O e
p
L f , 1 > p . Khi ,
f
T e ( ) O ' D .
V d
- Hm suy rng Dirac.
Cho e x R
n
, nh ngha
( ) ( ) D x
x
e = | | | o , (R
n
)
D dng chng minh rng ' D
x
e o (R
n
).
Trng hp
0
o o = c gi l hm suy rng Dirac.
- 13 -
- Cho T c nh ngha bi
( ) ( ) 0
n
n
T | | = , D e | (R), n=1,2,...
Khi , ' D T
n
e (R).
Trng hp 1 = n ,
1
T c gi l hm suy rng lng cc.
Nhn xt. o khng c sinh ra bi bt c hm kh tch a phng no.
Tht vy, nu tn ti mt hm kh tch a phng f sao cho
f
T = o , khi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
} } }
s = =
0 0
c c
c c c
| | | o
B R B
dx x f dx x x f dx x x f
n

vi ( ) O eD
c
| sao cho supp( ) ( ) 0
c c
| B c , 1 0 s s
c
| , 1
c
| trn ( ) 0
2 / c
B . Do ,
( ) 0
c
| o khi 0 c .
Mt khc, ( ) 1 =
c
| o , vi mi
c
| . V vy, ( ) 0
c
| o khi 0 c l mu
thun.
3.5 Tnh cht ca hm suy rng
Nhc li. Cho ( )
n
o o o o ,..., ,
2 1
= , trong
i
o , n i ,..., 2 , 1 = , l cc s
nguyn dng, khi o c gi l mt a ch s.
K hiu mt s php ton lin quan n a ch s o
-

=
=
n
i
i
1
o o
-
[
=
=
n
i
i
1
! ! o o
- e =
[
=
x x x
n
i
i
i
,
1
o o
R
n

Cho hai a ch s ( ) ( )
n n
| | | | o o o o ,..., , , ,..., ,
2 1 2 1
= = . Khi , | o s khi
v ch khi
i i
| o s , vi mi n , 2, 1, i . = .
o l mt a ch s, ta nh ngha php ton vi phn
o
D l
n
n
x x
D
o o
o
o
c c
c
=
...
1
1
.
Tnh cht 1. Cho ( ) O e ' D T , vi O l tp m con ca R
n
, v a ch s o .
Khi ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) O e = D D T T D | | |
o o o
, 1 .
- 14 -
Tnh cht 2. Cho ( ) O e ' D T , _ O R
n
l tp m v ( ) O e

C . Khi ,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) O e = D T T | | | , .
Tnh cht 3. Cho ( ) O e ' D T , c O R l mt tp con m, ( ) O eD , v mt
a ch s o , ta c cng thc Leibniz
( )
( )
T D D T D
| o |
o |
o

| o |
o

=
! !
!
.
V d. Cho : H RR l hm Heaviside c cho bi
( )

<
>
=
0 , 0
0 , 1
x
x
x H
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | o | | | | = = = =
}

0 ' ' '

0
dx x T T
H H

Khi , o =
H
T' .
Nhn xt. T v d trn, r rng
'
'
f f
T T = .
3.6 Tch chp ca hm suy rng
Cho hm u bt k trn R
n
v e x R
n
, k hiu
( )( ) ) ( x y u y u
x
= t v ( ) ( ) y u y u =
v
.
Suy ra
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
v

v
u u
x x
t t v
y x y x +
=t t t .
Vi ' D T e (R
n
), D e | (R
n
), v e x R
n
, nh ngha
( )( ) ( ) | t | t
x x
T T

=
D thy ' D T
x
e t (R
n
).
3.6.1 nh ngha. Cho ' D T e (R
n
), v D e | (R
n
), : | - T R
n
R
n
c cho
bi
( )( )
|
.
|

\
|
= -
v
| t |
x
T x T , vi mi e x R
n
.


- 15 -
3.6.2 nh ngha. Cho ' , D S T e (R
n
) Ta nh ngha hm suy rng S T -
trn D(R
n
) l
( )( ) ( ) 0 |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
- - = -
v
| | S T S T , D e | (R
n
).
nh ngha 3.6.2 tng ng vi iu kin
( ) ( ) | | - - = - - S T S T , vi mi D e | (R
n
).
4. Khng gian Sobolev
4.1 Khng gian Sobolev
Cho O l mt tp m con ca R
n
c bin l O c . Ta bt u vi nh
ngha.
4.1.1 nh ngha. Cho s nguyn m>0 v s s p 1 . Khng gian
Sobolev c nh ngha
{ } m L u D L u W
p p p m
s O e O e = O o
o
), ( ) ( ) (
,


p m
W
,
l tp hp tt c cc hm thuc ) (O
p
L c o hm suy rng n m
cng thuc ) (O
p
L .
Ta c ) (O D , khng gian ca tt c cc hm kh vi v hn vi gi compact
trong O, th tr mt trong ) (O
p
L , vi < s p 1 . Nu ) (O eD | th ) (O e D D |
o
,
vi mi a ch s o . Nh vy,
) ( ) ( ) (
,
O c O c O
p p m
L W D , vi s s p 1 .
) (
,
O
p m
W l mt khng gian vct.
Trn ) (
,
O
p m
W ta trang b mt chun
O , ,
.
p m
, nh sau
Vi < s p 1 , ta nh ngha
p
m
p
L
p m
p
u D
/ 1
0
) (
, ,
.

=

s s
O
O
o
o
.
Vi = p , ta nh ngha
) ( 0
, ,
max
O s s
O

=
L m
m
u D u
o
o
.

- 16 -
Trng hp c bit 2 = p , ta k hiu ) ( ) (
2 ,
O = O
m m
H W , cho ) (O e
m
H u ,
khi
O O
=
, 2 , , m m
u u
Vi 0 = m , ta c ) ( ) (
, 0
O = O
p p
L W , chun trn
p
L ca hm ) (O e
p
L u c
k hiu l
) (O
p
L
u .
Khng gian ) (O
m
H c mt php ton nhn trong t nhin c nh
ngha

}
s
O
O
=
m
m
v uD D v u
o
o o
,
) , ( , vi ) ( , O e
m
H v u
Php ton nhn trong ny sinh ra
O ,
.
m
.
Trong trng hp = O R
n
, (
m
H R
n
)

c mt s m t khc qua bin i
Fourier.
Cho (
1
L u e R
n
),
}

=
n
R
x
dx x f e u ) ( ) (
2 t

l s bin i Fourier ca u.
Ch . (
1
L R
n
) (
2
L R
n
) th tr mt trong (
2
L R
n
), nhng hm trong
(
2
L R
n
) c s bin i Fourier thch hp, nh l Plancherel khng nh rng
) R ( ) R (
n 2 n 2

L L
u u = .
Cho
m
H u e (R
n
), theo nh ngha ta c (
2
L u D e
o
R
n
), vi mi
m s o , nh vy )

( u D
o
c xc nh tt. Hn na, Ta c u i u D ) 2 ( )^ (
o o o
t = .
Do , (
2
L u e
o
R
n
), vi mi m s o .
Ngc li, nu (
2
L u e R
n
) sao cho (
2
L u e
o
R
n
), vi mi m s o ,
th (
2
L u D e
o
R
n
), vi mi m s o . V th (
m
H u e R
n
).
4.1.2 B . Tn ti hng s 0 0
2 1
> > M v M ch ph thuc m v n sao
cho vi mi e R
n
,
m
m
m
M M ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
1

o
o
+ s s +

s

- 17 -
T b , chng ta c nh ngha ca (
m
H R
n
).
4.1.3 nh ngha
(
m
H R
n
) ( )
)
`

e + e = ) ( ) ( 1 ) (
2
2 /
2
2 n
m
n
R L u R L u
Kt hp vi chun
2
2
2
) (
) ( ) 1 ( u u
m
R
R H
n
n m
}
+ = .
T nh ngha trn cho php chng ta nh ngha (
s
H R
n
), vi mi 0 > s .
4.1.4 nh ngha. Cho 0 > s , nh ngha
(
s
H R
n
) ( )
)
`

e + e = ) ( ) ( 1 ) (
2
2 /
2
2 n
s
n
R L u R L u .
Kt hp vi chun
2
2
2
) (
) ( ) 1 ( u u
s
R
R H
n
n s
}
+ = .
4.1.5 nh l. Vi mi p, s s p 1 , ) (
,
O
p m
W l mt khng gian Banach.
* Xt khng gian tch: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 1 (( , ...
1
+ O O = O
+
n L L L
p p
n
p
ln)
Vi chun
p
n
i
p
L
i
p
u u
/ 1
1
1
) (
|
.
|

\
|
=

+
=
O
, vi ( ) ( )
1
1 1
) ,..., (
+
+
O e =
n
p
n
L u u u
Khi , nh x ( ) ( )
1
1
,
,..., , ) (
+
O e
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
O e
n
p
n
p m
L
x
u
x
u
u W u l mt php
ng c. Ta c mt s tnh cht
- ) (
,
O
p m
W l khng gian phn x, vi < s p 1 .
- ) (
,
O
p m
W l khng gian tch c, vi < s p 1 .
- ) (O
m
H l khng gian Hilbert tch c, vi < s p 1 .
4.1.6 nh ngha. Cho < s p 1 , t ) (
,
0
O
p m
W bng bao ng ca
) (O D trong ) (
,
O
p m
W .
) (
,
0
O
p m
W l mt khng gian con ng ca ) (
,
O
p m
W .
Phn t ca ) (
,
0
O
p m
W gn ging trong khng gian nh chun
) (
,
O
p m
W bng nhng hm thuc ( ) O

C c gi compact trn O.
- 18 -
) (
,
0
O
p m
W l khng gian con thc s ca ) (
,
O
p m
W , tr trng hp = O R
n
.
4.1.7 nh l. Cho < s p 1 , khi (
, 1 p
W R
n
) = (
, 1
0
p
W R
n
).
4.1.8 nh l. Cho < s p 1 , vi mi s nguyn 0 > m th
(
,p m
W R
n
) = (
,
0
p m
W R
n
).
Trng hp c bit
m
H (R
n
)=
m
H
0
(R
n
).
Ta c th ni rng ( ) O
p
L l mt tp gm cc lp hm. Nh vy, khi ni u
l mt hm lin tc trong ( ) O
p
L ngha l ta ang ni ti mt lp hm m c i
din l hm u lin tc.
Kt qu sau c trng cho ( ) O
p
W
, 1
khi c = O I R l mt khong m.
4.1.9 nh l. Cho c I R l mt khong m, nu ( ) I W u
p , 1
e th u l hm
lin tc tuyt i.
4.1.10 Ch . Cho c I R l mt khong m gii ni, v d ) 1 , 0 ( = I . Khi
, nu ( ) I W u
p , 1
e th ta c th vit
( ) ( ) ( )dt t u u x u
x
}
+ =
0
' 0
Nh vy,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
q
I L
q
p
x
p
x
x u x u x dt t u x u dt t u x u u
p
/ 1 / 1
/ 1
0 0
' ' ' ) 0 ( + s |
.
|

