1

gii chi tit thi th i hc - m 192

Cu 1. p n D
Cu 2. p n D
Cu 3. p n D
Cu 4. p n C
C l NaHCO
3
; D l Na
2
CO
3
; E l Ca(OH)
2
; F l CaCl
2

V: CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2
|
CO
2
d + NaOH NaHCO
3

CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
NaHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
d 2CaCO
3
+ + NaOH + H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ CaCl
2
CaCO
3
+ + 2NaCl
Cu 5. p n B
Do s mol Na
+
u nh hn s mol HCO
3
-
v Cl
-
nn trong dung dch cc ion Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
u tn ti
c hai dng mui bicacbonat v mui clorua. V vy nc thuc loi cng ton phn
Cu 6. p n D
HF phn li: HF

H
+
+ F
-

T pH = 2 [H
+
] = 10
-2

Ta bit:
+ -
a +
[H ].[F ]
= K
[H ]

Gi C l nng dung dch HF, khi cn bng, theo ta c:

+ 2
-4
-2
[H ]
= 6,6.10
C - 10

V 10
-2
nh so vi C nn coi C 10
-2
~ C
Hay
-2 2
-4
[10 ]
= 6,6.10
C
C =
-2 2
-4
[10 ]
= 0,152 (M)
6,6.10

Cu 7. p n C
t cng thc ca ru no l C
n
H
2n+2-a
(OH)
a

Phn ng t chy:

n 2n+2-a a 2 2 2
3n + 1 - a
C H (OH) + O nCO + (n + 1)H O
2

Theo ta c:
3n + 1 - a
= 3,5
2
3n + 1 a = 7
Hay n =
6 + a
3
(vi a s n)
Nghim ph hp a = 3 n = 3 ru no l:
C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
hay CH
2
OH-CHOH-CH
2
OH (glixerin)
Cu 8. p n D
t cng thc phn t ca A l R(OH)
n
(COOH)
m

Phn ng ca A:
R(OH)
n
(COOH)
m
+ NaHCO
3
R(OH)
n
(COONa)
m
+ mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
R(OH)
n
(COOH)
m
+ (n + m)Na R(ONa)
n
(COONa)
m
+
2
(n + m)
H
2

t a l s mol ca A, t trn ta c: nCO
2
= ma

2
H
n + m
n = a
2
| |
|
\ .


2
Theo c: ma =
n + m
2
. a = a nghim hp l l n = 1; m = 1
Vy A l R(OH)(COOH)
Cng theo : M
A
= 45.2 = 90 gam
Suy ra: M
R
+ 17 + 45 = 90 M
R
= 28 gam
Hay R l C
2
H
4
Cng thc ca A: C
2
H
4
(OH)(COOH)
Theo cho bit: Oxi ha A bng CuO cho B tc dng c vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
nn A l ru
bc mt, do cng thc cu to ca A l:
HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
Cu 9. p n B

3 4
Fe O
4,06
n = 0,0175 (mol)
232
~
Phn ng ca Fe
3
O
4
vi H
2
SO
4
:
2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4

o
t
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
| + 10H
2
O
Mol: 0,0175 0,02625
Vy nng ca mui trong dung dch X l:

Fe (SO )
2 4 3
M
0,02625
C = = 0,0525 (M)
0,5

Cu 10. p n D
- S mol NO =
4,48
= 0,2 (mol)
22,4

t M l kim loi (ng thi l nguyn t khi), t phn ng oxi ha kh, kim loi m vi
HNO
3
, theo ta c:
NO
3
-
+ 3e NO
mol 0,2 0,6 0,2
M - ne
n+
M
mol
19,2
M

19,2
M
.n
cn bng electron, s mol electron gc NO
3
-
nhn phi bng s mol electron kim loi M
nhng, nn theo trn ta c:

19,2
M
. n = 0,6 19,2.n = 0,6M
Ch c gi tr n = 2 v M = 64 l thch hp
- S mol Cu =
19,2
= 0,3 (mol)
64

iu ch cht rn (CuO) t Cu theo quy trnh:
Cu +
3
+HNO
Cu(NO
3
)
2

NaOH
Cu(OH)
2

o
t
CuO
Mol 0,3 0,3
Vy: m
CuO
= 0,3.80 = 24 (gam)
Cu 11. p n D
Cc phn ng xy ra:
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NH
4
Cl + CO
2
| + H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ 2NH
3
| + 2H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH 2NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2CO
2
|

