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MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGLISH

EXERCISE BOOK
for

FOCUS ON FIRST CERTIFICATE

ANKARA 1 993 Revised Edition

CONTENTS

UNIT 1A UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A


CONSOLIDATION

I
9
L7

1A-3A

23 28 35 43

UMT 4A UMT 5A
UN]T 6 A
CONSOLIDATION

4A - 6A

50

UNIT 1 B UNIT 2 B UMT 38


CONSOLIDATION

il &
75

1B-3B

83 89 98
109

UNIT 4B UNIT 5 B UNIT 6 B CONSOLIDATION

4B-68

r23
138

GENERAL REVISION

FOREWORD and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The material

in this book, which comprises 16 units, is intended to serye as review and/or supplementary material for the structures covered in Focus on First Certiflcate. In addition to the 12 units that correspond to the units in the book, there are 4 consolidation units and a final General Revision unit geared to provide exam practice material.

We would like to thank our testers Gulsima BAYI(AL, Qrnar EVCAN and Figen CUISBN, whose previous exams have been included in the book, and Gaye TOLUNGUQ, who produced and compiled most of the material.
We woutd like to fonvard our special thanks to Naz OIIUO for initiating and coordinating the project and for revising the exercises and organizing them according to the units in the

book. Guler MENGUQ was responsible for entering the


material in the computer.

We are grateful to Mebrure iUaN and Anita AIffiA$ for their useful suggestions which \Mere incorporated in this revised

edition and for their meticulous proofreading of the final


version.

Banu BARUTLU
Chairperson

Department of Basic English

T'NIT I A I
RELIITTVE CLI\T'SES

Note how relative clauses can be reduced:

1. Omit the relaUve pronoun and the 'be' form of the verb.
The man who is talking to the students is from China. The man talking to the students is from China

Last night he gave a lecture which was developments in his country.

on the technological

Last nlght he gave a lecture on the technological developments in his country.


The essays that are wrttten in his book are very interestin$. The essays written tn his book are very interestin$.

2.

In relative clauses that do not contain a form of 'be' it is often possible to omlt the relative pronoun and change the verb to its -ing! form. Thts llbrary does not contain any books which deal with the
psycholoStcal effects of war.

This library does not contain any books dealing with the
psychological effects of war.

3. It is also possible to reduce relative clauses containing


with modifiers (pronouns, adjectives , etc.)
History, which
me.

a noun

is my favorite subject, has always fascinated

History, my favorite subject, has always fascinated me.

4.

Relative clauses with who/whom/which/that as the object can also be reduced. However, only the relative pronoun itself is omitted; the subject and verb remain. Only relative clauses having WHO, WHICH, or THAT as the subject can be reduced. That is, relative clauses beginning with whose/where/when/why are never reduced in any way.

5.

Exercises:

Which parts of the following could be omitted?

Ex: Dr. Smith is the professor who is teaching Chemistry 1O1 this
semester.

Dr. Smith is the professor teaching Chemistry lOl this semester.

1. Chemistry, 2.

which is a difficult subject, can be enjoyable.

The students who are taking Dr. Smith's class this semester are enjoying it.

3.

Dr. Smith, who has written several chemistry books, is one of the most popular professors at the university.

4. Dr. Smith, whose chemistry books are used in


universities, is also a well-known science fiction writer.

many

5. Bill Smith, who was the top graduate

student in Dr. Smith's advanced chemistry course last semester, helped with the research for this report.

6. The students that have been in his classes consider it


privilege to study with him.

7.

He has also written several articles which comment on the effects of chemicals in our food.

8.

These articles, which were written several years ago, have been published in several popular magazines.

9.

Last year he also wrote a government report which was on the disadvantages of using preservatives.

10.

The report which he wrote is on reserve in the library.

11. He believes that we should avoid all foods which contain


chemical preservatives.

L2. That's the reason why he encourages


rather than packaged ones.

people to eat'fresh foods

13. I heard that his wife, who is a very nice person, is writing
book which is on cooking with only natural ingredients.

14.

By the way, the girl who is behind you, is his daughter.

15. You are fortunate to be in a class which is taught by such


respected scholar.

(Refer to G.S.M.E.

p. 161 for further exercises.)

B. Note the use of prepositions in relaUve clauses.

1. a) The composer who(m) I'm listening to is Brahms The composer to whom I'm listening is Brahms.
b) The country which he was born in is Germany. The country in which he was born is Germany. The country where he was born is Germany.

c)

lift the suitcase, the weight of which was 7O kilos. He managed to lift the suitcase, whose weight was 70 kilos.
He managed to

2. Words like all,

each, none, some , etc. also come before the relative pronoun. Life is full of mysteries, many of which will never be explained. be used after a

3. The relative pronouns WHO and TFIAT cannot


preposition.

4. Prepositions
Exercises:

are placed before the relative pronoun: a) h formal style of writing b) if the relatirie clause is i-ong

Combine the follo\Ming using relative pronouns.

1. The roads were crowded with


wounded. wounded.

refugees.

Many of them were man

fwh

2.

They gave me four tyres. One of them burst before I had driven four miles.

3.

The bar was so noisy that I couldn't hear the person at the other end of the line. I was telephoning from this bar. Selfridges is the best department store in London. this dress there.

4.

bought

5.

When you go to Dallas, don't forget to visit the Wax Museum. You can see the wax figures of famous people there.

6.

Red Indians inhabited North America long before the arrival of

Europeans. Many Red Indians are living


reservations.

on

special

7. The Australian pop group Men at Work ne'eded a lot of


promotion to achieve success. Their record Down Under became a hit a year after its original release.

8. Tim Haskins has now retired from politics and has been replaced by John Underside as the local candidate. Few
people voted for Haskins in the recent election.

9.

Tom Wood knows a considerable amount about pyffmies. He lived among them for a year.

10. The students found their classes highly entertaining. They


were from Thailand.

11. The Mayor stood up to deliver his speech. After his there was a cocktail par$.

speech

12. This vast lake is in a remote part of the country. Its depth has
not

yet

been measured.

13. The inscriptions are to be found at the base of the monument.


None of them can now be deciphered.

14.

Catalans are very fond of something called "botifarra". This is


a

large sausage.

15. That politician, made some very important statements. A


number of them are recorded in his autobiography.

PRESENT: SIMPLE & CONTIITOUS

Use each verb twice, once

in

Present Simple and once in

rX:

Continuous, to complete the sentences.


have

He has
am

four cars, all of them Rolls-Royces.

having

lunch with my mother tomorrow.

L think
What
Spielberg's latest film?

you

of
you

Stephen

You're day-dreaming.

What

about?

expect

- America. an important phone call from Could you tell me when it comes?
you're bored sitting here. Shall we go to the
cinema?

appear
He to understand what you say to him, but when you ask him a question, he isn't so sure.

Roy Pond role of King lear.

at Her Majesty's Theatre in the

smell

Something cooking?

good
you

in the kitchen.

What's

why think it's

the meat? Do you

gone ofI?

5.

weigh

I need to know how much the meat


how long to cook it for.

to
yourself?

decide

Why

you

Do you think you've put on weight.

see

I
She

what you mean, but I don't agree.


a solicitor about her aunt's will.

7.

have

I usually pick up languages quickly, but I difficulty leaming Chinese.

He &
look

more clothes than a department store.

It as if it's going to rain. What are you doing on your hands and knees?
you

for something?

9.

guess

That isn't the answer!


speak! I

You

lThink before you

you're wondering what I'm doing here.

IIt

PREPOSITIONS

Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. 2. 3.

I was

delighted

the present you sent me.

The people next door are

annoyed

little things

I was surprised out ofcharacter.

the way he behaved. It was quite it.


it.

4. Jill starts her new job today. She's quite excited 5. 6.


Bill has been doing this Job for too long. He's bored
Are you stfll

upset
Indian food.

what I said to you yesterdap

7. I'd rather not go to an Indian restaurant. I'm not very keen 8.


Ann is very

fond

her younger brother.

9.
1O.

They looked

bored. I don't think


.what I was saying.

they were very interested

The man we intewiewed for the job was quite intelligent but we weren't very happy his appearance.

IV.

PHRASAL VERBST (Catch, Ltve)

Fill in each blank \Mith the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the list below.
catch on catch up with live on
live through live up to 1. When the authorities finally spent all the money.

her, she had

2.

A:
B:

How much do the Johnsons get each month from welfare? They

four hundred dollars per month.

3.

A
B:

IVe heard that Spielberg's latest film is very good.

Oh, I've seen it and it didn't


Does John understand the assignment ? Yes, he finally

my expectations.

4.

X.
B:

5.

A large percentage of the population had great difficulty in


the period of economic depression.

6. I had first thought the play would become very popular among teenagers, but it seems that it hasn't very well.
7.

N
B:

Did you run to catch the bus?


Yes, of course I

did! I ran fast but I couldn't

it.

8. She has stopped eating meat and started to


vegetables.

T'NIT 2 A

SPECIAL I'SES OT AI'VERBS

Adverbs are used:

1.

to modiff verbs: She sang beautifully. I did badly in the exam. to modi$r adjectives: I'm tg@-tired. The exam was surprisingllr easy. to modi.$ other adverbs: He spoke incredibly quicklY. She speaks English perfectll'z well. to modify a whole sentence: Actually, I can't come. Strangellz enough, I won first prize.
before past participles: The meeting was badly organized.

2.

3. 4.

5.

The driver was seriously injured in the accident.

B. Some adverbs have two forms. Here are a few examples:

hard

and

hardly

(= almost not)

He works hard.

Your handwriting is terrible. I can hardly read it.

Jill was unfriendly at the party last night. She hardly spoke to me.

late

and

lately

(= recently)

He came late. Have you seen Jane lately?

wide and

widely (-

in many different places)

He opened the door wide.


He has travelled widely.

high

and

highly

(= very

much)

He can jump really high.

highly recommend his new book.

She is

highly paid.

just
He has
He was

and justly

(=

in accordance with justice or the law)

j6t

arrived.

justly punished for his crimes.


closely
(= carefully)

close and

Come close. I want to tell you something. She's closely related to us.

Study this closely

. It's very important.

IO

kercises:
a) Adjective or adverb? Circle the corect form: 1. There is a (slight/slightly) difference between the original and the reproduction of that painting but only an expert can tell.

2. Most wild animals fight (hard/hardly) when they are attacked. 3. My brother is a (high/highly) paid engineer.
4. After choosing which college to attend, she felt (good/well) about her
decision.

5. The area before the explorers was (vast/vastly) and covered with
flowers.

6. Real (good/well) ice-cream is now available in over fifty flavours and


at (reasonable/reasonably) cost.

7. Teams that work (close/closely) are usually very successful.

8. Every applicant performed (good/well) on the exam. 9.


George's mother is (serious/seriously)

ill in hospital.

10. Bill's such a (friend/friendly) young man that everybody likes him.
11. The play we saw last night was very (professional /professionally)
acted.

12. Everything had (complete/completely) changed when I returned home


after twenty years.
13. The economists found it was not (possible/possibly) for them to predict interest rates.

L4. The doctor performed the operation in (careful/carefully) planned


steps.

15. The accident we had last night wasn't very (serious/seriously). The car was only (slight/slight$ damaged. 16. The children are (normal/normally) very lively but today they are (unusual/ unusually) quiet.

11

t7. Dawson works (real/really) slowly, so you need to be patient to work with him.
18. 19.

When I spoke to him on the phone, Tom sounded(furious/furiously).

I don't read newspapers any more because there's(hard/hardly) any cheerful news in them.

20. (Late/lately) arrivals will not be allowed to enter the buflding.

2r. Journalists should be (certain/certainly) of the facts before they have them printed.
22. EVerybody at the party was very (colorful/colorfully) dressed.

23. He sat (close/closely) to the door so he could leave early.


24. A

lot of things went (wrong/wrongly) during our holiday because it was (bad/badly) planned.

25. The (new/newly) opened shopping centre will (eventual/ eventually) provide emplo5rment for 16.000 people.

b) Circle the corect form.


I could hear the guard blowing his whistle (impatient/impatiently), so I ran onto the platform and up to the train. (Luctcy/Luckily) someone saw me, a door opened and I jumped on while the train was (slow/slowly) moving out of the station. "Phew!" I thought. "That was (hard/hardly) work". I was (pretty/prettily) sure the other passengers could hear my heartbeat, it was so (loud/loudly) and I was in a (cold/coldly) sweat.
After a while, I recovered (slight/slightly) and had a (quick/quickly) look at the other passengers. The compartment was (complete / completely) (full/fully) and I was the only one standing. The people in the compartment turned their eyes away (immediate/immediately) as they noticed me looking; all except one, a beautiful woman sitting in the corner. She was watching me (close /closely) in the mirror. (Automatic/Automatically), I adjusted my tie. Maybe, this was my (luclry/luckily) day after all. I prepared to say hello.

L2

She spoke (first/firstly), however, "'Would you like my seat?" she asked (sweet/sweetly). "You look rather (faint/faintly)". That was the day on which I realised (sudden/suddenly) that I was getting middle-aged!

c) Circle the comect word.


(Late/Latety) yesterday afternoon, when I was getting (tense /tensely) and feeling quite (bad/badM, I went (straight/straightly) to a (lone/lonely) spot in the park (near/nearly) my apartment. As I became (calm/calmly), I (sudden/suddenly) heard a (timid/ timidly) voice (gentte/gently) speaking to me. I (quick/quickly)

turned and said (harsh/harshly), "IS there anything (wrongl/


wrongly) \Mith being lonesome?" I stopped (abrupt/abruptly) when I realized that I was speaking to a tiny girl with curly black hair. I stared at her (blank/blankly) for

a moment.
"Please sir," she

said

(sweet/sweetly), handing me a pencil and a

piece of paper, " draw a picture of a sheep."

"But I can't draw very Eood/well)," I replied.


The child seemed unconvinced, for she (1oud/loudly) repeated her request. (Real/Really) amused by then, I decided to humour her. I

made a sketch for her very fast. But she didn't like it and shook her head, "Do it again" she commanded. I (slow/slowly) drew a

picture of a box. 'Your sheep is (deep/deeply) inside," I explained, intending to be (humorous/humorously). To my surprise, the girl looked (high/highly) satisfied. She thanked me (warm/warmly) and said I had done (exact/exactly) what she had wanted. After the child's departure, I discovered that I was feeling quite (good/ well) again, the world no longer appeared (horrible/horribly).

13

PAST: SIMPLE & CONTINruOUS


a) Underline the

corect verb form.

Ex The flight (bted/was lasting ) three hours.

1. It was 8:OO in the morning. A lot of students


standing) at the bus stop, waiting to go to school.

(stood/were

2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12.

A magnificent oak tree (stood/was standin$ in the middle of the garden. I (studied/was studyrn$ politics at universrty. He (studied/was studying) the effects of radiation when he
suddenly died. When I woke up this morning it (rained/was raining.)

6. It (rained/was rainin$ every single day of the holidays.


I asked him what he (thought/was thinking) about.

I (thought/was thinking) the play was extremely

good.

A: What (did you do/were you doing) \Mith that electric drill?

B: I was putting up some book shelves in my bedroom.


A: What (did you do/were you doing) with that electric drill?

B: I put it back in its box in the tool cupboard. The poor chap (died/was dying): all we could do was comfort him. The poor chap (died/was dyin) early next morning.

L4

b) Put the verb in brackets in the correct past tense: Simple or


Continuous.

Last year I

(go) to Greece for my holidays. I (decide) to fly because it is much quicker than

going overland. On the morning I left London, it (step) off the plane in Greece, it (rain), but when I (shine), and a cool was a beautiful day. The sun (take) a (blow) from the sea. I wind (sign; the register, taxi to my hotel. As I (tap; me on the shoulder. I someone (turn) round. It was a friend I hadn't seen for ten years. He (stay) at the.same hotel.
(go) for a walk. The town was still That evening we (sell) souvenirs, and the very busy. Street traders (try) to bring down the price \Mith foreign tourists (listen) to their the aid of a Greek phrase book. We chatter for a while, then returned to our hotel.

lt

PHRASAL VERBS (Put)

a) Replace the verbs in these sentences with phrasal verbs made up of the verb 'put' and one of the following:

away through aside up off on out

up with

b) Then replace the underlined words with a pronoun.

Ex:

He placed the monelz on the table.

a)

He put the money down on the table. He put

b)

it down on the table.

1.

It is difficult to extinguish electrical fires.


a)

b)

15

2.

I don't lorow how you can tolerate so much noise.


a)

b)

3. I'm saving 5O pounds


furniture.
a)

every month so

I can buy some new

b)

4.

We have postponed the meeting


a)

until next week.

b)

5.

Could you please tidy all your clothes?


a)

b)

6.

It's cold outside. Why don't you wear )rour coat?


a)

b)

7.

The latecomerswere given rooms in a small hotel, about 25 kilometers outside the city.

8.

The general director's secretary would not connect me when I called.

16

TJNIT 3 A

PRESEIIIT PERFBCT: SIMPI,E & @NTINUOUS

u)

fut the verb in brackets in the corect or Present Perfect ConUnuous.

tense. Present Perfect Simple

1.

I'm exhausted. I
(not finish) yet.

(work) all day, and I (visit) many countries in the last five years.
(take) my books. I (look) for

2. I 3. Someone 4. 5.
I

them , but I can't find them anywhere.

(not

(shop) all morning but I bry) anything yet because I


(read) is

(not see) anything I liked. The best book I ever One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Marquez.

6. A: You're filthy!
(do)?

What

you

B:

(work) in the garden.


(plant) all the vegetables for next year.
(wait) for two hours, but nobody (arive) yet.

7.

b) Put the giving verb in the corect tense. Choose from the Present Perfect Simple/Continuous, or Present Simple/Continuous. Ex: I have been learning (learn) Italian for the past three years, but there's still a lot I don't understand (not understand)

1. A

Oh dear! Look out of the window.


I

It

(rain).

B: Oh, no.

(not bring) my umbrella. (know) everything about roses. Girow) them for 35 years. Now he

2.

My uncle
He

(try) to produce a blue one.

3.r
hour, but I'm afraid I word.

(listen) to you for the past half an (not understand) a

'

t7

4. A: What's the matter, Jane?


B:
I

very good, so I really hurting.

(read) in my room and the light isn't (have) a headache. It's

c) Put the verbs in this dialogue in the correct tense. Use Present Perfect simple/continuous or Present Simple/continuous.

Ex
A
B:

I've been learning (learn) Italian for three years, but I still don't understand (not understand) very much.

What are you doing?


(write) a letter. You
(sit) at the desk for

A
B

hours. Is it

difiicult letter?
Yes. I
(decide) to resign from my job.

You

only do you know you don't like it?

(do) it for a week, so how

B:

I do like it. But I (offer; passive) a better one, and I'm going to accept it. It's iir Brazil, and (want) to go to Brazil. I always (not like) living in cold climates. But

how

you

there? You
before.

(know) if you'll like it (never be) out of England


(live)

That doesn't matter. Some friends o[ mine there at the moment. They'll look after me.
You're very luclry, really. I for months. I
two jobs in a week.

(try) to find a job (be) to endless interrriews, and (turn down; passive) each time, but you got

Well, obviously you (apply) for the wrong kind ofjob. ,Don't woryr. You'll find one soon.

A:

(hope ) so.

18

MODAIS

Put the correct form of can


1. In my country you

,@-,

or to be able to in the blanks.

The forms may be positive or negative. get married when you are 16.

2.

Women
forgotten my key.

vote in England until L922.


get into my house because I had

3. Last night I 4.

phoned the Gas Board because I thought I gas, which is very dangerous.
you , please?

smell

5. Hello. Is that the dentist?


see

I make an appointment to

6. I'm learning car mechanics because I want to service my own car. It costs a fortune if you send it to the garage.
7. Many night animals highly A9y=e-!9n sense of smell.
see very well,

but they have

8. If you

do this exercise, you're very clever!

19

IIt

COMPOUND ADJECTTVES WITH NI'MBERS

Plural expressions with numbers are found in the singular when they are used as adjectives.
Rewrite the following as in the example:

Ex:

A lecture that lasts two hours. A two-hour lecture.

1. a walk that lasts for three hours

2. a house that would cost fifty thousand pounds

3. a programme that lasts for twenty-five minutes

4.

a delay which means a wait of five hours

5. a hotel with five stars

6. a cassette that lasts sixty minutes

7. a bulb of sixty watts \


I

20

TY.

PREFOSTIIONIS

a) Complete the sentences using one of the following words with the correct preposition
rety pay depend

listen

concentrate disapprove

apolog?e complain

Ex:
1.

When she realized that she had taken the wrong umbrella, she immediately apologized for her mistake. Don't try to do too much at once. at a time.
termis tomorroul? the weather.

one thing

2. A: Are you playing


B: I hope so, but it

3. 4. 6. 7.

You must
He's always

this record. You'll love it.


his j ob.

5. When you went to the theater with Paul, who


It's not a very good bus service. You can't
Most parents

it? it.

their children smoking.

b) Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate


preposition.

Ex:

A football team

consists of l1

players.

1. She was described the best player on the team. 2. Our neighbours complained _ us
noise we made last night.

the

3. 4.

She hasn't got a job. She money.

depends

her parents for

You were very rude to Tom. Don't you think you should apologize _ him what you've said?

2r

5. I don't approve
persuade him

the way he dresses, so I'll try to


get some new clothes.

6. He decided to give up sport in order to


his studies.

concentrate

7. 8. 9.

Don't listen

what he says. He's stupid. the

The accident was my fault, so I had to pay


damage.

You can always rely

me if

you

need any help.

10. He always does the opposite _


anyone you knoul?

what I tell him to do.

11. Do you see that girl over there? Does she remind you L2. Remind me
forget otherwise. the meeting tomorrow night. I'm sure to

13. Before he came to Britain, many O.oOr. had warned him


the weather. So he was prepared for plenty of rain.

22

coNsoLrDATroN (rA - 3A)

RI:VIEW OF PITRASAL VERBS

TJNITS 1A.3A
(a-J)

Match the most suitable endings


1. The forest fire was put

with the beginnings (1-10)

2. You go now, and I'I1 catch

3.

One moment please. I'm trying to put you

4. He always puts his tools


5. Your behavior is unacceptable! I w.itl never put

6. I don't know how you can live 7. I'm putting


some money

8. His bad luck put me


9. The match was

put

10. If you need somewhere to stay, we can put you

a) away when he's finished using them. b) up for a night or two. c) aside each week for my holiday. d) off from Saturday to the following Monday. e) off starting my own business. 0 up with you later. d out before too much damage was done. h) through to the General Director. i) on such a small salary. j) up with it.

23

MISCEIJANDOUS E,I(ERCISES

a) Write the correct form of the verbs following the blanks.


(speak) five languages very well. He Martin (1) owes this mainly to his parents. His mother is Hungarian and his father is English. Martin, however, was born in Spain. At the time, his parents were working as engineers for a Spanish company. They sent Martin to a French School, for which the (live) in Spain for many company paid. Martin (3) (stay ) years until he moved to Rome, where(4) (start ) to with his girlfriend, Angela. He then (5) learn Italian. TWo years ago, they decided to move to Sicily, and they did.

Martin and Angela then. They (7) parents (8)

(6)

(live) there happily since (think) it's a lovely place. Martin's (visit) them twice so far. They like

hearing their son speaking Italian. They (9) fiust/apply) to work for an Italian company, in Sicily. They (10) (be able) to do that if they can get permission
from the Italian government.
1.

a) Sheila to marr5r D to marryr Sheila c) if Sheila had married d) to Sheila if she would marry
a) b) c) d)
more beautiful houses I've ever most beautiful houses I've never more beautiful houses I've never most beautiful houses I've ever 4. a) good work
b) well work c) goodjob
d) well

2.

a) such

b) so

c) a such d) aso

job

24

5.

a) enough rich

6. a) who he owns
b)

b) rich enough

who owns

c) too rich d) so rich


7.

c) owns it
d) who owns

it

a) areed

8. a) for buying
b) for to buy c) that you buy

b) argued

c) admitted
d) promised
9.

d) to buy
1O.a) there

a) IVe been offered b) They've been olfered me

c) I have offered

It's been offered me

b) them c) these d) it

Mark the best choice 1. He was furious mistake sooner.

himself for not realizing his


b) at

a) about

c) with

d)\f
having bad
d) to

2. Elizabeth has been complaining headaches, but she won't Eo to the doctor.
a)

about
is extremely

b) of

c) from

3. He

of Bernard Shaw's plays. b) keen c)

a) upset

attracted

d) fond

4. He went
a) make

to India to Anglo-Indian literature.


b) do
c) ignore

some research on
d) resist

5. How do you expect me to

5OO

pounds ayeafl
d) catch up with

a) live on

b)catch on c) live

through

25

Write the correct form of the verbs

in

brackets

1. Please don't turn the radio off. I

(listen) to it.

2. She

evenings but this Monday she won't because she


(study) for her English exam.
(cut) things. (receive) the letter,
I'11

(normally, go) to see a film on Monday

3. A knife is an object that is used for 4. As soon as I know about it. 5. I can't answer your question now. about it:
Mark the best choice.
Three weeks ago I

let you
(think)

me and she said she would. A few 2 seen, days later, she saw her dream house. It's one of the 3 lovely countryside that I Sheila said. It was in the middle of 4 had to admit I liked it, too. "Sheila", I said, " I've got quite a but I'm not 5 to buy a house like that". "'Well, we can ask how much he wants for it," she said. The the man 6 more we 7 , the more determined she became. So we went to see the owner. "I'm afraid you've come too late I 3O,OOO pounds for it and I've already the house," he said accepted it.' Sheila was a bit disappointed but she said, "Never mind, Gary. There must be a lot of nice houses round here." That's right," I But first we'll go to a 10 said, "and we'll go and look at building society and ask for advice."

asked

Mark the best choice.


I come from Oldfield, a very dirty tovrn a few years next to the factories in the ago. All the houses, nineteenth century, were black because of the smoke from the factory 3 chimneys. The only green space in the town was Nelson Park, I used to play when I was a child. But now everything has owns one of the biggest changed. My boy-friend Roger, factories, said that they paid a million pounds to put in clean-air rather old-fashioned, didn't equipment. His father, 5 want to do it and neither did the other factory owners. But the Council insisted and now even Roger's father agrees it was a good thing.
26

I. a) where it was b) which was c) which it was d) where was 3.


a) which

2. a) where they build b) which they build c) which were built


d) where they were built

b) where c) when d) that


5.

4. a) whose father b) that his father c) where his father d) who is his father

a) that he is b) is c) who is d) whose is

27

TINIT 4 A

MODAI.S

Put an appropriate modal of obligation IES!, have to, had to, should need to, should .in its corect form into each gap. The forms used may be positive, negaUve, simple or gerund (in$ forms.

1. 2. 3. 4.

I really do think you Careful, darling. You dangerous.


My wife suddenly became

get your hair cut.

play with matches. They're too

ill in the middle of the night and eat


a

call the doctor.

I'm overwelght. The doctor said I sweets or potatoes.

lot of

get up early. 5. I like Saturdays because I 6. A W.hy have you got so much money on you?

You

keep

it in the bank.
pay my employees. remember to

B: I l,oeow. But today's the day I

7.
8. 9.

It's my mother's birthday next week. I buy her a present and a card.
No one likes

work at weekends.

You come with me if you don't want going on my owrr. You stay here if you like.

to. I don't mind

10. I have a really bad memory for phone numbers.


look them up in the book.

I always

11. When I was at school, we


hated them.

wear unlforms. Everyone

L2.

You

touch electrical appliances if you've got wet hands. You could kill yourself.

13. She has a private income. She has never


work in her whole
life.

do a day's

28

IL

PARTICIPT.ES

a) Join the following using the structure I-IAVING DONE.

Ex

First they found a hotel. Then, they looked for somewhere to have dinner.

Having found a hotel. thelr looked for somewhere to have


dinner.

1.

We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall.

2.

He found no one at home. He left the house


temper.

in a bad

3.

The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building.

4.

He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.

5.

He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food.

6.

She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.

7.

They found the money. They began quarreling about how to divide it.

8.

We visited the

museum. We decided to have lunch in the

park.

29

9.

He found his revolver. He loaded door.

it.

He sat down facing the

10.

He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.

b) Study the examples and rewrite the other sentences replacing the underlined part \Mith a suitable participle.

1. As/Since/Because he is an engineer, he ought to know how


the machine works.
Being an engineer, he ought to know how the machine works.

2. 3.

After/When she had done all her shopping, she went home.
Having done all her shopping, she went home.

While

he

was writing the novel, he remembered his own

childhood. Writing the novel, he remembered his own childhood.

4. 5. 6.

I shouted and ran out of the house.


I ran out of the house shouting.
She was sitting on an armchair and she was reading. She was sitting on an armchair reading.

They changed the end of the


comedlr.

film, which turned it into a

They changed the end of the film, turning it into a comedy.

7. 8.

I didn't know his address so I couldn't contact him.


Not knowing

his address I couldn't

contact him.

When he had paid back the money he owed. he felt much


better.