\
|
+ s + s
} }

Ly tch phn trn ( ) 1 , 0 , ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
| |
I p I L I L
q
I L
u c u u c dx x u dx x u u
p p p
, , 1
1 1
1
0
/ 1
1
0
' ' ) 0 ( s + s + s
} }

trong
1
c khng ph thuc u. Cng nh vy ta c
| |
I p I p I p I p
u c u u c u u x u
, , 1
3
, , 0 , , 1
2
, , 0
' ' ) 0 ( ) ( s + s + s
Trong ,
2
c v
3
c c lp vi u.
4.1.11 Ch . Khng gian ln hn cha khng gian ca nhng hm trn
hn.
- 19 -
Ly B(0,1) ( ) { } 1 :
, , 1
, 1
s e =
I p
p
u I W u l hnh cu n v trong ( ) I W
p , 1
. Khi
, nh x ( ) ) ( :
, 1
I C I W i
p
lin tc. Do , B(0,1)=i(B(0,1)) l mt tp gii ni
u trong ) (I C .
Mt khc, cho I y x e , , ta c
( ) ( )
( )
q
I p
q
I L
y x u y x u y u x u
p
/ 1
, , 1
/ 1
' s s
suy ra B(0,1) lin tc u trong ( ) I C , t nh l Ascoli-Arzela suy ra B(0,1) l tp
compact tng i trong ( ) I C . Hay ni cch khc, ( ) ) ( :
, 1
I C I W i
p
l mt ton
t compact.
Trn khng gian ) (
,
O
p m
W , ta nh ngha na chun
( )
p
m a
p
L
p m
p
u D u
/ 1
, ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

s
O
O
o

c xem l o hm cao nht ca khng gian nh chun
p
L .
4.1.12 B (Bt ng thc Poincare). Cho O l mt tp m gii ni
trong R
n
. Khi , tn ti mt s nguyn dng ( ) p C C , O = sao cho
( ) O O
s
, , 1 p L
u C u
p
, ) (
, 1
0
O e
p
W u .

O

, , 1 p
u C u nh ngha mt chun trn ) (
, 1
0
O
p
W tng ng vi chun
O , , 1
.
p
. T 0
, , 1
=
O p
u theo bt ng thc Poincare suy ra 0 = u . Do , n l mt
chun.
Ta c,
( )
( )
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
L
p
L
p
p
u C u C u u u D u
p
p
O O O O
=
O
O
+ = + s + =

, , 1 , , 1 , , 1
1
, , 1
) 1 (
o
o

v
( )
p
p
p
L
p
p
u u D u
p
O
=
O
O

s =
, , 1
1
, , 1
o
o
.
T hai bt ng thc trn, ta c
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
u C u u
O O O
+ s s
, , 1
/ 1
, , 1 , , 1
) 1 ( .

- 20 -
4.1.13 V d. Bt ng thc Poincare khng ng vi min khng gii ni.
V d, nu ly = O R
n
v D e | (R
n
), xc nh bi
( )

>
s
=
2 x , 0
1 , 1 x
x | , 1 0 s s |
t ( ) ( ) k x x
k
/ | | = , th
0
/ 1
1
) (
, , 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
p
p
R L
k
R p
k n p
n
D
o
o
| | , khi k .
Trong khi > )) , 0 ( (
) (
k B
n p
R L
k
| , khi k .
4.2 Khng gian i ngu ca khng gian Sobolev
phn ny ta xt khng gian sobolev ca s nguyn m cng nh phn
s.
4.2.1 nh ngha. Cho < s p 1 , q l s m lin hp ca p. Khng gian
i ngu ca khng gian ) (
,
0
O
p m
W , vi m l s nguyn ln hn 1, c k hiu l
) (
,
O
q m
W .
Nh vy, ( ) O
m
H l khng gian i ngu ca ( ) O
m
H
0
.
4.2.2 nh l. Cho ( ) O e
q
W F
, 1
, khi , tn ti ( ) O e
q
n
L f f f ,..., ,
1 0
sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) O e
c
c
+ =

} }
=
O O
p
i
n
i
i
W v
x
v
f v f v F
, 1
0
1
0
, (2.1)
V
( ) O
s s
O
=
q
L
i
n i
q
f F
0
, , 1
max .
Khi O l tp gii ni, ta c th gi s rng 0
0
= f .
Gi s nh l trn l ng. V ( ) O D tr mt trong ( ) O
p
W
, 1
0
, hm tuyn
tnh th xc nh duy nht nn n c nh trong ( ) O D .
Cho ( ) O eD | , (2.1) c vit li nh sau
( ) | |
|
| |

} }

} }
=
O O
=
O O
c
c
=
c
c
+ =
n
i i
i
i
n
i
i
x
f
f
x
f f F
1
0
1
0

- 21 -
Nh vy, F c th c xc nh vi hm suy rng

}
=
O
c
c

n
i i
i
x
f
f
1
0
. Mt
hm trn ( ) O
p
W
, 1
th c xc nh vi mt hm suy rng, l o hm suy rng
ca mt phn t trong ( ) O
q
L . Do , khng gian i ngu ca ( ) O
p
W
, 1
0
c k
hiu l ( ) O
q
W
, 1
.
nh l trn cng ng vi khng gian i ngu ca ( ) O
p
W
, 1
(tr trng
hp ta khng gi s 0
0
= f ngay c khi O gii ni), nhng s xc nh vi hm
suy rng th khng th. Tht vy, khng gian i ngu ca ( ) O
p
W
, 1
cng bao
gm s m rng ca hm suy rng trn ( ) O
p
W
, 1
, nhng s m rng ny khng
duy nht.
Cho p n m / > , khi
( ) ( ) O c O C W
p m,

Do , gi tr ca im c nh ngha tt.
Nu O e
0
x , ( ) O eD | , th
( ) ( )
0
0
x
x
| | o =
v
( ) ( )
( ) O O
s s =

, ,
0
0 p m L
x
C x | | | | o .
Cho khng gian nh chun ( ) O
p m
W
,
,
0
x
o lin tc trn ( ) O D v tnh lin
tc c thc trin n ( ) O
p m
W
,
0
. Suy ra ( ) O e
q m
x
W
,
0
o , vi p n m / > .
Vi mi min xc nh O, hm suy rng Dirac thuc khng gian Sobolev
ca mt s m ln no .
By gi, ta nh ngha khng gian Sobolev cho mt s thc s bt k.
nh ngha. Cho < s p 1 , th
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

O O e

O e = O
+
p
p n s
p
p s
L
y x
y u x u
L u W
/
,
: .
Cho o + = m s , 1 0 , 0 < < > o m ,
( ) ( ) ( ) { } m W u D W u W
p p m p s
= O e O e = O o
o o
, :
, , ,
.
- 22 -
( ) O
p s
W
,
0
l bao ng ca ( ) O D trong ( ) O
p s
W
,
v ( ) O
q s
W
,
0
l i ngu ca
( ) O
p s
W
,
0
.
Khi = O R
n
v 0 > s ,
s
H (R
n
)={
2
L u e (R
n
) : ( ) ( )
2
2 /
2
1 L u
s
e + (R
n
)}
v
( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2
) (
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
} n
n
s R
s
R H
d u u
Khng gian i ngu ca
s
H (R
n
) l
s
H

(R
n
), khi s>0.
4.2.3 nh l. Cho 0 > s , khi
s
H

(R
n
) { ' S u e = (R
n
):( ) ( )
2
2 /
2
1 L u
s
e +

(R
n
)}
4.2.4 Ch . Nu o l hm suy rng Dirac th
1

o
Do ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx x
n
R
}
= / = = | | | o | o 0


V
s
H

e o (R
n
) ( )
2
2 /
2
1 L
s
e +

(R
n
).
iu ny ng cho 2 / n s > , v tch phn
( )
}

+
0 2
1
1
dr
r
r
s
n
ch hu hn khi
2 / n s > .
Trng hp c bit,
s
H

e o (R), 2 / 1 > s .








- 23 -
CHNG 2
BI TP
Bi 1
a. Chng minh rng nu g f , l hm lin tc c gi l tp compact th
supp( ) _ - g f supp( ) f + supp( ) g .
Gii
a. Gi A, B ln lt l gi ca f v g. Gi s
{ } B z A y z y B A x e e + = + e , :
Xt
( ) ( ) ( )
}
= - . dy y g y x f x g f
D thy tch phn khc khng ch khi B y e v A y x e . Nhng nu
B A x + e th c y v x-y ln lt khng thuc vo B v A. V vy,
( ) 0 = - + e x g f B A x
V c A v B u l compact nn A+B l compact. V vy,
supp( ) _ - g f supp( ) f + supp( ) g .
Bi 2. Cho ( ) s s e p L f
p
1 . Chng minh rng
{ } 1 , : sup s e =
} q
q
p
g L g fgd f .
Gii
Trng hp 1. < < p 1 . Theo bt ng thc Holder ta c

q p
g f fgd s
}

Do , v phi lun ln hn hoc bng v tri. Trng hp ng thc xy ra, gi
s 0 >
p
f . ( 0 =
p
f ng thc hin nhin ng). t f f f g
p p
p
sgn
1 1
= . Khi
,
q
L g e v 1 =
q
g . Hn na,