3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2NaOH CaCO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2
O
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
|
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
|
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
8Al + 3Fe
3
O
3

o
t
4Al
2
O
3
+ 9Fe
Cu 12. p n D
Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh, kt qu:
3K
2
S + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 7H
2
SO
4
= 3S + Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
Cu 13. p n D
Gi x l khi lng bari cn ly
Phn ng ha tan bari vo nc:
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
|
gam 137 171 2
gam x y z
T trn cho ta: y =
171 2
.x; z = .x
137 137

1 lt nc nng 1000 gam; nn khi lng dung dch sau khi ha tan:
m
dd
= 100 + x -
2x
137

Vy C% =
171/137.x.100
= 4,93%
100 + x - 2x/137

Gii phng trnh trn c x = 41,3 gam
Cu 14. p n B
Kh nng kh ca kim loi c c trng bng th in cc ca chng. Kim loi c th in cc cng
nh, tnh kh ca kim loi cng mnh. Trong cc kim loi cho trong , th in cc ca chng c sp
xp nh dn:
Cu > Ni > Fe > Ca > K
Vy tnh kh ca cc kim loi trn c sp xp tng dn:
Cu < Ni < Fe < Ca < K
Cu 15. p n C
So vi cng thc tng qut ca axit C
n
H
2n+2-2a
O
m
cc cng thc vit sau khng phi l axit:
CH
2
O, v s nguyn t oxi l
C
2
H
2
O
2
, v n = 2, a = 2 (v l)
C
2
H
5
O
4
, v s nguyn t hiro l
C
6
H
9
O
3
, v s nguyn t H v O u l
Cu 16. p n C
COOH COOH

4
o
dd KMnO
t

2
Br (1 mol)
bt Fe

CH
3
Br

CH
2
Cl CH
2
OH

2
Cl (1 mol)
askt

o
NaOH
t


COOCH
2



Br
Cu 17. p n B
Cu 18. p n D

4
Dng dung dch HCl (hoc dung dch H
2
SO
4
long) nhn bit: Khi nh HCl vo tng l
- L no c hin tng si bt kh l dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, v:
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
| + H
2
O
- L no vn c khi lc, l dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, v:
C
6
H
5
ONa + HCl C
6
H
5
OH + NaCl
- L no c mi gim, l dung dch CH
3
COONa, v:
CH
3
COONa + HCl CH
3
COOH + NaCl
- L no khng c hin tng g l NaNO
3


Cu 19. p n B
Khi in phn dung dch:
Na
2
SO
4
khng tham gia in phn nn pH khng thay i
CuCl
2
c tham gia in phn nhng pH khng thay i
NaCl tham gia in phn v lm pH tng
Cu(NO
3
)
2
tham gia in phn v lm pH gim
Cu 20. p n D
Cu 21. p n C
Phng trnh in li: FeSO
4
Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2

HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

anot (+) catot (-)
2Cl
-
- 2e Cl
2
| (1) 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
| (3)
2H
2
O 4e O
2
+ 4H
+
(2) Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe (4)
T (1), (3): 2HCl H
2
| + Cl
2
|
0,06 0,03
Thi gian hon thnh qu trnh (1), (3) theo cng thc Faraday m =
1 A
. .It
F n
l
0,06.36,5 =
1 36,5
. .1,34.t
26,8 1
t = 1 gi 12 pht
T (2) v (4) ta c: 2FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
dpdd
2Fe + O
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4

Gi a l s mol cht rn bm catot, theo (5) v cng theo cng thc Faraday c:
56.a =
1 56
. .1,34.0,8
26,8 2
a = 0,02 mol
Vy m
Fe
= 56.0,02 = 1,12 (gam)
V kh anot =
2 2
Cl O
V = V = 22,4.(0,03 + 0,01) = 0,896 (lt)
Cu 22. p n D
M
A
= 2,25.32 = 72 gam
Gi cng thc phn t cht A l C
x
H
2y
O
y
(x, y nguyn dng), ta c:
12x + 2y + 16y = 72 hay 2x + 3y = 12
Lp bng
x 1 2 3 4
y 3,3 2,7 2 1,3
Ch cp x = 3, y = 2 tha mn
Cng thc phn t ca A l C
3
H
4
O
2