9.

She fell asleep while she was watching TV.

30

fO. I was feeling very tired so I went home.


11. He took a key out of his pocket and opened the door.
12.
He finally arrived home. He had spent the whole night out.

13.

She needs a visa to stay


foreigner.

in this country because she is

14. Jill

was lying on the bed and she was crying.

15. John got high grades on his exams, which made his parents
happy.

c) Write the correct form of the words.


1.

(use) a sharp knife, he cut the flowers.

2.
parents.

(be) an only child, she was spoilt by her


(steal) car was found the next day.

3. The 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

(push) the door open, he saw her studying.


I've got a brother

(study) in London.

A few days after the interview I received a letter (offer) me the job. The child woke up because he had a very
The man slipped

(terrify)

and

("ry)

(frighten) dream.
(get) off the bus.

He is a well only well _

(know) designer. His clothes are not

(cut) but also

long

(last).

31

d) Use each of the following phrases once only to complete the sentences below :

badly timed poorly paid well-written

bitterly disappointed
officially authorised colorfully illustrate d
recenfly engaged

freshty made

happily married

widely known

1. It's a
than the

account of his life, much better


biography.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I'm

in

man. I don't want to get involved a anything that could upset my maria$e.
program caused a lot of confusion. apple pie. Let's go in

The They're advertising and have some.

Everyone wanted to take photographs of the


couple.

workers will It's a fact that reward production kind of to work not increase without some harder.

Although it's a of the pictures is not very good.

book, the quality of some

holidaymakers complained Thousands of when they heard their flights had been cancelled.

e) Underline the correct participle.

Ex:
1.

He

told us a (fascinating / fascinated ) story.

That was a really (disgusting/disgusted )meal.


I've always been (interesting/interested ) in wild life, especially birds.

2. 3.

My husband has the (annoying/annoyed )


toast in bed.

habit of eating

32

4. 5.

I was (horri$ringlhorrified ) to learn

that

my jewels were gone.

It was

a very (embarrassing/embarrassed )

situation. I wished

the floor could have swallowed me up.


6. 7.

He said he was quite (satisSing/satisfied ) with

my

progress.

You look (confusing/confused). Haven't you understood what I'm talking about?

8.

Your behaviour was (shocking/shocked). You should ashamed of yourself.

be

9.

My exam results were rather (disappointin8/disappointed). I've got to retake the exams in September.
seen a wonderful film about life in space. The special (amazed/ arrrazur$l were effects
I've

10.

just

IIt

PHRASAL VERBS (Break, Gct)

Fill

in

each blank with an appropriate phrasal verb from the list


get back

below.

break down break in break out break through break up

get at. get away with


get by

get across get down get away

get (a)round 1. A: How will you survive when you are unemployed?

B: We'II have to

on my unemployment chec^,.

2. That political party


losing the elections.

into four rival parties after

3. The news
visitors at the exhibition.

, and there were always plenty of

33

4.
5.

Why don't the baby's parents scold her when she plays with her it. They don't care. food? They let her
The telephone communication system heavy rainfall and floods. due to the

6.

Some of the crowd attempted to cordons during the demonstration.

the police

7. A fire 8.

on the third floor, and in no time spread throughout the building.

The audience were aware of what the speaker they started to leave the conference hall. The police
I'11

was

, so

9.
10. 11. L2.

and arrested everyone in the building.

probably

never

the money I loaned him.

He is an inexperienced manager and has trouble the difficulties of the job.

I was under

enorrnous pressure for about 2 years before I and was put under medical treatment.

13. After my father died, loneliness really started to my mother and she came to live with me. 14. I hope I'll be able to
theatre.

early tonight so we can go to the

15. He was able to


understood him clearly.

his

message

. Everyone

TINIT 5 A

COI\IDITIONNS A" PROVTDED /PROVTDING (TrrAT), AS/SO rpNG AS a) Rewrite using the given expression.

1.

The game will begin at 3 o'clock, unless it rains. (provided)

2. If you don't dr'lnk too much,


(as long as)

you won't get a headache.

3. 4. 5.

You won't get cold if (as long as)

you don't throw the blankets

off.

The police will leave you alone unless you cause trouble.
(providing)

We'll end the meeting now unless you have any questions.
(provided)

B. UNLESS a) Answer using UNLESS:

1. A
B:

How can I lose 20 pounds? Well. ]rou can't lose rveight unless you go on a diet exercise everv dav.

an{

2.

A: How can I get a driver's licence?


B:

3. A
B:

How can I open a bank account? How can I learn a new langua$e? How can I get into a good university?

4. A
B:

5. A
B:

35

b) Rewrite using

UNLESS:

l. 2. 3. 4.

Joe can hear only if you shout. Joe can't hear unless you shout. You can't go abroad if you don't have a passport. You are allowed

into the club only if you are a member.

You must speak slowly or he won't be able to understand you.

5.

I may have to work tomorrow. I won't be able to come in

that

case.

6. 7. 8.

Don't tell Ann what I said if she doesn't ask you. I'm going to the party only if you go too.
She must apologise to me or I won't forgive her.

c)

Underline the correct word or expression.

car unless/as Long as you drive carefully. 2. I'm playing tennis tomorrow unLess/proutding it gets cold. 3. We're having a picnic tomorrow unless/prouided it's not
You can use my

l.

raining.

4. You can smoke in here unless / as long window open to let the smoke out.

as

you leave a

5. George doesn't trust anyone. He won't lend you any money unless / as Long as you promise in writing to pay him back. 6. The children can stay here unless / prouidtng they don't make any noise.

7. I'm going now unless / proutded you really want me to


stay. 36

IL

corrcEssroN

A. Although / In spite of, I Despite / EYen though a) Study the examples and rewrite the following using the given
words.

It rained

a lot

but in spite of this, we enjoyed our holiday.

In spite of
Despite

the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

A.lthough

In spite of the fact that


Despite the fact that

'it rained a lot,

we enjoyed our holiday.

1. Although
Despite

he's got an English name, he is in fact German.

2.

In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the


village. Although
the

3. I decided to accept
In spite of

job although the salary was low.

4. 5.

We lost the match although we were the better team.

Despite

In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn't feel


hungry. Even though

37

b)

Rewrite the following using ALTHOUGH or IN SPITE OF

1. He looked

very scruf[r, but he still got the job.

2.

Compact discs are expensive, but lots of people are buying them. Her parents objected, but she still insisted on getting ma:ried. Beethoven was deaf, but he continued composing until his death.
The acoustics in the hall are poor, but it is concerts.
'We've known each other for a long time,

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

still used for

but we still call

each other

by our surnames.

Hammerfest is a long way north of the Arctic Circle, but the


sea never freezes there.

8. 9.
10.

He was very popular, but he didn't win the election.

It rained heavily, but the crops weren't destroyed.


She was 85 years old,

but she still lived a very active life.

38

B. In Splte of /

Because

of

a) b)

Match the beginning of sentences 1-9 with


ending (a-i)

an

appropriate &

Rewrite the sentences using 'because


making all necessary changes.

of or 'in spite of

1. The weather was cold 2. He was ill ... 3. There's a meat shortage 4. His book was successful 5. There was ice on the roads 6. The cost of living in Britain is high 7. There were large crowds 8. He has a foreign accent 9. The house was in bad condition
.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i)

couldn't see what was going on


there are fewer tourists here this year
he was asked to appear on TV

we have no problem understanding him


we kept the fire on all day he managed to come to work

there were a lot of accidents

they enjoyed living there


we have become vegetarians

39

C. IN CASE

I don't want to go out tonight IN CASE Jane phones. (= because it is possible that she will phone)
I gave him my address IN CASE he came to london. (- because it was possible that he would come to London one dry)

a)

Write sentences using IN CASE.

1.

I'm going for a walk. Perhaps I'11want to take photographs so I'll take my camera with me.
Perhaps you won't be able to find our house so I'll draw a map for you.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

It was possible that they hadn't received my first letter, so I wrote them a second one.

I'll take your letter with me. I'm not sure but I might see Ann.
Please write down the name of the

street. I might forget it.

My parents might be worried so I'd better give them a phone call. It was possible that they hadn't heard the bell so I rang the bell again.
You might have an accident so you should wear a crash helmet when you ride a motorbike.

b)

Complete these sentences

1. 2. 3. N

Go to the dentist regularly in case

Buy some candles in case


Have lunch early in case

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Take a pullover with you in

case

Take an extra roll of film on holiday with you in case Take a book with you to the doctor's in case
Tell your parents where you are going in case

Put the car keys on the table in case


Set the alarm clock in case seats for the theatre in advance in case

10. Book

c) Study the examples and fill in the blanks with IN CASE or IF.
We'll buy some more food if Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come. We'll buy more food lf he comes. If he doesn't come, we won't buy any.) We'll buy some more food IN CASE Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come but we'llbuy some more food no\M whether he comes or not. Then we'll already have the food if he comes.)

1. Could you give this book to Tom 2. 3. 4.


I hope you'll come to London you must visit us.
I've

you see him?


3*

sometime.

you corne,

just painted the door.

put a Wet Paint notice next to it someone doesn't realise the paint is still wet.
I'11

We have fitted the house with a burglar alarm somebody tries to break in.

5. The alarm will ring


the house.

somebody tries to break into

4l

6. 7. 8. 9.

Write your name and address on your


Go to the lost property

bag

you lose it.

I was advised I needed medical treatment while I was on holiday abroad. Dry your hands before you do electrical get an electric shock.

office to arrange insurance

you lose your bag.

repairs

you

PHRASAL VERBS (Set, Wear)

Fill in each blank with an appropriate item from the list below. One of them will be used twice.

up set out set down


set set in set off

wear out wear off on foot

out of sight out of control out of reach

1. After the revolution, everything in the country went

and

there was chaos.

2. The old man prefers going almost ever5rwhere because he thinks it will be good exercise for him. 3. Two bombs were by someone in the crowd. 4. As soon as the effect of the aspirin she started to
suffer great pain.

5. As soon as his father

was he he

he lit a cigarette.

6,Soonerorlater,thesolesofyourexpensiveshoes\Mi11-.
7. After resigning from the company, his own business. to establish
he story

8. when the famous surgeon retired,


career.

of his

9. Before

they

on the round-the-world tour, they made

sure a1l the bookings had been confirmed. 10. Keep all medicine of children. 11. He has to find a place to live before the cold weather
12. A monument

was

in memory of the soldiers who died

during the war.


42

T'NIT 6 A

FI,JTURE TEI\ISE

a)

Complete the following sentences using 'will 'or 'going to'.

Sometimes both are possible.

1. A B:

Did you hear the weather forecast? Yes.

It

be cold at first, then be some light showers.

it

get a

little warrner this afternoon, and this evening there

2. A: Why did you buy a house in such terrible condition? modernize it from top B: It was cheap. We make it into a restaurant. to bottom, and we
What do you think of our plans?

3. A If you are elected, what

your party

do about unemployment? B: We have carefully considered this issue. When we are


elected, as we most certainly
create half a million new jobs.

be. we

4. A What are you doing


lunch.

here? Annie's expecting you for


give her a ring, and tell

B: I completely
her I

forgot! I

be late. Thanks for reminding me.

5. A:
B:

How will the proposed tax increase on petrol affect your


business?
To be perfectly honest, we haven't thought about it cross that bridge when we ge

yet.

We

43

6.

When is your baby due?

B: Next month. A What


B:
Thomas.

call it if it's a bofl2

b) Corecting mistakes in future forms In the following dialogues approximately half of the future forms are wrong. Find the mistakes and correct them. Sometimes more than one form is possible.

Ex: A What are you doing this weekend? B: Nothing. I stay at home. Nothing.
1. A I'm terribly sorr5r!
stain.

I'm stalring at home.

I've spilt coffee on your carpet. It'll

B: Don't worry.

I'm getting a cloth to wipe it off.

2. A: What do you do when you've finished this course?


B:
I'm going back to Spain.

A Have you got a job in Spain? B: No. I'll go back to university. I have to finish
final year.

my

3. A: Am I disturbing you if I ring tonight?


B:
Not at

all. I won't be doing anything important.

4. A:

What time does your train get in?

B: At 1 1.OO. If it's late, I'm going to miss my appointment.

5. A:

Have you decided what you'Il do if you don't get the job?

B: I look for another one.


M

Recognizing correct future forms

Underline the future form which is most appropriate.

A Hello, Henry. How are you? B: Fine. And you? A Not so bad, thanks. Listen I'm ringing to try to arrange a meeting with you. (I'11 be coming/I'm coming/I come) to
London next Wednesday to see some customers. ( I'm going to
see

/I'll see/I'm

seeing ) them in the morning.

twill you belare

you/are you going to be ) free any time in the afternoon? B: (I won't be/I'm not/I' m not going to be) in Iondon, I'm afraid.

( I'm/I'm going/
business.

I'11

be going ) abroad for a few days on

Oh, where (do you golwill you go/are you going?)

B: To Germany. I have a meeting in Bonn. My company

(witl

open/is opening ) a new office there next year. Mmm. Sounds exciting. When (do you go/are you going/will
you go)?

B: On Monday evening, and (I'm not/I won't be/I'm not going


to be) back until Thursday morning.

Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then. What time
(is your plane getting/does your plane

getlwill your plane get)

in?
1O:40, so
12:OO.

if I get a taxi, (I'll be/I arn/I could be ) in my office by


(I'11

B:

see/I'll be seeing/I'm going to see) you at the airport. We can talk there. (We finish/ we're finishing/we'll have finished) by 2:OO, probably, so then we can have something to eat and I can get the 3:OO shuttle back to Manchester. How does that sound? Fine. We'll sort it all out then. Thanks for ringing. Bye.
Cheerio. ( see you/I'll be seeing you/I'll see you ) on Thursday.
Have a good trip.

On second thoughts don't do that.

d) Degrees of certainty about the future Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense. Choose from the
following forms.

will
might may could won't
do be doing

1. There's no point in phoning him this afternoon. He


(work) in his garden, and he
(not hear) the phone.

2. Don't forget your umbrella. you never know, it


(rain).

3. A

Ihopewe
drop in tonight.

(not disturb) Pat when we

B: Don't wornr she


4. It's a craztjr idea but it

(not work). She told


(work).

me yesterday she never works in the evening.

5. A: I've invited Jane to the party on Saturday. B: She (not come). She hates parties. 6. A I've bought ten kilos of cheese for the party. B: That's rather a lot, isn't it? They
like) cheese.

(not

7. A why haven't you gone to the airport? I thought you were


flyrng to Rome today.

B:

I'm sure the plane weather's quite bad.

(delay-passive). The

8.

Be careful with the dog. she turns a (bite) you.

bit nasty sometimes, and

9. I don't know why I bother with my girlfriend. I know (happen) tonight. I exactly what
round to her house to pick her up, she (have) a bath or (do) her hair (have to) wait three hours as always, and I for her to get ready. 10. I have nothing to wear for this party. All I've got is this old (wear) something black dress, and Suzy
(go)

spectacular, as usual.

e) Future continuous and future perfect.


The leaders of two countries (a president and a prime minister) are going to meet next week. Look at the following schedule of the president 's activities for Monday, and answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.

Ex:

On Monday morning at 8:OO what will the president be doing?

At this time. he'll be talking


9:OO

conferring with his advisors. By

what will already have happened?

By 9:OO. he will already have met with his advisors.


MONDAY Conference with presidential advisors

8:OO-8:5

9:OO-9:5O Breakfast meeting with the prime minister, the


president and their interpreters

1O:OO-1O:5O Television speech by the president on peace relations


between the two countries

11:OO-11:5O President and prime minister and their wives will


visit automobile factory

12:OO-1:OO
1:OO-3:OO

Private lunch with presidential advisors

Discussion of import-export needs of the two countries: president, prime minister, and ministers of trade

3:OO-3:3O 3:35-4:OO 4:O0-6:0O 6:0O:7:0O

Signing ceremonies for new trade treaty

Meeting with television and newspaper reporters: president and prime minister Rest period in hotel
Get ready for formal dinner at 7:3O 47

1.

What will the president be doing at 9:OO?

2. With whom will he be meeting at 9:OO? 3. By 1O:OO what will the president and prime minister already
have done? (give two actions).

4. At what time will the president be making his speech


television?

on

5. 6.

What will be happening at What

11:OO?

will

the president already have done by 1:OO? (give four

or five actions).

7. 8. 9.

Why will these officials be meeting from

1:OO

to

3:OO?

By 4:OO what important document will they have signed?

When will the president and prime minister be meeting with


reporters?

10. Will the president

be touring the city from 4:OO to 5:OO?

11. By what time

(approximately) will the president have gotten

ready to go to dinnet'?

12.

Before the day is over, how many meetings will the president have had?

48

PHRASI\L VERBS (Lt, Cut) Put a suitable phrasal verb from the list below in each blank.

let down
let in let off

cut in cut off


cut up

cut across

cut down on cut down

let out
1. He will have to of hts clothes.
eating because he can't fit into any

2. Tbejudge
had never stolen before.

the thief

easy because

3. The consequellces of the rain forests being


be noUceable immediately.

will not

4. That patient has a broken arrn so all his food is for him. me 5. I'm sure my friends wouldn't situation because they know I rely on them.

in such a bad
because of

6. Economic aid to that country has been its aggressive attitude towards other nations.
7. I can't stand the way the secretary constantly our administrative meetings.
8. We are planning to

during

the park to save time.

9. My boots have holes in the soles so they need to buy a new pair.
10. He was life during the riots.

water. I

of prison early because he saved a guard's

49

CoNSoLTDATTON (4A - 6A)

REYIEW OF PHRASAL VERBS

a) Match the most suitable ending (a-m) with the beginning (1-13)

1.

The injured climber was slowly let

2. Pat was able to buy a new car by cutting 3. All of her money was invested in setting 4. The electricity was suddenly cut 5. Mrs. Jones carefully cut 6. The explorers set 7. Teachers do not always let 8. After she loaded her car, she set 9. The factory fire set
10. After a change in management, new rules were set 11. In late October cold, rainy weather usually set 12. After Billy said he was sorry, his mother let him go 13. The screaming man cu

a) out to play with his friends. b) off an explosion which destroyed everything in the warehouse. c) in late students who come after the door is closed. d) down the mountain by rope. e) in the line while we were all waiting for our tickets. 0 in for the next two to three months. g) down in a new employer's handbook. h) off during the bad wind storm. i) down on his entertainment expenses. j) up a new business to produce farming equipment. k) up the pie into equal pieces. 1) o{f on her holiday.
rrr) out to find the hidden city.

5(,,

b) Complete the following sentences choosing the correct expression from the following list. Do not forget to use them in the correct
form. get down
get by

get away with


get back

get away get across

1. If you lend him your book, he'll lend it to someone else and you'll

never
2.

it

through the After the robbery last night the thieves garden. They my grandmother's silver tea set and
all my Beatles records.

3.

It isn't just the work that


has got lots of other problems.

her

She

4.

The miners can't on strike to

on such low wages. They will go their message

Complete the following sentences choosing the correct expression from the following list.

let out let off


1.

cut off cut down

set out
set up

When we heavily so we had

for the pub, it was raining

to

rLln.

2.

Since his article was too long, the teacher asked John to

it
3. 4.

He opened the door

and_

the dog

A programme has been


employees. If it's unsuccessful, funds for
year.

to train
it will

be

newly-hired next

5.

She apologized for shouting at the policeman, so the judge her _ with just a $ fO fine.

5t

MIS@,III\NEOUS E)@RCISES

a) Rewrite the following sentences using the given words and without changing the meaning:

1.

The recent changes both excited and worried me. (not

only

...

but

also)

2.

There is a decrease in sales these days

as a result of the high

rate of inflation. The reason for

3.

Although the weather was terrible, they travelled 53O Isn. to have a ski-holiday.
(in spite ofl

4.

They will never meet again so he won't be able to learn her


name.

If

5. Jack may get the job. If he does, he'Il get married.


Unless

6. 7. 8. 9.

There are twenty litres of water in that tank.


(contain) May I borrow your pen?
(wonder)

Being ocposed

to loud noise constantly may cause deafness.


(due to)

Cardboard cartons are being used instead of the old milk


bottles.
(replace)

52

1O.

My leather handbag has became useless; I must get a new one.


; I must get a new one. (wear out)

11.

It is not necessary for you to visit her in hospital.


You

12. She lived

in London for five years, so she misses it a lot now.

Having

b)

Mark the best choice.

1. The little boy watched the plane

till it passed out of


a bird. c)

and then asked his mother if it was


a)

control

b)

sight

reach

d) doors

2. If she were
change her mind. a)

of all the facts, she would immediately

awake is

b)

accused

c)

aware

d) confessed

3. John

so he needs to wear glasses.

a) b) c) d)

left-handed kind-hearted short-sighted


well-behaved

4. This perfume is

really

I put it on this morning and

it still smells

good.

a) well-behaved b) long-lasting c) middle-aged d) short-sleeved

53

TTNIT

IB

GERI,'NDS (STTTOY GTIIDE)

Gerunds [V-ING) are used after many verbs.

1.

These verbs take gerunds.

admit excuse * appreciate explain *fancy avoid * celebrate finish * consider forgive * delay give up can't help deny * detest *imagine * dislike involve * endure keep * enj oy mention *mind escape
VERB + V.ING

miss

pardon
* postpone

practise

put off
* prevent * resent

resist

risk
suggest
* *

understand can't stand / bear

I really appreciate having time to relax.


Have you considered getting She kept talking all night.
a

job?

Would you mind opening the window?

VERB+ OBIDCT+V-ING
* The asterisked verbs often take objects as in the following:

Fancy you/your noticing the mistake!


I can't understand John/John's making such a fuss.
Do you mind me /my making a suggestion? Can you imagine your mother's approving what you've done?

B.

Gerunds are used after all prepositions.


PREPOSITION + V-ING

He left without saying goodbye. He finished the job

brworking

16 hours a day.

Before going out, I phoned Ann.

This lorife is only for cutting bread. What are the advantages of living in the city?
She went to work in spite of feeling ill.

I bought a new house instead of going away on holiday.

How What about sending them a card? As well as getting on everybody's nen/es, he's got a habit borowing money and forgetting to pay it back.
The model was so detailed that it was
spaceship.

or[

just like being in a real

I enjoy riding more than walking.

AI\IDCTIVE + PREFOSITION + V.ING

of angry with bored \Mith capable of excited about


afraid

of good at happy about interested in keen on


fond

responsible for

soryr for
sure of

tired of
(be) used to

I'm interested in acting


He's good at skiing.

I'm quite fond of living in a big city. I'm used to working hard.

55

VERB + PREPOSITION+ V-ING


apologise for approve of

feel like

dream of decide on /

against

insist on look forward to object to think of / about succeed in

I don't feel like studying


She doesn't approve of gambling He insisted on buying me a drink.

Bill has finally succeeded in finding

job.

VERB + OBIECT + PREPTOSITION + V-ING accuse ......... of congratulate . ... on ....

forgive prevent
They

for

stop ..... (from) suspect ..... of thank ....... for

.. (from)

accused me of telling lies.

I congratulate ]rou on passing the exam. Please forgive me for not writing to you What orevented him from coming to the wedding?
The police stopped everyone (from) leaving the building.

Did they susoect hirn of being a spy?


Thank you for being so nice.
C.

The follouring expressions are also followed

by

Gerunds.

It's no use/good worrying about it.

think this book is worth reading? You'll have no difficulty (in) passing the exam. It's a waste of time /monelz going there.
Do you She soends/wastes a lot of time day-dreaming.

How often do you gB shopping?


56

I[

RETIIEW OF PASIT PERTECT

a) Past Perfect Slmple & Continuous Underline the corect verb form.

Ex:

Everybody lcrew he (had stolen employer for years.

/ had been stealing )from his


been

I. I knew the facts of the case because I (had read/had 2.


three hours.

readin$ the report. My eyes ached because I (had read/had been reading )for
playng) in the garden, and they were covered in mud. I was very nervous at the beginning of the match. I (had never played / h,ad never been plairng ) with her before, and I dldn't know how good she was. Donald excelled himself as a cook. He (had cooked / had been cooking ) a wonderful Spanish dish. Donald was very cross. (He had worked / had been working ) ln the kitchen all morning, and no-one (had offered /had been offering) to help.

3. The children were filthy. They (had played/had been

4.
5.

6.

b) Past Slmple and Past Perfect

started

(already start) when

we arriued

(arrive).

1.

(not recognl.z,e) my old teacher because we


(not see) each other for filteen years.

2.

After
(go)

they

(finish) their work, they

for a drink.
(arrive) at her house, her mother
(EIo)

3. When I

she 4. My brother
told me that
(get) home.

out.

(eat) all the cake before we

5.

I was surprised to hear that

she in

(award) an
(be) only sixteen.

honors degree when

6. When

she Elizabeth I _(die)


forty years.

1603, she

(reign) for over

57

7.

After the burglary,

nothing

(touch) until the

police I
9. Henry
his house
10. He

(look) for fingerprints.

(write) to the shop to ask why my books


(not arrive) yet.
(come) home from holiday

to tind that
accident

hreak) into.

(refuse)
(be) his fault.

to admit that the

Past, Past Perfect, and Present Perfect: Simple & Continuous

Put the verbs in brackets

in

the correct past form.

"W'ell, you see, Officer,

(drive) down the


(overtake)

du al

carriageway, when this huge lorr5r the lorry


so

me.

(travel) at 70 miles an hour, so I've no idea what speed

Go).

(never see) a lorry travelling


(see) flames

fast. TWo miles further down the road I and smoke rising. That crazy driver
roundabout. He you
he's all right. When you
free the lorry

(crash) into the

(swerve) to avoid a boy on his bicycle.

(speak) to the boy (arrive),

yet? I think
(try) to

driver. I could smell alcohol on his breath. I think he _ (break) one of his legs, but

(drink). He
apart from that he's not too bad.

58

VERBS OF PERCEPTION

Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Say if you think both forms are possible. 1. Can you smell something burning? (burn) 2. I've never seen him dance/dancing (dance) 3. Nobody saw the two cars collide. (collide) (sit) on the balcony 4. I could see a man (get) up and (read) a newspaper. Then I saw him (go) indoors. (slither) 5. I turned round and saw a snake slowly towards me. (come) fast along the main road. 6. I could hear a car (brake) hard. I heard the driver (break) a window in the 7. I thought I heard someone next room. (explode), and felt the whole B. I heard the bomb

building_ I heard them heard someone


10. There

(shake).

(talk) in a low voice, and then suddenly I (shout) 'Help!'

was a fire in our street yesterday morning. I woke up early. (pour) I pulled the curtains and suddenly saw smoke

out of the house opposite. Then I heard the fire (ring) their bells and saw the first one engines (turn) the corner and (stop) outside the (stand) at the burning house. I saw a woman (open) the window upstairs window. I watched her
and could see her
(wave) at the

I (come) from the (arrive) and smell the smoke (carry) a large burning house. Then I saw the firemen (get) ready to catch blanket into the front garden and (shout) the woman. Then I heard the chief fireman 'Jump'. For a long time I watched the woman
opened my bedroom window,

fireman. As soon as I could hear more fire engines

(hesitate) before she decided to"jump. When she landed safely, I (shout) 'Hurray'. heard the firemen and the neighbours

59

TY.

ARTICI.ES

The indefinite article (a/ari is used:

a)

when the noun is mentioned for the first time.


You can llet an applicaUon form from the Post Office.

b) with

nouns (including professions) after the verbs be and

become when the'noun has indefinite reference.

I'd like to be a doctor.

It's an interesting book.

c)

in emphatic expressions after what and such


(before signular count hours).

What an incredible story!


She's such a kind person.

d) in expressions of ratio (price, speed, frequency, etc.)


ten pence a box, fifty miles an hour, twice a day.

e)

with certain numbers and expressions of quantity.


a dozen, a hundred, a thousand.
a lot of, a few, a little.

NOTE: a few apples a little water

= =

a small amount (neutral meaning)

BUT:

few

apples

hardly any (negative meaning)

little water
(The indefinite article can norrnally only be used with singular countable nouns. Indefinite reference with plural or uncountable nouns is indicated by zero article .)
B.

The definite article (the) is used:

a) before a noun which has

become definite because

it

has

already been mentioned, or when the reference is obvious. Then fill in the form, and send it off at once. He turned on the lights. Pass the sugar.
60

b)

before nouns which are defined by a phrase or clause.


The men with guns were police officers.

Where's the milk I bought? It led to the invention of photography.

c)
d)

before singular nouns to represent a class of things. The typewriter was invented in 1829.
before superlatives, and ordinal numbers.

the oldest man, the first president, the third of June BUT: First, let me welcome you.

e)

before names of rivers, seas, and plural names of countries. the

Nile, the Mediterranean, the United States, the USSR, the


British Isles.

0 d

before musical instruments. He plays the trumpet.

in the following phrases:


I'm going to the cinema /theatre / opera/b allet / office.

C.

kro article. No article is used: a) before plural, uncountable

and abstract nouns when they are used in a general sense. (Compare definite article b.)

Women live longer than men.

Milk contains lots of vitamins.