} }
= =

p
p
p
p
f d f f fgd
1

- 24 -
Trng hp 2. 1 = p . Khi ,

s
}
g f fgd
1
. Nh vy mt chiu ca
bt ng thc xy ra. Gi s 0
1
= f . t f g sgn = . Khi , 1 =

g v
1
f fgd =
}
.
Trng hp 3. = p . Mt chiu ca bt ng thc hin nhin ng nh
trc. Gi s 0 =

f . Cho

< < f o 0 . Chn mt tp o c A sao cho

( ) < < A 0 v ( ) o > x f , A x e . nh ngha
( )
( )
A
f
A
g _

. sgn
1
= trong ,
A
_
l k hiu hm c trng ca A. Khi ,
1
L g e v 1
1
= g . Khi ,

( )
o

> =
} }
A
d f
A
fgd
1

Do , phn trn l ng cho mi o (

< < f o 0 ).
Bi 3. Cho hm ( ) b a L f
loc
;
1
e , ta ni hm ( ) b a L g
loc
;
1
e l o hm suy rng
ca f nu
} }
=
b
a
b
a
dx g dx f ' vi mi ( ) b a C
c
;

e
K hiu
dx
df
g f g = = ; ' . Hy chng minh cc tnh cht sau ca o hm
suy rng
a. o hm suy rng l duy nht hu khp ni
b. ( ) ' ' '
2 1 2 1
f f f f + = +
c. ( ) ' ' cf cf = .
Gii
a. Vi mi ( ) b a C
c
;

e , gi s c
2 1
, g g tha
} }
=
b
a
b
a
dx g dx f
1
' v
} }
=
b
a
b
a
dx g dx f
2
'
Suy ra
( ) 0
2 1
=
}
b
a
dx g g , .
Do ,
2 1
g g = hu khp ni. Hay o hm suy rng l duy nht hu khp
ni.
- 25 -
b. Vi mi ( ) b a C
c
;

e , ta c
( ) ( )
} } } } } }
+ = = + = +
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx f f dx f dx f dx f dx f dx f f ' ' ' ' ' ' '
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

M
( ) ( )
} }
+ = +
b
a
b
a
dx f f dx f f ' '
2 1 2 1

Suy ra
( ) ( )
} }
+ = +
b
a
b
a
dx f f dx f f ' ' '
2 1 2 1

Vy ( ) ' ' '
2 1 2 1
f f f f + = + .
c. Vi mi ( ) b a C
c
;

e , ta c
( ) ( )
} } } }
= = =
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx cf dx f c dx f c dx cf ' ' ' '
M
( ) ( )
} }
=
b
a
b
a
dx cf dx cf ' '
Suy ra
( ) ( )
} }
=
b
a
b
a
dx cf dx cf ' '
Vy ( ) ' ' cf cf = .
Bi 4. Gi s ( ) x u l hm Heaviside
( )

<
>
=
0 , 0
0 , 1
x
x
x u
v cc hm suy rng
x
1
v ( ) x o c nh ngha: vi mi hm th ( ) D x e (R)
( )
( )
}
>
+
=
c c

x
dx
x
x
x
x
0
lim ,
1
v ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , o = x x
Hy chng minh cc ng thc sau
a. ( ) ( ) x x
dx
d
o u = b.
x
x
dx
d 1
ln =
c. x x
dx
d
sgn = , trong ( ) ( ) x x x = u u sgn
d. ( ) x x
dx
d
u =
+
, trong ( ) x x x u =
+
.

- 26 -
Gii
Gi s ( ) D x e (R) tha supp | | a a, cc
a. Ta c
( ) ( ) x x u , ' ( ) ( ) x x ' , u = ( ) ( )
}

=
a
a
dx x x ' u ( )
}
=
a
dx x
0
'
( )
a
x
0
= ( ) ( ) | | 0 = a ( ) 0 = ( ) ( ) x x o , =
Vy ( ) ( ) x x o u = ' .
b. Ta c
( ) x x , ln' ( ) x x ' , ln = ( )
}

=
a
a
dx x x ' ln
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ =
} }

a
a
dx x x dx x x
c
c
c
' ln ' ln lim
0

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
(

+ =
} }

a
a
a
a
dx
x
x
x x dx
x
x
x x
c
c
c
c
c

ln ln lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
(

=
} }

a
a
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
c
c
c

c c c ln lim
0


( )
( ) x
x
dx
x
x
x

c c
,
1
lim
0
= =
}
>
+

Vy
x
x
1
ln' = .
c. Ta c
( ) x x , ' ( ) x x ' , = ( )
}

=
a
a
dx x x ' ( ) ( )
(

=
} }

a
a
dx x x dx x x
c
c
c
' ' lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ =
} }

a
a
a
a
dx x x x dx x x x
c
c
c
c
c

0
lim
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
(

+ =
} }

a
a
dx x dx x a a a
c
c
c
c c c
0
lim
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ =
} }

a
a
dx x dx x
c
c
c
1 1 lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }
+ =


a
a
dx x x sign dx x x sign
c
c
c

0
lim
( ) ( )
}

=
a
a
dx x x sign ( ) ( ) x x sign , =
Vy ( ) x sign x = ' .

- 27 -
d. ( ) ( ) ( )' ' x x x u =
+
( ) ( ) x x x x ' ' u u + = ( ) ( ) x x x ' 0 u + = ( ) ( ) x x x o u + =
Ta chng minh ( ) 0 = x xo .
Tht vy,
( ) ( ) x x x o , ( ) ( ) x x x o , =
t ( ) ( ) x x x =
1
. Khi , ( ) x
1
cng l mt hm th v
( ) ( ) x x x o , ( ) ( ) x x x o , = ( ) ( ) x x
1
, o = ( ) 0
1
= ( ) 0 0 = 0 =
Vy ( ) ( ) x x u =
+
' .
Bi 5. Cho

eC f v g l hm lin tc vi gi compact. Chng minh

rng

e - C g f .
Gii
chng minh

e - C g f ta ch cn chng minh
( )
g
x
f
x
g f
i i
-
c
c
=
c
- c
, n i s s 1 .
u tin ta chng minh g f - l hm lin tc. Gi s supp K g = . Chn
mt tp compact C sao cho C K x _ va C K h x c + , vi h nh. Khi , f
l lin tc u trn C. Khi ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
+ s - + -
K
dy y g y x f y h x f x g f h x g f .
Cho 0 > c . Chn 0 > o sao cho C K h x _ + v
( ) ( ) c < + y x f y h x f vi o < h . Do , ( ) ( ) x g f h x g f - + -
1
g c s hay
g f - l hm lin tc. Xt ( ) 0 ,..., 0 , 1 ,..., 0 =
i
e , trong 1 xut hin v tr th i.
Khi ,
( ) ( )
h
x g f he x g f
i
- + -
( ) ( ) | | ( )
}
+ =
K
i
dy y g y x f he y x f
h
1

( ) ( )
}
+
c
c
=
K
i
i
dy y g he y x
x
f
u (1)
vi mi u , 1 0 < < u . V
i
x
f
c
c
l lin tc trn C v b gii ni nn theo nh l v s
hi t b chn ca Lebesgue v phi ca (1) hi t v ( ) x g
x
f
i
-
c
c
.
- 28 -
V vy
( )
g
x
f
x
g f
i i
-
c
c
=
c
- c
.
Bi 6. Cho s s p 1 ,
p
L g L f e e ,
1
, chng minh rng
p
L g f e - v
p p
g f g f
1
s - .
Gii
+Vi 1 = p hoc = p ta d dng c c iu cn chng minh.
+Vi < < p 1 , cho
q
L h e . Xt hm s
( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( , x h y g y x f y x
Khi hm ny l o c. Hn na,
( )
}} } }
= dx x h dt t x g t f dxdy x h y g y x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
( )
} }
= dt dx t x g x h t f ) ( ) ( ) (
.
1
f h g
q p
s
Do , nh x ( )
}
- h g f h l mt hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn
q
L . Do
,
p
L g f e - v .
1 p p
g f g f s -
Bi 7. Cho hm suy rng bt k ' D T e (R
n
), cc hm tiu chun
D e
2 1
, , | | | (R
n
), e x R
n
l im bt k v o l a ch s bt k. Khi ,
a. ( ) ( ) ( ) | t | t | t
x x x
T T T - = - = -
b. ( ) ( ) ( ) | | |
o o o
D T T D T D - = - = -
c. ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
| | | | - - = - - T T
d. Nu 0 = -| T vi mi D e | (R
n
) th 0 = T .
Gii
a. Cho y bt k thuc R
n

( )( ) ( )( ) x y T y T
x
- = - | | t
|
.
|

\
|
=
v

| t
x y
T
|
.
|

\
|
=
v

| t t
y x
T ( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
| t t
y x
T ( )( ) y T
x
| t - =
Ngoi ra, ta c
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) y T T T y T
x x y x y x
| t | t t | t t | t - = =
|
.
|

\
|
= -
v
v

- 29 -
b. Ta s chng minh cho trng hp ( ) 0 ,..., 1 ,..., 0 , 0 = =
i
e o vi 1 v tr
th i. Trng hp o bt k c chng minh tng t.
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) | | ( )( ) ( )( ) | |
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) | | ( ) ( )( ) | |
( ) x
x
T
h
T
x T
h
x T x T
h
x T x T
h
he x T x T
h
x T
x
i
x
he
x
h
he
h
he
h
he
h
i
h
i
i
i i
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
- = - - =
- - = - - = -
c
c
v
v v

|
t
| t |
t
| t | | t |
| t | | | |
0
0 0
0 0
lim
1
lim
1
lim
1
lim
1
lim

Ngoi ra,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |( ) ( )
( ) x
x
T
x
T
T
h
x T
h
x T
x
i
x
i
x he
h
he
h
i
i i
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
= - = -
c
c
v
v

| | t
| t t | t |
1
lim
1
lim
0 0

c. Ta phi chng minh rng
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) x T x T
2 1 2 1
| | | | - - = - -
vi mi e x R
n
. Do
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0 | t | - = -

T x T
x

T cu a suy ra
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0 0
2 1 2 1
| | | | - - = - - T T
khi
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
v
- = - -
2 1 2 1
0 | | | | T T
m
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dy y x dy y x
dy y y x x x
p
y
R
y
R
n
n
} }
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
v v v v
v
v = =
= - = -
2
sup
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
|
| | t | | t
| | | | | |

Tch phn cui trn tp compact supp
|
.
|

\
|
v
2
| c th c xem nh gii hn
khi 0 c ca tng Riemann ( ) ( )

v v
p
p
p x c | | t
c 2 1
trong tng c m rng trn
tt c im nt tch phn trn R
n
.
- 30 -
Do ,
0
2 1
lim

= -
c
| | ( ) ( )

v v
p
p
p x c | | t
c 2 1

trong D(R
n
). Do ,
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0
lim 0
2 1
sup
2 1
2 1
0
2 1 2 1
2
| | | |
c | | t | | | |
|
c
c
- - = |
.
|

\
|
- =
|
.
|

\
|
= - = - -
}

|
|
.
|

\
|
v v

v
v T dy y y T
p T T T
p
p
p

d. Ta phi chng minh rng ( ) 0 = | T , vi mi e | D(R
n
). Ta c
( ) ( ) 0
|
.
|

\
|
- =
v
| | T T
M e | D(R
n
) suy ra e
v
| D(R
n
). Do ,
0 = -
v
| T
Suy ra
( ) 0 0 =
|
.
|

\
|
-
v
| T
Vy ( ) 0 = | T .
Bi 8. Cho ' c e T (R
n
) v e c (R
n
), ta nh ngha
( )( )
|
.
|

\
|
= -
v
t
x
T x T .
Trong , c ( ) O l mt khng gian tp c sinh ra bi mt dng hi t c
bit trn ( ) O

C v ' c ( ) O l lp cc hm suy rng vi gi compact. Chng minh

rng
a. ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t - = - = - T T T
x x x

b. ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o
D T T D T D - = - = - , vi o l a ch s bt k.
c. Cho e - T ' c (R
n
) v D e | (R
n
) th D T e -| (R
n
) v
( ) | - - T =( ) | - - T =( ) | - - T .