Vy cng thc cu to c th c ca A:
CH
2
=CH-COOH; HCOOCH=CH
2

OHC-CH
2
-CHO; CH
3
-CO-CHO
Cu 23. p n B
n
NaOH
= 0,2.0,125 = 0,25 (mol); n
NaOH
= n
este
= 0,25 : 0,15

5
este n chc v NaOH d
Gi cng thc este RCOOR (C
x
H
y
O
z
)
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
Mol 0,15 0,15 0,15
Cht rn gm RCOONa v NaOH d c khi lng:
(R + 67)0,15 + 40.0,1 = 14,2 R = 1 (H)
Axit to este l HCOOH
Khi lng bnh (1) tng l khi lng H
2
O

2
H O
5,4
n = = 0,3 (mol)
18

CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
a a
2CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2

Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2NaOH BaCO
3
+ + Na
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2
O
b b
Theo trn v :
2
CO
19,7 19,7
n = a + 2b = + 2. = 0,3
197 197


2
o
O
x y z 2 2
t
y
C H O xCO + H O
2

1 x
y
2

0,1 0,3 0,3
Gi tr tha mn: x = 3; y = 6
Vy cng thc phn t ca este l C
3
H
6
O
2

Cu 24. p n B
Gi R l k hiu tng qut, ng thi l nguyn t lng trung bnh ca hai kim loi, ta c:
R + 2HCl RCl
2
+ H
2
|

2
H
6,75
n = = 0,3 (mol)
22,4

Vy R =
8,86
= 29,533
0,3

Suy hai kim loi ha tr 2 thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l Mg v Ca, v
Mg = 24 < 29,533 < 40 = Ca
Cu 25. p n C
- Gi x l s mol Fe, 4x l s mol M trong hn hp kim loi
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
|
Mol: x x
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
|
Mol: 4x 2nx
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3

Mol: x 1,5x
2M + nCl
2
2MCl
n

Mol: 4x 2nx
T trn, theo ta c:

15,68
x + 2nx = = 0,70
22,4
16,4
1,5x + 2nx = = 0,75
22,4

Gii h trn c x = 0,1
S mol Cl
2
phn ng vi M = 2nx = 0,7 0,1 = 0,6 (mol)

6
Vy th tch Cl
2
phn ng vi kim loi M l V = 0,6.22,4 = 13,44 (lt)
- S mol M = 4x = 4.0,1 = 0,4 (mol)
Vy khi lng mol ca M =
108
= 27 gam
0,4

M l Al
Cu 26. p n D
Cu 27. p n D
Dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long v dung dch NH
3

Khi cho dung dch H
2
SO
4
long vo c 3 hp kim:
- Trng hp no khng thy bt kh thot ra (khng c hin tng ha tan) l hp kim Cu Ag
- Ly hai dung dch thu c ca hai trng hp cn li, ri cho tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
:
- Trng hp no to kt ta khng tan trong NH
3
d th hp kim ban u l Cu Al v:
3Al + 3H
2
SO
4
l Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
|
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NH
3
+ 6H
2
O 2Al(OH)
3
+ + 3(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