Necessity is the mother of invention.

b)

before the names of most countries, towns and streets.

I bought it in New York, near Fifth Avenue.

BUT: the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague.

c)

in emphatic expressions with what/such before mass nouns & plural count nouns What beautiful shoes! She has such pretty hair.
before the names of languages and subjects.

d)

I'm taking Spanish and History.


61

e) in certain idiomatic phrases, e.g. (prisoner) prison (patient) hospital (pupil) He went to school (student) University (tired Person) bed
BUT:
He visited the hospital.

They couldn't find the school.


She put

her suitcase
bus car tube boat

on the bed.

I came by

train
plane

It happened at
breakfast

lunch

kt's

have

tea

dawn noon midday sunset night midnight

supper dinner
Exercises:

FiIl in the blanks with the definite or indefinite article, if necessary. neighbours have j ust bought themselves 1.
new car. lovely weather! 2. What television? 3. Could you turn on 4. In my opinion, Penicillin is most useful medicine ever invented by uniforms at 5. We had to wear

man. school

I went to.

6. 7.
62

I've been

learning Shall we open

English for six years now. bottle of wine you bought?

8. At 9.
It's

school he was always interested in


drama and now

he's

actor.

lovely house but did you see how small kitchen was? How can anyone cook in such
small kitchen.

1O.

John

is

student who sits in front of the door.

V.

PHRASAL VERBS (Brtng)

Fill in each blank with the correct preposition. 1. Bringing children is not as easy as some people think it
is.

2. Going to the circus brings

the child

in

me.

by car exhaust fumes is one of 3. The smog brought main contributors to pollution. 4. Although the team were playing their third game that day, they
managed to bring it
a three-shift system in order 5. The firm has just brought to increase production. 6. After the operation, it took the doctors a long time to bring the patient

63

TINIT 28
rNFrNrTrvEs (sTIrDY
GITTDE)

A
1.

An infinitive \Mith 'to' is used after many verbs.


These verbs

take infinitive with


decide

'to'

afford
agree

appear

determine * expect

* ask attempt bear * bqg


begin
care

fail
forget

* choose * dare
VERB

happen hate help hesitate hope intend

learn like love manage mean neglect offer prefer * prepare pretend * promise

propose refuse regret remember


seem

start
swear

trouble try *want wish *would like

II\IFINTTIVE

I want to leave now. We can't afford to buy a new car. Hope to see you soon. He decided to go away this weekend.

Tom offered to lend me some money. I wouldn't dare to speak to him now. *The asterisked verbs can be used with or without an object before the infinitive.

VERB + (OBIBCT) + II\IFIMTWE

I don't want you to leave.


She asked me to pay for the meal. He would like us to come. We expected him to be late.

2. With some verbs infinitive.


VERB + OBIDCI

it is necessary to use an object before +

the

INFII\IITIVE

advise allow cause enable

encourage order

request teach tell

forbid force invite

permit persuade remind

warn

Remind me to phone Jane tomorrow! Who taught you to drive?


He warned us not to touch anything.
JO

3. After certain verbs it's possible to use a question word with the infinitive.
ask
decide

forget

know

explain

remember

tell show understand

I don't know who to invite. Can you tell me how to get to the station? Show us what to do.
Ask him where to park the car. Did you find out when to pay?

I don't lorow whether to answer his letter (or not).


5. A flew verbs like FIAPPEN, APPEAR and SEEM can take all forms of the infinitive.

Juan happens to own a castle in Toledo. (Simple)


He appears to be studying. (Continuous) They seem to have finished. (Perfect) The chairs appear to have been painted. (Past Passive)
The work seems to be finished. (Present Passive)

65

B. Many adjectives can be followed


ADT. + II\FIMTIVE

by

an infinitive with 'to'

I am pleased to meet you.


She was upset to hear that her sister was ill. He is difficult to understand.

It is_rmpossible to invite everybody to the party. It was kind of her to help us. My mother's getting too old to travel.
Would you be kind enough to open a window?
C. We can use TO, IN ORDER TO or SO AS

TO to refer to purpose.

He got a job to earn money for his holiday.

I got up early in order to have time to pack.


She went to France so as to learn French.

D. 1. LET and MAKE are followed by an object+infinitive without'to'

I 2.

won't let you ride my bike.

The teacher made the boys stay in after school. HELP is followed by an infinitive with or without 'to'. Mother helned me (to) do my homework.

E)@RCISES ON GERIJNDS AND INFIMTIIIES

a) Gerund or Infinitive? Underline the correct form. 1. I'm planning (to flylflying) to Chicago next week.

2.

The Porters' house is too small. They're considering (to buy buyrng) a bigger house.

3. We discussed (to golgoin$ to Colorado for our vacation. 4. He happens (to belbein$ the best student in the class. 5. The Millers can't afford (to buy/buying) a car. 6. Tommy doesn't like green vegetables . He refuses (to eat/eating)
them.
66

7. 8. 9.
10.

Keep (to

talk/talking). I'm listening. Bob doesn't like his job. He's talking about (to getlgetting)
new one. You seem (to be/being) in a good mood today.

When you finish (to clean/cleaningl), can you help me in the kitchen.

11. George intends (to belbeing) a doctor when he grows up.


12.

Ann offered (to look/loohrg) after our children while


were out.

we

13. He pretended not (to


14.

hear/hearin$ me but I'm sure he did. We managed (to getlgetting) to the airport on time in spite of

the traffic. 15. The boss was very


contradictin$ him.
16.

strict.

Nobody dared (to contradict/

It was cold and rainy yesterday, so we postponed (to visit/ visiting) the zoo.
we

my party. 18. Our neighbour threatened (to call / calling) the police if
17. Jack promised (to come/comin$ to

didn't stop the noise.


19. She can't stand (to sleep/sleeping) open.

in a room with no window

20. I can't imagine George (to ride/riding) a motorbike.

21. He denied (to give/giving) away the secret. 22. Hisjob involves (to work/working) all sorts of hours. 23. Mary admitted (to be/being) rude to the new girl.

24.When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not (to have/having) to get up


earty.

25. Soon after (to take/takin$ off, the plane crashed. 26. I'm quite excited about (to start/startin$ the new project. 27. He left the room without anyone (to see/seein$ him.

28.I was really delighted (to getlgetting) your letter last week. 29. rt was careless of Jack (to leave /leaving) his apartment door
unlocked when he went on holiday.
3O. You

must practise (to answer/answerin$ this sort of questions

for the exam.

b) Rewrite the following 1. Having good friends is important.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

It is It's not a good idea to travel at night.


It's better to avoid
He's sorry that he didn't lock his car. He regrets
Please don't

tell anyone that I'm leaving my job.

I don't want
My father said I could use his car. My father allowed

Don't work if you don't need the money.


There's no point

Would you like to have dinner with me?'

Bill invited
The driver of the car said it was true that he was drunk. The driver of the car admitted
you've made a mistake.

9. I think
1O.

You seem Could you turn down the radio, please? Would you mind
11. I was surprised

that it rained.

I didn't expect
12. "I

think it would be best if I told the police about the

accident".
She advised
13. The

night guard told the police that he hadn't taken the files.

The night guard denied


14. Don't smoke. It's a waste of money.

It's a waste of money


15. Learning a second language takes a

long

time.

It takes
68

16.

It is quite easy to answer those questions.


Those questions

17. I

think they are argui4g.

They appear
18. If you have got a car, you're able to travel around more easily.

Having a car enables


19.

I told you that you shouldn't tell him anything.


I warned

20. 'I'll drive you to the station, Ann' Tom said.


Tom insisted 21. You aren't payrng attention to me' the teacher said to the boy. The teacher accused 22. l'd visit the museum if I were you. The museum is worth 23. George took more exercise and so lost weight.

By
24. Tom finds

it difficult to talk about his problems.

Tom has 25. He translated the article. He didn't use a dictionary.


He translated the article without 26. At first I didn't want to go out

but Bill persuaded me.

Bill persuaded
27. Sally wanted to get my attention so she touched my shoulder. Sally touched my shoulder so as
28. A good restaurant is hard to find in this town.

It is
29. Jane is a very good cook.

Jane is good at
3O.

He was seriously hurt in the accident but he managed to


recover.

In spite of

69

IIt

INF'IMITTIESWTTTIOIJT'TO'

A) MAKE

/ LET

Rewrite each sentence using either IVIAKE or LET without changing

the meaning.

1.

This rainy weather causes me to feel depressed.


Tom wasn't allowed to take the exam.
We couldn't smoke in Mr. Osborne's office.

2. 3. 4.

Their mother forced the children to drink milk every night but they didn't have to finish their meals.

For further exercises refer to 'Grammar Supplementary Material and Exercises'p. 265, exercise I.

b) WOULD RATHER

1.

WOULD RATHER DO Shall we go by train? Well, I'd rather go by car. (- I'd prefer to)
Do you want to go out this evening? I'd rather not.

I'd rather

stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.

2.

WOULD RATHER SOMEONE

DID

SOMETHING.

I'd rather you cboked the dinner now. (= I want you to) I'd rather he didn't tell anyone what I said. (= I dont want him to

a)

Answer using WOULD RATHER.

1. Shall we play tennis? Well. I'd rather go for a swim. 2. Will you phone Tom? Well. I'd rather )zou phoned him. 3. Shall we watch TV? 4. Shall we leave now? 5. Will you do the washing-up? 6. Will you go to the bank? 7. Do you mind if I smoke?
70

8. 9.

Do you want to eat now? Can I use the phone?

10. Will you

tell him what happened?

b)

Answer using tfre correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. A B:

Do you mind if I leave this job

till

tomomor/'?

I'd rather

gslicl

(do)

it today.

2. A Can we open our presents nou? (not open) them until your father B: I'd rather_
gets home.

3. A

earffi B: Well, there's a lot of work to be done. I'd rather (stay) until 4 o'clock.
Do you mind I go home

if

4. A Is he getting better? B: I'm not sure. In any case, I'd rather


mention) it when you see him.

(not

5. A Why don't you want me to go out with him? B: I don't think he's the right kind of boy foryou. I'd rather
(not go out) with him. That's all.

6. A
B:

Didn't you like her perforrnance in the play?


Yes,

but I'd rather

(concentrate) her

energies on serious work.

7. A Don't you think you're being a bit old-fashioned? B: I'd rather_(not call) me that.
c) I{AD BETTER
Read each situation and write a sentence with FIAD BETTER

1.

You're going out for a walk with Tom. You think it might rain so you should take an umbrella. What do you say to Tom?

2.

Tom doesn't look very well. You don't think he should go to work today. What do you say to him?

7l

3. 4.

Ann suddenly begins to feel What do you say to het?

ill.

You think she should sit down.

You and Tom are going to the theatre. You've just missed the bus. You think you should take taxi. What do you say to
Tom?

5. Ann wants to play the piano late at night.

You know that

she'll wake up the people next door. What do you say to her?

6.

You and Ann are going to a restaurant for a meal. You think you should reserve a table in case the restaurant is crowded. What do you say to her? Tom has just cut himself. You think he should put a plaster on the cut. What do you say to him?

7. 8.

You are going to drive your car on holiday. You think you should have it serviced before you go. What do you say (to
yourselfl?

9.

You are by a river. It's a very warrn day and your friend suggests going for a swim. You don't think you should do this because the river looks very dirty. What do you say?

IIY.

DOI'BI,E COMPARATIVES Rewrite the following sentences in the same way as in the example given. Use the given words.

Ex

As I get older, I become more irritable. (older) The older I get. the more irritable I become.

1. As the game went on, the players became more exhausted (longer)

2. When I ttrink about the situation, I feel less happy. (more)

72

3. If you

go on eating so

much, you wifl get fatter.

(more)

4. If you continue to drive


(faster)

so fast , you are likely to have an accident.

5. If we get there early, we will have a good chance of getting seats.


(earlier)

V.

PHRASAL VERBS (Look, C.et)

a) Fill in each blank with an appropriate phrasal verb from the list below. Put them in the correct tense.
look after look for look in look into look out look through look up look up to
get off

get on get on with get out of


get over get

round to

$et through

1. The students did everything possible They certainly didn't want to do it.

to

work.

2. The administration will the applications and pick out the applicants that seem promising.

3. The newly engaged couple realized that they wouldn't be able to


each other and decided to split up.

4. My mother is very old and can't live alone. She needs someone to
her.

5. I'm Tom. Have you seen him? 6. I fell asleep on the bus, so I had to a stop later than I had intended to. 7. -Ihe students you and admire you. you are an idol
for them.

8. The children

are

very well in school.


73

9.
10. 11. L2.

He needs his dictionary to word 'apotheosis'.

the meaning of the

"

There's a dog standing in the road!"

It took us a long time to My mother is

the shock.

ill. I think I'l to

toni$ht on my way
to you for over an hour. Where

home and see if she needs anything.


13. I've been

trying

have you been?

L4.It took her two years to


though she needed one.
15.

buying a car, even

They wanted an independent financial controller to


the city's accounts.

b) Complete these sentences with the verb 'look' in an appropriate


form, and choose the correct preposition or adverb.

forward to for out after 1. Baby-sitters are people who 2. I wonder what 'scratch' means. I'll
dictionary.

uP

in the

3.

A : What are you doing on your hands and knees?

B:
4.

my glasses. Have you seen them


!

anywhere?

That box is going to fall on your head! meeting you for a long time.

5.

It's a great pleasure to meet you. I've heard a lot about you and

74

T'NIT 3 B t
ExPRESSTNG gUANTTTY & NUMBER

a) Rewrite the sentences usinS one of the following forms

a few / few / a little / little


Make the necessary changes.

Ex
1.

Not many people know the answer to that question.


Few people lorow the answer to

that question.

Help yourself

to a biscuit.

There are one or two left in the tin.

2. 3.

My days are so busy that I don't have much time for reluration.
She's exceptionally generous. Hardly anyone gives more money

to charity

than

she does.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

There's a tiny bit of butter left, but not much.

He keeps trying, although he doesn't have


SUCCCSS

much chance of

"I'm afraid you need three or four fillings," said the dentist.
He must have made a hundred clocks in his life, but only one or two of them have ever worked properly. She wasn't very hungry. She

just had some soup.

75

b) Compare the following sentences. There are different ways of saying 'Uohn doesn't know the answer to the question, and Mary
doesn't, either."

John doesn't know the answer to the question, and neither/nor


does Mary.

Neither John nor Mary knows the answer to the question. Neither John nor the girls know the answer to the question.
Note that the verb is determined by the noun closest to it.

Now change each of the sentences below twice, using two alternative forms, as in the examples above.

1.

Neither Jones nor Smith stole the money.

2. 3.

Sally didn't win the race, nor did Anne.

Paul doesn't want to play and Susan doesn't either.

4. The Democratic

Nationalists won't win

the

election and

neither wfll the Nationalist Democrats.

5.

Neither Bob nor his fathelr has ever done a day's work in his whole life.

6. 7. 8.

James didn't arrive on time, nor did Gerald.

Robin hasn't got any money and Angela hasn't either. Neither Robtn Neither she nor I care what you say. (Note the verb form.) She doesn't care what you say

76

Complete each sentence \ rlth a word/ phrase from the list below.

much many
a

lot

(o0

plenty (o0 Itttle a llttle

few a few

E:<:

At the party, there

weren't many

people I had seen

before.

1. It cost me money to furnish this house. time. 2. We'll have to hurry. We haven't got money. 3. He's got no financial problems. He's got words. English, only 4. He doesn't speak
5.
6.

Would you like some wine?'


We didn't
holiday.

'Yes,

but only

take

photographs when we were on

7.

Thts town lsn't very well-known and there isn't much to see, so tourists come here.

There
9. 10.

is a shortage of water because there has been very


rain recently.

I can't believe you're still hungry. You've It's not a very lively town. There

had

to eat. to do.

isn't

Choose the appropriate words to complete these sentences about the British Isles and its languages.

both (...and)

neither (...nor) /either (...or) /none/also/no.

In England, a person who measures 1.83 meters is said to be 6 feet (2)6 foot tall. A horse, however, is -(1)(3)-measured in in feet, like a person,(4)fingers, like whislcy: it is measured in hands.

In Scotland, (5)_ English (6)_ Scottish bank notesareused.Thereare(7)-ScottishcoinS,though. Three Scottish banks have the right to issue banknotes. (8)of the English banks (other than the Bank of

England) has that right. In Wales, although some people speak only Welsh, and others only English, many speak (9)English (1o)welsh. (l l)_ languages are taught in schools.

Northern Ireland (13)_ the southern part of Ireland (a republic known as Eire) are included in what is called Great Britain. Northern Ireland, however, is considered to be part of the United Kingdom. The traditional language of Ireland is Gaelic; another form of Gaelic is(14)_ spoken in parts of Scotland.

(12)_

NOI,'N CLI\USFS

The use of noun clauses.

1.

Noun clauses are used in the same way as single-word nouns, as the subject or the object of a sentence.

His house is beautiful. Where he lives is beautiful I don't know the answer. I don't know what the answer is.

2.

Subordinators like what, who, how, etc., whether introduce noun clauses.
Why she's angry hasn't worried me. What she said was excellent. I was worried about how sick he was. I'm sure (tha!) he'Il succeed. I don't know whether he'll be here on time(or not)

/ if, that

Exercises:

Rewrite the following with noun clauses as the subj ect or the object.

1.

2. 3.

We're doing something. It's not very easy. What we're doing is not very easlr. You said something to Mary at the party. It made her angry.

You wrote something to me in a letter a week


forgotten it.

ago.

I've

78

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.

I'm

saSringi

something. Can you understand it?

She's holding something in her

hand. Can you

see it?

You want to go somewhere. Does everybody loeow it? They are going somewhere tonight. I'm not interested in it.
She dresses

in an unusual way. It doesn't concern me.

She refused the present. The reason is a mystery.

She spends ail her money on clothes. The reason is not our business.

[t

E)PRESSIONS \trITH TISED TO

'

A. Used to + Infinitive

1. This form (used to do/used to smoke etc.) is used to say that something regularly happened in the past but no longer
happens.

2.

There is no present form of 'used to'. It is always past. You cannot say 'I use to do'. For the present, use the present simple (I do). Compare the present and past.
PAST PRESENT

he used to smoke
we used to live

he smokes we live

there used to be

there is

3.

The normal question form is did ..... use to .....?: - Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? The negative form is didn't use to ..... (or 'used not to') - Jack didn't use to go out very often until he met Jill.

B. BelGet Used to + Noun/Gerund 1. I'm used to something = it is not new or strange for me: - Frank lives alone. He doesn't mind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. So he is used to it. He is used to living
79

alone. - My new shoes felt a bit strange wasn't used to them.

at first because I

- Our new flat is on a very busy street. I e:rpect we'll get used to lhg noise but at the moment we find it very disturbing. - Fred has a newjob. He has to get up much earlier -at 6.30. He finds this difficult at present because he isn't used to gettjng up so early.

2.

Notice that we say'She is used to driving on the left.' (not'she is used to drive'). In the expression the 'to' is a preposition 'be/get used to', not a part of the infinitive . So we say: - Frank is used to living alone. (not 'is used to live')
- Jane had to get used to driving on the
drive')

left. (not 'get used to

3.

Do not confuse I am used to doing (belget used to) with I used to do. They are different in structure and in meaninS.
I am used to (doing) something = Something isn't strange for me: - I am used to the weather in this country. - I am used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain long time.
a

C. Exercise

with

1Jsed

to'

expressions:

Write the corect form: USED TO DO or BEIGET USED TO DOING 1. These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had (get) up early. ajob, I (wear) glasses. 2. It took me a long time to (be) very fit. Now he's in terrible 3. Bill condition. (drive) on the left when I moved to 4. I England. 5. In spite of the large audience,he wasn't nervous, because he (give) lectures. (go) swimming 6. When I was a child, I weryday. (eat) 7. You'll have to change your. habits and less if you want to lose weight. (run) fast. 8. Ron gets tired quickly because he
80

9.

Tom

(drint<) a lot of coffee when he was at

school. Now he only drinks tea. 10. I 0ike) Ann but now she gets on my nerves. 11. There (be) a cinema on this corner but it was knocked down. 12. When he first came to London, he (wash) his own clothes because his mother had always done it for him. Finally he (tve) alone and now he (take) care of himself, like other young
bachelors.

13. when Jack went to the Middle East from England, he had great
difficulty because he 14. You'll have to
be a nurse.

the heat. (work) nights if you want to


her strange clothes so nobody

15.

People

criticizcs her.

16. Julia couldn't (see) blood so she gave up herjob in the hospital. L7. Mr. Jenkins (drink) a lot when he was a young man. Luckily, he gave it up later. 18. Mary (run) a few kflometres every day but she hardly has any time forjogging now.

IV.

PHRASI\L VERBS (Come)

Rewrite the following sentences, substituting the verb come in the corect tense and the correct preposition for the underlined words : 1. I found this old diary quite by chance in my desk.

2. Inok! The spring flowers have started to bloom.


3. We seem to have encountered an insoluble problem.

4. I don't know if this experiment will succeed, but it's worth trying.
5. A: How is the patient? B: Unfortunately, he is still unconscious.
B: yet.
81

V.

VERB + PREPOSITION

df Rewrite each sentence without changing its meaning. 1. I don't mind pop music but I prefer classical music.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I prefer He has enemies but he has a bodyguard to protect him. his enemies. He has a bodyguard to protect I got all the information I needed from Tom. Tom provided I bought a pair of shoes this morning . They cost 4O pounds. This morning I spent There are three main parts of the skeleton; the skull, the spinal column and the limbs. The body consists There is very little difference between the original and the reproduction of the painting. Only an expert can distinguish You say good things about this company but I do not agree. I disagree

b) Fill in each blank with a suitable preposition. I. Nearly 1OO people have applied

the job which

2. 3. 4. 5.

calls for only 2O employees. Yesterday I heard John arguing my father who was going drive the car. The teacher had to complain the behaviour of her students the director of the school. No one believed us or what we were doing.

Seventy-five percent of malnutrition.


losers.

that country's population suffers


yourself

6. The only way to stay a winner is to surround 7.


The fee is low, school. 'satin'

compared

that at any other private

8. Most of the students have confused the 9.


82

words

'satire' in their papers. The rain discouraged us Soing out.

CONSOLIDATION 1B - 38

ARTICX,ES

Each of the sentences on the right might logically follow one of those on the left. Find the connections and write the appropriate letter on the line before the member it goes with.

1. I don't like the coffee.

a) You'llgetusedto itonceyou

2. 3.
4.

get in. I don't like coffee. b) It's better for you, though. Ofl has gone up by 5 cents a barel. c) That's because it's imported.

The oil is

low. days?

d) No, it's not very good, is


it?

5. Did you know that you can only


live without water for four

e) Up goes the cost of living


again.

6. The water isn't very hot. 7. Brown rice takes longer to cook
than white

I'll get some put in at the


next garage
too?

rice. rice? it

g) Some more meat, h) Tea, then?

8.

Could you pass the

i) j)

9.The yogurt was terr'rfic. I miss

lO.Yogurt's expensive

there.

Did you try it as a drink,. with water and a little salt It depends where you are and what you're doing,
sure\/.2

II.

TENSES
a) Present and Past tenses

Not all students of English are hardworking. What do you think the teacher and students actually said in this conversation? Use the Present Perfect, Past Simple or Past Perfect.
TEACHER

Right, I'll collect your homework now.


1

STUDENT
TEACHER

I 1)
And yours?
Sorry,

(leave)

it at home, sir.
(not have) time to do it. 83

STUDENT 2

sir. I 2)

TEACHER

What about you?

STUDENT 3
TEACHER

r3)
And you?

(not do) it either, sir.


(forget) to take my book home,

STUDENT 4
TEACHER

| 4)
sir.

You haven't done it either, I suppose?

STUDENT 5
TEACHER

5)

(not be) here yesterday, sir.

I see. Get out your books and do it now. What


is it, Mehmet?

MEHMET
TEACHER

r6)
Ali?

( lose)

my book.

Well, share with Ali, then. Where's your pen,

ALI

:I can't find it, sir. I think


(steal) it. Use a pencil, then.

someone

7)

TEACHER

ALI
TEACHER

I I

8) 9)

(lend)

my pencil to someone.
(lend ) it

Well, get it back.


(forget) who 10) _

ALI

to.
TEACHER

Someone lend him a pen, please. Now, Ahmet,

AHMET

what's your answer to the first question? (break) my I can't read it, sir. I (11)
glasses.

TEACHER

All right, all right. Emine, then. Where's Emine,


Serap?

SERAP

(12)

(not see) her, sir.

TEACHER

Has anyone seen Emine today'?

STUDENT 6

(say) she (14)_ (leave) her homework on the (go) home to kitchen table. She (15)_ Yes, sir.
get it.

She (13)____

b) Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past

Perfect.

1. He he 2. Someone

(realise)

he

(forget) his key after

(shut ) the door. (steal) his motorcycle


(buy)

just after

he

it (arrive) after the house


(get) home, Joanna (taste) the casserole

3. The Fire Brigade


(burn down).

4. 5. 6.
7.

As soon as they (feel) quite flI. It wasn't until she (understand)


disaster.

that she

it

(be) a complete

They the tyres The builders


as soon as the

fust begin) to enjoy the drive when one of


(burst).

(start) the alterations to the house

materials

(arrive).

8. 9.

Someone
(had)

(crash) into our car before we

They

company_ announcement 10. Just after she (realise) she IIt


REPORTED SPE,ECH

it for two months. (find) out about the changes the (plan) to make long before the official
(appear) in the press. . (leave) the supermarket she
(leave) her cheque-book behind.

When reporting statements or questions we often mention the way they were said or asked, or the intention behind them.

Ex:

you see Mrs. Anderson, don't forget to thank her," Mrs. Smith said to her son. (remind) Mrs. Smith reminded her son to thank Mrs. Anderson.
'nV\Ihen

Rewrite these sentences in the same way, using the words in italics.

1.

'"UVhy

don't we go to the new Indian restaurant tonight," she said.

(suggest)

85

2. 'You must come and have dinner with us," she said. (insist) 3. 'Would you like to he asked. (invite)
go

with us to the football match on Thursday?"

4. "If you want tickets for next week's show you'd better book now""
he said. (warn) 5. "If I were you, I'd go to the police immediately and tell them everything," she said. (advise)

TY. VERB + PREFOSIUON


a) Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.
(Young woman to friend)

AIdon'tblameyou1)-wantin$togiveupyourjob.But
youwouldn'tbeabletoconcentrate2)-yourpainting

if you were worried about money. B: You're right, of course. Thanks 3)_
(Bookseller to customer)

the advice.

A The complete set consists 4)_ twelve volumes. B: I'm not sure. It depends 5)_ the payments. A You needn't decide straight away; think 6)it.
b) Complete these questions with suitable prepositions.

1. Do you suffer migraine? 2. Do you ever worry money? 3. Do you spend a lot of time homework? 4. Do you approve heart transplants? 5. Do you often quarrel your relatives? 6. Do you believe ghosts? 7. Do you succeed everything you attempt?
86

8. Have you ever saved anyone dangef 9. Are you fairly independent, or do you rely a lot
other people?

10. Are you fairly flexible, or do you always insist


having your own way?

V.

ATIIDCTIVE + PREFOSITION Complete these sentences, with suitable prepositions.

1. She was so angry me. 2. She said she was afraid dogs. 3. I felt really ashamed myself 4. After all, I was told to stay close him. 5. I was responsible _ him. 6. I just got tired sitting in that awful room. 7. The room was small and dark and full empty bottles
and dirty dishes.

8. I felt sorry him, when I heard about his accident. 9. I didn't think he would be capable doing anything. 10. Obviously, I was wrong him. 11. I still don't know how he was able get away. L2. I don't think I'm very good this kind of thing. 13. I'm sorrlr the fight we had.

87

Vt

PHRASALVERBS Choose a word or phrase (.-p) which could replace the underlined words. Write the letter after the sentence .

Ex:

Why don't you look uo those words in a dictionary. E)

a b c d e f g h I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

able recovering admires blossom took care of be careful search for return
was finally

i j k I
m

appeared

regain consciousness found


avoids make progress

n
p

o is

investigating faced with examining

Look out! You're going to drop the plates. When all the flowers come out, the garden will look beautiful.

While I was painting the cellar, I came across this old vase. The police are looking into last week's robbery at the school.
She was very

ill for for a while, but she is getting over it now.

The nurses looked after me very well when I was

in

hospital.

She is looking through the schedule carefully to see

if she can

find a plane to Paris after 7 prr,. After the accident the injured boy didn't come to until after he was taken to the hospital. Sally looks up to her aunt because she's a very successful criminal lawyer.

10. Some new students always Aet on better than others. 11. My little brother gets out of washing dishes by crying and
saying he's tired.

L2. Gradually,

the company got round to paying its employees last

month's wages.