- 31 -
Gii
ng thc a v b c th c chng minh tng t ng thc a v b trong
bi 7. chng minh cu c, t = K supp(T) v = H supp(| ). Khi , K v H l
compact. T nh ngha,
( )( )
|
.
|

\
|
= -
v
| t |
x
T x T
Ta c supp
|
.
|

\
|
v
| t
x
H x = , ( )( ) 0 = - x T | nu ( ) C = K H x suy ra
H K x + e . Do ,
supp( ) = + c - H K T | supp(T)+supp(| )
V supp( ) | - T l mt tp ng trong tp compact K+H nn n l tp
compact. iu ny chng minh rng D T e -| (R
n
). Tr li vn , chng
minh cu c. ta cn chng minh ti hm gc. Xt D e
0
(R
n
) sao cho
H K+
v v
= |
0

trong D
H K
e
+
| (R
n
) l mt hm ngng ca K+H.
Khi ,
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0 0
0
0 0
0
| |
| | |
- - = - - =
- = - = - -
} }
+ +
T T
dy y y T dy y y T T
H K H K
(1)
Khi , xt H h e v K k e th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k h k h k k
h h
|
.
|

\
|
= + = + =
|
.
|

\
|
v

v v v
0 0
t t
Do ,
0
- = - T T trn H. T ,
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0
0
0 0
| |
| |
- - = - =
- = - -
}
}

T dy y y T
dy y y T T
H
H
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
( ) | - - T =( ) | - - T (3)
- 32 -
Ly
1
| bt k thuc D(R
n
). Khi , s dng cc tnh cht ca tch chp v
(3), ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
| | | | | | | | - - - = - - - = - - - = - - - T T T T
S dng cu d ca bi 7, ta c
( ) ( ) | | - - = - - T T .
Bi 9. Cho ' D T
i
e (R
n
), 3 , 2 , 1 = i . Khi ,
a. Nu
1
T hoc
2
T thuc ' c (R
n
) th
1 2 2 1
T T T T - = - .
b. Nu t nht hai trong ba e
i
T ' c (R
n
), 3 , 2 , 1 = i th
( ) ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1
T T T T T T - - = - -
c. Vi bt k a ch s o ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
T D T T T D T T D
o o o
- = - = - .
Gii
a. Cho D e
2 1
,| | (R
n
), ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
| | | | | | | | - - - = - - - = - - - = - - - T T T T T T T T
Nu e
1
T ' c (R
n
) th ta c th s dng cu c ca bi 8 v nu e
2
T ' c (R
n
)
th ta c th s dng cu d ca bi 7 c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
| | | | - - - = - - - T T T T (1)
Ngoi ra, t (1) ta cng c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
| | | | - - - = - - - T T T T (2)
Do tch chp c tnh giao hon nn v phi ca (1) bng v phi ca (2).
Do , ta c
( ) ( ) = - - -
2 1 2 1
| | T T ( ) ( )
2 1 1 2
| | - - -T T
Do ,
( ) ( ) = - - -
2 1 2 1
| | T T ( ) ( )
2 1 1 2
| | - - -T T
v
2
| l ty , ta c
( ) = - -
1 2 1
| T T ( )
1 1 2
| - -T T
- 33 -
Ta li c,
1
| l ty , ta c
= -
2 1
T T
1 2
T T - .
b. Nu e
2 1
,T T ' c (R
n
) th e -
2 1
T T ' c (R
n
). Do , nu t nht c 2
' D T
i
e (R
n
), 3 , 2 , 1 = i , thuc vo ' c (R
n
) th c ( )
3 2 1
T T T - - v ( )
3 2 1
T T T - - c
xc nh.
Xt e
3
T ' c (R
n
), ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | | - - - = - - - = - - -
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
T T T T T T T T T
v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | | - - - = - - - = - - -
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
T T T T T T T T T
v D T e -|
3
(R
n
). Do | l ty , ta chng minh c b.
By gi, nu e
3
T ' c (R
n
) th c e
2 1
,T T ' c (R
n
). Do ,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 1
T T T T T T T T T - - = - - = - -
V e
1
T ' c (R
n
) nn
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
T T T T T T T T T - - = - - = - -
c. Cho D e | (R
n
) v a ch s o , ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | | |
o o o o o
- - = - - = - - = - - = -
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
T D T T D T D T T D T T T T D
do | l ty , ta chng minh c c.
Bi 10. Cho ' D T e (R
n
), khi ,
o o - = - = T T T .
Mt cch tng qut, vi a ch s o bt k ta c
( ) T D T D - = o
o o

Gii
Cho D e | (R
n
). Khi ,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x
x x
| | | t | t o | o = = =
|
.
|

\
|
= -
v v v
0 .

- 34 -
Do | | o = - . Ngoi ra,
( ) ( ) ( ) | | o | o | o - = - - = - - = - - T T T T
Do D e | (R
n
) l ty nn
T T T = - = - o o .
Vi a ch s o bt k ta c
T D D T T D T D - = - = - = o o o
o o o o
.
Bi 11. Cho
1
L e | (R
n
), 0 > | v 1
1
= | . Chng minh rng { }
0 >
| , c
nh ngha l ( ) ( ) | |

/ x x
n
= , vi 0 > , l mt xp x ng nht thc, ngha l
f f -

| ,
1
L f e (R
n
), khi 0 .
Gii
Do
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dy x f y x f y x f x f
n
R
= -
}

| | ,
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )dxdy x f y x f y f f
n n
R R
n } }
s - |

|

/
1
1

s ( ) ( )
} }
> s
+
o o
|

t |

y
n
y
y n
dy y
f
f f y . /
2
/
1
1
1

Cho 0 > c , chn 0 > o sao cho vi mi ta c c |

< -
1
f f .
Bi 12. Cho < s p 1 . Chng minh rng D(R
n
) tr mt trong
p
L .
Gii
Xt S l lp cc hm kh tch n gin | (Tc l ( ) { } ( ) < = 0 : x x | ). Khi
, | trit tiu bn ngoi tp c o v hn nn |
p
L e .
Xt
p
L f e , 0 > f . Khi , tn ti mt dy { }c
n
| S sao cho
n n
f | | , 0 s s
hi t theo o v f. Hn na,
p p
n
f f s | . Do , ( )
p
n
L f e | v
0
p
n
f | , khi n . Suy ra, tp cc hm n gin khng m tr mt trong
p
L .
- 35 -
Cho e | S v 0 > c . Theo nh l Lusin, tn ti mt hm
c
C g e (R
n
) sao
cho | = g hu khp ni, tr mt tp c o b hn c tha

s | g . Do ,
( )
( )

O
s |
.
|

\
|
=
}
| c | |
c
p
p
p
p
d g g
/ 1
/ 1
2 .
Suy ra
c
C (R
n
) tr mt trong
p
L . Cho
c
C f e (R
n
), d thy
( ) ( ) ( ) K B f p f p = + _ 1 ; 0 sup * sup
c
|
Trong , K l tp compact v f f *
c
| . Do ,
( ) 0 , 0 * * * s =
}
c | | |
c c c
K f f d f f f f
p
p
K
p
p
.
Bi 13.
a. i vi khng gian S(R
n
) ton t Fourier F: S(R
n
) S(R
n
) l mt ng
cu tp. Hy chng minh cc cng thc sau
i) ( ) g f g f

+ = +
.
ii) ( ) f f

. . o o =
.

iii) dx g f gdx f
. .
} }
= iv) ( )
} }
=
. .
dx g f d g f
n
t 2
v) ( ) g f g f .

= -
.
vi) ( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 . - =
.
t
b. Cc cng thc i), ii), iii), iv), v), vi) trong cu a s nh th no, nu
dng php bin i Fourier theo cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ? 2

. 2 /
}

=
n
R
ix n
dx x f e f

t
c. Chng minh cc cng thc v), vi) trong cu a i vi trng hp
1
L f e (R
n
) hoc
2
L f e (R
n
) v e g S.
Gii
a.
i) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

g f dx e x g dx e x f dx e x g f g f
n n n
R
x i
R
x i
R
x i

+ = + = + = +
} } }
.

Vy ( ) g f g f

+ = +
.
.
ii) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) o o o o

f dx e x f dx e x f f
x i
R
x i
R
n n

. . . = = =
.
} }

Vy ( ) f f

. . o o =
.
.
- 36 -
iii) Ta c
( ) ( )
}
dx x g x f

( ) ( )
}}

= dx d x g f e
x i

t = x . Suy ra d dx = Khi ,
( ) ( )
}
dx x g x f

( ) ( )
}}

=

dxd g x f e
x i
( ) ( ) ( )dx d g e x f
x i
} }

=

( ) ( )
}
= dx x g x f
Vy dx g f gdx f
. .
} }
= .
iv) Ta c
( ) ( ) =
}
. .
d g f ( ) ( )

dxd g x f e
x i
}}

( ) ( ) ( )dx d g e x f
x i
} }

=

( ) ( ) dx d g e x f
x i
} }
|
.
|

\
|
=

( ) ( ) ( )
}
= dx x g x f
n
t 2
Suy ra ( )
} }
=
. .
dx g f d g f
n
t 2 .
v) Ta c
( ) ( )
.
- g f ( )( )
}
- =

dx x g f e
x i
( ) ( ) ( )dy dx y x f e y g
x i
} }
=


t y x X = . Suy ra y X x + = v dx dX = . Khi ,
( ) ( )
.
- g f ( ) ( ) ( )dy dx y x f e y g
x i
} }
=

( )
( )
( ) ( )dy dX X f e y g
y X i
} }
+
=


( ) ( ) ( )dy dX X f e y g e
X i y i
} }

=

( ) ( )dy f y g e
y i

}

=
( ) ( )dy y g e f
y i
}

=

( ) ( ) g f

=
Vy ( ) g f g f .