- Trng hp no c kt ta tan dn trong NH
3
d th hp kim ban u l Cu Zn, v:
Zn + H
2
SO
4
l ZnSO
4
+ H
2
|
ZnSO
4
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Zn(OH)
2
+ + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Zn(OH)
2
+ 4NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
tan
Cu 28. p n D
Kim loi Me c th in cc cng nh th tnh kh ca kim loi cng mnh v tnh oxi ha ca cation
Me
n+
cng yu v ngc li
Cu 29. p n A
Khi un si cc nc c cc phn ng:
Ca
2+
+ 2HCO
3
-
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O
Mg
2+
+ 2HCO
3
-
MgCO
3
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O
Nc cn li trong cc c: n(Na
+
) = 0,01 mol; n(Cl
-
) = 0,02 mol
n(Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
) = 0,03 - 0,025 = 0,005 (mol)
Cu 30. p n C
Cu 31. p n C
Khi so snh tan trong nc cn xem cht no c kh nng to lin kt hiro vi H
2
O ln nht s c
tan ln nht
So snh cc cht cho trong , C
2
H
5
OH c lin kt hiro vi H
2
O ln nht nn c tan trong nc
ln nht
Cu 32. p n B
Axit axetic c s phn cc ca nhm > C = O nn H trong OH linh ng hn phenol, ancol. Cn
phenol v ancol, do nhm C
6
H
5
- ht electron nn phenol c H trong OH linh ng hn trong ancol
Cu 33. p n C
Cn bng phn ng c:
3CH
3
-CH=CH
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4H
2
O = 3CH
3
-CH-CH
2
+ 2MnO
2
+ 2KOH
OH OH
Do :
3 2 4 2
CH CH=CH KMnO H O
n : n : n = 3 : 2 : 4
Cu 34. p n D
Theo :
Nng ban u ca axit CH
3
COOH =
3
= 0,2 (M)
60.0,25

S phn li ca axit:
CH
3
COOH

CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+

S mol: Ban u: 0,2
Phn li: x x x
Cn bng 0,2 x x x

7
Theo trn v ta c:
-3
x 1,4
= x = 2,8.10
0,2 100

Vy nng ca cc phn t v ion trong dung dch l:
[CH
3
COOH] = 0,2 2,8.10
-3
= 0,1972 (M)
[H
+
] = [CH
3
COO
-
] = x = 2,8.10
-3
(M)
Cu 35. p n D
Na
2
CO
3
l mui ca axit yu, baz mnh nn mi trng c pH > 7
NH
4
NO
3
l mui ca axit mnh, baz yu nn mi trng c pH < 7
K
2
SO
4
l mui ca axit mnh, baz mnh nn mi trng c pH = 7
Cu 36. p n D
Gi C l nng ban u ca axit, o l in li:
CH
3
COOH

H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

Mol Ban u C
in li C C C
Cn bng C - C C C
Theo trn v ta c: K
a
=
2
(C )
C(1 - a)
o

V axit yu nn nh, c th coi l 1 - ~ 1
Do :
o
2
(C )
C
= 1,75.10
-5

Hay
o
2
-5
(0,1. )
=1,75.10
0,1
=
-5
-2
1,75.10
= 1,32.10
0,1

Do p s D ng
Cu 37. p n D
p dng cng thc
o o
o
P .V PV
=
T T

Theo , ta c:
o
1,76
1. .22,4
0,75.0,896
88
=
273 273 + t C
t
o
C = 136,5
o
C
Cu 38. p n C
- t cng thc tng qut ca
+ axit th nht l C
n
H
2n
O
2

+ axit th hai l C
m
H
2m
O
2

Cng thc trung bnh ca 2 axit l
n 2n 2
C H O
(iu kin: n, m > 0, nguyn; n > 0)

n-1 2n-1 n-1 2n-1 2
C H -COOH + KOH C H COOK + H O (1)
Gi x l s mol ca 2 axit ban u
T (1): s mol 2 axit bng s mol mui v bng x
T trn v theo , ta c:
(14 n + 32)x =13,4 (2)
(14 n + 70)x = 21 (3)
Gii (2) v (3) ta c: x = 0,2; n = 2,5
- V hai axit l ng ng k tip m = n + 1
T n = 2,5 suy ra n = 2, m = 3
Vy cng thc cu to 2 axit l: CH
3
-COOH v CH
3
-CH
2
-COOH
Cu 39. p n B
Phn ng ca oxit tan trong axit:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
MgO + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
O

8
ZnO + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
O
Theo trn v ta c:
-
2 2 4
H O H SO
n = n = 0,30.0,1 = 0,03 (mol)
- m
mui sunfat
= m
oxit
+
2 4
H SO
m -
2
H O
m
= 2,18 + 0,03.96 0,03.18 = 5,21 (gam)
Cu 40. p n C
K hiu chung 3 kim loi l M
Phn ng ca kim loi vi HCl: M + 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
|
Theo trn v ta c:
S mol kim loi n
M
=
2
H
3,024
n = = 0,315 (mol)
22,4