13. When there is no water, everyone comes up against the 14. 15. John plans to come back on Saturday.
problem of keeping themselves and their clothes clean. The moon suddenly came out from behind the clouds"

88

T,NIT 48

DXPRES}SING TIME

a) Complete the sentences using one of the time expressions or words in the box.
previously afterwards meanwhile

during
at first

until
while
before

AS

for
since

in last

rang he was in the bath. 2. Mary had a stomach-ache the night. 3. Everybody got up and left the film ended. 4. I haven't seen him we were in high school. 5. She told us she had lived in Paris. 6. The plane's arriving in an hour. , let's have a cup
1.
The phone
of tea.

7.

She insisted on staying


though it was awful.

the film ended even

8. Why don't we go to the parlf , we can visit Lucy. 9. Just he was leaving the office, an important customer arrived.

10.

IVe been

jogging

two years.

I wasn't

able to run very far without getting tired, but my body got used to

it

89

b) By + Until o UNTIL is used to talk about a situation or state that continued

or will continue

uP to future time.

In most countries, women were not permitted to vote until the twentieth century. He has to work until midnight. He will practise until he learns the song.

BY is used for an action that will (or will not) happen on or


I had to be home by 10 o'clock every night'

before a certain moment.

Exercises: Now try to decide for yourselves whether to use

until or bv. the 7th of July. 1. I won't be coming to see you 2. Make sure that you have finished painting the house
next Wednesday. your stomach is flat. 3. Keep on doing exercises the time you got up. 4. I had finished my brealdast weigh-in tonight. 5. Make sure you have lost two pounds you have learned Some manners. 6. Don't come home the end of the month to PaY the rent 7. You have - month or else you're out. the end of the 8. Pay the rent

9. I'll be

home 1O.I'll be home

5:OO. Make sure you come by then.


5:OO, so come after

that.

c) Use of tenses after certain conjunctions. oNotice that a future form is not used after these words: if, when, as soon as, until, before, after, and unless' . I'll tell you when I am ready. (not: when I \Mill be ready) Make sure you tidy up before the guests come. (not: will

come)

.present Perfect can be used to show that an action is completed before the next one begins. q. when you have read my book, could you give it back to me? of course, as soon as I've finished it, I'11 give it to you.

90

Exercises:

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense: Present Simple, Present
Perfect,

or Future

1.

I children

(not be) in touch unless

there

(be)

something urgent to tell you. 2. The 3. 4.


(not go) to bed until they (phone) me before
(have) a glass of milk.

You
won't you?

you

(go) away,

k When B: When I

you go) to the pub? (finish) this work.

It
(be) late.

(take)

about another hour.

5. If you 6. I
7. I'm sure you
your medicine.

(not hurry) up,

we
as

(come) to London as soon

you _

(find)

somewhere for us to live.


(feel) a lot better after you

(take)

8. We 9.
10.

(have) dinner as soon as all the guests


(arrive).

You
will you?

(not forget) to lock the door if (not let) you go until you

you

(go) out,

(tetl) me the

truth. Which one of you did it?

MODALVERBS

a) Rewrite the following using the correct form of one of these: can't /couldn't, lgay / might (not). must.

1. I'm sure he's working. He mustbe usorktno. 2. Perhaps he's going to ask me. He might ask me 3. I'm sure he's not French. 4. Perhaps he was listening. 5. I'm sure she wasn't at work.
91

6. 7. 8. 9.

Perhaps he went home. Perhaps she's not coming.

I'm sure they weren't camping.


Perhaps they haven't linished.

10. Perhaps he

was tired.

11. I'm sure she was feeling ill. 12. I'm sure the snow's melted. 13. I'm sure they haven't been waiting long. 14. I'm sure he took the receipt.

b) Write a sentence for each situation using the corect form of these
modals: should(n't)

needn't

1. A man stepped out in front of Joe's car. Joe wasn't


concentrating on his driving, so he hit the man. Joe should haue been driuino carefullu

2. 3. 4.

Colin and Janice are playing football in a busy road.


The lake in the park is quite deep but there is no notice saying 'Danger'nearby.

I drove my car because I didn't

l,oeow

you lived so near.

5. There's no need for you to go to the library. I have an extra


copy of the book.

6.

The baby has picked up a worrn. Jane isn't watching the


baby.

7. 8.

Dick was smoking in bed. He fell asleep.

I had a large dinner before going to the party because nobody told me food would be provided.

u2

c) Change the following into passive using the corect form of these modals: can't /couldn't. rr^a:r / might (not). should (not).
needn't, must.

1. They must have stolen the money.


The moneLt must haue been stolen

2. 3. 4. 5.

It is not a good idea to turn down the offer.


The offer

I'm sure the police didn't arrest Jack at the demonstration.

Jack
Perhaps they'll send the letters soon. The letters

It wasn't necessary to call the doctor.


The doctor

6. It was wrong of them to put the matches where the children


could reach them.
The matches

7. 8. 9.

I'm sure someone cleaned your room while you were away. Your room
Perhaps someone took your bag by mistake.

Your bag

I'm sure they haven't reported the accident to the police yet.
The accident

93

IIr

grrEsTroN TAGS
Here is how to make the question tag:

sentence. She comes from Spain. Make it negative/positive. She doesn't come from Spain. Invert the subject and the auxiliary. doesn't she? Add it to the original sentence. She comes from Spain,
Take the original doesn't she?
Now make tags of your own.

1. It's freezing, 2. We need some milk, 3. She bought one, 4. You've growrr, 5. We'd better take a taxi, 6. She always plays tennis 7. Be careful, 8. I'm so stupid, 9. Let's go out, 10. He never smiles,

on Sundays,

Practise salnng these sentences with a falling intonation.

Look round the classroom for someone you do not know very well.
Make some guesses about them: whether they are married, what they
do for a living, and so

on.

Decide whether you are sure or unsure and

then ask your questions. Practise both intonation patterns.

gL

IY.

IN CASE & SO TIIAT 1. tn case We use ln case to talk about things we do in advance to help us there is a problem later.

if

Jan Little carried a stick ln case she met any wild animals. precautton she something unpleasant took in aduance or unu)elcome that might happen . We can use ln case + the simple present tense to talk about the future. q. "Take an umbrella so (that) you won't get wet" means the same as "Take an umbrella in case it rains".

o
eg.

We can use

ln case

+ the simple past tense to

talk about any time

in the past.
"She took an umbrella in case it rained" means the same as "She took an umbrella so (that) she wouldn't get wet."

2. so that

Jan

used rope and pteces oJ cloth to mark the tuag so tuouldtt't get Lost.

that

she

We use so that to show a first action is performed to prepare for and help achieve a second action. She prepared a map because she didn't want to get lost. She prepared a map so that she wouldn't get lost. She prepared a map in case she got lost.
Exercises:

Join the following sentences using either in case or so that. any changes that are necessary. 1. You should insure your house. You may have a fire.

Make

2.

The film star wore dark glasses. He didn't want anyone to recognize him.

95

3. 4.

She packed the glasses

carefully. She didn't want them to get

broken in the post. You should always carry a jack and You may have a puncture.

spare tyre in the boot.

5. Take this serum with you. There are snakes in the forest and
you might get bitten.

6.

The thief wore gloves. He didn't want to leave any fingerprints.

7. 8.

The notices in the hotel are in seven languages. The manager wants everyone to understand them.
You had better take traveller's cheques. If they get stolen, you can get some new ones.

V.

PHRASALVERBS

Fill in each blank with (a) suitable preposition(s). 1. The probability of a nuclear weapon going
accident is slight.

by

2. We should go

the whole project and see if there are

any problems. 3. How long can you go sleep? gastric flu. 4. I was feeling tired and ill and finally went 5. I need to buy shoes to go my new red dress. 6. He went Guy's books to find something about Poland. 7. Last year over 2OOO competitors went the Olympic
Games.

8. The BAA argues

that air traffic is increasing and will

go

doing so.

96

VL

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

Complete the sentences with a preposition and the correct form of


the verb.

1. I apologized on her toe. (step) Ann 2. I thanked Sam me fix my car. (help) him 3. His parents didn't approve
late. (stay)

out so

4.

Please forgive me

your birthday. (forget)


me to the airport. (take)

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

My friend insisted
Please excuse me

late. (be)

In my old job I was bored I'm not very good I'm sure you're capable

the same thing everyday. (do) things. (repair) the exams. (pass)
keen

10. We stayed at home because Ann wasn't very


out in the rain.
(go)

11. The police are responsible law and order. (maintain) 12. Let's go. I'm tired . (wait) 13. After a long time, we succeeded a flat. (find) 14. He's been talking for a new job. (look) 15. I wonder what prevented him to the party. (come) 16. I'm hungry. I'm looking forward dinner. (have) 17. I don't feel today. (study) 18. The man was suspected into a house. (break) 19. Have you ever been accused a crime? (commit)

20. IVe always dreamed

in the country. (live)

TINIT 5 B
THE PASSTVE VOIC.E Write the corect form of the given verbs in the spaces provided. Probably the most successful of all artificial languages is Esperanto,

which

1)

(create)
2)

Esperanto

by Ludwik Zamenhof in L887. (be made up o0 several thousand

Indo-European root words. From these roots approximately 2O,OOO (form) by the addition of various affixes. words 3)
Today, several million people around the world 4)
(speak)

Esperanto
5)

as a

second language. Many books and journals (write) in it. Almost all international exhibitions use
(advertise) in foreign countries because

Esperanto
7)

6)

it

(understand) easily, even by those who do not know

it.

The language

8)

(use) successfully at hundreds of

international conferences since the 195O's.


IL

INFINITM or GERLII\ID: SPECIAL CASES Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund. Sometimes
there is little or no change in meaning: sometimes there is.

I. With

LOVE, FIATE & PREFER there isn't much difference between

the two structures. I love lying / to lie on my back and staring


Some people hate working

/ to stare at the sky.

/ to work early in the morning. Personally, I prefer working / to work in the morning.
*Note the other uses with PREFER

Tom prefers driving to travelling by train Tom prefers to drive rather than travel by train.

I usually prefer drinking coffee without sugar but tonight I'd prefer to have some sugar.

98

2. BEGIN, START CONTINUE can be followed by either the gen:nd or


infinitive.
The baby_begag crying

/ to cry.

/ to rain He continued working / to work after his illness.

It has started raining

3. Like + gerund = enjoy I like walking in the rain.


Like + infinitive = choose to be in the habit of or think it right to. I like to get up early so that I can do a lot of work before lunch. I heard you talking and I didn't like to disturb you so I went away.
Note that there are no meaning differences between the two forms

in American English, so you can use both forms to express the


same meaning.

4. There are two possible structures after ADVISE, RECOMMEND, ALLOW, PERMIT, ENCOURAGE, although there is no meaning
dilference.

VERB + GERUND
We don't allow smoking in here.

I wouldn't advise taking the car.


He doesn't recommend stayr'ng

at that hotel

VERB + ORIECT + INFINITWE We don't allow people to smoke in here. I wouldn't advise you to take the

car.

He doesn't recommend us to stay at that hotel.

99

5.

REMEMBER, FORGET and REGRET the difference is connected with time. The gerund refers to the past; the infinitive refers to an action in the future (or to a 'future' action as seen from
the past).

with

Remember + gerund= Remember what one has done or what has happened.
I'11

always remember meeting you for the first time.

t remember paymg the bill. (=I paid the bill and I remember the action.) Remember + infinitive = Remember what one has

/ had to do.

Remember to post the letters, (-Don't forget to.. .......)

I remembered to water the flowers before we left. (=I didn't forAet


to....)

B. Forget + gerund= forget what


happened.

one has done or what has

I'll never forget seeing the Queen.


Have you forgotten meeting

BiIl?

(You met him)

Forget + infinitive = forget what one has

/ had to do.

Don't forget to give her my letter. I forgot to ask Tom. (=I didn't ask him)

C.

regret + gerund = be sorry for what has happened. I regret leaving the firm after 2O years. regret + infinitive

sorry for what one is

/ was going to say.

I regret to tell you that we can't offer you a job.

100

6. The infinitive and gerund have different meanings when used after
STOP, GO ON, TRY.

D.

Stop + gerund- stop what one does I re ally must-Stop-qUoking..

/ is doing.

When he told the story, we just couldn't stop laughing.

Stop + infinitive = make a break or pause in order to do


something else. Every half hour I stop (work) to smoke. On the way to the station, I stopped to buy a newspaper.

E.

Go on + gerund = continue what one has been doing. How long do you intend to go on plalring those terrible records? Go on + infinitive = change/ move on to something new

He welcomed the new students and went on to explain the


school regulations.

F.

trv + gerund = make an experiment/do something to see what will happen. I tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect. Tr:v putting in some sugar that might make it taste better. try + infinitive = mak an effort/attempt to do something
difficult.
Please

try to understand!

I once tried to learn Japanese. 7. 'Ihe gerund after NEED is used in a passive sense.
NEED + GERUND : need to be done.

Your hair needs cutting.


The garden needs watering.
NEED + INFINITME : refers to necessity.

I need to take more exercise.


He needs to work harder.

101

8. Verbs of perception (FEEL, HEAR LISTEN TO, LOOK AT, NOTICE,


OBSERVE, PERCEIVE, SEE, SMELL, WATCH) are followed by an object + the gerund or the infinitive without TO'
I watched a pavement artist draw a portrait in crayons. (i.e. probably from start to (i.e. the action was

finish/a complete action.)

I watched him drawing a portrait.

in progress when I arrived /only part o[ the

action.)
Exercises:

a) Write the correct form, and discuss the different meanings.

1.

a)

fry

(hold) your breath to stop sneezing.

2.

b) You really must try (overcome) your shyness. a) That's strange! I don't remember (lend) you any money. b) When you
see Tom, remember (give)

him my regards.

3. a) Does this job need (do) now or can I leave it until later?
b) I've got an extra bed, so when you come to stay, you won't need (btngl your sleeping bag.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

a) You forgot (phone) Ann, didn't you? Now she'll be worried.

b) I'll never forget (visit) your old farm house. a) I don't need (come) to the meeting, do I? b) Do you think the grass needs (cut)?
a) We went on (talk) till after midnight. b) After approving the agenda, we went on (discuss) finance.

a) Mt. Thomas doesn't allow anyone (enter) his office without knocking first.
b) They don't allow (smoke) in the cinema. a) Where would you recommend me (go) for my holidays?

b) I don't recommend (eat) in that restaurant. The food's awful. a) Someone must have taken my bag. I remember (leave) it by
the window and now it's gone.

b) I remembered (lock) the door before I went out but I forgot


the windows.

ro2

1O.

a) He tried (reach) the shelf but he wasn't tall enough.

b) Molly needed some money. She tried (ask) John but he


couldn't help her.
f t. a) I wouldn't advlse you (go) out. It's very cold.

b) Would you advise (phone) now or shall I wait a bit longer?


L2.

a) It stopped (raln) a few minutes


opened.

ago.

b) We all stopped (look) at the newcomer when the door


13. a) We regret ((ell) you that your account is overdrawn.

b) I don't regret

(te11)

her what I thought, even if it upset her.

t+. a) I asked them to be quiet but they went on (make) noise.

b) He paused for a moment and then went on (explain) the


next problem.

b) Complete the sentences with a suitable question word and an


infinitive.

1. Do you know trow to get to John's house? 2. Can you show me the washing machine? 3. Do you know if there's a fire in the buildingB 4. You'll never forget a birycle once you've learned it. 5. I was really astonished. I didn't know 6. Have you decided for your holidays? 7. I don't know to Tom's party or not. 8. Can someone show me the film in this camera?

103

Itr.

PASSIVE FORIIIS OF GERT'NDS AND INHNITIVES Note how we use tnftrritives and gerunds tn the passlve form.

I dldn't orrpect them to invite me. I dldn't expect TO BE lnvited.

like to mention ]rour uncle in your will? Would you like your uncle TO BE mentioned ln your will?
Would you

I hate people criticizing me.


I hate BEING criticized. I regret telling them. I regret their/them BEING told.
Exercises:

a) Change the underlined parts tnto passive.

1.

They want to reolace the manager.

2.

I think we should tell everyone about it.


to the press.

3. I'm not responsible for giving that information 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.


He had nothing to do with changing the plans.

She would like them to invite her.

I wasn't conscious of anlrone following me.


The strike caused the airoort authorities to cancel the flights.

There's nothing new about boys breaking windows


neighbourhood.

in this

104

- 9.

I want Vou to complete

this

on time.

10. Susan attended several interviews before they offered her the job.

b) Complete the sentences with the active or passive infinitive form of


the given verbs
.

1.

play

a) I expect you
of your

in the match tomorrow, in spite tomorrow, in spite of the

injury.

b) 2.

I expect the match


bad weather.

bother

a) b)

We don't want customers We don't want you

customers.

3.

take

a) I'd like you b) I'd like them 4.


hold

them to the airport.


to the airport.

a) TheyVe b) They've

allowed the meeting allowed us

the meeting. to the invitation list.


me to

5.

add

a) I asked b) I asked him

the invitation list.

105

c)
1.

Complete the sentences with the acUve or passive gerund form


of the given verbs
.

discuss

a) b)

There's no way to avoid There's no way to avoid the matter

the matter.

2.

bother

a) b) 3. a) b) 4.

I'm tired of him

me.

I'm tired of
Can you imagine anyone Can you imagine him

beat

him?

talk

a) I don't mind it b) I don't mind you 5.


mention

about.

about it. it.

a) I can't remember her ever b) I can't remember it ever IIY.

IIAVE SOMETHING DONE A Intentional I had my house painted (= someone painted it for me) I'm going to have my car washed (= someone will wash it for B. Unintentional

rne)

I haCl_my watch stolen last week. (= My watch was stolen .. .. .. . ..) He had his nose broken in a fight (= His nose was broken.......... ) C. 'Get something done' is often possible instead of 'have something done' (mainly in informal spoken English). I think you should get your hair cut.
I &! my house painted. He got his nose broken in a fight.

106

E><ercises:

a)

Write down what you say at these places 1. At the opticians (test my eyes) I'ue come to haue mu eues
tested.

2. 3. 4. b)

At the dressmaker's (alter this skirt) At the tJping agency (tJpe this report) At the post office (register this parcel)

Complete the sentences usin$ these words: mend, replace, cut,

decorate, dry-clean, wash, serwice, repair. I. The house needs painting. I thtnk t'll haue it decorated

2. The plumbing leaks. 3. The car isn't runnin$ well. 4. My hair's too long. 5. This computer's out of date. 6. The car needs cleaning. 7. My suit's very dirty. 8. There's a hole in my shoe.
c) Complete the sentences usin$ the given words. 1. We are hauino the house painted (the house
moment.
2.

paint) at the

(yo, / your hair / cut) last week?


The Baileys (already

3.

the roof

repair) when the

rains started.

4. Tom fust / a telephone / install) in his flat. (that coat I alter)? 5. Why don't you . (itlcut). 6. Your hair is too long. I think you should (you / your car / service)? 7. How often 8. The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to (a new engine / fit)

to7

9.

9o, /

your newspaper

/ deliver)

or do you go

to the newsagent's yourself to buy it? 10. A: What are those worlonen doing in your garden? B: Oh, I (a swimming pool / build).
11.

A Can I see those holiday photographs you took? B: I'm afraid not. I (not / the film /
yet.

develop)

12. Is

it true that many years

ago he

(his portrait

paint) by a famous artist?

d) Rewrite the phrases in parentheses using 'have'. Last week colin's team went to play rugby against another team. They were tough players. In the first few minutes of the game, @ had his shrt tom (his shirt was torn). when he was lying on the ground, (his head was kicked). Colin was very

angry. He started a fight but (his nose was broken and two of his teeth were knocked out). He was taken to the changing room and found that (his wallet had been taken). 'what a terrible place!' he said. well, I suppose nothing worse can happen now'. He was wrong. while he was in hospital
(his car was stolen).

108

TTNIT 6 B

EEPRESSING WISHES AI\ID REIGRETS Uses of wtsh

Answer the questions which follow each example. 1. I wish I had a milion pounds. A Is he talking about the past, present, or the future? B: Does he think he's likely to have a million pounds?

2.

I wish I

A B: Is her wish unlikely or impossible? a) We use wish + past simple when we want something in
the present to change or to be different. Such a change is either unlikely or impossible.

had blue eyes Is she talking about the past, present or future?

3.

I wish I had worn gloves.

A Did he wear gloves? B: How does he feel now? What do you think
him?

happened to

b) We use wish + past perfect when we regret in the


present what we did in the Past.

4.

She wishes he would stop smoking that awful pipe.

A
B: C: D:

Is she talking about the present, the future or both? Does she really believe that he will stop? How does she feel about the situation? Can we use this construction to talk about ourselves?

5.

I wish the train would come. l'm freezing to death. A: Is he talking about the present, the near future or both?

B: Does he want the train to hurr5r uP?


C:
Does he really believe the train will arrive soon?

c)

We normally use wish + would either when something is annoying us and we would like it to stop, or when we want sornething to happen sooner rather than later

r.09

6.

I wish I could swim.

A
B:

Can he swim.

Would he like to?

d)

We use wish + could when we want to talk about ability.

Note: We can often use lf only instead of wlsh; e.g. If only I'd
worn gloves.
Exercises:

What might you say if you were the people in the following situations? Make sentences using one of the forms of wish we
have

just looked

at.

1.

Liz is unhappy because she has got a small flat. AIex has been trying to lose weight but his diet hasn't made any difference.

2.

3. 4. 5.

Thieves have stolen Candy's fur

coat. It wasn't insured.

You work with someone who whistles horribly all day long.

Sally drank too much again last


terrible hangover.

night.

She has got a

6.

She wants to take the top off a bottle of aspirin

but she

can't open it.

7.

Katie is sitting by the telephone. She is waiting impatiently for Angus to ring.

write some sentences about yourself using each of the forms


we have looked at.

110

REVIEW OF CONDTUONAIS

a) Respond to the following situations using as many of the different types of conditional responses as possible. Be careful of meaning

and time reference. Sometimes only

one tSrpe may be possible.

1.

You have a friend who wants to work in Spain next year, but
he doesn't speak Spanish. What would you say to him?

2.

Your alarm didn't go off, so you got up late and missed your final exam in grammar. What would you say to your teacher?
You were invited to AIi's party, but you stayed home. Three
days later a friend tells you that it was really a good party.

3.

What would you say to him?

4.

You are going to go to a party with a friend next Saturday night. He wants you to introduce him to some girls when you
get there. However, you do not know for certain if you will see anybody you know. What would you tell him?

5. You arrive at the party, and you discover

that you don't know

anyone there, but your friend is still begging you to introduce him to some of the girls. What would you tell him?

6.

The party is over. You are on your way home. Your friend is
angry with you because you did not introduce him to any girls.

What would you tell him?

111

b) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms.


(write) to me, won't you? (go) away, you1. If you 2. If house plants_ ---(not/water) regularly, they
(die) quite quickly.

3. 4. 5. 6.

(be) as What noisy neighbours you've got! If mine craql bad as yours, I-(gol (be) late again tomorrow, You're late again! If you your pay-(stop)! The passengers at the front of the plane were all killed, but Alice, who was sitting at the back, survived. If she (sit) nearer the front,

she I

(kill). (not like)

I eat meat once or twice a day, but

it if

(undercook). it (not hurry) up, 7. Eat your soup. If you (gget) cold. it 8. There are mice in your kitchen. If you lget) a cat, (disappear) immediately. the mice 9. The style of that dress is lovely, but I'm not so keen on the a bit lighter, it colour. If the blue--(be)
(look) better.

10. A

We're penniless. Did you know that?

B: It's because our holiday cost so much. You should have (go) where I wanted to go, listened to me. If we it a lot cheaper. And we -(have) ----(be) some money in the bank now.
11. If my wife
(leave) her.

(be) as violent as yours, I


(have)

L2. I have to work about 8O hours a week. If I


more time,

(take up) a sport like tennis.


(be) taller,

13. It he

he

(can) be a policeman,

but he's too short. L4. She was badly hurt when the car passenger hit another car. If she (not hurt) so badly. belt, she

in which

she was a (wear) her seat

tt2

15.

Give me that message for Peter. If I

(see)

him this

it to him. (can) cook as well 16. Mmm! This meal's delicious! If I (open) a restaurant. as this, I 17. My wife and I met on a cruise. I was on it because I was recovering from an illness, and she was the ship's doctor. Just (not be) the doctor, we think! If she (not meet), we (not get) married, and our (not be) born! What a thought! children (be able) to do this exercise, you 18. If you
a.fternoon, I
lgive)

19.

he) very clerzer! Jody's engagement, which was announced last week, came as

a bit of shock. If it nobody-(be) so surPrised.

(announce) earlier,

IIt

A. ST'PPOSED TO
'We're supposed to

turn out the lights at

1O

(=It's a rule.......)

He's supposed to clean the rooms (=It's his duty....)

The train was supposed to arrive at 1 1:3O (=According to the timetable, it should have arrived already but it hasn't. I'd better hurry! I'm supposed to be meeting Jane in 10 minute.
(=I arranged to.....)

B NOT SUPPOSED

TO

You are not supposed to park here (=You aren't allowed to.....)

Bill is much better after his illness but he is still not supposed to
do any heavy work (=it isn't advisable)

Exercises:

Fill in the blanks with (not) supposed to and a suitable verb:


1. Peter, you're smoking. But you know

you

in this room.
them.
113

2. Why are the windows still dirty? You

What are the children doing at home. They at school. 4. He _ at home in the evenings but he always goes out. 5. Don't put sugar in your tea. Remember what the doctor said?You
sugar.

6. Oh dear! I furious with me.


8. Visitors

Ann but I completely forgot. Now she'll be

7. They arrived very early-at 2.OO. They

until S.SO.

the hospital in the evenings so we can't visit

John now.

rlr.

uN[,Ess/ pRovIDED TrrAT/ SuppOSE/ IN CASE Restate the following sentences with unless, provlded that, suppose, or ln calie. l. The energy shortalfe will get worse if everyone doesn't begin to
conserve fuel.

2.

I'll be happy to drive you to Mexico if you promise to help me pay for the gas.

3. what will happen if we run out of fuel in the middle of the


desert?

4.

Don't worry. If we nrn out of fuel, I'll have some extra gas in the trunk of my car. If you don't remember to put an extra can of gas in the trunk, we

5.

could be stranded in the middle of nowhere.

6.

Stop worr5zing. If that happens, we can call for help on my CB radio.

114

7. 8. 9.
10.

That's a good idea if someone is around to hear our call. What would have happened if we had not had the CB last year on our way to Alaska?
If you don't stop worrying. I'll cancel the whole trip.

All right, but if you discover that you can't make such a long trip. I'm going to find out about the bus schedule.
If Tom decides to go with us, we should agree on what to charge him for gas.

11. L2.

He can So with us if he promises to leave his dog at home.


a

13. You know that he won't leave his dog if he can't find
responsible person to take care of him.

L4.

That's not our problem. We will simply tell him that he can't go with us if he insists on taking his dog.

v.

If 's

TfME....

/ l, D

RATHER....

a) Look at these two sentences and answer the questions. It's time we left. I'd rather we went to that film than any of the others. Which tenses are used? Are they talking about the past /now /the future? Study these two groups of sentences and decide which ones are corect. 1. A It's time to leave for the airport. B It's time for us to go to the airport. C It's time that we go to the airport. D It's time we went to the airport.
115

I'd rather we went to the theatre. In pairs work out a rule for fd rather......and It's time...... b) What would you say in the following situations? 1. You feel tired. You think you need a holiday.

2. A B C

I'd rather go to the theatre.

I'd rather that we go to the theatre.

2. 3. 4. 5.

A friend suggests going to a party. You would like to go to a


disco.

You're looking after a small child. It's 11 o'clock.

It's raining. Your friend suggests walking home. You want to take a taxi.
Your favourite pop singer is coming to your town. Your friend thinks there will be lots of tickets left. You think you should buy them now.
You've been to a party with Bill and Simon. Bill has had a lot

6. 7.

to drink.

What would you say if he offered to drive.

You and your friend are both hungry. Your friend suggests a Chinese meal. You prefer Thai food. This exercise is getting boring!

8.

116

vt

QUESTION \TORDS + EVER

Question words like urhat, utho, ushen, ushere and

hou are used with

the suffix-ever in two different ways.


1. With the sense of any and euery.

There's no school uniform. ?he pupils can wear uhateuer they like.

I don't care who comes to the party. You can bring ushoeuer you
like. You must take your passport tuheneuer you travel abroad. You must carqr your identity papers uhereuer you go. You'll neverjump 16 metres totueuer hard you try.

whatever

= it doesn't matter what


anything everything it doesn't matter who anyone
everyone

whoever =
whenever

= it doesn't matter when


any time
every time

wherever

it doesn't matter where


anyvhere
ever5nvhere

however = it doesn't matter how


in any way in every way
2. As an emphatic way of expressing shock, anger, confusion or astonishment Whateuer made you do such a stupid thing? (whatever=what)
Whoeuer wrote this nonsense? (whoever=who) WTeneuer did you listen to my advice? (whenever=when)

W\ereuer did you buy that awful shirt? (wherever=where)


Houseuer did he manage to escape? (however=how)

rt7

Notes:

1. When ttoueuer=tt doesn't matter t1oto, the next word is often an

adjective (houseuer rich, howeuer poor) or an adverb (houseuer


quickLg, lauseuer slou:fu),

2. If houseuer is followed by a comma or a full stop, the meaning changes to neuertheless, euen so or ur spite oJ the Jact that. It's the most expensive restaurant in New York. Houseuer, it's packed every night and if you want a good table you have to book
weeks in advance.