= -
.
.
vi) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) g f dy y g y x f
dy d f e y g dyd y g f e
d dy y g e f e d g f e x g x f
n n
y x i n y x i n
y i n x i x i

2
2 2
2 .
- = =
= =
= =


.
}
}} } }
} } }
t t
t t
t



Suy ra ( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 . - =
.
t .
b. Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
}

=
n
R
x i n
dx x f e f

t
2 /
2

Suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
( )
}

=
n
R
x i n
d f e x f t

2
2 /

- 37 -
i) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) t t
t t


g f dx e x g dx e x f
dx e x g dx e x f dx e x g f g f
n n
n n n
R
x i n
R
x i n
R
x i
R
x i n
R
x i n

2 2
2 2
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
+ = + =
+ = + = +
} }
} } }

.

Vy ( ) g f g f

+ = +
.
.
ii) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) o t o o t o

f dx e x f dx e x f f
x i
R
n x i
R
n
n n

. 2 . 2 .
2 / 2 /
= = =
.
} }

Vy ( ) f f

. . o o =
.
.
iii) Ta c
( ) ( )
}
dx x g x f

( ) ( ) ( )
}}

= dx d x g f e
x i n
t
2 /
2
t = x . Suy ra d dx = Khi ,
( ) ( )
}
dx x g x f

( ) ( ) ( )
}}

= t

dxd g x f e
x i n 2 /
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx d g e x f
x i n
} }

= t
2 /
2 ( ) ( )
}
= dx x g x f
Vy dx g f gdx f
. .
} }
= .
iv) Ta c
( ) ( ) =
}
. .
d g f ( ) ( ) ( ) t

dxd g x f e
x i n
}}

2
2 /
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx d g e x f
x i n
} }

= t

2
2 /

( ) ( ) ( ) dx d g e x f
x i n
} }
|
.
|

\
|
=

t

2
2 /
( ) ( )
}
= dx x g x f
Suy ra
} }
=
. .
dx g f d g f .
v) Ta c
( ) ( )
.
- g f ( ) ( )( )
}
- =

dx x g f e
x i n
t
2 /
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx dy y g y x f e
x i n
} }
=

t
2 /
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dy dx y x f e y g
x i n
} }
=

t
2 /
2
t y x X = . Suy ra y X x + = v dx dX = . Khi ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dy dX X f e y g e dy dX X f e y g g f
X i n y i y X i n
} } } }
+ .
= = -

t t
2 / 2 /
2 2
( ) ( )dy f y g e
y i

}

= ( ) ( )dy y g e f
y i
}

=

( ) ( ) ( ) t g f
n

2
2 /
=
Vy ( ) ( ) g f g f
n
.

2
2 /
t = -
.
.

- 38 -
vi) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
.
x g x f . ( ) ( ) ( )
}

= t

d g f e
x i n 2 /
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }

= t t

d dy y g e f e
y i n x i n
2 2
2 / 2 /

( )
( )
( ) ( )
}}

= dy d y g f e
y x i n
t

2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )dy d f e y g
y x i n n
} }

= t t
2 / 2 /
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )dy y g y x f
n

2
2 /
}
=

t ( ) g f
n

2
2 /
- =

t
Suy ra ( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 .
2 /
- =
.
t .
c. Trc tin, ta chng minh vi
1
L f e (R
n
) hoc
2
L f e (R
n
) v e g S th
g f - u c xc nh tt. Tht vy,
+Vi
1
L f e (R
n
), Ta c
( )( ) ( ) ( ) s = -
}
dy y g y x f x g f ( ) ( ) <
}
dy y g y x f
Suy ra
1
L g f e - v

1
L
g f - ( )( )dx x g f
}
- = ( ) ( )
} }
= dx dy y g y x f
( ) ( ) ( )
} }
s dy dx y x f y g
1 1
.
L L
g f =
+Vi
2
L f e (R
n
), Ta c
( )( ) ( ) ( ) s = -
}
dy y g y x f x g f ( ) ( ) <
}
dy y g y x f
Suy ra
2
L g f e -
V

2
L
g f - ( )( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
dx x g f
}
- = ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
dx dy y g y x f
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
2
.
|
.
|

\
|
(

|
.
|

\
|
s
} } }
dx dy y g dy y x f
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
2
dy dx y x f g
L } }
=
2 2
.
L L
g f s
Nh vy vi
1
L f e (R
n
) hoc
2
L f e (R
n
) v e g S th g f - u c xc
nh tt.
- 39 -
By gi, ta s chng minh cc cng thc ( ) g f g f .

= -
.
,
( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 . - =
.
t cho trng hp
1
L f e (R
n
). Do S tr mt trong
1
L (R
n
) nn
e f
1
L (R
n
) th { }e -
k
f S sao cho f f
k
. Tc l,
N k e - >
0
, 0 c sao cho
0
k k > th c <
1
L
k
f f .
+ Khi , ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )dx x g f x g f g f g f
k
L
k
}
- - = - -
1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }
= dx dy y g y x f y x f
k

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dy dx y x f y x f y g
k
} }
s
( )dy y g f f
L
k
}
=
1
0
1
<
L
g c
v
( ) ( ) d f f f f
k
L
k
}
=

1
( ) ( ) ( )

d dx x f x f e
k
x i
} }
=


( ) ( ) ( )

d dx x f x f e
k
x i
} }
s

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d dx x f x f
k
} }
=

}
= d f f
L
k
1
}
< 0 c d
Do ,
( ) ( ) = - = -
.

.
g f g f
k
k
lim ( ) g f g f
k
k
.

lim =


Vy ( ) g f g f .

= -
.
.
V
( ) ( ) = =
.

.
g f g f
k
k
lim . ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) g f g f
n
k
n
k

2 lim - = -


t t
Vy ( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 . - =
.
t .
+ By gi, ta s chng minh cc cng thc ( ) g f g f .

= -
.
,
( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 . - =
.
t cho trng hp
2
L f e (R
n
). Do S tr mt trong
2
L (R
n
) nn
e f
2
L (R
n
) th { }e -
k
f S sao cho f f
k
. Tc l,
N k e - >
0
, 0 c sao cho
0
k k > th c <
2
L
k
f f .



- 40 -
+ Khi , ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 / 1
2
2
(

- - = - -
}
dx x g f x g f g f g f
k
L
k

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
(

s
} }
dx dy y g y x f y x f
k

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2 2
} } }
s dx dy y g dy y x f y x f
k

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2
2
} }
s dy dx y x f y x f g
k
L


2 2
L
k
L
f f g s 0
2
<
L
g c
V
( ) ( )
2 / 1
2

2
(

=
}
d f f f f
k
L
k
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
(

=
} }

d dx x f x f e
k
x i

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
(

s
} }

d dx x f x f e
k
x i
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
(

|
.
|

\
|
s
} }
d dx x f x f
k

0
2
< s c
L
k
f f
T ,
( ) ( ) g f g f g f g f
n
n
n
n
.

. lim lim =
|
.
|

\
|
= - = -
.

.

.
.
Vy ( ) g f g f .

= -
.
.
V
( ) ( ) = =
.

.
g f g f
k
k
lim . ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) g f g f
n
k
n
k

2 lim - = -


t t .
Vy ( ) ( ) g f g f
n

2 . - =
.
t .
Bi 14.
a. Vi e f S(R
n
), hy chng minh cng thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
f i f D

=
.

b. Hy thit lp cng thc i vi ( )
o
f D

vi e f S(R
n
)
c. Dng nh ngha ca php bin i Fourier ca e f S nh sau
e = , , ,

f f S(R
n
)
tm ( )
.
f D f D
o o
,

, vi e f S.
- 41 -
Gii
a. Trc tin ta chng minh rng vi mi i ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) f i f
x
i
i

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
.
.
Tht vy,
( ) ( )
} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

.
dx x f
x
e f
x
i
x i
i

( )
} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

dx x f e
x
x i
i

( ) ( )
}

= dx x f e i
x i
i

( ) ( ) f i
i

=
Khi , vi mi i ta c
( )
o
o
.
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
f
x
i
i
i
( )
} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

dx x f
x
e
i
i
i
x i
o
o

( ) ( )
} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

dx x f e
x
x i
i
i
i
i
o
o
o
1
( ) ( )
}

= dx x f e i
x i
i
i o
( ) ( )
o
f i
i
i

=
Suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
f i f D

=
.
.
b. Trc tin ta i tm cng thc tnh ( ) ( )

f
i

c
c
, vi mi i.
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }

c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
dx x f e dx x f e f
s i
i
s i
i i

( )
( )
( ) ( )
} }
c
c
+
c
c
=

dx
x f
e dx x f
e
i
s i
i
s i

( ) ( )
}
=

dx x f ix e
i
x i
( ) ( ) ( )
.
= x f ix
i

Khi , vi mi i ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }

c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
dx x f e dx x f e f
s i
i
s i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

o
o

o
o
o
o

( )
( )
( ) ( )
} }
c
c
+
c
c
=

dx
x f
e dx x f
e
i
i
i
i
i
s i
i
s i
o
o

o
o


( ) ( ) ( )
}
=

dx x f ix e
i
i
x i o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o
.
= x f ix
i
i

Suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
.
= x f ix f D

.
- 42 -
c.
+Tm f D

o

( )
o o o
D f f D ,

1 ,

= ( ) ( )
.
=
o o
D f , 1 ( ) ( )
o
o
, 1 i f =
( )
o
, f i = ( ) ( )
o
,
.
= f i
Vy ( ) ( )
.
= f i f D
o

.
+Tm ( )
.
f D
o

( )
o
,
.
f D
o
, f D = ( )
o o
, 1 D f = ( ) ( ) ( )
.
=
o o
ix f , 1
( ) ( )
o o
ix f = ,

1 ( )
o
,

f ix =
Vy ( )
.
f D
o
( ) f ix

o
= .
Bi 15. Gi s
1
L f e (R). Chng minh rng
a.

eL f

(R),
1

L
L
f f s

,
b. f

lin tc u trn R,
c. Nu ta cng c
1
' L f e (R), chng minh rng 0

f khi .
Khng c thm gi thit
1
' L f e (R), iu khng nh trn c cn ng khng?
Gii
a. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1

L
R R
x i
R
x i
f dx x f dx x f e dx x f e f = s s =
} } }


T nh ngha chun ca

L (R) suy ra
1

L
L
f f s

.
b. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 '

' '
s =
} }

R
x i x i
R
x i x i
dx x f e e dx x f e e f f

, khi '
Suy ra f

lin tc u trn R.
c. Do
1
' L f e (R) nn
1
'

L f e - (R) v ( ) <
}
R
d f

.
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) f i f

'

=
- 43 -
Do ,
( )
( )
( )
( )

'

'

f i
i
f
f = =
Cho , ta c
( )
( )
0
'

lim

lim = =

f i
f
Ta khng cn n iu kin
1
' L f e (R). Tht vy, ta c th chn
1
' , L g g e (R). (Khi , 0 g khi .) sao cho c < =
1
1