T suy ra s mol mi kim loi trong hn hp l
n
A
= 0,315.
4
= 0,06 (mol)
9

Trong : (9 = 4 + 3 + 2)
n
B
= 0,315.
3
= 0,045 (mol)
9
; n
C
=
2
0,315. = 0,03 (mol)
9

t 3x l khi lng nguyn t ca A, th khi lng mol nguyn t ca B l 5x v ca C l 7x
T , theo c: n
A
.3x + n
B
.5x + n
C
.7x = 4,92 gam
Thay cc gi tr n
A
; n
B
; n
C
vo phng trnh trn
x =
4,92
= 8
0,615

Do : M
A
= 3x = 3.8 = 24 (gam) A l Mg
M
B
= 5x = 5.8 = 40 (gam) B l Ca
M
C
= 7x = 7.8 = 56 (gam) C l Fe
Cu 41. p n D
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2HNO
3
Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ 2CO
2
| + 2H
2
O
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ CaCO
3
+ + 2H
2
O
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2NaHCO
3

Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2NaHCO
3
BaSO
4
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2CO
2
| + 2H
2
O
Cu 42. p n C
t s hiu nguyn t ca A l Zn, ca B l Z + 1
Theo ta c: Z + (Z + 1) = 31 Z = 15
Vy s hiu nguyn t ca A l 15, ca B l 16
Cu hnh electron ca A l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3

ca B l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

Cu 43. p n C
Phn ng tng hp NH
3
: N
2
+ 3H
2

2NH
3

Hng s cn bng: K =
2
3
3
2 2
[NH ]
[N ].[H ]

Khi cn bng ha hc c thit lp, nu nhit phn ng tng, K gim (c ngha l NH
3
gim),
phn ng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch, thu nhit nn theo nguyn l L SatLi phn ng thun, tc phn
ng to NH
3
, l phn ng ta nhit
Cu 44. p n D
Cu 45. p n D
iu kin cht hu c c ng phn hnh hc:
- Phn t c ni i
- Cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t nh cacbon cha ni i phi c bn cht khc nhau
Da vo , thy ch c hai cht sau l c ng phn hnh hc:

9
CH
3
CH=CHC
2
H
5
v CH
3
CH=CHCH
3

Cu 46. p n B
(C
2
H
5
O)
n
hay C
2n
H
5n
O
n

Ta bit: ancol no c s H = 2C + 2
Do c: 5n = 2.2n + 2 n = 2
Nn cng thc phn t ca ancol no l C
4
H
10
O
2

Cu 47. p n D
Phn t cc axit hu c c nhm C=O phn cc nn tnh axit ca chng mnh hn nc
Cng trong phn t cc axit , nu c nhm ht electron (nh cc halogen chng hn) s c tnh axit
mnh hn cc axit c nhm y electron (nh cc gc R)
Do , cc cht cho trong , H
2
O c tnh axit yu nht, CH
2
ClCH
2
COOH c tnh axit mnh nht
Cu 48. p n B
Cu 49. p n D
Gi V (lt) l th tch bnh cu:
n
HCl
=
HCl
V V
; m = 36,5. (gam)
22,4 22,4
;

2
H O
m = V.100.1 = 1000 V (gam)
m
dd
= m
HCl
+
2
H O
m =
36,5
+ 1000V
22,4

Vy C% =
36,5V/22,4
.100% = 0,163%
36,5V/22,4 + 1000V

Cu 50. p n C
Trong dung dch A c:
HF

H
+
+ F
-
(1)
NaF

Na
+
+ F
-
(2)
V c cn bng (2) nn cn bng (1) b chuyn dch sang tri, nn c th coi [HF] = 0,1; F
-
= 0,1
Do , theo :
K
a
=
+ -
-4
[H ].[F ]
= 6,8.10
[HF]

[H
+
] =
-4
0,1.6,8.10
0,1

pH = -lg (6,8.10
-4
) pH = 3,17