3. whgeuer can mean it doesn't matter whg but it is more commonly used as an emphatic form of why to express shock, anger or
disbelief.

Whgeuer did you tell him the secret? You can't come to work todaflz Whgeuer not?

a)

Complete the following sentences with WHOEVER, WHATEVER, WHYEVER, WHENEVER, WHEREVE

or

HOWEVER.

1. 2. 3.

_ He starts stuttering-he
She causes problems

she goes.

is neryous.

I was very spoilt as a child. My parents gave


wanted.

me-I

4. You must wear a tie in that restaurant_ you are. 5. did you open the cage? you do. 6. I'll still love you 7. I am determined to do it_ long it takes. 8. He always wears three vests, two jumpers and a jacket_ hot it is. wear this bracelet. 9. Ill think of you_I 10. I'll wear this bracelet_I go.

118

b)

Fill in the blanks wtth WHOEVER, 1. A

WHEREVER, HOWEVER,

WHICHEVER, WFIATET@R or WHENEVER.

B: 2. A B: 3. A B: 4. A B: 5. A B: 6. A B:
7. A

What should I do about my problem? Do wlutetsq seems best. Can I leave now'? Whetteuer you want to leave is fine with me. I'm getting tired of this party. Are you ready to go? I'm having a good time, but _ you are ready is fine with me. What should I tell our hostess? Tell her_ you think is best. I'm hungry. Do you want a hamburger or some chicken? I don't care. We can get _ you prefer. Tell me. Should we go to Burger King or to Kentuclry Fried Chicken. It really doesn't matter fo me. Let's go to you like
best.

What's the matter with you tonight? Can't you make a


decision?

B:Nothingisthematter.-youwanttogoisal1ri$ht 8. A
with me. How do you want your hamburger,
onions?

with or without

B: she prepares it is all right with me. 9. A Whom should we invite to our party next week? B: I don't know._ you invite will have fun. 10. A By the way, who called at 12:OO last night? B: I don't know because called hung up before I
reached the phone.

11. A It's really late, and I'm getting tired. Let's not get any
dessert.

B: O.K._ you say. 12. A Are you angry because I wanted to leave the party early? B: Angry? Of course not. It's your car, so you can do
you like. Just don't ask me to go anywhere with
you again.
119

VIL

REFI.iEIilIIE PRONOI'NS
You have been asked to look after Jane, the nine-year-old daughter of

some British friends. You are looking forward to a quiet evening


reading and watching television.

What might you say? Complete these sentences with one word.
YOU
PARENTS

1. Enjoy

Thanks.

See

you later.

JANE YOU

Why didn't they take me with them? 2. Parents sometimes like to go out by
Who said you could have a piece of cake? 3. Your mother told me to help Arryway, that cake's horrible. 4. Your mother said you liked 5. Well, get one for

JAI{E
YOU
JANIE

YOU
JANIE

it. She made it

I want a drink of orange juice.

YOU

JAI{E
YOU

I don't like your sweater. Where did you buy it?

6.

I made it I'm bored. Read me a story.

JAI{E
YOU

7. You're 9 years old now. Surely you can read to

Iater in the evening:


JANE YOU
JANIE

What? Go to bed at 10? I'm going to tell my Dad.


8. Your father told me 10 o'clock

Mum and Dad are here. Open the door.


9. They've got a key. They can open How was Jane?
10.

YOU
PARENTS

it _.

YOU

Fine. She amused

r20

VItr

PHRASAL VERBS (Give, Take)

a) Using the phrasal verb entries for 'glver in your dictionary, substitute the underlined words with a suitable phrasal verb.

Ex:
1.

After my father quit exercising, he put on a lot of weight. After mlr father gave up exercising. he put on a lot of weisht.
Can you distribute the books to the class, Claudia? Before she died, she lett all her money to the dogs' home.

2. 3. 4.

When the plastic caught fire, it produced a terrible smell.

Joanna offered her seat to the man',vith the walking stick.

5. They had to stop the climb when it started snowing. 6. 7. 8. 9.


Stop! Stop! You win. Don't hurt me any more!
She talked in her sleep and said where the money was hidden.

If I were you, I'd stop drinking whisky.


He never returns the books he bor:rows.

L2L

b)

Look at the following selection of phrasal verbs formed with take' and their meanings:
resemble an older relative

'

take after take in take off take on take over take to take up

understand/graspi deceive leave the ground; remove accept (responsibility, etc.) take control of like instincUvely adopts as a hobby; occupy space/time

Now choose the appropriate phrasal verb to complete the following sentences:

1.Heonly-golfbecausehisdoctortoldhimhewould
have to get more exercise.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

When I first heard the announcement, I was too busy cooking

to--it-properly.
Our local pub hasn't had the same atmosphere since it was
by one of the big breweries.
Doing

homework

a lot of

my time.

My daughter's not a bit like me. She seems to father in the way she acts.
Don't let
life!

__

her

him

you

urith his hard luck stories.

The truth is that he's never done an honest day's work in his

7.

However keen you are to make a success of the business, it's

important not to
manage.

more work than you can reasonably

8. When our in-laws first met they


immediately and they've been friends ever since.

each other

L22

CONSOLIDATION 48 - 68

USE OF ENGLISH

A. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.

1. After making some colfee for himseff, he started


Before he

studying.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
L2.

We last sang that song when we were at school together. We haven't


'Please learn lots of English,' my parents told me.

My parents wanted

They won't allow her to wear a mini-skirt.


They won't let

It isn't necessary for Paul to come to the meeting tonight.


Paul

I advise you to stay at home tomorrow.


You
Can you come to the party on

Saturdafr

Will you be Mary was offered a cheap seat on a flight to Hong Kong hy her cousin.
Mary's

Diana missed the train because she bought a Coke on the way to the station.

If
She bought a lot of food because she was expecting guests. She was expecting

It would be advisable for Mary to meet her boss at the airport.


Mary had They are going to produce the new play next month. The new

13. Jo swims better than everyone else in his class.


Jo is the

r23

L4.

I'd like to have lived in the 19th century.


I wish

15. Despite the fact that he was late, he still didn't hurry.
Even though

16. Why didn't Jim study last night?


Jim ought

17.

"I'm terribly sorry that I foqgot to ring you,"Roger said to Maggie.


Roger apologised

18. Kim asked Ted why he had forgotten to go to her house the
previous evening. Kim: Ted,

19. 20. 21.

Stella's parents did not let her go out alone late at night. Stella was
We should mend the window before we go on holiday.

The window Despite her hard work she didn't earn much money.

Although

22.
23.

I'm very pleased that I'm going to have a holiday soon. I'm looking
We were allowed to smoke during the conference.

They let

24.

Someone stole all her belongings while she was on holiday. She had

25. I like travelling by train more than going by air.


I'd rather

26.

The remark was so shocking that she didn't know what to say.

27.
28. 29.

It was such It wasn't easy to persuade her to come. We had difficulty I had to work very hard in my old job.
They made You used to drive better than you do now.
Now you don't drive

L24

30.

'Did you go out last night?' she asked.


She asked

31. Someone stole her wallet while she was shopping.


She had

32. She refused to marry him because


If

she didn't like his mother.

33.

He'll speak to you only if you ask him a question.


Unless

34. Tom is usually a patient person. However, he could not


control himself during the debate.

In spite of

35. Why does she keep five cats? It's her business.
why 36. Air is a mixture. TWenty-five percent of it is oxygen.
(which)

37.

People began translating Agatha Christie's books languages fifty years ago. They still do.

into different

Agatha Christie's books

38.

Helen doesn't know how to cook. She regrets it. Helen says: "I wish

39. We are able to treat many illnesses because we have penicillin.


If

N.
4L.

Scientists have developed a new plant which grows very fast.

A new plant
Laura is almost certain that Jim has forgotten to lock the door.

Laura says: "Jim

42. Why did you bother to buy this cake?


You

43. You shouldn't

have left the milk bottle in the sun.

The milk bottle

M.

Why didn't I accept

his

offer to help me?

If only

125

45. The secretary finished the reports on time so the meeting


wasn't delayed.
If the reports

M.
47.

Remember to take some extra money with useful.

you. It could be

It's worth

It would be a good idea for you to stay in bed today.


You'd He doesn't want you to buy him anything expensive. He'd rather They don't let us listen to music in the dormitory.
We are not

8.
49.

50.

The deaf girl sits at the window every afternoon. She can see the river from the window.
The deaf girl sits at the window (which)

51. I wish I had taken my umbrella


why

with me.
me.

52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

She spends all her time in the

library. It doesn't interest

Where They have published the article in several popular nagazines. The article
We all enjoyed the walk even though

it rained heavily.

In spite
The train left at 6 o'clock and we arrived just after that. When we

That woman's dog bit the postman the other day. That's the woman
They expected twenty guests but forty arrived! There were twice as

It's possible that the burglar put his gun in a litter bin.
The burglar

L26

59.

I threw away the receipt so I couldn't get my money back. Having

60. I'll give you a doorkey because I may not be in when


home.

you get

In case

61.

We learn what is going on from newspapers. They are one of the maln sources.
Newspapers are one of the main sources (which)

62.

I wlsh we hadn't eaten in that restaurant.

why

63.
64.

Somehow he found the treasure. It's a mystery for us.

How They have sent the book by express-mail. The book B. What do you say in the following situations? (Use the given clues.)

1.

Your friend often leaves his car unlocked. Someone might try to steal it so you think he should lock it. "I think you should lock the car in case

2.

At the cinema, you asked for a seat in the front but you find yourself in a seat at the back.
"Oh, excuse me. I think there seems

I asked for a seat in the front."

3.

Your friend is going to England for some time. He cannot decide where to stay--in a student hostel or with an English family. Write a suggestion for him.
"I would

recommend

."

4.

You haven't written down your friend's address and now you regret it because you can't find his house. "If only

r27

5.

Your friend suggests that you buy a red scarf for your mother.
You know your mother hates red, so you reject his suggestion.

"I don't

think
(ever)

."

6.

Burglars broke into your friend's home through an open


window
.

(should)
C. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

a) I 1) 2)-

(arrive) in England in the middle of July. I (be told) that England 3) (be) covered (be) quite surprised to in fog all the year round, so I 4) (ask) another find that it was merely raining. I 5)_ passenger, an Englishman, about the fog and he 6)

(say;thatthere7)-(notbe)anysincetheprevious (want) fog, he said. I 9) February. If I 8)


(come) at quite the wrong

time. However, he 10)

(tell) me that I could buy tinned fog at a shop in (admit) that he 12) Shaftesbury Avenue. He 1 1)

_(buy/never) fog there himself but


(assure) me that they 14)

13) (sell)

good quality fog and that


expensive.

it 15)___

(not

be)

b) When the old lady 1)


2)

(return) to her flat

that burglars 3) during her absence because the front door 4) (be) (be) upside open and everything in the flat 5) (be) no longer down. The burglars themselves 6)_
(see) at once

she (break) in

there,butprobab1ythey7)-(just/1eave)becausea
cigarette was still burning on an ornamental table. Probably (hear) the lift coming up and they 8)______ (run) down the fire escape. They e) Io)--(help) themselves to her whisky too but there

r28

11)

herself out
14)

stitl a little left, so she 12)-(pour) (wonder) if they drink. She 13)
(be)

(find) her jewellery that they hadn't. The jewellery 16) by her husband, who 17) Since his death she 18) wear it, yet she 19)

and

15)

(hope) (be given) her

(die) some years before.

(not have) the heart to (not want) to sell it.

Yesterday

I saw Henry after so many years. He said he was


fiust/ask) to leave the flat. He (helstay). I suggested

sharing a flat with some friends and since he couldn't pay the

rent, he 1) didn't know where


3)

2)

(have) dinner

first so that we could talk


4)

and try to find a solution. I wish

(give)

him

some money but I myself was short, (find) a place soon. 5)

too. I don't expect he

PHRASAL VERBS

a) gtue

/ take
of
'give'

Complete the sentences below using an appropriate form or'take' followed by a prep. or adv.

Ex:
1.

The teacher qaue out the exam papers when all the students
were seated.

The students will end of the hour.

their exam papers at the until they

2.
3. 4.
5.

She kept asking her parents for permission

He

all his money to the poor before he died. the

I've decided to skiing this winter. A group of American businessmen


company last year.

6. 7.

Don't worrSr,
6:15.

I'11

all the money next month.

The flight to London

from the airport at

L29

8. 9.

The old lady was

by the child's sweet smile.

After calling her four times without success, I _ trying. grandmother.

10. With my red hair and green eyes, I


11. When the company offered him
the extra responsibility.

_
more he

my

$SO.OOO

L2. She

her identity

as soon as she spoke.

b) put

Match the answers with the questions. 1. What might you put off doing? a) A deposit 2. If you eat too much, what might b) Bad teeth you put

on?

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

who might you put up with? a day what might put you off someone? e) central heating
If you were self-employed,

c) Homework d) 16 hours'work
A friend

what what

might you put might you put

in? in?

0 d

your best friend's little brother

If you want to buy a house,


If you had the money, what

h) Weight

might you put in?


Who might you put up for the

night?

130

c)
(a)

take

There is usually a purpose behind what we say. Match the sentences with these purposes :

admitting (b) advising (c) complaining (d) informing (e) regretting (f) warning (g) requesting (h) stating
intention 1. I'd like you to take ur this skirt. 2. Let me take up that last point. 3. They were taken ouer by an engineering company. 4. He promised to take me out for a drive last night. I waited till
1O

p.m.

5. 6. 7. 8.

up smoking. I find it very difficult to take this in. Take that back or I'll never speak to you again. You needn't take this dou.rn.
I wish I'd never taken

Now give the meaning of each of the phrasal verbs.

O golcome
Choose the correct verb: go or come.

1. with 2. _round 3._on 4. _across 5. _off


e) go / come

= = = = =

match, suit change one's point of view (accept another) continue meet by chance, find start to smell

Find the correct meaning for each verb. l. come in for a) open (e.g. flower) 2. go in for b) receive (e.g. criticism) 3. come off c) survive 4. go oft d) suffer 5. come on e) take place (successfully) 6. go on 0 enter (e.g. competition) 7. come out g) explode 8. go out h) appear (e.9. on stage) 9. come through i) burn no longer(e.g. fire) 1O. go through j) happen
131

Use expresslons from d & e.

1. How long have you had that fish? I think it's going 2. What's all the shouting about? What's going _out there? 3. Have you noticed? The dalfodils are coming if you give him a little 4. Don't worry. I'm sure he'lI come
.

5.

6. 7. 8.

time. After what she's gone , it's not surprising she looks ten years older. I don't think these trousers go the jacket. No wonder it's cold in here; the fire's gone It was a risk; fortunately, it came

Eet

Choose the response that most logically follows these remarks.

1. I'm a bit worried about these exams. 2. I thought you were going to give me a ring last night. 3. You want to give up your job? How are we going to manage? 4. I'll be in Edinburgh next weekend. 5. Hello! 6. I haven't really got enough money. 7. What's the mattef 8. You were alone, I suppose? 9. My girlfriend has just left me.
Responses

a) This place is getting me down. b) We'll get by. c) You'll get over it. d) I don't know what you're getting at. e) I'm sure you'll get through. 0 I couldn't get through. d Why don't we get together, then? h) You can easily get round a little problem like that. i) Hi. How are you getting on with the new job.

L32

h)

What might you

1. take off 2. pull off 3. put off 4. let off 5. call off 6. turn off 7. break off 8. carry off
B.

a) the gas b) fireworks c) your pullover d) a pnzn, e) an engagement

0 d

a decision a (successful) robbery

h) a meeting

Who or what might do each of the following? Explain why. 5. wash off 1. come off

2. 3. 4. i)

off move oIf stop off


go

6. wear off 7. droP off 8. hold off

Which word completes all these expressions? oet awav catch up go down put up get along do away rLln awav keep up
Use

the

above expressions to complete these sentences.

it. The police will catch you. 1. You'll never 2. Nobody really thought she'd leave her children him.
3. 4.
5. 7.

and

Don't wonlr. He'S very easy to


We'll never
He

them: they're too flar ahead.

flu three times this year.


your complaints any more.

I won't

8.

Every week there are new instructions" I

can't

them.

r33

J t. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

llffxed phrasal verts


What might you run out of? Who might you stand up to? What might you try to get out oI? What might you want to make up for? What might you not get round to? Who might you stand up for? What might you find it dilficult to live up to? What might you not feel up to?

Match the answers to the questions.

a) Writing a letter b) A serious discussion at midnight c) Petrol d) People'sexpectations e) Your boss. 0 Forgetting someone's birthday d A friend who was being criticised h) Spending an evening with someone you didn't like

[t

RETIIEW OF ARTICI.ES

a) Gap filling Put a, the or ( - ) into each gap.


Lovesick Teenager Snatched

From Cliff

(1)lovesick teenager, threatening to jump seventy feet from (21--_ cliffs at (3)___ seaside resort, was saved by (4)_ human chain of (5)_ policemen today. (6)--eighteen-year old had driven from his home in (7)-_-__ Lake District to Langhorn, near (8)_____ Bournemouth, to talk his girlfriend out of breaking off their three-month romance. He threatened to jump off (9)_ balcony atherhouSe,butwhenshedialled(1o)-999hedashedto (11)_ edge of (I2)_cliffs Metropole below (13)_
Hotel.

134

(14)_ police found him sitUng on (15)_ edge. They chattedtohimfortwentyminutesin(16)-darkness,then clung together and grabbed him. He was later released after (L7)_ treatment by (18) hospital doctor. (19)_
policespokesmansaid,',TherewaS(2o)-highwind,itwas

pitchdarkatabout2a.rn.,and(2L)graSSorL(22)cliff top was wet and slippery. It was (23)brave rescue. It unrequited love. The was (241___ case of (25)___
youngster was upset after his romance broke up, but he has now
recovered his senses."

(unrequited = unreturned)

b) Expressions \Mith or without articles Underline the correct version in each sentence.

Ex
1.

I've got some cigarettes but I haven't got light

Light

the light travels faster than sound

alight.

the sound.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.

/ the lamb for lunch. birth to lamb / a lamb early this morning.' Would you like cake / a cake? No, thanks. I don't like cake / a cake. This suit is made of very fine cloth / the very fine cloth. Can you get cloth / a cloth, please? I've just spilt tea / a tea
We're having lamb

The sheep gave

on your carpet.

I went to a talk / talk on Russian revolution / on the Russian revolution last night. It was very interesting. There has been a talk / talk of redundancies at the British Shipping Company. Serrrice / a seruice in restaurants isn't as good as it used to be. The Health Service / Health Service is suffering from severe cutbacks.

I 1. The Times / Times is one of Britain's oldest newspapers. L2. Time / the time and tide / the tide wait for no man. (proverb) 13. I don't usually like poetry / the poetry. 14. But here's a poem / poem I do like. 15. Do you want an ice / ice in your whisky? 16. Ice / the ice at the North and South Poles is said to be melting

little by little.

135

c) Put a, the or ( - ) into each gap. post oflice near here? 1. Excuse me. Is there

2. A We haven't got any money. B: It's all right. I'm going to 3. My wife and I went out for
duck was superb.

bank. meal last night.


food

was o(cellent. I don't usually like

Chinese food, but

strange man
parcel.

4. 5. 6.

When she looked behind her, she-saw


following her.
Has

postman been yet? I'm

expecting there's -

We've moved

to

lovely house in

country. It's got


garden at

7. 8.
9.
sale

views of fields and hills, and


back.

Do you want to speakto garden.

Jack? I'lljust go and get him. He's in


leader

government without

will not

produce of

good policies. law to ban air-guns to


people

government has introduced -strong


eighteen.

under

age of

Army because he likes playing with

10. My brother joined


guns.

d) Correcting mistakes of articles


Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1. Jane, has anyone


fingers?

ever told you that you've got some lovely especially the history of

2. I'm very interested in the history,


Western Europe.

3.

What a lovely weather we're having

! It's such a nice day

136

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

We're trying to sell our house. People came to see it on Saturday, and they were quite interested, but some people who saw it on Sunday morning were very rude and said they didn't like it at all. Did you remember to buy a bread while you were out at some
shops?

Crossing the English Channel can be quite unpleasant in the bad weather.
People who live on the floor above ours work

in a government

ministry. What's the government going to do about the unemployment?

e) There are many expressions with either a, the or no article.


Put a, the or ( - ) into each gap.

1.Inmyjob,Ido-businesswithpeoplefromalloverthe
world.

2. I'm going to do shopping. Do you want anything? 3. I was late for_ work this morning. 4. Can you keep secret? I'm getting married. 5. He got sack because he was caught stealing money. progress. 6. It isn't easy, but I think we're making 7. I lost control of the car and crashed into a wall. 8. Make war. _ love, not _ promise, you must keep it. 9. If you make_ 10. When buying a house, you should take into
11.
consideration how near it is to public transport. He set fire to his factory so that he could claim the
insurance.

12. You must make


neighbours.

effort to get to know your

13.I'vebeentoallthecountriesofEuropewit-exception
of Albania.

14.

If you're in Paris,

take

opportunity to visit the I,ouwe.

r37

GENERAL
t

REVISION

Mark the best choice. Last summer we decided to go to Panar, a Spanish town, for our

holidays.Whenwe(1)-atthehote1wewereallverytiredand
we were sure we (2) a peaceful night there. I (3)_our room before we left London, (a) we immediately went to our

room,hadashowerandwenttobed.Thechildren(5)-to
sleep when the disco below us started. We all got up, of course. I immediately went down to speak to the manager. I told him thal we

(6)-twochildrenaged2and4addedthatthey(7)-in that room. Then I (8) us a quieter room but the manager said:''I'mverySorry.Thelastroom(9)-toayoungcouple.'' The children kept on (lo)_that night and the next morning we
were on the road again, back home.

1.

a) were arriving b) have arrived c) had arrived d) arrived

2. a) were going to have b) were having c) went to have d) have had to have 4. a) but b) when c) if d) so 6. a) had had b) had c) would have d) are having

3. a) was booked

b) had booked c) have booked d) had been booked

5.

a) went b) have just gone c) had to go d) had just gone a) would sleep b) can't sleep c) couldn't sleep d) are sleeping

7.

8.

a) was asking him to give

b) asked him to give c) have asked him to give


d) would ask him to give

9.

a) is going to give b) can't be given c) has just been given d) has just given

10.

a) cry b) to cry c) cried d) crying

138

Read the text first, then mark the best choice: CONTRASTS IN TRAIVSPORT

(1)life in previous times in almost every respect-oneofthemostobviousbeingtransport.(2)Life today is


centuries man travelled for days and weeks on foot or on the backs of horses or camels. Today the reverse is true: we animals (3)can fly from one continent to another in a matter of hours. In the past, the streets used to be crowded with slow horse-drawn carriages, (4) they are now packed with motor vehicles (5) they did not noisy, (7)Possibly , the horses were (6) pollute the atmosphere with exhaust fumes.

(8)-,
our legs.

we may have our owrl private helicopters.

(9)

the opposite might happen and we shall use simpler methods of we might use bicycles rather than cars, or transport. (1O)-,
1.
alike b) different from c) dissimilar d) the same as
a)

3.

a) such as b) are like c) generally d) which like a) though b) otherwise c) instead d) there
a) b) c) d)
but
and
so

4.

a) so b) therefore c) whereas d) although a) quiet b) equal c) as much as


d)

5.

6.

just

as

7.

8.

a) As a result

b) In general c) In the future


d) According to
10. a)
c)

then

9.

a) Consequently b) On the other hand c) Generally d) For this reason

Finally
For example Such as

b) Hence
d)

139

Read the text first, then mark the best choice:

TAIflNG RISIG AT SEA One day last suurmer a boy of 1O took an old tyre from his father's garage and went down to the beach although he (1) swim

andhismotherhadtold(2)-gonearthewater.Buthefelt(3)
so he took no notice of her warning. Before long the wind blew him out to sea. His sister saw him but by this time he was (4) far out for anyone to reach him. Then someone rang up the just a few minutes a helicopter was flyrng coastguards. (5) _ pulled to safety. Cases like this over the boy and he was (6) (7) happen every day summer and sometimes people are not

so luclqy. (8) surprises coastguards is that people (9) on special clothes and take all kinds of precautions when they go climbing often go out in small boats without (1O)_
safety equipment or means of signalling for help.

a) might not b) couldn't c) shouldn't d) has not been able to 3. a) to be hot b) hot c) himself to be hot d) himself hot 5. a) During b) Before c) At d) rn 7. a) in b) on c) at d) the
1.

2. a) him that he didn't b) to him that he didn't c) him not to d) to him not to

4.

a) so b) such c) enough d) too a) ever b) still c) soon


d) now
a) The thing what b) It is what

6.

8.

c) What d) That which


10.

9.

a) who puts b) who put c) that puts d) put

a) any b) no c) none d) many

140

IlI.

Mark the best choice


TYPES OE NAMILIES

Atfirstsight,familiesindifferentsocietiesare(1)-eachother,
having the same basic structure. On closer investigation, (2)_, certain important differences (3) _ the contrast between the nuclear so-called and extended families are seen.

Ifwecomparethesetwotypesindetail,wecanfind(4)similarities and contrasts. A nuclear family basically (5) a married couple and their children. In this respect, an extended family is (6) What makes the difference is the size of the family group. A nuclear family includes two generations, (7)__ an

extendedonewil1includethreeorfour.GrandparentS,(8)-,
may live under the same roof as their children and grandchildren.

These two types, experts have argued, will come to resemble each

family that will move towards the nuclear type.

other(9)-infuture,and(1o)-,itwillbetheextended
1.

a) unlike b) the same c) similar to d) alike 3. a) whereas b) leads c) such as d) hence 5. a) composed b) consists of c) makes up d) forms 7. a) moreover b) similarly c) whereas d) therefore 9. a) as much b) more closely c) similarly d) differently

2. a) however b) in addition c) in the same way


d)
although

4. a) both b) all c) most


d)
equal

6. a) different b) unlike c) dissimilar


d)
similar

8. a) however b) so c) in addition
d)
for example
10.

a) in addition b) as a result c) in general d) on the other hand

L4L

V.

-it. couldhavebribedthejockeytoridebadly.(5)-wherethere were two horses, one good and one bad, which looked (6)_and

Mark the best choice THE RISI(S OT HORSE RACING Horse racing is a popular sport in Britain and every year punters, the people (1) on the results of the races, spend a lot of money (2) Of course, they may lose their money but there are other risks, too. One is that the horse (3) given drugs before the race so it will not run (4) usual; another is that someone

the owner entered the good horse for the race under the bad one's name. The reason (7) doing this is that the betting profits are

usua1lygreater.Thepolicehaveworked(8)-topreventthese
illegal practices and have been able to stop most of them. However, it is (9) true that the only way to be sure that you are never cheated at a racecourse is (1O)

1.

a) that bets b) bet c) who bets d) who bet a) may have b) may have been c) should have d) should have been

2.

a) for b) to c) in d) on a) as well as b) as good as c) as fast that d) so quickly than a) alike b) likely c) similary d) same a) hard b) harder c) much d) extra a) to not bet b) not to bet c) not bet d) to not be betting

3.

4.

5.

a) It was a race b) There was a race c) They have been races d) There have been races
a) because b) that c) why d) for

6.

7.

8.

9.

a) already b) still c) yet d) no longer

10.

L42

Mark the best choice

It is obvious that the listening skill develops before the speaking skill
because children understand

(1)

before they can speak.

a) their parents say b) that their parents are saying c) what their parents say d) how their parents are saying

A
a)

IVe looked everywhere but I can't seem to find my camera.

B: Well,
b)

it (2)

stolen, then.

had been had to be

c) should have been d) must have been

Julia met a very handsome and intellectual guy about three years a holiday together to get a ago. The guy suggested (3) chance to know each other better. Julia didn't want to, but now she (4)the chance.' it and says 'I wish I (5)
3.

a) to take b) should take c) that they are taking d) taking 5. a) would take b) took c) had taken d) was taken

4. a) regrets likes - b) c) refuses


d) blames

Alex Haley, the author of the book'Roots', was born in Henning, about the African slaves Tennessee. There he first (6)

(7)-underdifficultconditions.Thesestories(8)told
for years; from generation to generation. Mr. Haley became interested

in his family's history when he was in London

(9) he was on abusinessjourney.Hisresearcheventually(1o)-himto


Gambia, in Africa and there he learned enough to write his book
'Roots'.

-stories

t43

6. a) had heard b) has heard c) was hearing d) heard 8. a) had been b) had c) which had been d) which had
10.