L
L
g f g f . Khi
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) + <
+ s + s + =
c

khi g
g g f g g f g g f f
L
, 0

1

Bi 16. Tm bin i Fourier ca cc hm s sau
a. ( ) e
+
=

,
1
2 2
x
x f R, 0 > b. ( ) 0 ,
2
1
4 /
2
> =

a e
a
x f
a x
t

c. ( ) e =

t
,
sin 1
x
x
x f R d. ( )

< <
=
khc x
c x b e
x f
x
, 0
,

e. ( )

< <
=
khc x
c x b
x f
, 0
, 1
f.
| |
( ) x
a a;
_
g. ( ), x a u a>0 hng s, e x R.
Gii
a. ( ) e
+
=

,
1
2 2
x
x f R, 0 = . Ta c
( )
}

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= dx
x
e
f
x i
2 2

,

Xt
( )
x
e x g

= .
Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
0
0
0
0
2

, ,

, ,
, , ,
+
=
+
+

= + = =

+

} } }
i
e
i
e
dx e dx e dx e e g
x i x i
x i x x i x x i x


- 44 -
M
( ) ( )
}

=
t

d e g x g
x i

2
1

Suy ra
}

+
=


t

d e e
x i x
2 2
2
2
1

t = y , ta c
}

+
= dy e
y
e
iyx x
2 2
2
2
1

=
=
x
x y
, ta c
}

+
=

t

d e
x
e
ix
2 2
2
2
1

Suy ra

=
+
}
e d e
x
ix
2 2
1
.
b.
( ) 0 ,
2
1
4 /
2
> =

a e
a
x f
a x
t
.
Ta c
( )
( )
}
} }

|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
= =
dx e
a
e
dx e
a
dx e e
a
f
a
x
a i
a
a a x x i a i
a x x i
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
4 /
4 /
2
2
1
2
1

t
t t

t
a
dx
dt a i
a
x
t
2 2
= + = .
Khi ,
( ) I
e
dt e
e
f
a
t
a
t t

2
2
2

= =
}

By gi ta i tnh I. Ta c
( )
( ) t
t
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =

} }
} } } }
0
2
0
2
0 0
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
1
.
r r
u t u t
e d rdr e
dtdu e du e dt e I

- 45 -
Suy ra
t = I
Do ,
( )
2
2

t
t

a
a
e
e
f

= =
Vy ( )
2

a
e f

= .
c. ( ) e =

t
,
sin 1
x
x
x f R. Ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( )
(

+
+
=
= + =
(

+ = =
} }
} }
} } }

0 0
0 0
0
0
sin sin 1
sin cos 2 1 sin 1
sin sin 1 sin 1

dx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x x
dx
x
x
e e
dx
x
x
e dx
x
x
e dx
x
x
e f
x i x i
x i x i x i

t

t

t

t

By gi ta tnh tch phn
}

=
0
sin
dx
x
x
I


Theo bin i Laplace ta c
}

=
0
1
dt e
x
xt

Do ,
dt xdx e dx dt e x I
xt xt
} } } }




|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 0 0
sin sin
Xt
}

=
0
sin xdx e K
xt

t

= =
= =

t
e
v dx e dv
xdx cox du x u
xt
xt
sin

Khi ,
} }

= + =
0 0
0
sin
xdx cox e
t
xdx cox e
t t
x e
K
xt xt
xt

- 46 -
t

= =
= =

t
e
v dx e dv
xdx du x u
xt
xt
sin cos

Suy ra
}

|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
2
sin xdx e
t t
K
xt

Do ,
2 2
t
K
+
=

Nn
dt
t
I
}

+
=
0
2 2

t ( )du u tg dt tgu t
2
1+ = = . Khi
( )
( )
( )
2 1
1
2 /
0
2 2
2 2
t

t
}
=
+
+
=
u tg
du u tg
I
T ,
( )
( ) ( )
1
sin sin 1

0 0
=
(

+
+
=
} }

dx
x
x
dx
x
x
f

t

Vy ( ) 1

= f .
d. ( )

< <
=
khc x
c x b e
x f
x
, 0
,

.
Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

i
e e
e
i
dx e dx e e dx x f e f
b i c i
c
b
x i
c
b
x i
c
b
x x i x i

=
+
=
= = =
+ +
+
+

} } }
1

Vy ( )
( ) ( )

i
e e
f
b i c i

=
+ +

.


- 47 -
e. ( )

< <
=
khc x
c x b
x f
, 0
, 1
.
Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )

i
e e
e
i
dx e dx x f e f
c i b i
c
b
x i
c
b
x i x i

= = = =
} }
1

Vy ( )

i
e e
f
c i b i

.
f. Ta c
| | | |
( ) ( )
( )
( )

_ _

a
dx x
dx x i x dx e dx e
a
a
a
a
a
x i x i
a a a a
sin
2 cos 2
sin cos
0
; ;
= =
= = =
}
} } }

Vy
| |
( )

_
a
a a
sin
2
;
=

.
g. ( )

>
s
=
a x
a x
x a
, 0
, 1
u , vi a l hng s ln hn 0.
Ta c
( ) ( )
( )

u u


a
i
e e
i
e
dx e dx x a e
a i a i
a
a
x i
a
a
x i x i
sin 2

= = = =

} }

Vy ( )


u
a sin 2

= .
Bi 17. Tnh ( )
.
- f f vi
a. ( )
| | 1 ; 0
_ = x f b. ( )
x
x
x f
sin
=
Gii
Ta p dng tnh cht ( )
2

.

f f f f f = = -
.

a. Ta c
( ) ( )
| |
( ) ( ) 1
1 1

1
0
1
0
1 , 0
= = = = =

} } }


_
i x i x i x i x i
e
i
e
i
dx e dx e x dx e x f f
Suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
1

= = -
.

i
e f f f
Vy ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
1
= -
.

i
e f f .
- 48 -
b. Ta c
| |


_
a
a a
sin 2

;
=

Do
( ) ( )
t

d e f x f
x i
}

2
1


Nn
| |
( )

t

_
d e
a
x
x i
a a
}

=
sin 1
,

Suy ra
| |
( )

t

_
d e
a
x
x i
a a

}
=
sin 1
,

t dx d x = = . Khi , ta c
| |
( ) dx e
x
xa
x i
a a

}
=
sin 1
,

Ta c
( ) ( )
| |
( ) t

_


,
sin

= = =
} }
dx e
x
x
dx e x f f
x i x i

Do
( )
| |
( ) t
_
,
2 2

= f
Vy ( ) ( )
| |
( ) t
_
,
2

.
= - f f .
Bi 18. Cho ( )
2
x
e x g

= . Tnh g g - .
Gii
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t

t

d e g d e g g x g g
x i x i
} }

.
= =
2

2
1
*
2
1
*
M
( )
( ) 4 /
2

t

= e g
Nn
( )
( ) 2 / 2
2

t

= e g



- 49 -
Suy ra
( )
2 2
1
. 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
2
1
2
1
2
2
.
2
1
*
x
x i x i
e d e e dt e e x g g

=
(
(
(
(

= =
} }
t

t
t
t
t
t

Vy ( )
2
2
2
2
*
x
e x g g

=
t
.
Bi 19. Cho ( ) 0 ,
2
2 2
>
+
= o
o
o
o
x
x f . Vi 0 , > | o , tnh
| o
f f - .
Gii
Ta c
o
o
t
o

.
= |
.
|

\
|
+
e
x
2 2
1

Theo nh l o ca php bin i Fourier ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
4
2
1
4
2 2 . 2
2
1

2
1
2
1
| o
| o t

| o
t
t
| o t
t
|
t
|
o
t
o
t

t

t
o
o | o

| o

| o | o
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+
+ =
= =
= - = -
}
} }
} }

.
x
d e e
d e e d e e e
d e f f d e f f x f f
ix b
ix b ix
ix ix

Vy ( )
( )
( )
2 2
4
| o
| o t
| o
+ +
+
= -
x
x f f .
Bi 20. Tm hm f tha
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1
b x a y x
dy y f
+
=
+
}

, b a < < 0 .
Gii
t
( )
2 2
1
a x
x g
a
+
=
Khi
( )

t

a
a
e
a
g

=


- 50 -
V
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
} }

+
= = -
2 2
a y x
dy y f
dy y f y x g x f g
a a

Biu thc cho tr thnh
( ) ( ) x g x f g
b a
= -
Suy ra
( ) ( ) ( )
b a
g f g = -
.

Hay
( ) ( ) ( )
b a
g f g

. =
T
( )

t

t
b a
e
b
f e
a

= |
.
|

\
|

Ta c
( )
( )

a b
e
b
a
f

=

M
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2
1

2
1
a b x b
a b a
d e e
a b b
a b a
d e e
b
a
d e f x f
x i a b
x i a b x i
+

=
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
}
} }

t
t t

t

t



Vy ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
a b x b
a b a
x f
+

=
t
.
Bi 21. Cho
1
L f e (R). t
( ) ( ) ( )
}

= dx x x f a
t
cos
1
v ( ) ( ) ( )
}

= dx x x f b
t
sin
1

Nu f lin tc, chng minh rng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d x b x a x f
}

+ =
0
sin cos
p dng tm hm f tha: ( ) ( )

>
s s
s s
=
}

2 , 0
2 1 , 2
1 0 , 1
sin
0

dx x x f .
- 51 -
Gii
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

d x b x a
d dy y y f x dy y y f x
dy d y x y f d y x y f
dy d y x y f
dy d y x y f i d y x y f
dyd y x i y x y f dyd e y f
d e dy e y f d e f x f
y x i
x i y i x i
}
} } }
} } }
} }
} } }
} } } }
} } }

+ =
(

+ =
(

+ =
(

=
(

+ =
+ = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
0
0
0 0
0
sin cos
sin sin cos cos
1
sin sin cos cos
1
cos
1
sin cos
2
1
sin cos
2
1
2
1
2
1

2
1

p dng, t
( )
( )
( )

<
>
=
0 ,
0 ,
x x f
x x f
x F
Theo chng minh trn ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d x b x a x F
}

+ =
0
sin cos
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

>
s s
s s
= = =
= + = =
} }
} } }

2 , 0
2 1 ,
4
1 0 ,
2
sin
2
sin
1
0 cos
1
cos
1
cos
1
0
0
0

dx x x f dx x x F b
dx x x f dx x x f dx x x F a




- 52 -
Khi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x
x x
x
x
x
x
d x d x d x b x F x f
x
t
t
t

t

t

t

+
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ = = =
} } }

>
4 cos 2 cos 8 cos 4 cos 2
sin
4
sin
2
sin
2
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
0 0
0