7.

a) b) c) d)

who working

working were working worked

9.

a) which b) with whom c) from which d) where

a) took ' b) was taken

c) had taken d) had been taken

VIL

Mark the best choice Jane has asked everyone about her missing purse. Nobody has seen
purse in the supermarket. it. She (1) _her t. a) had to leave c) should have left b) might have left d) must be leaving Professor Iris Fodor, who conducted research among students on test anxiety, says (2) before a test is very important.

2.

a) b)

that a student is feeling a student feeling

c) a student feels d) how a student feels

I'm surprised to see that most people care less about noise pollution than air pollution. In fact we (3) by sounds which wake us up, annoy us and sometimes drive us crazy. Most people (a) in big cities have become accustomed to the noise around them. And the teenagers! I'm always shocked when I see teenagers with radio earphones (5) loud rock music bombards their eardrums.

3. a) surrounded 4. a) living 5. a) where b) are surrounding b) that living b) at which c) are surrounded c) they are living c) whose d) surrounding d) fromwhich d) are living
LM

Roger, who has been studyrng computers at school, is planning to be

a programmer. His teachers suggested

(6)

to a computer

camp this summer for 2 weeks, and they even aranged to get him a

scholarship.I..astnightRogerto1dhisfatherthathe(7)-for
the camp. His father was surprised because they are not well-off. "I

(8)-of

going if

-y

teachers
tOO

(9)

to get me the scholarship.

But now I only need $

to pay for the train ticket" Roger said. "I'll

let you go" his father finally agreed, "but

you should also try to save

upincaSeI(1o)-haveenoughmoneytoCoverallthe
expenses."

6. a) to go b) going
c) that he is going d) should go

7.

a) had applied b) was applied c) applies d) has been applied a) wouldn't promise b) haven't promised c) hadn't promised d) didn't promise

8. a) wouldn't have thought 9. b) won't think c) hadn't thought d) didn't think


10.

a) won't b) shouldn't c) wouldn't d) don't

I45

Mark the best choice

I had a bad tooth so my wife told me to go to the dentist's. (1)-anythingseriousbutyou'dbetter(2|-Sure'',She

"It

said. At first I refused to go. Going to the dentist's always reminds me of something (3) when I was a child. I went to the dentist's

to(a)butthedentist,(5)-,waSillthatday.Iaskedhis assistanttogivemegas(6)-thepain.WhenIwokeup,he (7) to my mother for (8)the wrong tooth out. I've been
afraid of the dentist's ever since and I'd rather endure the pain

(9)-gothere.Mywifewas(to)-whenItoldherthis.
"What a coward you are!" she said with a smile.

1.

a) b) c) d

may be not may not be must be not must not be

2.

a) made b) make c) to make d) making

a) that happened b) was happening c) happened d) had been happening


5.

4.

a) have taken out a tooth b) take a tooth out c) have a tooth taken out d) take out a tooth
a) for not feel b) not to feel c) not for feeling d) as not feeling a) having taken b) had taken c) took d) taken

a) had usually been there b) being there c) was there d) who was usually there
a) b) c) d)
was apologised who apologising who apologised was apologising
10.

7.

9.

a) that b) when c) than d) except

a) amusing b) amused

c)

amuse

d) amusingly

146

Mark the best choice Every Thursday

I have lunch with my old friend Jason, whom


we were at school together.

known
I asked

(1) (3)_.

I've Last Thursday, he

arrivedlate,whichwaS(2)-becausehealwayScomeSontime.
"I've had a bit of a shock", he said. "On my way here, a little girl ran

if I hadn't been able to can't help thinking about what (5)onto the streets stop. Little children like her shouldn't (6)without somebody accompanpng them. I should have listened to my

outinfrontofthecar.(4)-,Imanagedtobrakeintime.I

wife(7)-methatthereseemedtobesomethingwrongwiththe
brakes. I'll have the car (8)'Yes, you
immediately,"

(9)_!"

I said "Now, let's go to that pub across the

street.Youaretremb1ing(1o)-youneedastrongdrinkfirst.''

a) until b) since c) when d) before 3. a) him why he was late b) him why was he late c) why he was late to him d) why was he late to him 5. a) had happened b) would have happened c) happened d) would happen 7. a) who told b) who was told c) was saying d) said 9. a) would have b) had better c) would rather d) did the best
1.

2.

a) more than usual b) unusually c) rather unusually d) unusual

4.

a) However b) Despite c) Therefore d) Although a) allowed b) have allowed c) be allowed d) allow a) servicing b) to service c) service d) serviced a) so much that b) very much c) as much as d) too much that

6.

8.

10.

t47

](

Mark the best choice She says she (1)_

(2)-.Thissounds(3)_sinceshedoesn'tcareabout
what she eats much.

fish nowadays because she is afraid of

a) eats hardly ever b) hardly ever eats c) eats hard d) any hard eats 3. a) arnazed b) arnazing c) arnazingly d) amazement
1.

2. a)

to poison them b) to be poisoned


c) poisoning
d) being poisoned

able to measure the height of mountain ranges which we know, such as the

If our primitive ancestors of 2O,OOO years ago (4)_

A1ps,HimalayasandAndes,they(5)-themtobeabout12o

metres(6)-theyaretoday.Atleast,thatis(7)-Some

geologistsaresaying.WhenwemeaSuremountains,(8)sea-level as a base. But (9) the geologists, the levels of the sea have risen and fallen over a period of many thousands of years. Research has made it possible to trace the changes in sea-levels (1O)_ the past 7O.OOO years.

4.

were b) had been


a)

5. a) found

c) would have
d)

been

would

be

high b) height c) higher than d) as high as 8. a) we are used b) where we are c) which we use d) we use 6.
a)

b) would find c) would have found d) had found z. a) why b) which

c)

such

d) what 9. a) in the opinion

b) according to c) in spite of d) due to

10. a) during
b) until c) while d) since

148

The following is an extract from the information on the back of a record sleeve. Read it and mark the best choice.
,

Most great singing stars establish themselves long before they get to 35, but that is how old Madge Sharp is now, and this is her first song. It will not be her last.

Shesays,''I(1)-tobeab1uessin$er.|(2)-tosingers
like Mahalia Jackson and Ella Fitzgerald and others on record to a frequently, but my parents would never let me (3)-

concert.AndI(4)-tosingwithaband.Theon1ysingingI (5)-for years was in our church choir. Of course I wish I (6)-intheprofessionearlier,butnowI,vegotsomething (7)-alotofyoungersingershaven.t$ot:experienCeand
maturity."

And it's this experience and maturity in her voice which adds

distinct(8)-toa1lthetracksonthiscollection.AlltheSongS may be old, but her versions of classics like 'If and 'Georgia' make

(9)they were written yesterday. As one critic in'Music Week' magazine wrote: "We've got so (1o)-torubbishinpoprnusicinrecentyearSthatwhena
them sound

'new artist like Madge Sharp arrives, it is difficult to believe. She is


almost unbelievable: her singing is superb."

a) who always want b) would want c) who wanted d) have always wanted 3. a) going b) to go c) go d) went 5. a) was done
1.
b)
c)

2. a) b)
c)

should have listened used to listen had to listen


might have listened

d) 4. a)

b)

being allowed wasn't allowed c) allowed d) didn't allow

6.

have been doing

d)

was doing did

a) started b) would start c) had started d) was starting a) b) c) d)


origin originally originality original
149

7.

a)

which
otherwise

8.

b)
c)

d)

what if only

9.

a)

b)
c)

as if if
AS

d)

in case

10. a) much listening b) used to listen c) lots of listening


d) used to listening

Read the following news reports and mark the best choice.

Reports are coming in of a major train crash in Japan. A passenger

train(1)-hundredsofworkershomefromthecentreofTo}cyo is reported to have hit an oncoming goods train. Both (2)_at high speed. Figures are not yet available, but it is believed that the

death toll (3)as high as 3OO, with hundreds more injured. Emergenry and rescue services rushed to the scene, but our reporter says it will take days to clear the track and (4) the numbers of dead and injured. There was a similar accident on the same stretch of track (5)_. There was another bomb scare

in a large London store last night (6)-late-nightshopping.Followingatelephoneca1ltothe

police from an anoun5rrnous caller, hundreds of shoppers were taken

outofthestore(7)-roadsintheareawereclosed.Sniffer dogs spent hours (8)_ the store for a bag, which the caller

thestore(9)-thepermissiontoopenthismorning.Apolice
spokesman said that this was the third bomb scare within a week, and that we (1O) very careful.

claimed, contained 50 pounds of gelignite. Nothing was found and

a) had carried b) carried c) carrying d) was carrying 3. a) is


1.
b)

2. a) were travelling b) have travelled c) were travelled


4.

has been c) was d) could be


a)

d) have been travelling a) established b) will establish

5.

for your

years

G.

four years ago c) since then d) after the crash


b)

d) establishing a) when b) until

c) to establish

T.

a)

b)
c)

whereas while
SO

d) during 8. a) having searched b) to search

c)

after

c)

d)

because

d)

searching searched

r50

9.

a) has given b) will give c) was given d) will have been given (1)

10. a) had better

b) all was c) may all be d) should all be

XIII

Mark the best choice.

when we have to cope with difficult, unpleasant or dangerous situations. Some jobs involve a lot the nature of the work. A construction worker, of stress (2)_ (3)_, working on a new building high above the ground is in
Stress is the mental strain constant danger. 1.

a) b) c) d)

getting that gets which we have which has

2. a) because of b) in spite of c) even thou$h

d)

due

3.

a) however b) for instance c) on the other hand d) then

Theenerg5rreSourcesoftheworld(4)-.Nobodylc:owsexactly (5)---, but pessimistic forecasts say that there is only (6)run out in 30 for 45O years, and that oil (7)years. Obviously, we have to do something, and we have to do it
soon!

4.

a) is limited b) limits c) limited d) are limited a) enough coal b) coal enough c) too little coal d) plenty of coal

5. a) how much is fuel b) how much fuel is left c) how fuel is formed d) how is fuel formed
Z. a) must b) should c) had to d) might

6.

151

In1848gold(8)-atSutter'sMill,about1oomileseastofSan
Francisco, and the first great gold-rush began. When the news leaked out, farmers, trappers, lawyers, preachers, sailors, soldiers and school teachers (9) to California by whatever means they could.

withinayear1oo,ooopeople,on]y8'ooo(1o)-werewomen, had reached the coast of California. More than half of them

(1I)-overland 8.

across the American continent.

a) was invented b) invented c) was discovered d) discovered

9. a) who mshed
b)
were rushing

c)
d)

rushed had rushed

10. a)

which b) of whom c) that d) who

11. a) had travelled

b) were travelled c) were travelling d) had been travelling

]L

Mark the best choice

1. If I were to live on an Island for a month, I would take some


medicine ,ilrith me in case I

ill.

a) become

b) became

c) will become d) would become


o Mexico for our holidays, we'd be able to see the

2.

If

we

Aztec ruins. a) Eo b) went

c)
d)

had gone gone

3. Geo e_

he could improve his test scores, but he did not have enough time to study. a) knew to c) knew how that b) knew how d) knew how to

4. Neither Jane nor her brot ers


tomorrows field trip.

a consent form for

a) need b) needs
L52

c) is need d) are needing

5. There were two small rooms in the beach house.


as a kitchen.

served

a) b)

the smaller of which the smallest of which

c) the smaller of them d) smallest of them

6. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and-. c) nor do the children a) so do their children b) neither did the children d) so did their children
7. Last year, Matt earned-his position. a) twice as much as

brother, who has a better

c) twice as many as
d) twice
as more as

b)

twice more

than

8. John has not been able to remember where c) did she live a) does she live d) lived the girl b) she lives

9. Cuba

a) b)
IO.

sugar-growing areas in the world. c) one of the largest one o[ the larger d) largest one of largest

is-

Our flight from Amsterdam to London was


heaqr fog. a) as a result b) because of

delayed

the

c) due
d) because

11.

_
a)

b) c) d)
12.

the new information to anyone else but the sergeant. They asked him not to give They asked him don't give They asked him not giving They asked him not give

Hundreds of houses and other buildings were destroyed by the later developed into a hurricane. storm c) from which a) of which d) which b) which is

153

Shall I ask the waiter for the bill? B: Yes, please I (Ig) this film for such a long time that I wouldn't like to miss any of it.

A waiter! The bill, please. oh dear, I haven't got my wallet. I (14)_it in my other jacket, I wish I (15) before
we came out.

tg. a) am looking forward to seeing


b) am looking forward

to see

c) have been looking forward to seeing d) have been looking forward to see
14. a) must have left
15.

a) would check

b) had to leave

c) should have left


d) ought to leave

b) have checked c) would have checked d had checked

"I wonder why (16)_ yet. I told Jim how to get here but perhaps I (17)_ a map. The traffic (lg) _them, of course, But I'm sure they would have telephoned us if they

(1g)-lost."

16. a) they didn't arrive

b) didn't they arrive


L7. a) ought to have given

c) d)

they haven't arrived haven't they arrived

b) needn't

him c) have given him d) c) d)

ought to give him must have given him


can have delayed may have delayed

18. a) can delay

b) may delay
19. a) wouldn't have got

b) had got

c) would have got d) hadn't got

154

](V.

Mark the best choice

HertonCol1ege,Oford,(1)-over7ooyearSagoin|264by WalterdeMerton.Itis(2)-col1egeinodordandissituatedin
the east part of the town in a

(3)-

location.

many years the college specialised in mathematics and science, and it (5)_ the oldest library, parts of which date from 137I. The library (6)over 4O.OOO volumes of books and the number (7)_ each year.

(4)--

(8)_-a fine garden, Herton also possesses a tennis court (9)-Some4ooyearSagoand(1o)-Roya1Terrnis(the


earliestversionofterrnis)wasplayed.EdwardVII(1I)-there
as Prince of Wales, and the game

(12)_

at Oxford since 1450.

The college (13)____ only about 75 men and women undergraduateseachyearandisquitesma1l,(14)-italsohas


about 8O graduates and 50 fellows (professors, researchers, teachers of under graduates).

(15)-thenumberofstudentsisnotveryhigh,theyareableto stayinresidenceatthecollegeforthefullthreeyearSof(16)degree course

(L7)_they

wish. In most other

collegesresidence(18)-possibleforon1yone(thefirst)year andthestudents(19)-lodgingsintownfortheremainderof
their course.

Sinceitsfounding,manyfamousmen(2o)-throughthe
college, including William Harvey and T.S. Eliot.

1. a) where it was founded


b) which was founded c) was founded d) founded

2. a) the old
b) older than c) very old d) the oldest

3. a) quitely b) quieter than c) quiet


d)
quieter

4. a) Since
b) During c) Until d) For

r55

5.

a)

iS

6.

a) is made

b)
c)

d)

has has been must have

b)
c)

d)

up of constitutes is composed of contains

z.

has increased b) can increase c) is increasing d) had increased


a)

8.

a)

b)
c)

In addition E:<cept for

Moreover d) As well as
a)

9.

where they built b) which was built c) which it was built d) where it was built
a) a)

10.

which
since

b) where
c)

d) as

soon as

II.

b)
c)

who was used to be

t2.

a)

has played

b) has to be played
c)

played d) was played


a)

has been playing d) has been played


a)

13.

admits b) has admitted c) admitting d) admitted

L4.

although b) thus c) for example d) naturally them b) while c) during d) their


a)

15.

In fact b) Meanwhile
a)
c)

16.

Because d) Yet
a)

LZ.

until
as soon as

18. a)

is

b)
c)

if
like

b) should be c) is able to be
d) could be

d)

19.

who are taking b) take c) who took d) taking


a)

20.

a) passed

b)
c)

are passing

have passed d) pass

156

l(Vt

Mark the best choice one crossing of the Atlantic is very much rike

(t)_,

and people

whocroSSitfrequentlydonotmakethevoyageforthe(2)-of
its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel (s)_ to go to bed and pleased when the journey (a)_. on the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed rather earlier

expected(7)-buttherewaSasuitcase(8)mineinthe opposite corrrer. I wondered who he could be and (g)_. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet (1o)---, except that he was wearing (11) good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not get on well together, (L2)-, and did not say (13)-.
I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was the night. ( t 4)_ cold, I covered myself up (15)-and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realised that a draught was coming from somewhere. I got up (16)_the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and (I7)_ the moon shone through it into the other bed. (18) there. It took me a minute or two to (19)-the door myself. I realised

than usual. When I (S)____my cabin, I was surprised (6)_that I was to have a companion during my trip. I had

middle of the

thatmyCompanion(2o)-throughthewindowintothesea.
1.

a) other b) the other

2. a) reason
b) motive c) cause d) sake

c)
d)
3.

another one other

a) tired enough b) enough tired

4. a) is achieved
b) finish c) is over d) is in the end

c)
d)

ourselves tired enough ourselves enough tired

t57

5.

a)

b)
c)

d)

a:rived at reached to arrived to reached at

6.

a)

for

seeing

b)
c)

that I saw in seeing

d)

to

see

7.

being lonely b) to be lonely c) being alone d) to be alone


a) a)

8.

a)

like

b) AS
c)

d)
10.

similar than the same

9.

b)
c)

d)

how he would be what he would be like what would he be like how would he be

a) in each place b) for all parts

c) somewhere d) anywhere

tt.

a)

aso
SO

t2.

b)
c)

d)

such a such

whoever he was b) whoever was he c) however he was d) however was he


a)

13.

a)

b)
c)

d)

him a single word him not one word a single word to him not one word to him
so well as I could as well as I could so well that I might

L4.

That it was b) Because of c) Having felt


a) d) Feeling

15.

a)

16.

a)

b)
c)

b)
c)

d)

as well that I might

d)

to shut for shutting in order that I shut so as for shutting It was no one There was no one It was anyone
There was anyone

tz.

while doing like that b) as I did like that c) as I did so d) at doing so


a)

18.

a)

b)
c)

d)

19.

reminded to lock b) remember to lock c) remind locking d) remember locking


a)

20.

a)

b)
c)

jump would have jumped had


to

d)

must have jumped should have jumped

158

Mark the best choice

Most of the cities in Europe have narrow streets that (l)_hundreds of years ago. 1. a) build c) they were built b) were buil d) built (2)_are usually not many places of entertainment nearby. 2. a) They c) we b) These d) There Some students were having a party. All of them were having (3) good time that (4) them wanted to go home. 3. a) such a 4. a) all b) such b) some -of c) so c) none
d)
very

d) one

(s)_Sue has been married is a secret. 5. a) When c) Where b) How long d) Whose
We didn't hear

(6)_about.
c) who were talking
talking

6.

a) they talked b) what they were

d) that they talked

A laboratory U)the nutritional value of a new synthetic food substance called NRG2. Fifteen rabbits (8) for the test.

7.

a) b) c) d)

tested tested testing which tested


was

8. a) used to b) using

c) used
d) were used

Ernest Hemingway, the famous American novelist, enlisted in the Italian Army in World War I. By the time the war (9)_, he

(1O)_

two medals.
1O.

9.

a) has ended b) ends c) ended d) had ended

a) had been won b) has won c) won d) had won


159

Sometimes tourists have only a few hours (11)_ they can see a whole museum. Most museums, however, are (12)_ large for visitors to cover in just a few hours. As soon as the visitors get a list of the things on display in the museum, they (13)worr5ring about which ones to look at and they look at everything very

quickly,whichdoesnot$ivethemmuchpleasure.(14)-,Some
visitors spend all of their time looking at the things in only one or two

partsofamuseum.Thisis(I5)-anunSatis$zingprocedure. Thesepeopleoftengoawaywithouthavin$(16)-thethings
that would interest them most.
11. a) in which b) of which c) which d where
13. a) are beginning b) have begun c) began d) begin
12.

a) so b) enough c) too
d)
very

f+. a) As a result of this b) On the other hand c) In spite of d) On the contrary,


16.

15. a) also b) not

c) extremely d) either
L7. none of my business. a) There she told him b) She told him

a) see b) to see c) saw d) seen

_is

c) Having told him d What she told him

160

A Stanford University professor of psychiatry notes that of all the


human emotions between 1877 and with pleasant reactions such as laughter. However, today many members of the medical profession believe that patients (2O) with from disease can benefit from
laughter.

major studies (18)-on 1962 only 31 percent (19)

18. a) doing b) which done c) which were doing d) done

19.

a) concerning b) concerned c) were concerned d) were concerning

20. a) suffering b) were suffered c) were suffering d) suffered

A (21) your electric bill? B:No,notyet,butI(22)-ittoday,becauseifI(23)-, the electric company (24) rny electricity off.
2L. a) Were you paid b) Have you paid c) Have you been payrng d) Have you been paid 23. a) didn't b) won't c) wouldn't d) don't
22. a) would pay b) paid c) had better pay d) wouldrather pay 24,

a) is going to cut b) would cut

c) will be cut
d) cuts

16r

A 1ZS) about the accident? B: No, What (26) ? AAstudent(27l-infrontofthedormitorywhilehewas jogging. They immediately (28) an ambulance and the student(29)-totheCityHospital.Fortunately,he (30)_
.

B: What about the driver of the cafl A He (3 t)__ The police are looking for him but

he

(32)_.

25.

a) b) c) d)

Have you been heard Do you hear Were you heard Have you

26.

a) b) c)

heard
28.

happens is happening happened d) would happen

ZZ.

a) was hit b) hit c) had hit d) has been hit a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d)


took taken had to take was taken

a) were called b) were calling

c)
d)
30.

catled have called

29.

a) didn't kill b) would be kflled c) wasn't killed d) killed

31.

didn't stop but drove off had been stopped and driven off wasn't stopped and was driven off would stop and drive off hasn't found hasn't been found hadn't found hadn't been found

32.

L62

XUIL Mark the best cohice: A We took a lot of photographs during the holiday. B: I'd like to see them. When (1) _ them developed? 1. a) you have c) you are having

b)

have

you

d)

are you having

If we (2) the Aztec ruins.

to Mexico for our holidays, we would be able to see

2. a) go c) had gone b) went d) gone ThetouristswhowanttovisitthatAfricancountry(3)-to


enter without a visa.

3. a) b)

is not

allowed are not allowed

c) does not allow d) do not allow


get used to

I often wonder how pilots


almost every day.

(a)
flew

for long hours

4. a) tying b) fly A
B:

c)

flown

Can I come to the cinema with you, mum?

You (5)

better stay home and finish your homework.

5. a) would b) had

c) should d) did

Why is a gap left at the joints of a railway line? The gap is left (6)-the rail to expand when it gets hot. On a hot day, the metal expands and if no allowance were made for this, the rails

(7)_ out of shape. 6. a) and allow b) being allowed c) to allow d) it allows

7. a) would bend
b) would have bent c) will bend d) will have bent
163

The accomplishments of the ancient Greeks and Romans in building construction were very impressive; however, they (8) more with their techonolgy. Perhaps one reason they

didn'tisthattheyfeltnoneedformachines(9)-slaves
provided cheap labor. 8. a) had done
b) could have done

9. a) because
b) therefore c) nevertheless d) naturally

c) must have done d) may have done

The skiers would rather


than Bo by bus. 10. a) to travel on train b) travelled by train

(IO)_through

the mountains

c) travel by train
d) travelling on the train

A B:
1

I dropped my carnera on holiday. Really? Where will you have it (t 1)


c)

1. a) mend b) mending

mended

to mend

If a child found that dangerous poison, there (12)


bad accident. 12. a) can b) could
The government (13)

be a

c) wfll d) should

people to inhabit historical sites.

13. a) are supposed to b) are not allowed

c) would rather d) do not allow


because

I don't feel tired when I walk to school (la) walking long hours.
L4. a) am used to b) used to

c) was used to
d) use to

A
B:

What do you think I should do to be successful in life?


You'd better (15)
b) studied

harder.

15. a) study

c) to study d) studying

IM

(16) on a hillside nearMancheng,south-westofPeking,(17)-theyfounda the entrance bricked-up opening in the rock. This seemed (18)
In 1968, Chinese soldiers made an exciting
to a tomb. Archeologists were called in immediately. They soon (19)

another tomb on the same hillside. Excavation of


tombs began in July of the same year. 16. a) discover

(2O)

L7. a) where
b) which

b) discovering c) discovered d) discovery


18. a) be

c) whose
d) that

19. a) were invented


b) invented c) were discovered
d) discovered

20. a) both

b) to being c) to be
d) being

b) every c) each d) some


it up before
the petrol before

"There 's hardly any petrol left in the tank. I drive carefully until we get there. If only I

(21)

welefthome.TheremaybeagaragequitenearbutI(22)-

(23)

westartedout!DAMN!|(24)-thistohappenforthe1astten minutes. I'll have to push the car to the side of the road because we
will

(25)

if we leave it here." 22.

2L. a) must have

filled b) should have filled c) would have filled d) had to fill checked

a) ought b) would c) had better d) prefer

23. a)

24. a) am
b)
c)

b) would have

checked c) had checked d) have checked

expecting 25. a) be fined b) fine e>rpect


c) being fine
d) be fining

have been expecting

d)

was

expecting

165

we arrived

(26) Spain for the first time (27)-and I decidedtobuyacarbecausewehadsold(28)-wehadin

beforebutasIwas(31)-inthiscitymywifedidnot(32) it on my own so we went together to (33) . We paid (34)-and signed the papers. They told us that (35)_us to a garage (36) we could fill up. The (37) he office me.Igotoutoftheirway(38)-bybackingintothegarage
once more and the man behind me shouted at

England before leaving. Yesterday the sales office rang us (29) the car was ready. I had tried out a model (3O) _it

was about lOO yards away and we got there safely. But when I turned into the main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing towards

me.

"(39)

problemto(ao)-drivingontheright,isn'tit?''mywifesaid. 'Yes, if only I (41)_a few lessons for practice", I replied. 'You (42)__ _go carefully on the way home", my wife said. (43)sorry if you had an accident (44) the first day,
wouldn't you?" While we were talking, the man behind got out of his car and said in good English 'Would you mind (45) me when you are thinking of leaving? Or are you going to sit in your car all

daf"
26. a) to

b) in c) at d) on
28. a) these ones

27. a) a few weeks later b) until a few weeks c) in a few weeks d) a few weeks ago
29. a) for staying

b) which one c) the one d) the one what


3O.

b) to say c) for telling


d)

to tell

a) as b) like c) the same that d) similar

31. a) no longer used to driving

b) stitl not used to drive c) not yet used to driving


d) already not used to drive

r66

32. a) want me to collect

33. a) bring it b) get it

b) like me to collect c) want that I collected d) like that I collected


3a. a) the car

c) send it
d) carry it

b) the car for c) for the car d) how much the car
36. a) whereat

35. a) there was enough petrol to take b) there was enough petrol for taking

c) it was enouglr petrol for taking d) it was enough petrol for taking
37. a) nearest garage at

b) there c) there where d) where


38. a) as fast as I could b) so fast as I could c) as fast as I may d) so fast as I may
O.

b) nearest garage to c) garage farthest


d) farthest garage 39. a) It's so much b) It's such a c) There's such a d) There's so much a 41. a) would have b) would have had c) was having d) had had 43. a) You are b) You were c) You'd be d) You'll be 45. a) to tell b) telling c) told d) tell

a) refuse b) suggest c) recommend d) remember

42. a) had better b) would better c) had rather d) would rather

M. a) in b) on c) at
d) by

L67

Mark the best choice

Smokingisbadforyou.Iremember(1)-myfirstcigarette.I wastenwhenmyparentsletme(2)-offtoaschoolcamp and that's where it happened. we were sitting by the lake late one nightwhenI(3)myfirstcigarette.I(4)-it,ofcourSe, buteveryoneinthegrouptrieditand(5)-Now,Iama hearysmokerbutIdon'tenjoyitasmuchaSI(6)-.IVeoften triedcuttingitdownbut(7)-Idecidetocutitdown,Ifeellike
smoking even more. My wife, who gave up smoking two years ago,

SaySthatcuttingitdownis(8)thangivingitup'(9)she thinks I should try to do. I don't think that I have (lO)_
will-powertostopcompletelybutIamSureifsomebody(11)aneaSywaytohelppeoplegiveupsmoking,I(12)-itstraight
away.

1. a) smoked
b) smoking c) smoke d) to smoke

2.

a) going

b) go

c) went
d) to go

3.

a) offered b) was being offered c) had offered d) was offered a) neither did I b) so was I c) so did I d) neither was I
a) wherever

4.

a) could have been refused

b) had been refused

c) had refused
d) could have refused

5.

6.

a) was used to

b) got used to

c) am used to d) used to

7.

8.

a) the most difficult of all b) much more difficult

b) whatever c) however d) whenever

c) rather difficult d) not as difficult

168

9.

a) that b) why c) which d) how


a) b) c) d) find found have found wil find

10. a) enough
b) too much c) too little d) more than enough

11.