Vy ( ) 0 ,
4 cos 2 cos 8
2
>
+
= x
x
x x
x f
t
t
.
Bi 22. p dng nh l Plancherel tnh cc tch phn sau
a.
}

|
.
|

\
|
dx
x
x
2
sin

b.
( )
}

+
2
2
1 x
dx

c.
( )
}

dx
x
x x x
6
2
sin cos
.
Gii
nh l Plancherel cho ta
2
2
2
2
2

L
L
f f t = .
a. Ta c
| |
( )


_
sin 2

1 ; 1
=

Theo nh l Plancherel ta c
| | | |
2
1 ; 1
2
1 ; 1 2 2
2
L L

= _ t _
Hay
| |
( )
| |
( ) dx x d
} }

=
2
1 ; 1
2
1 ; 1
2 _ t _
Do
} }

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
1
2
4 2
sin 2
t t

dx d
Suy ra
t =
|
.
|

\
|
=
}

dx
x
x
I
2
sin

- 53 -
b. t
( )
2
1
1
x
x f
+
=
Khi
( )

t

= e f

Theo nh l Plancherel ta c
2
2
2
2
2

L
L
f f t =
Hay
( ) ( ) dx x f d f
} }

=
2
2
2

t
Do
( )
( )
dx
x
d e
} }

+
=
2
2
2
1
1
2t t


Suy ra
( )
2
1
1
0
2
2
2
t
t

= =
+
} }

d e dx
x
.
c. t
( ) ( )
| | 1 ; 1
2
1

= _ x x f
Khi
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
} } }
= = =

1
0
2
1
1
2
cos 1 2 sin cos 1

dx x x dx x i x x dx e x f f
x i



t

= =
= =

x
v xdx dv
xdx du x u
sin
cos
2 1
2
. Ta c
( ) ( )
} }
=
(
(

=
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
sin
4 sin
2
sin
1 2

xdx x dx
x
x
x
x f

= =
= =

x
v xdx dv
dx du x u
cos
sin
.

- 54 -
Ta c
( )
( )
3
1
0
1
0
sin cos 4 cos cos 4

=
(
(

+ =
}
dx
x x
x f
Theo nh l Plancherel ta c
( ) ( ) dx x f d f
} }

=
2
2
2

t
Hay
( )
( ) dx x d
} }

1
1
2
2
6
2
1 2
sin cos 16
t

Suy ra
( )
( ) ( )
.
15
2
1
3
2
5
1
4 3
2
5 4
1 2
4
1
4
sin cos
1
0
3 5
1
0
2 4
1
0
2
2
6
2
t t t
t t

=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ = =

} } }

x
x x
dx x x dx x d

Bi 23. Gi s ( ) < =
}
A d f
n
R
. Chng minh rng
( ) ( ) ( )
}}
q q q d d b a f
2 2
L L
b a A s .
Gii
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
}}
q q q d d b a f ( ) ( ) ( )
}}
s q q q d d b a f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q q q q d d a f f b
2
1
. 2
2 / 1 2 / 1
} }
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | q q q q d d a f d f b
2 / 1
2
} } }
s
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q q q d d a f b A
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
} }
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
. 2
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
(

=
} }
q q q d d a f b A
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2 2
2 / 1
q q q q d d a f d b A
}} }
s
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
2
q q d d a f b A
L }}
=
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
2
} }
= q q d d f a b A
L
2 2
L L
b a A s .
- 55 -
Bi 24. Chng minh rng vi mi hm s ( )e x S(R
n
), vi | | 1 2 / + > n k ta
lun c
( ) x
n
R
max
( )
n k
R H
C . s .
Gii
Vi | | 1 2 / + > n k th ( ) ( ) <
|
.
|

\
|
+
}
d
n
R
k
2
2 /
2
1 .
Do , ( ) ( )
2
2 /
2
1 L
k
e + (R
n
). Suy ra
k
H e (R
n
), v

( )
( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
}
d
n
n k
R
k
R H

Khi , ta c
( ) = x ( ) ( )
}

n
R
x i n
d e t

2 s ( ) ( )
}

n
R
x i n
d e t

2 ( ) ( )
}

=
n
R
n
d t 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
. 2
2 /
2
2 /
2
1 . 1 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
}

n
R
k k
n
d t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2
2 / 1
2
1 . 1 2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ s
} }

n n
R
k
R
k
n
d d t

( )
n k
R H
C . = , vi mi e x R
n
.
Suy ra ( ) x
n
R
max
( )
n k
R H
C . s .
Bi 25. Xt dy cc hm s ( ) { } e x x f
m
, R
( )

>
s
=
m
x
m
x m
x f
m
2
1
, 0
2
1
,

Chng minh rng ( ) { } x f
m
l dy c bn trong H
-1
(R).
Gii
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
m
m x
m
d x m dx x i x m dx e m dx x f e f
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
x i
R
m
x i
m
2
2
sin
sin
cos sin cos

2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1

|
.
|

\
|
= =
= = = =

} } } }

- 56 -
Do ( )
m
m
f
m
2
2
sin

|
.
|

\
|
= nn ( ) 1

lim =


m
m
f , tc l
0
, 0
2
n - >
c
sao cho
0
n m > th ( )
2
1

c
<
m
f
v
0
' , 0
2
n - >
c
sao cho
0
' n n > th ( )
2
1

c
<
n
f
Khi { }
0 0
' ; max , 0 n n N = - > c sao cho N m > v N n > th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) c < + s + =
n m n m n m
f f f f f f

1 1

1 1


T ,
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
N n m
d
d
f f
d
f f
f f f f
R R
n m
R
n m
R L
n m
R H
n m
>
(
(

+
<
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

= + =
} }
}
.
.

, , 0
1 1

1
1
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
2
2
2 / 1
2
2
2 / 1
2
2
1

Vy { }
m
f l dy Cauchy trong H
-1
(R).
Bi 26. Cho ( )e x f H
-s
(R
n
), ( )e x H
s+1
(R
n
). Chng minh cng thc tch
phn tng phn
( )
( ) ( )
( )
} }
c
c
=
c
c
n n
R
j
R
j
dx
x
x
x f dx x
x
x f
.
Gii
Cch 1. Chng minh bng phng php quy np.
+Ta chng minh cng thc ng vi 1 = n . Tht vy,
( ) ( )
}
R
dx x x f ' = ( ) ( ) ( )
}
R
x f d x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
R
R
dx x x f x x f ' ( ) ( )
}
=
R
dx x x f '
+Gi s cng thc ng vi k n = . Tc l

( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
} }
c
c
=
c
c
k k
R
k
j
R
k
j
dx dx dx
x
x
x f dx dx dx x
x
x f
... ...
2 1 2 1

, vi . ,..., 1 k j =


- 57 -
Ta phi chng minh cng thc ng vi 1 + = k n . Tc l phi chng minh

( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
} } + + + +
c
c
=
c
c
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
... ...
k k
R
k
j
R
k
j
dx dx dx
x
x
x f dx dx dx x
x
x f
, vi . 1 ,..., 1 + = k j
i) Trng hp . ,..., 1 k j =

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
1 2 1 1 2 1
... ...
1 + +
} } }
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
+ k
R R
k
j
R
k
j
dx dx dx dx x
x
x f
dx dx dx x
x
x f
k k

( )
( )
( )
1 2 1
...
+
} }
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
k
R R
k
j
dx dx dx dx
x
x
x f
k

( )
( )
( )
} + +
c
c
=
1 1 2 1
...
k
R
k k
j
dx dx dx dx
x
x
x f


ii) Trng hp 1 + = k j
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
} } } +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
+
+
+
+
1
... ...
2 1 1
1
1 2 1
1
k k
R R
k
R
k
k
k
k
dx dx dx dx x
x
x f
dx dx dx x
x
x f

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
k
R R
k
k
R
k k
dx dx dx dx
x
x
x f x x f
k
...
2 1 1
1
1 1
} } |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
+
+
+ +


( )
( )
( )
} + +
+
c
c
=
1 1 2 1
1
...
k
R
k
k
dx dx dx
x
x
x f


Suy ra cng thc ng vi 1 + = k n .
Vy ta chng minh c cng thc tch phn tng phn.
Cch 2
Xt ( ) 0 ,..., 0 , 1 , 0 ,..., 0 =
j
e , 1 xut hin v tr th j.
t ( ) ( ) x f h e x f f
j
+ = A v ( ) ( ) x h e x
j
+ = A . Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | A A + A = A x f x f x f x f ( ) ( ) ( ) | | x f x f x f A + A + A =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | A + A + A + A = ejh x f x f x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | A + A + A + A = ejh x f x f x f
( ) ( ) ( ) | | A A + A + A + A = f ejh x f x f x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | A A + + + A = f x x f ejh x h e x f x f
j




- 58 -
Khi
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} } (

+ =
c
c

n n
R
j
h R
j
dx x x f h e x f
h
dx x
x
x f

1
lim
0
( ) | |
}
A =

n
R h
dx x f
h

1
lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | | |
}
A A + + + A =

n
R
j
h
dx f x x f ejh x h e x f x f
h

1
lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} (

+ + + A =

n
R
j
h h
dx x x f ejh x h e x f
h
x f
h

1
lim
1
lim
0 0

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
}
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
=
n
R
j j
dx
x
x x f
x
x
x f


( )
( ) ( ) ( )
} }
c
c
+
c
c
=
n n
R
j
R
j
dx
x
x x f
dx
x
x
x f


( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
} } +
+
c
c
=
1 1 1 1
...
n n
R
n j j
R
j j
R
j
dx dx dx dx x x f dx
x
x
x f

( )
( )
}
c
c
=
n
R
j
dx
x
x
x f


Vy
( )
( ) ( )
( )
} }
c
c
=
c
c
n n
R
j
R
j
dx
x
x
x f dx x
x
x f
.
Bi 27. Cho ( )e x H
s
(R
n
), ( )e x H
s
(R
n
), ( ) ( )e x x H
s
(R
n
),
( )
( )
e
c
c
j
x
x
x

H
s-1
(R
n
), ( )
( )
e
c
c
j
x
x
x

H
s-1
(R
n
). Chng minh cng thc Leibnitz
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
j j j
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c

Gii
Xt ( ) 0 ,..., 0 , 1 , 0 ,..., 0 =
j
e , 1 xut hin v tr th j.
t ( ) ( ) x h e x
j
+ = A v ( ) ( ) x h e x
j
+ = A
Suy ra ( ) ( ) x h e x
j
+ A = + v ( ) ( ) x h e x
j
+ A = +
Khi
( ) ( ) h e x h e x
j j
+ + ( ) | | ( ) | | x x + A + A =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x + A + A + A A =