L2.

a) would follow b) have to follow c) followed d) would have followed

The ticket system for travelling on the underground (metro) and on the

busesinBritain(13)recentlyanditismuch(14)-itwas
a ticket for every j ourney; they didn't before. In the past you (15) let you (t6) _ the underground ticket on the buses and (17) you buy another ticket when you wanted to o by bus. Now, however, a seven-day travel card (18) _ bought and used both on the underground and on the buses.
13.

a) is being changed b) is changed c) is going to be changed d) has been changed

t+. a) much better


b) the best c) better than d) very good

15. a) hadn't been bought

b) had to buy c) were bought d) had to be bought


tZ. a) didn't make b) hadn't made c) have made d) made

t0. a) to use b) using c) use


d) used
18. a) is

b) have to be c) will be d) is going to be

169

Aberdeen

towns of Scotland, on the north-east coast. The first oil of Britain (2O) from the North Sea in 1969 and since the start of the oil industry, Aberdeen (21)_an international city. Today, in Aberdeen, people from all over the
(22)

is (19)

world

_in

shops and hotels.


20. a) obtained

19. a) more important

b) one of the most important c) the most important d) an important


21. a) belca:rre22. b) has become c) had become d) is becoming

b) has been obtained c) had been obtained d) was obtained

a)

can see b) have been seen c) have seen d) can be seen

One of our reporters had a very interesting interview with Mr. Foster who

was spending the night in the local jail.


Reporter

Mr.Foster
Reporter

Mr. Foster, why are you in jail? Why were you arrested? I was arested for (23) home late. I don't believe it! You mean you were arrested only because you came home late? Oh, yes! That's (24) _I'm
here now.

Mr.Foster
Reporter

Can you please tell us more about it?

Mr.Foster

You see, I have an extremely jealous wife.


she follows

(25)_

I go,

me. Yesterday evening I decided to go to a pub to have a drink with old friends. I (26) her about it, but I didn't because I wanted to be alone with my friends "(27) too late, she won't get very angry", I said to myself. However, after a few drinks I forgot all about her and it was almost morning when I got home.
Reporter

What

(28)

when you got home?

Mr. Foster
Reporter

Sleeping, of course.

What was the problem then?

taO

Mr.Foster:Everythingwasallright(29)-Imadethemistakeof
playing the tune we had been singing at the pub with my she friends on the piano. When she heard me (3O)woke up of course and came down. She was very angry, especially because I was so late. I told her that I was very
sorry but she didn't even listen. She phoned the police and

told them there was a burglar in her flat.


23. a) to coming b) to come Z+. a) how

c) coming d) came
25. a) Whatever b) However

c)

b) why where d) what

26. a) couldn't phone b) didn't have to phone

c) Whoever d) Wherever
27. a) Unless I was

c) could have phoned d) might phone


28. a) did she do b) had she done c) has she been doing d) was she doing

b) IfIam c) Unless I am d) If I don't


29. a) when

b) until c) as soon as
d) while
HeIen
George

30. a) playing b) to play c) played d) that I played noon George?


eat at the pub

What are you doing

(31) I have no idea. I (32) (33) the street. (34) (35)


vou.

Helen

Then I'll join you. I have something important

George

Helen
George

I'm not inviting you to join me. Who needs an invitation? I am your friend, aren't I? No, you aren't. (36) _, I don't like you at all

(37)-you

talk to me like that.

17l

Helen

I'm sorrlr, I wish I


(39)
me.

(38)

that you hated me this much. I

coming to lunch with you

(4O)

if you

George

Helen

But youVe been (421 _ you

(41) -

you to be my friend in my life. nice to me lately that I thought


o be friends.

(43)

George

When? The other day, you Nonsense! I (45)

Helen
George

(44)

at me constantly while you

were sitting at your desk.


Helen
George

And two weeks ago, you took my hand in yours and held it for a long time. But I was trying to tell your fortune by readinlf your palm.

And
Helen
George

besides, I did the same thing to almost everyone in the

office.

_such What's the point of arguing(47)


Well, I am not used (46)
language.

behavior. we speak the same

Helen
George

We both speak English, don't we, my dear? Yes, but with a difference.

fuid stop calling me 'dear', please.

Helen

I understand. You won't have to worrSr about you again.


31. a) in b) on c) at d) for 33. a) below b) across c) outside d) between 32. a) rury b) -ill c) must d) should 34. a) telling b) to tell c) that I tell d) to be told

(48)_

35. a) And

36 a) In fact
b) However c) Nevertheless d) Afterwards

b) But c) why d) Or
172

37. a) whatever

38. a) know

b) whenever

c) whoever
d) whichever
39. a) won't suggest

b) knew c) had known d) would know


aO.

b) wouldn't suggest

c) wouldn't have suggested


d) hadn't suggested
4L. a) have never encouraged

a) enourage b) didn't encourage c) would encourage d) hadn't encouraged

42. a) very

b) never encourage

c) had never encouraged d) will never encourage


43. a) were wanting b) can want c) wanted
d) have wanted
45. a) must have been daydreaming

b) so c) such d) too

M.a) were smilling


b) had been smiling c) have smiled d) had smiled
46. a) at

b) had to daydream

c) could have daydreamed d) would be daydreaming


47. a) unless

b) to c) for d) with
48. a) my bothering

b) if

c) so that d) in case

b) bothering c) to bother d) me to bother

173

IOt

Mark the best choice Monday 4May. It's 1O:35 am. Everyone ls

in the capital, where more than


through the streets,

the situation lOO people are estimated

(1)

(2)-inthepasttwodays.on1yyesterdaythousandsmarched

(3)

against the government.

1.

worrying b) worry about c) worried d) worried about


a)

2.

a) to die

b) to have died

c) to be dying
d) to be died

3.

a) protesting b) protested c) were protested d) were protesting

The following is an extract from psychiatrist. Monday, 25th.

the personal diary of a well-known

Mrs. Blaclsnan has returned. (4) lonely, she has decided she is getting worse and needs to come five times a week for treatment. (5) a little more time, she'll be able to go back to leading a normal life.

4.

a) b) c) d)

Felt Because feeling

5.

a) tr given

b) Given

Having been felt


Feeling

c) Giving
d) When $iving

I'm not asking you to go to bed now. You can stay up late and continue working

(6)

you don't feel too tired.

6.

a) unless b) so long

c) provided d) when

L74

It is Saturday evening. Anne has been having trouble with her car for
some time and she is asking Tom for help.

Anne
Tom

Tom! I still have some difficulty in


thought you said you

(7)

the car. I

(8)

o repair it.

Oh, yes....The battery needs (9)

Anne
Tom

Then why don't you replace it tomorrow?

(1O) (L2)

be able to replace it tomorrow because I will

be working on my project in the office all day. So, I think you'd better phone for a mechanic and (1I)-in case
JL

-.

home late in the evening.


a) would

7.

start b) to start c) the start of d) starting


a)

b) would be going c) will d) were going


ro.
a)
c)

9.

to replace b) replacing c) replace d) to have replaced


a)

shouldn't
may not mustn't

b) needn't
d)

11. a) have it done b) do it c) it is done

t2.

a)

b)

will come might come

c) came

d) have done it
Sometimes everything seems

d) come

(l3)_wrong.

You lose things,

peop1ewarn(14)-morecarefu1oryourbosspostpones(15)
keep

(17)

is to a salary increase. At such times, one thing (16)(18) positive life such as on the aspects of are. You a nice family you have or how healthy you (19)

canevengoonestepfurtherandstart(2o)-aboutyourroSy future. If you (21)_ one billion liras in the lottery - next month (23) what (22) you yourself the ? or can imagine exotic islands of the Far East as a tourist. You (24)-the girl natives dancing there when suddenly, a beautiful dancing -

(25)-

a wreath of flowers around your neck, etc.

175

Butdon't(26)-yourimaginationcarryyou(27)-. (28)reality is often the safest way to handle life (29)_ we can't survive (3O) by daydreaming. It is true (31)_ imagination adds color to our lives but we (32) stop somewhere, (33) it takes complete hold of our personality.
13. a) to go 14. a) to be

b) us to go c) going d) by going
15.

b) you to be c) being d) your being


16. a) you to do

a) to give b) you to give c) giving you d) you giving a) concentrate b) concentrating c) concentration d) to concentrate a) suddenly b) rarely c) still d) seldom will win b) have won c) won d) had won

b) can be done c) you can do d) you doing


18. a)

17.

what b) how c) that d) this

19.

20. a) dream

b) for dreaming c) to dream d) dreamt 22. a) b) c) d)

2L. a)

would you do will you do would you have done to do

23. a) visit

b) to visit c) visiting d) to have visited


25. a) puts

24. a) are watching b) should watch c) watch d) must watch


26. a) help

b) is putting c) will put d) has put

b) make c) let d) have

176

27. a) far too b) too far c) far enough d) enough far


Zg. a) furthermore

28. a) To be faced

b) Face c) Faced d) Facing


3O. a) only

b) although c) since d) nevertheless

b) except c) neither d) as

31. a) why b) how c) that


d) which

32. a) have to

32.

a) b)
c)

b) cannot c) would d) will

when while
before

d)

after

around nine o'clock when I drove back home from work because it was already dark. As I approached the gates, I turned off the headlamps of the car (35) prevent the beam of light

It (34)

from(36)-throughthewindowandwakingJack,whoshared the house with me. But I noticed that his light was still on, so he was awake anyway (37) -to had (S8)_asleep while reading. put I the car away and went up the steps. Then I opened the door
quietly and went to Jack's room. He was in bed awake but he didn't -he (30) aurn towards me. "What's the matter, Jack?" I said "For God's sake don't make a noise and take your shoes (4O)_,"
he said.

(42)-thebed-sheets.Iwas(43)-onmybackreading when I saw it. I knew that moving was out of the question. r (44)
moved even if I'd wanted to. I realized that he was serious. "I was relying on you to call a doctor as soon as soon as you (45) home", Jack went on. "It (46) me yet, but I dare not do anything to upset it. It might wake up," he said. "I thought you (47) be home an hour ago." There was no time to argue or apologise to telephone the doctor.

I thought that he must be ill and that I (4I) do as he said to keep him happy. "There is a snake here," he explained. "It is asleep

(48)

late. I went out

t77

34. a) had to be b) was to be c) rnust have been d) should have been

35. a) so b) in order c) so that d) for


SZ. a) unless

36. a) enter b) entering c) entered d) being entered 38. a) become39. b) fallen c) gone d) grown 40. a) off

b) because c) since d) if

a) even
b)

just

c) only d) rather

+t. a) had rather


b) would rather c) had better d) would better 43. a) lied b) laid c) laying d) ryirg
have

H out
c)
away

d) back
42. a) between b) beside c) below d) behind

M. a) may not

b) might not have c) shouldn't have d) couldn't have


+O.

45. a) would come b) have come c) were coming d) came 47. a) would b) should c) must d) may

a) b) c) d)

didn't bite hadn't bitten hasn't bitten couldn't bite

+8. a) for being b) to be c) on being 'd) to have been

L78

)OlL Mark the best choice

1.

scarf a) too long b) long enough


Isn't that

yet? You've been knitting it for

ages.

c)
d)

long
very long

2.

Gulls are sometimes called "rats of the eat almost anything. a) since c) but b) which d) that

air"

they will

3.

after the second World War that test pilots first attempted to break the sound barrier. a) Shortly c) There was shortly b) Was shortly d) It was shortly
the letter yesterday, but it didn't arrive.

4. We

a) ought to have b) would receive

received c)

should receive

d) must have received

History is filled with examples of efforts to communicate news quickly, (5) Pheidippides' twenty-two-mile run (6) the news of the Greek victory at Marathon.

5.

a) as an example b) an example c) such as d) as

6.

a) to bring b) for bringing c) so that brought d) because he brough

In our fast-paced world, it is almost impossible to avoid (7) up tension from stress. All of us conlront stress daily; anything (8) an extra demand on us is stress. 7. a) to build 8. a) places
b) it to build c) building d) it building
9.

b) d)
19OO

that

places

c) is placed

that is placed

that Voyager transmitted photographs of


c) During d) It was in
179

Saturn to Earth. a) When it was b) That was in

10.

It is believed occur after rock strata break and before they settle into a new position. a) to be earthquakes c) that earthquakes b) earthquakes which d) earthquakes that
by January next year.

11. The new highway

dl b) *ill
u)
L2.

complete have been

c) had been completed

completed

d) has completed

people in the United States saw the King


Tutankhamen exhibit. a) Of the more than eight million c) More than eight million b) Eight million more than d) Eight million of the most

13. Gravity
speed.

not only causes bodies to fall

increases their

a) and to b) and also 14.If it rains three more days, it


break.

c) but also d) and so


for a month without a

a) has been raining b) is raining


15. He

c) was raining d) will have been raining if he had used c) d)


had grown

more crops

modern farming

methods.

a) grew

had been growing

b) would have
16.

grown

all the work I need to do yet, so I can't go home

a) I haven't been doing b) I wasn't doing


17.

c) I haven't done d) I'm not going to do

At last month's meeting the mayor asked the council if they


him more money immediately. a) will give b) have given

c) d)

gave

could give

r80

18.

when they reach the pop of the mountain, they


over five hundred metres.

(g)

a) would have b) climbed

climbed

c) will have climbed d) had climbed

What will happen in the future? This is a question most of us wish we (2o) the answer to. our way of life (21)-

changingmorequickIynowthanit(22)-sincethewor1d
It is an interesting game to imagine what people would do, for example, if we (24) men from another planet, or how
(23)

people(25)-iftherewereanuclearwar.Manywriters,aswell
as readers, are interested -by in the literary form which (26)_ Science Fiction. Science Fiction stories and novels (27)

-.

as ever

since Jules verne


nineteenth century.
20. a)

first (28)___

the form popular in the

b) knew c) will know d) have known


22. a) has ever changed b) witl ever change c) has been changing d) would change
Z+. a) were

know

2L. a) has been b) were

c) are
d) is
25. a) has been created b) had created c) created d) was created 25. a) survived

b) invaded c) would have been invaded d) had invaded


26. a)

invaded

b) would survive c) will survive d) would have survived 22. a) have been written b) wrote c) were written d) have written

known b) knows c) is known d) has known

28. a) would

make b) has made

c) has made
d) made
181

If the present-decrease in the birth rate in France year 2OOO the last Frenchman (3O)
29. a) doesn't

(29)_,

by the

b) continues c) had continued d) hadn't contlnued

contlnue

30. a) b) c) d)

would die would have died will be dying ,rill have died

The migration of English people to North America created the need f,or

new words in their vocabulary. (31) _ the settlers landed in America, they found plants and animals which were new to them. The land was occupied by tribes of people who had customs totally Even the landscape different from anything the English (32) was different from the English countryside. So names (33) _ be provided for all these aspects of their new life.

gf. a) As soon as
b) qy the

c)

time Since d) Until

32. a) b) c) d)

saw could see had ever seen have ever seen

33. a) must b) had to

c) couldn't d) needn't
Although many explorers tried, it was (34) _1903 that the Arctic polar region (35) by sea. Antartic exploration begins with Ptolemy, but the real discoverers of Antartica were the hunters (36) far south to catch fish.
34. a) not

since b) since c) not until d) until

35. a) was crossed b) crossed c) has been crossed d) has crossed

36. a) travelled b) they travelled c) who they travelled d) travelling

t82

our

oceans are an important source of food. They provide

(37)_

both fish and plants for food. They also supply energ5r from undersea oil and tidal power. (38) , our oceans are in danger of

becomingpol1uted.Ifwe(39)-togetfood[romtheminthe future, we (4O) thlnking about keeping them clean.


37. a) for b) us for c) us with d) with 39. a) want b) wanted c) will want d) would want 38. a) b) c) d)
aO.

In fact On the contrary Furtherrnore


However

a) have had to start b) had to start c) will have to start d) would have to start

Science instruction should acquaint students

with

career

possibilities in technical fields and in science teaching. A continuous

effort (+t1__ to identify and encourage those students (42)---special interests. These students must have opportunities for some direct experience of professional nature; they
should also learn about the extent of various fields and (43) these fields are related to each other. But it is even more important for young people (44) those skills and abilities that will

enab1e(45)-theresponsibi1itiesforexpandingtheirown
learning.

42. a) whom develop b) who have developed c) being developed d) developing

4L. a) should make b) should be made c) should have been made d) should have made

43. a) how

b) when c) where d) which

M. a) acquiring b) acquired c) by acquiring


d) to acquire

45. a) to take
b) them to take c) taking d) their taking

183

For several decades educational psyehologists have been trying to discover what is necessary in order for education (46)_ more effective. Many psychologists are trying to analyze (47) children are being taught so that they (48)determine the effectiveness of various teaching methods. Still, the process of learning remains largely unexplained, (49) _ the tremendous amount of research (5O) during this century.

6. a) b) c) d) 8.
a)
c)

to be ls will be was

47.

a)

where

b)
c)

d)

what why how


in

could had to have to

49.

a)
c)

brief

50.

b) can
d)

b) despite

a) do b) which

on the contrary

c)

did

done

d) whereas

d) they do

Sherlock Holmes is probably the archetype for most great detectives in modern fiction. But while I enjoy (51) stories like "The (52) Hciund of the Baskervilles" anyone else, I sometimes

wishConanDoyle'sSuCCeSS(53)-suihagreatinf1uenceon
other writers. Writers like Agatha Christie and Ian Fleming, in their

differentwayS,havemadepeop1e(54)-eitlrerthatmurderisa
game you play after dinner or else that violence is always justified (55)_ you are on the right side. There are reasons (56)_ I can't stand their detectives- Poriot and James Bond- either. In

Agatha Christie's case,

it is her stupid dialogues and unreal characters(57)-me.Fleming(58)-,islikeachemist (59)_.


52. a) so much that b) very much c) as much as

measuring out doses of sex, violence and above all, snobbery, and
mixing them

51. a) to read

b) reading c) read d) that reading


53. a) had not had

d) too much
54. a)

b) haven't had c) won't have d) doesn't have


184

that they think b) thinking c) to think d) think

55. a)

until b) if c) as soon as
d) whether

56. a) about

b) for c) why

d that
58. a) on the other hand b) moreover

57. a) who

had

upset

b) what upsets c) that upset d) which will upset


59. a) each other

c) then d) for example

b) together c) similarly d) one another


Tom Jerry Tom Jerry Tom Jerry
6O.

I (60) You (61)

my term-paper by next week. work so hard. You have plenty of time

finish it soon than let it disturb my mind for the rest of the month. if you (64) what (63) for me to quit Then, I suppose it will be (65) to repeat school (65) _ I'm sure that everything will be all Don't be (67) -? right and you will pass.

I (62)

ahead.

a) will finish to write b) am finishing writing c) will have finished writing d) finish to write

Of .

a) aren't able to b) don't have to c) need to d) should

62. a)
b)
c)

had better
ought to rury would rather

d)

63. a) would have happened b) would happen c) will happen d) happened 65. a) easy b) easier c) the easiest d) as easy 67. a) discouraged b) discouragement c) discouraging d) discourage
185

u.

a) had failed b) fail c) would fail d) will fail

66. a) than b) before c) after d) unless

METU EXERCISE BOOK For FOCUS ON FIRST CERTIFICATE

ANSWER KEY

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 1A Relative Clauses A. Pages 2-3 1. (which is) 2. (who are) 3. 4. 5. (who was) 6. 7. (which) commenting 8. (which were) 9. (which was) 10.(which) 11.(that) containing 12.13.(who is) 14.(who is) 15.(which is) Relative Clauses B. Pages 4-5 2. One of the tyres (which) they gave me burst They gave me 4 tyres, one of which burst 3. The bar where I was phoning from was so noisy that The bar from which I was phoning was so noisy that .. The bar (which) I was phoning from was so noisy that 4. Selfridges, where I bought this dress, is the best 5. When you go to the Wax Museum where there. 6. Red Indians, many of who(m)are living , inhabited 7. Men at Work, whose record , needed a lot 8. Tim Haskins, who few people voted , has been 9. Tom Wood, who lived among pygmies for a year, knows a considerable amount about them. 10.The students, who were from Thailand, found .. 11.The mayor stood up , after which there was 12.This vast lake, whose depth/the depth of which , is in a 13.The inscriptions, none of which can now , are to be found 14.Catatalans are very fond of , which is a large sausage. 15. That politician made , a number of which are recorded Present: Simple & Continuous. Pages 6-7 1. do you think/are you thinking 2. am expecting/expect 3. appears/is appearing 4. smells/are you smelling 5. weighs/are you weighing 6. see/is seeing 7. am having/has 8. looks/Are you looking 9. are guessing/guess Prepositions. Page 7-8 1. with 2. about 3. at/by 4. about 5. with 6. about 7. on 8. of 9. in 10.with Phrasal Verbs (Catch, Live). Page 8 1. caught up with 2. live on 3. live up to 4. caught on 5. living through 6. caught on 7. catch up with 8. live on

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 2A Adjectives and Adverbs. Pages 11-13 a) 1. slight/adj. 2. hard/adv. 3. highly/adv. 4. good/adj. 5. vast/adj. 6. good/adj. reasonable/adj. 7. closely/adv. 8. well/adv. 9. seriously/adv. 10.friendly/adj. 11.professionally/adv. 12.completely/adv. 13.possible/adj. 14.carefully/adv. 15.serious/adj. slightly/adv. 16.normally/adv. unusually/adv. 17.really/adv. 18.furious/adj. 19.hardly/adv. 20.Late/adj. 21.certain/adj. 22.colorfully/adv. 23.close/adv. 24.wrong/adv. badly/adv. 25.newly/adv. eventually b) impatiently/Luckily/slowly/hard/pretty loud/cold slightly/quick/completely/full/immediately closely/Automatically/lucky first/sweetly/faint/suddenly c) Late/tense/bad/straight/lonely/near/calm suddenly/timid/gently/quickly/harshly wrong/abruptly/blankly/sweetly/well loudly/Really/slowly/deep/humorous highly/warmly/exactly/good/horrible Past Simple and Continuous. Pages 14-15 a) 1. were standing/waiting 2. stood 3. studied 4. was studying 5. was raining 6. rained 7. was thinking 8. thought 9. were you doing 10.did you do 11.was dying 12.died b) went/decided/was raining/stepped/was shining was blowing/took/was signing/tapped/turned was staying/went/were selling/were trying listened Phrasal Verbs (Put). Pages 15-16 1. It is difficult to put out It is difficult to put them out. 2. I dont know how you can put up with I dont know how you can put up with it. 3. Im putting 50 aside every month so Im putting it aside every month so 4. We have put off the meeting We have put it off 5. Could you put away Could you put them away. 6. Why dont you put your coat on? Why dont you put it on? 7. The latecomers were put up in a 8. The directors secretary wouldnt put me through

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 3A Present Perfect: Simple & Continuous. Pages 17-18 a) 1. have been working/havent finished 2. have visited 3. has taken/have been looking 4. have been shopping/havent bought/havent seen 5. have read 6. have been doing have been planting/have planted 7. have been waiting/has arrived b) 1. is raining/havent brought 2. knows/has been growing/is trying 3. have been listening/havent understood 4. have been reading/have c) am writing have been sitting have decided have been doing have been offered I have wanted dont like do know have never been are living have been looking have been have been turned down have been applying hope Modals. Page 19 1. cant 2. couldnt/werent able to 3. wasnt able to/couldnt 4. could 5. Can/Could 6. to be able to 7. cant 8. can Compound Adjectives with Numbers. Page 20. 1. A 2-hour walk. 2. A fifty-thousand-pound house. 3. A 25-minute programme. 4. A 5-hour delay. 5. A 5-star hotel. 6. A 60-minute cassette. 7. A 60-watt bulb. Prepositions. Pages 21-22 a) 1. Concentrate on 2. depends on 3. listen to 4. complaining about 5. paid for 6. rely on 7. disapprove of b) 1. as 2. to about 3. on 4. tofor 5. of/to 6. on 7. to 8. for 9. on 10.of 11.of 12.about 13.about

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Consolidation Units 1A-3A Review of Phrasal Verbs. Page 23 1. g 2. f 3. h 4. a 5. j 6. i 7. c 8. e 9. d 10.b Miscellaneous Exercises. Pages 24-27 a) 1. can speak 2. 3. lived 4. he stayed 5. started 6. have lived/have been living 7. think 8. have visited 9. have just applied 10.will be able to b) 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a c) 1. am listening 2. normally goes/is studying 3. cutting 4. receive 5. Ill think d) 1. a 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. a 10.b e) 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 4A Modals. Page 28 1. need to/should 2. shouldnt 3. had to 4. mustnt 5. dont have to 6. should/must 7. need to 8. having to 9. neednt/dont have to 10.have to/need to 11.had to 12.mustnt 13.needed to Participles. Pages 29-33 a) 1. Having barricaded the windows, we assembled 2. Having found no one at home, he left Not having found anyone at home, he left 3. Having removed all traces of his crime, the criminal left 4. Having spent all his money, he decided 5. Having escaped from prison, he looked 6. Having heard the story before, she didnt want to hear it all again. 7. Having found the money, they began quarrelling .. 8. Having visited the museum, we decided 9. Having found his revolver, he loaded it and sat down .. 10.Having fed the dog, he sat down b) 8. Having paid back the money, he felt 9. Watching TV, she fell asleep. 10.Feeling tired, I went home. 11.Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 12.Having spent the whole night out, he finally arrived home. 13.Being a foreigner, she needs 14.Jill was lying on the bed crying. 15.John got high grades in his exams, making his parents happy. c) 1. Using 2. Being 3. stolen 4. Pushing 5. studying 6. offering 7. terrified/crying/frightening 8. getting 9. well-known/well-cut/long-lasting d) 1. well-written/officially-authorised 2. happily-married 3. badly-timed 4. freshly-made 5. recently-engaged 6. widely-known/poorly-paid 7. colourfully-illustrated 8. bitterly-disappointed e) 1. disgusting 2. interested 3. annoying 4. horrified 5. embarrassing 6. satisfied 7. confused 8. shocking 9. disappointing 10.amazing Phrasal Verbs (Break, Get). Pages 33-34 1. get by 2. broke up 3. got around 4. get away with 5. broke down 6. break through 7. broke out 8. getting at 9. broke in 10.get back 11.getting around 12.broke down 13.getdown 14.get away 15.getacross

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 5A Conditionals. Page 35-36 Provided/Providing (that), As/So Long As 1. The game will begin at 3 p.m. provided it doesnt rain. 2. You wont get a headache as long as you dont drink 3. You wont get cold as long as you dont throw 4. The police will leave you alone providing you dont cause 5. Well end the meeting now provided you dont have Unless a) Suggested Answers 1. you cant unless you are old enough/ take driving lessons. 2. you cant unless you are old enough/have your I.D. card. 3. you cant unless you really want to/study hard. 4. you cant unless you are really clever/study hard. b) 2. You cant unless you have a passport. 3. You arent allowed unless you are a member. 4. He wont be able to unless you speak slowly. 5. Ill be able to unless I have to work. 6. Dont tell Ann unless she asks you. 7. Im not going to unless you go too. 8. I wont forgive unless she apologises to me. c) 1. as long as 2. unless 3. provided 4. as long as 5. unless 6. providing 7. unless Concession. Page 37-42. Although/In spite of/ Despite/Even though a) 1. Despite his English name, he is in fact German. 2. Although she had an injured foot, she managed 3. In spite of the low salary, I decided 4. Despite being the better team, we lost 5. Even though I hadnt eaten ... I didnt feel hungry. b) 1. Although he looked scruffy, he still He looked scruffy but in spite of this, he still Inspite of looking scruffy/ his scruffy looks, he still 2. Although CDs are expensive, lots of people CDs are expensive but in spite of this, lots of people Inspite of being expensive/their price, lots of people 3. Although her parents objected, she still insisted on Her parents objected but in spite of this, she still In spite of her parents objections, she still 4. Although Beethoven was deaf, he continued composing Beethoven was deaf but in spite of this, he continued In spite of being deaf/his deafness, Beethoven continued 5. Although the acoustics in the hall are poor, it is still used The acoustics in the hall are poor but in spite of this, it is In spite of the acoustics being poor of /the poor acoustics, the hall is still used 6. Although weve known each other for a long time, we still call each other Weve known each other for a long time but in spite of this, we still In spite of having known each other for long time/our long acquaintance, we still 7. Although Hammerfest is a long way north of ,the sea never freezes there. Hammerfest is a long way north of but in spite of this the sea never freezes there. In spite of being a long way north of /its distance north from ,the sea never 8. Although he was very popular, he didnt win He was very popular but in spite of this, he didnt win In spite of being popular/his popularity, he didnt win

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate

Unit 5A Concession. Page 37-42. Although/In spite of/ Despite/Even though cont. 9. Although it rained heavily, the crops werent destroyed. It rained heavily but in spite of this, the crops In spite of raining heavily/the heavy rain, the crops 10.Although she was 85, she still lived a very active life. She was 85 but in spite of this, she still In spite of being 85/her age, she still In spite of/Because of 1. e - We kept the fire on all day because 2. f - He was ill but in spite of this, 3. i - Weve become vegetarians because 4. c - He was asked because 5. g - There were a lot of accidents because 6. b - There are fewer tourists in Britain this year because 7. a - I couldnt see what was going on because 8. d - He has a foreign accent but in spite of this, 9. h - The house was in bad condition but in spite of this, In Case a) 1. Ill take my camera with me in case I want to 2. Ill draw a map for you in case you cant find 3. I wrote them a second letter in case they hadnt received 4. Ill take your letter with me in case I see Ann. 5. Please write down the name of the street in case I forget it. 6. Id better give my parents a phone call in case they are worried. 7. I rang the bell again in case they hadnt heard the bell. 8. You should wear a crash helmet in case you have an accident. b) Suggested answers 1. you need treatment. 2. there is a power cut. 3. you get hungry. 4. you get old. 5. you want to take more photos. 6. there is a queue. 7. you are late home. 8. you lose them. 9. you oversleep. 10.the play is sold out. c) 1. if 2. If 3. in case 4. in case 5. if 6. in case 7. if 8. in case 9. in case Phrasal Verbs (Set, Wear). Page 42. 1. out of control 2. on foot 3. set off 4. wore off 5. out of sight 6. wear out 7. set out 8. set down 9. set off 10.out of reach 11.sets in 12.set up

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate

Unit 6A Future Tense. Page 43-48. a) 1. will/will/will 2. are going to/are going to 3. is going to will/are going to 4. will/am going to 5. will 6. are you going to b) 1. Ill get a cloth 2. are you going to do when 3. Im going back to 4. Will I disturb you if ? 5. Ill/Im going to miss 6. Ill/Im going to look c) Im coming/Im seeing/Will you be I wont be/Im going are you going? is opening are you going?/wont be does you plane Ill be Ill see/well have finished Ill see you d) 1. will be working/wont hear 2. might 3. wont/wont be working 4. might 5. wont 6. might not 7. will be delayed 8. might 9. will/will/will/will/will 10.will e) 1. He will be having a breakfast meeting at 9:00. 2. He will be meeting with the prime minister, the president and their interpreters at 9:00. 3. Hell already have attended a conference and had a breakfast meeting by 10:00. 4. Hell be making his speech from 10:00 to 10:50. 5. The president and prime minister and their wives will be visiting a car factory at 11:00. 6. Hell already have attended a conference, had a breakfast meeting, made a speech, visited a car factory and had lunch by 13:00. 7. Theyll be meeting to discuss the import-export needs of the two countries. 8..Theyll have signed a new trade treaty by 16:00. 9. Theyll be meeting with reporters from 15:35 to 16:00. 10.No, he wont. Hell be resting in his hotel from 16:00 to 18:00. 11.Hell have got ready for dinner by 19:00. 12. Before the day is over hell have had two meetings.

Phrasal Verbs (Let, Cut) Page 49 1. cut down 2. let off 3. cut down 4. cut up 5. let down 6. cut down 7. cuts in 8. cut across 9. let in 10.let out

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Consolidation Units 4A-6A Review of Phrasal Verbs. Page 50-51 a) 1. d 2. i 3. j 4. h 5. k 6. m 7. c 8. l 9. b 10.g 11.f 12.a 13.e b) 1. get back 2. got way with 3. gets down 4. get by c) 1. set out 2. cut down 3. let out 4. set up/cut off 5. let off Miscellaneous Exercises. Page 52-53 a) 1. The recent changes not only excited but also worried me. 2. The reason for the decrease in sales is the high rate 3. In spite of the terrible weather, they travelled 4. If they met again, he would be able to learn 5. Unless Jack gets the job, he wont 6. That tank contains 20 litres of water. 7. I wonder if I might borrow 8. Deafness may be due to being exposed to loud music constantly. 9. Cardboard cartons are replacing the old milk bottles. The old milk bottles are being replaced by cardboard cartons. 10.My old leather handbag has worn out. 11.You dont have to/neednt visit her 12.Having lived in London in London for 5 years, she misses it b) 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. b

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 1B Review of Past Perfect. Page 57-58. a) 1. had read 2. had been reading 3. had been playing 4. had never played 5. had cooked 6. had been working/had offered b) 1. didnt recognise/hadnt seen 2. had finished/went 3. arrived/had gone 4. had eaten/got 5. was awarded/was 6. died/had reigned 7. was/had looked 8. wrote/hadnt arrived 9. came/had been broken 10.refused/had been c) was driving/overtook/was travelling/was going have never seen/saw/had crashed/had swerved have spoken/arrived/was trying had been drinking/has broken Verbs of Perception. Page 59 4. sitting/reading/get/go 5. slithering 6. coming/break 7. break 8. explode/shake 9. talking/shout 10.pouring/ringing/turn/stop/standing/open waving/arriving/coming/carry/carrying get/getting/shout/hesitating/shout Articles. Page 62-63 1. The/a 2. 3. the 4. -/the/5. -/the 6. 7. the 8. -/-/an 9. a/the/a 10.the Phrasal Verbs (Bring). Page 63. 1. up 2. out 3. about 4. off 5. in 6. round

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 2B Exercises on Gerunds and Infinitives. Page 66-69. a) 1. to fly 2. buying 3. going 4. to be 5. to buy 6. to eat 7. talking 8. getting 9. to be 10.cleaning 11.to be 12.to look 13.to hear 14.to get 15.to contradict 16.visiting 17.to come 18.to call 19.sleeping 20.riding 21.giving 22.working 23.being 24.having 25.taking 26.starting 27.seeing 28.to get 29.to leave 30.answering b) 1. It is important to have good friends. 2. Its better to avoid travelling at night. 3. He regrets not locking his car. 4. I dont want you to tell anyone that Im 5. My father allowed me to use his car. 6. Theres no point in working if you 7. Bill invited me to have dinner with him. 8. The driver of the car admitted being drunk. 9. You seem to have made a mistake. 10.Would you mind turning down the radio. 11.I didnt expect it to rain. 12.She advised me to tell the police. about 13.The night guard denied taking the files. 14.Its a waste of money smoking. 15.It takes a long time to learn a second language. 16.Those questions are easy to answer. 17.They appear to be arguing 18.Having a car enables you to travel 19.I warned you not to tell him. 20.Tom insisted on driving Ann to 21.The teacher accused the boy of not paying attention to him/her. 22.The museum is worth visiting. 23.By taking more exercise George lost weight. 24.Tom has difficulty in talking about 25.He translated without using a dictionary. 26.Bill persuaded me to go out. 27.Sally touched to attract my attention. 28.Its hard to find a good restaurant 29. Jane is good at cooking. 30.In spite of being seriously hurt in the accident, he managed to recover. Infinitives without to. Page 70-72 a) 1. This rainy weather makes me feel 2. They didnt let Tom take 3. Mr. Osborne didnt let us smoke in his office. 4. Their mother made the children drink but she didnt make them finish b) 1. 2. 3. Well, Id rather go/we went out. 4. Well Id rather stay/we stayed. 5. Well, Id rather you did it. 6. Well, Id rather you went. 7. Well, Id rather you didnt smoke. 8. Well, Id rather eat later. 9. Well, Id rather you didnt. 10.Id rather not tell him. Id rather you told him. c) 1. 2. you didnt 3. you stayed 4. you didnt 5. you didnt 6. she concentrated 7. you didnt call d) 1. Wed better take an umbrella. 2. Youd better stay at home today. Youd better not go to work today. 3. Youd better sit down. 4. Wed better take a taxi. 5. Youd better not play the piano late at night. 6. Wed better reserve a table. 7. Youd better put a plaster on the cut. 8. Id better have it serviced before I go. 9. Wed better not go for a swim. Double Comparatives. Page 72-73 1. The longer the game went on, the more exhausted the players became. 2. The more think about , the less happy I feel. 3. The more you eat, the fatter you will get. 4. The faster you continue to drive, the more likely you are to have an accident. 5. The earlier we get there, the greater our chance of getting seats. Phrasal Verbs (Look, Get). Page 73-74.

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate

Unit 2B Phrasal Verbs (Look, Get). Page 73-74. a) 1. get out of 2. look through 3. get on with 4. look after 5. looking for 6. get off 7. look up to 8. getting on 9. look up 10. Look out! 11.get over 12.look in 13.get though 14.get round to 15.look through b) 1. look after 2. look it up 3. am looking for 4. Look out! 5. have been looking forward

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 3B Expressing Quantity & Number. Page 75-78. a) 1. There are a few biscuits 2. I have little time 3. Few people give more money 4. Theres little butter left. 5. He has little chance of success. 6. Im afraid you need a few 7. Few of the clocks he has made have ever worked. 8. Shes just had some soup. b) 1. Jones didnt steal and neither/nor did Smith. Jones didnt steal and Smith didnt either. 2. Neither Sally nor Anne won Sally didnt win and Anne didnt either. 3. Neither Paul nor Susan wants to play Paul doesnt want and neither/nor does Paul. 4. Neither the DN nor the ND will win The DN wont win and the ND wont either. 5. Bob has never done and neither/nor has his father. Bob has never done and his father hasnt either. 6. Neither James nor Gerald arrived on time. James didnt arrive and Gerald didnt either. 7. Neither Robin nor Angela has got any Robin hasnt got any money and neither/nor has 8. She doesnt care what and neither do I. She doesnt care what and I dont either. c) 1. a lot of 2. much 3. plenty of 4. much 5. a little 6. many 7. few 8. little 9. a lot 10.much d) 1. either 2. or 3. neither 4. nor 5. both 6. and 7. no 8. None 9. both 10.and 11.Both 12.Both 13.and 14.also Noun Clauses. Page 78-79. 1. 2. What you said to Mary made her angry. 3. Ive forgotten what you wrote to me in 4. Can you understand what Im saying? 5. Can you see what shes holding ? 6. Does everybody that you want to go somewhere? Does everybody know where you want to go? 7. Im not interested in the fact that they are going somewhere tonight. Im not interested in where they are going tonight. 8. It doesnt concern me that she dresses in What she wears doesnt concern me. 9. Why she refused the present is a mystery. 10.Why she spends all her money is not Expressions with Used to. Page 80-81. 1. used to get 2. get used to wearing 3. used to be 4. got used to driving 5. had got used to giving 6. used to go swimming 7. get used to eating 8. isnt used to running 9. used to drink 10.used to like 11.used to be 12.didnt use wash/got used to living/is used to taking 13.couldnt get used to 14.get used to working 15.have got used to 16.get used to seeing 17.used to drink 18.used to run Phrasal Verbs (Come). Page 81-82. 1. came across 2. come out 3. come up against 4. come off 5. hasnt come round Verb + Preposition. Page 82. a) 1. classical to 2. him from 3. me with 4. 40 on 5. of three main parts 6. between the original and 7. disagree with you about the good things b) 1. for 2. with/about 3. about/to 4. in 5. from 6. with 7. with 8. with 9. from

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Consolidation Units 1B-3B Articles. Page 83. 1. d 2. h 3. e 4. f 5. j 6. a 7. b 8. g 9. i 10.c Tenses. Page 83-85. a) 1. have left 2. didnt have time 3. havent done 4. forgot 5. wasnt 6. have lost 7. has stolen 8. lent 9. have forgotten 10.lent 11. have broken 12.havent seen 13.said 14.had left 15.has gone b) 1. realised/had forgotten/had shut 2. stole/had bought 3. arrived/had burned 4. got/felt 5. had tasted/understood/was 6. had just begun/burst 7. started/arrived 8. crashed/had had 9. found/planned/had appeared 10.left/realised/had left Reported Speech. Page 85-86. 1. She suggested that we went to that night. She suggested going to that night. 2. She insisted that we came and had dinner with them.. She insisted on us/our coming and having dinner 3. He invited me to go with them to that Thursday. 4. He warned me that if I wanted tickets for the following weeks show I had to book then. 5. She advised me to go to the police immediately and tell them everything. Verb + Preposition. Page 86-87. a) 1. for 2. on 3. for 4. of 5. on 6. about b) 1. from 2. about 3. on 4. of 5. with 6. in 7. in 8. from 9. on 10.on Adjectives + Prepositions. Page 87. 1. with 2. of 3. of 4. to 5. for 6. of 7. of 8. for 9. of 10.about 11.to 12.at 13.about Phrasal Verbs. Page 88. 1. f 2. d 3. k 4. n 5. b 6. e 7. p 8. j 9. c 10.m 11.l 12.a 13.o 14.i 15.h

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 4B Expressing Time. Page 89-91. a) 1. while 2. during 3. before 4. since 5. previously 6. Meanwhile 7. until 8. Afterwards 9. as 10.for/At first/in the end b) 1. until 2. by 3. until 4. by 5. by 6. until 7. until 8. by 9. until 10.by c) 1. wont be/is 2. wont go/have had 3. will/go 4. will/have finished/will 5. dont hurry/will be 6. will come/have found 7. will feel/have taken 8. will have/have arrived 9. wont/go 10.wont let/have told Modal Verbs. Page 91-93. a) 1. 2. 3. He cant be French 4. He may/might have been listening 5. He cant /couldnt have been at work. 6. He may/might have gone home. 7. She might not be coming. 8. They cant/couldnt have been camping. 9. They might not have finished. 10.He may/might have been tired. 11.She must have been feeling ill. 12.The snow must have melted. 13.They cant have been waiting long. 14.He must have taken the receipt. b) 1. 2. They shouldnt be playing football 3. There should be a notice saying danger nearby. 4. I neednt have driven my car. 5. You neednt go to the library. 6. She should be watching the baby. 7. He shouldnt have been smoking in bed. 8. I neednt have had a large dinner before c) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The offer shouldnt be turned down. Jack cant/couldnt have been arrested at The letters may/might be sent soon. The doctor neednt have been called. The matches shouldnt have been put where Your room must have been cleaned while Your bag may/might have been taken The accident cant have been reported to

Question Tags. Page 94. 1. isnt it? 2. dont we? 3. didnt she? 4. havent you? 5. hadnt we? 6. doesnt she? 7. will/would you? 8. arent I? 9. shall we? 10.does he? In Case & So That. Page95-96. 1. You should in case you have a fire. 2. The film star so that he wouldnt be recognised. 3. She packed so that they wouldnt get broken 4. You should always in case you have a puncture. 5. Take this serum in case you get bitten. 6. The thief wore gloves so that he wouldnt leave 7. The notices so that everyone understands them. 8. Youd better so that if they get stolen you can Phrasal Verbs. Page 96. 1. off 2. go over/through 3. without 4. down with 5. with 6. through 7. in for 8. on Prepositional Phrases. Page 97. 1. to/for stepping 2. for helping 3. of/staying 4. for forgetting 5. on taking 6. for being 7. of doing 8. at repairing 9. of passing 10.on going 11.for maintaining 12.of waiting 13.in finding 14.about looking 15.from coming 16.to having 17.like studying 18.of breaking 19.of committing 20.of living

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 5B The Passive Voice. Page 98 1) was created 2) is made up of 3) are formed 4) speak 5) are written 6) to advertise 7) is easily understood 8) has been used Infinitive or Gerund: Special cases. a) 1. try holding/try to overcome 2. remember lending/remember to give 3. need doing/need to bring 4. forgot to phone/forget visiting 5. need to come/needs cutting 6. went on talking/went on to discuss 7. allow to enter/allow smoking 8. recommend me to go/recommend eating 9. remember leaving/remembered to lock 10.tried to reach/tried asking 11.advise you to go/advise phoning 12.stopped raining/stopped to look 13.regret to tell/regret telling 14.went on making/went on to explain b) 1. how to get 2. how to work 3. what to do 4. how to ride 5. what to say 6. where to go 7. whether to go 8. how to put Passive forms. Page 104-106 a) 1. They want the mayor to be replaced. 2. I think everyone should be told. 3. Im not responsible for that information being given to the press. 4. He had nothing to do with the plans being changed. 5. She would like to be invited. 6. I wasnt conscious of being followed. 7. The strike caused the flights to be cancelled. 8. Theres nothing new about windows in this neighbourhood being broken by boys. 9. I want this work to be completed on time. 10.Susan attended several interviews before being offered the job. b) 1. to play/to be played 2. to be bothered/to bother 3. to take/to be taken 4. to be held/to hold 5. to be added/to add c) 1. discussing/being discussed 2. bothering/being bothered by him. 3. beating/being beaten 4. being talked/talking 5. mentioning/being mentioned. Have Something Done. Page 106-108 a) 1. Ive come to have 2. this skirt altered. 3. this report typed. 4. this parcel registered. b) 1. I think Ill have it 2. mended/fixed. 3. serviced. 4. cut. 5. changed for a newer model. 6. washed. 7. dry-cleaned. 8. mended/repaired. c) 1. We are having the house painted 2. Did you have your cut 3. The Baileys were having the roof repaired when 4. Tom has just had a telephone installed 5. Why dont you have that coat altered? 6. I think you should have it cut. 7. How often do you have your car serviced? 8. so he had to have a new engine fitted. 9. Do you have your newspaper delivered or 10.Im having a swimming pool built. 11.I havent had the film developed yet. 12. he had his portrait painted by a famous artist? d) 1. he had his shirt torn 2. he had his head kicked 3. he had his nose broken 4. he had had his wallet taken 5. he had his car stolen.

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Unit 6B Expressing Wishes and Regrets. Page 110 1) If only my flat was bigger. 2) I wish I could lose weight. 3) If only I had insured it. 4) I wish he wouldnt whistle. 5) If only I hadnt drank too much. 6) I wish I could open it. 7) If only he would ring. Review of Conditionals. Page 111-113 a) 1. If you learn Spanish, you will find a job more easily. 2. If my alarm had gone off, I wouldnt have got up late and missed my exam. 3. I wish I had gone to the party. 4. If I see any girls I know, Ill introduce you to them. 5. If I knew any girls, I would introduce 6. If I had known any girls, I would have introduced b) 1. go/will 2. arent watered/die 3. were/would go 4. are/will be stopped 5. had been sitting/would have been killed 6. dont like/is undercooked 7. dont hurry/will get 8. get/will 9. was/would 10.had gone/would have been/would have 11.was/would 12.had/would take up 13.was taller/could 14.had been wearing/wouldnt have been 15.see/will 16.could/would open 17.hadnt been/wouldnt have met/wouldnt have got married/wouldnt have been born 18.are able/are 19.had been announced/would have been Supposed to. Page 113-114 1. arent supposed to smoke 2. were supposed to clean 3. are supposed to be 4. is supposed to be 5. arent supposed to take 6. was supposed to meet 7. werent supposed to arrive 8. arent supposed to go to Unless/Provided That/Suppose/In Case. Page 114-115 1. unless everyone begins 2. provided that you promise 3. Suppose we run 4. in case we run 5. unless you remember 6. Suppose that happens 7. provided that someone 8. Suppose we hadnt had 9. unless you stop worrying 10.suppose you discover /in case you discover 11.in case Tom decides 12.provided that he promises 13.unless he can find 14.can only go provided that he doesnt insist on Its Time/Id Rather . Page 115-116. 1. Its time I had a holiday. 2. Id rather go/we went to a disco. 3. Its high time he went to bed. 4. Id rather take/we took a taxi. 5. I think its time we bought our tickets. 6. Id rather walk/we took a taxi 7. Id rather have/we had Tai food. 8. Its about time we stopped! Question Words +Ever. Page 117-119. a) 1. wherever 2. whenever 3. whatever 4. whoever 5. Why ever 6. whatever 7. however 8. however 9. whenever 10.wherever b) 3. whenever 4. whatever 5. whichever 6. wherever 7. Wherever 8. However 9. Who ever 10.who ever 11.whatever 12.whatever Reflexive Pronouns. Page 120. 1. yourselves 2. themselves 3. myself 4. herself 5. yourself 6. myself 7. yourself 8. himself 9. themselves 10.herself Phrasal Verbs (Give, Take). Page 121-122. a) 1. give out 2. gave away 3. gave out 4. gave up 5. give up 6. give in 7. gave away 8. give up 9. gives back b) 1. took up 2. take in 3. taken over 4. takes up 5. take after 6. take in 7. take on 8. took to

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate


Consolidation Units 4B-6B Use of English. Page 123 -129. A 1. started studying, he made some coffee. 2. sung that song since 3. me to learn 4. her wear 5. neednt come/doesnt have to come 6. should stay 7. able to come 8. cousin offered her 9. she hadnt bought a Diana wouldnt have missed 10.guests so she bought 11.better meet 12.play is going to be produced 13.best swimmer in 14.I had lived 15.he was late, he didnt hurry. 16.to have studied. 17.to Maggie for not ringing her 18.did you forget to 19.not allowed to 20.should be mended 21.she worked hard she 22.forward to having 23.us smoke 24.all her belongings stolen 25.travel by train than go by air. 26.a shocking remark that 27.in persuading 28.me work very hard 29.as well as you used to. 30.me if I had gone out the night before. 31.She had her purse stolen while 32.she had liked his mother, she wouldnt have refused 33.you ask, he wont speak. 34.usually being a patient person, Tom couldnt 35.she keeps five cats is her business. 36.Air is a mixture, 25% of which is oxygen. 37.have been translated for 50 years. 38.I could cook. 39.we didnt have , we wouldnt be able to 40.which grows very fast, has been developed 41.must have forgotten to 42.neednt have bought 43.shouldnt have been left 44.I had accepted his offer 45.hadnt been finished on time, the meeting would have been delayed. 46.taking some in case it is useful. 47.better stay 48.you didnt buy him 49.allowed to listen to 50.from which she 51.ever didnt I take 52.she spends doesnt interest me. 53.has been published 54.heavy rain, we 55.arrived the train had just left. 56.whose dog bit me. 57.many guests as they expected. 58.might have put 59.thrown away the receipt, I couldnt 60.Im not in , Ill give you a door key. 61.from which we learn .. 62.Why ever did we eat 63.he found is a mystery 64.has been sent by B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

someone tries to to have been a mistake to stay .. I had written down she would ever wear it. You shouldnt have left the window open..

C 1. arrived 2. had been told 3. was 4. was 5. asked 6. said 7. hadnt been 8. wanted 9. had come 10.told 11.admitted 12.had never 13.assured 14.sold 15.wouldnt be 1. returned 2. saw 3. had broken 4. was 5. was 6. were 7. had just left 8. had heard 9. had run 10.had helped 11.was 12.poured 13.wondered 14.had found 15.hoped 16.had been given 17.had died 18.hadnt had 19.hadnt wanted 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. had just been asked he would stay having could have given will

Phrasal Verbs. Page 129-134 a) give/take 1. give in 2. gave in 3. gave way 4. take up 5. took over 6. give back 7. takes off 8. taken in 9. gave up 10.take after 11.took on 12.gave away

M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate

Consolidation Units 4B-6B Phrasal Verbs. Page 129-134 b) put 1. c) 2. h) 3. g) 4. b) 5. d) 6. a) 7. e) 8. f) c) take 1. g) 2. h) 3. d) 4. c) 5. e) 6. a) 7. f) 8. b) d) go/come 1. go 2. come 3. go 4. come 5. off e) go/come 1. b) 2. f) 3. e) 4. g) 5. h) 6. j) 7. a) 8. i) 9. c) 10.d) f) 1. off 2. on 3. out 4. round 5. through 6. with 7. out 8. off g) get 1. e) 2. f) 3. b) 4. g) 5. i) 6. h) 7. a) 8. d) 9. c) h) 1. c) 2. g) 3. f) 4. b) 5. h) 6. a) 7. e) 8) d)

i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. j) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

with get away with run away with get along with catch up with has gone down with put up with keep up with mixed phrasal verbs c) e) h) f) a) g) d) b)

Review of Articles. Page 134-137. a) 1. A 2. 3. a 4. a 5. 6. The 7. the 8. 9. the 10. 11.the 12.the 13.the 14.The 15.the 16.17. 18.a 19.A 20.a 21.the 22.the 23.a 24.a 25.b) 1. lamb 2. a lamb 3. a cake 4. cake 5. very fine cloth 6. a cloth 7. a talk/the Russian revolution 8. talk 9. Service 10.The Health Service 11.The Times 12.Time 13.poetry 14.a poem 15.ice 16.The ice

c) 1. a 2. the 3. a/The/-/the 4. a 5. the/a 6. a/the-/a/the 7. the 8. A/a/9. The/a/the/-/-/the 10.the/d) 1. some lovely fingers 2. the history 3. a lovely 4. Some people came the people who 5. buy some bread at the shops 6. the bad weather 7. The people who 8. the unemployment. e) 1. 2. the 3. 4. a 5. the 6. 7. 8. -/9. a 10.11.12.an 13.the 14.the

ANSWER KEY - WORKSHEET - METU BOOK


GENERAL REVISION Page 138, Ex I 1) d 2) a 3) b 4) d 5) d 6) b 7) c 8) b 9) c 10) d

Page 139; ex II 1) b 2) d 3) a 4) c 5) c 6) d 7) a 8) c 9) b 10) c

Pg. 140, Ex III 1) b 2) c 3) b 4) d 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) c 9) b 10)a

Pg. 141, Ex IV 1) c 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) d 9) b 10) b

Pg. 142, Ex V 1) d 2) d 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) d 8) a 9) b 10) b

Pg. 143-144, Ex VI 1) c 2) d 3) d 4)a 5) c 6) d 7) b 8) a 9) d 10) a

Pg. 144-145, Ex VII 1) b 2) d 3) c 4)a 5) d 6) b 7) a 8) a 9) c 10) d

Pg. 146, Ex VIII 1) b 2) b 3) a 4)c 5) d 6) b 7) d 8) a 9) c 10) b

Pg. 147, Ex IX 1) b 2) d 3) a 4)a 5) b 6) c 7) a 8) d 9) b 10) a

Pg. 148-149, Ex X 1) b 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c 6) c 7) d 8) d 9) b 10) a

Pg. 149-150 Ex XI 1) d 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) c 9) a 10) d

Pg. 150-151 Ex XII 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) c 5) b 6) d 7) b 8) c 9) c 10) d

Pg. 151-152 Ex XIII 1) c 2) a 3) b 4) d 5) b 6) a 7)d 8) c 9) c 10) b 11)a

Pg. 152-153-154 Ex XIV 1) b 12) d 2) b 13) c 3) b 4) a 5) c 15) d 6) d 16) c 7)a 17) a 8) b 18) d 9) c 10) b 11)a

14) a

19) b

Pg. 155-156 Ex XV 1) c 11) c 2) d 12) d 3) c 13) a 4) d 14) a 5) b 15) c 6) d 16) d 7) c 17) c 8) d 9) b 10) b 20) c

18) a 19) b

Pg. 157-158 Ex XVI 1) c 11) d 2) d 12) a 3) a 13) c 4) c 14) d 5) a 15) b 6) d 16) a 7) d 17) c 8) a 9) b 10) d 20) c

18) b 19) d

Pg. 159-160-161-162 Ex XVII 1) b 11) a 21) b 31) a 2) d 12) c 22) c 32) b 3) a 13) d 23) d 4) c 14) b 24) a 5) b 6) b 7) b 17) d 27)a 8) d 9) c 10) d 20) a 30) c

15) a 16) d 25) d 26) c

18) d 19) c 28) c 29) d

Pg. 163-164-165-166-167 Ex XVIII 1) d 2) b 3) b 13) d 23) c 4) a 14) a 24) c 35) a 5) b 6) c 7)a 17)a 26) b 38) a 8) b 9) a 10) c 20) a 29) b 41) d 30) b 42) a 31) c 43) c

11)c 12) b 21) b 32) a 44) b 22) c

15) a 16) d 24) c 36) d 25) a 37) b

18) c 19) d 27) d 39) b

28) c 40) d

33) b 34) c 45) b

Pg. 168-169-170-171-172-173 Ex XIX 1) b 2) b 3) d 13) d 23) c 4) d 14) c 24) b 35) b 5) c 6) d 7) d 17)d 8) b 9) c 10) a

11)b 12) a 21) b 32) a 44) a 22) d

15) b 16) c 25) d 36) a

18) a 19) b 20) d 27) c 28) d 29) b 30) a 42)b 31) c 43) c

26) c

33) b 34) b 45) a 46) b

37) b

38) c

39) c

40) d

41) a

47) a 48) a

Pg. 174-175-176-177-178 Ex XX 1) d 2) b 3) a 13) a 23) c 4) d 14) b 24) a 35)b 5) a 15) c 25) a 36) b 6) c 16) c 26) c 37) a 7) d 17) b 27) b 38) b 8) d 9) b 10) c 20) c 30) a 31) c 43) d

11)a 12) d 21) c 32) a 44) d 22) a

18) a 19) c 28) d 39) a 29) c 40) a

33) c 34) c 45) d 46) c

41) c

42) a

47) a

48) a

Pg. 179-180-181-182-183-184-185 Ex XXI 1) b 13) c 22) a 32) c 42) b 52) c 62) d 2) a 14) d 23) d 33) b 43) a 53) a 63) c 3) d 4) a 5) c 6) a 17) d 26) c 36) d 46) a 56) c 66) a 7) c 18) c 27) a 37) c 47) d 57) c 67) a 8) b 9) d 10) c 11) b 20) b 30) d 40) c 50) c 60) c 12) c 21) d 31) a 41) b 51) b 61) b

15) b 24) a 34) c 44) d 54) d 64) b

16) c 25) b 35) a 45)b 55) b 65) b

19) no question 28) d 38) d 48) b 58) a 29) b 39) a 49) b 59) b

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