- 59 -
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) x x
x
j

c
c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x h e x h e x
h
j j
h
+ + =

1
lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) x x
h
h
A + A + A A =

1
lim
0

( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) x x h e x x x h e x
h
j j
h
+ + + =

1
lim
0

( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) x x h e x
h
x x h e x
h
j
h
j
h
+ + + =

1
lim
1
lim
0 0

( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | ||
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ =

x h e x
h
x x x h e x
h
j
h
j
h

1
lim
1
lim
0 0


( )
( ) ( )
( )
j j
x
x
x x
x
x
c
c
+
c
c
=

Ch . ( ) 0
1
lim
0
= A A

h
h
. Tht vy,
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | x h e x x h e x
h h
j j
h h
+ + = A A

1
lim
1
lim
0 0
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =

x h e x
h
x h e x
h
h
j j
h

1 1
lim
0

( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | ||
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =

x h e x
h
x h e x
h
h
j
h
j
h h

1
lim
1
lim lim
0 0 0


( ) ( )
0 0 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
j j
x
x
x
x

Vy ta chng minh c cng thc Leibnitz
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
j j j
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c

.
Bi 28. Ta nh ngha hm suy rng ( ) e x a x , o R
n
, 0 > a bng ng
thc sau
( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
=
a x
x
d x x a x o o ,
trong
x
do l phn t din tch mt cu bn knh a trong R
n
.
a. Tm bin i Fourier ca hm ( ) a x o
b. Chng minh rng ( )e a x o
| | 1 2 / n
H
(R
n
).
- 60 -
Gii
a. Ta thy ( ) a x o eS(R
n
) v supp ( ) a x o { } a x x = = , . Nh vy,
( ) a x o c gi compact. Do ,
( ) | | ( ) ( )
x i
e a x a x

o o

.
= ,
}
=

=
a x
x
x i
d e o

( ) ( ) | |
}
=
=
a x
x
d x i x cox o sin
( ) ( )
} }
= =
=
a x
x
a x
x
d x i d x cox o o sin
V ( ) x sin l hm l theo x , v mt cu { } a x x = , i xng qua tm, nn
ta c
( ) 0 sin =
}
=a x
x
d x o
Do ,
( ) | | ( ) =
.
o a x ( )
}
=a x
x
d x cox o .
b. Do ( ) 1 s x cox v mt cu { } a x x = , l tp compact, nn tn ti hng s
C sao cho
( ) | | ( ) C a x s
.
o
Khi , ta c
( )
| |
( ) | | ( ) o d a x
n
R
n 2 1 2 /
2
1
.

+
}
( )
| |
+ < + s
}

d C
n
R
n 1 2 /
2
2
1
Suy ra ( )
| | ( )
( ) | | ( )
2
2 / 1 2 /
2
1 L a x
n
e +
.

o (R
n
)
Vy ( )e a x o
| | 1 2 / n
H
(R
n
).
Bi 29. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach. Ta ni hnh cu n v
{ } 1 : < e = x X x S l li ngt nu y x = , 1 = = y x th o , 1 0 < < o ta c
( ) S y x e + o o 1 . Xt xem hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q C , ( ) Q L
1
, ( ) Q L
2
c li ngt
khng, Q l mt min b chn trong R
n
.
Gii
+Ta chng minh hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q C khng li ngt.
Tht vy, chn ( ) 0 > t x , ( ) 1 / t x ,
( )
( ) 1 max = =
e
t x x
Q t
Q C
, ( ) 1 t y , vi mi
e t ( ) Q C .
- 61 -
Khi , vi mi o tha 1 0 < < o , ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) t y t x y x
Q t
Q C
o o o o + = +
e
1 max 1
( ) ( ) o o + =
e
1 max t x
Q t
1 1 = + = o o
Suy ra ( ) ( ) y x o o + 1 khng thuc hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q C .
Hay hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q C khng li ngt.
+Ta cng chng minh c hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q L
1
khng li ngt.
Tht vy, chn ( ) 0 > t x , ( )
}
= =
Q
L
dt t x x 1
1
, ( )
Q
t y
1
= , vi mi Q t e .
Khi , vi mi o tha 1 0 < < o , ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
+ = +
Q
L
dt t y t x y x o o o o 1 1
1
( ) ( )
}
+ =
Q
dt
Q
t x
1
1 o o
( ) ( )
} }
+ =
Q Q
dt
Q
dt t x
1
1 o o 1 1 = + = o o
Suy ra ( ) ( ) y x o o + 1 khng thuc hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q L
1
.
Hay hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q L
1
khng li ngt.
+Hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q L
2
li ngt.
Tht vy, y x = , 1
2 2
= =
L L
y x v o tha 1 0 < < o , ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
1 1
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
}
Q
L
dt t y t x y x o o o o ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
1 |
.
|

\
|
+ s
}
Q
dt t y t x o o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
}
Q
dt t y t y t x t x o o o o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
} } }
Q Q Q
dt t y dt t y t x dt t x o o o o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
} L
Q
L
y dt t y t x x o o o o
( ) ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2 2
2 2
1 2 1
L L
y x o o o o + + s
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 2 1
2 / 1
2 2
= + + = o o o o
Suy ra ( ) ( ) y x o o + 1 thuc hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q L
2
.
Vy hnh cu n v trong ( ) Q L
2
li ngt.
- 62 -
Bi 30. Cho f l mt hm kh tch a phng trn mt tp con m
c O R
n
. nh ngha ( ) ( ) ( )
}
O
= dx x x f T
f
| | . Chng minh rng
f
T thuc ( ) O ' D .
Gii
D thy
f
T l mt hm tuyn tnh trn ( ) O D . Ta chng minh n lin tc.
Cho { }
m
| l mt dy rng trong ( ) O D . Xt K l tp compact c nh sao
cho supp( ) K
m
c | , vi mi m. Khi ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
O e
s dx x f x T
m
K x
m f
| | max .
V { }
m
| l mt dy rng nn ( ) 0 max lim =
e
x
m
K x m
|
Do ( ) 0
m f
T | khi m .
Bi 31. Gi s dy ( ) ... , 2 , 1 , = m x f
m
cc hm thuc ( ) Q C
k
hi t yu trong
( ) Q L
2
n mt hm f, cn dy ... , 2 , 1 , = m f D
m
o
, vi k
n
= = o o o o ), ,..., (
1
, b
chn trong ( ) Q L
2
, Q l mt min b chn trong R
n
. Chng minh rng hm f c
o hm suy rng f D
o
.
Gii
V { }
m
f D
o
b chn trong ( ) Q L
2
nn theo nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass tn
ti dy con { }
k
m
f D
o
ca { }
m
f D
o
hi t trong ( ) Q L
2
. Gi s
o
o
u f D
L
m
k

2
.
Vi mi hm e
m
f ( ) Q L
2
xc nh mt hm suy rng ( ) Q D T
m
f
' e . Khi ,
m T T
f
L
f
m
,
2

Tht vy,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Q L dx x x f x f dx x x f x f T T
Q
m
Q
m f f
m
2
, 0 e s =
} }

Tng t, ta c m T T
u
L
f D
k
m
,
2
o
o
.
Theo cng thc Ostrogradski, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
o
o o
f D
f
k
f
m
k
f D
m
u
T D T D T T T
k m
k k
m
k
= = = =

1 lim 1 lim
Do
o
o
u f D = theo ngha ca o hm suy rng.
Vy tn ti f D
o
.
- 63 -
PHN KT LUN

Phng trnh o hm ring ra i vo khong th k th XVII do nhu cu
ca c hc v cc ngnh khoa hc khc. N ngy cng c vai tr quan trng,
c ng dng rng ri trong khoa hc v cng ngh. Ngy nay, phng trnh
o hm ring tr thnh mt b mn ton hc c bn va mang tnh l thuyt cao
va mang tnh ng dng rng. Trc s pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc cng
ngh, chc chn rng phng trnh o hm ring s cn pht trin mnh m hn
na trong tng lai, m ra mt con ng cho nhng ai yu thch nghin cu
ton hc ng dng. Trong qu trnh hc tp, c thy c gii thiu, em cm
thy rt c hng th vi mn hc ny. Cho nn, khi c lm lun vn em xin
c nghin cu v phng trnh o hm ring. Tuy nhin, khi bt tay vo lm
em mi thy rng, tuy trn th gii phng trnh o hm ring v ang pht
trin mnh, nhng nc ta vn cn rt t sch ni v ti ny, nu c th cng
i su nghin cu lm sng t l thuyt, cn bi tp ch l gi n gin. V th,
c s gi ca thy hng dn, bc u lm quen vi phng trnh o
hm ring, trong lun vn ca mnh em tm hiu v khng gian Sobolev -
c nh ton hc Sobolev S.L gii thiu vo gia th k XX, n nhanh chng
tr thnh mt cng c t lc trong vic gii phng trnh o hm ring, do ,
n c nhiu nh ton hc khc tip tc m rng v pht trin nhm nghin cu
cc phng trnh o hm ring ngy cng kh khn phc tp - Nhng khc
ch, trong lun vn ca mnh, em i su chn lc mt h thng cc v d minh
ha, gii v sp xp tng i hp l cc bi tp lin quan n khng gian
Sobolev. Chnh v th, c th xem cun lun vn nh mt t liu, hnh trang cho
em sau ny nu c iu kin s tip tc nghin cu v phng trnh o hm
ring.
Do y l ln u tin thc hin nghin cu khoa hc, nn em khng th
trnh khi nhng thiu st nht nh. Em rt mong nhn c s quan tm, ng
gp kin ca qu thy c v cc bn lun vn ca em c hon chnh hn.

- 64 -
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Minh Chng, Phng trnh o hm ring, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2000.
[2] D. Bahuguna V. Raghavendra B.V. Rathish Kumar, Sobolev Space and
Applications, Alpha science.
[3] Nguyn Minh Chng, L thuyt phng trnh o hm ring, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc v k thut, 1995.
[4] ng nh ng, Nhp mn gii tch, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1998.
[5] ng nh ng, Bin i tch phn, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2001.
[6] Nguyn Xun Lim, Gii tch hm, Nh xut bn gio dc.
[7] GS.TSKH Phan Quc Khnh, Ton chuyn , Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP.
H Ch Minh, 2000.
[8] GS.TSKH Nguyn Duy Tin, Bi ging gii tch, i hc Nng, 2004.
[9] M.A Trn Th Thanh Thy, Gio trnh Tp i cng, i hc Cn Th, 2004.
[10] M.A Trn Th Thanh Thy, Gio trnh o v tch phn Lebesgue, i hc Cn
Th, 2007.