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GII THIU MM PROTOOL

Yahoo: Quan_tai_lanh techpro

H ni 2007

protool cho thit k h thng iu khin gim st 3


1.1. Gii thiu v phn mm Protool 3 1.1.1. To mt project mi: 3 1.1.2. Cc object ca Protool: 5 1.1.3. Hm v cch s dng hm trong Protool: 10 a. Th vin hm ca Protool: 11 1.1.4. Loi hm lin quan ti bit: 12 1.1.5. Nhm hm thao tc vi thng bo (Message): 12 1.1.6. Mt s hm khc: 13 1.1.7. Cc phn t iu khin: 13 1.1.8. Phm hm (Function key): 16 1.1.9. Cc phn t hin th: 17 2. ng dng thit k h thng thng iu khin gim st : 20 2.2.1. Gii thiu h thng : 20 2.2.2. L in tr (l nhit): 21 2.2.3. Nhit in tr Platin - Pt: 31 2.2.4. Cm bin hng ngoi: 32

protool cho thit k h thng iu khin gim st


1.1. Gii thiu v phn mm Protool Protool l mt phn mm ca Siemens dng cho cc my tnh chy Windows 95/98 hoc NT to mn hnh giao din trao i d liu vi cc loi PLC h SIMATIC v ca nhiu hng khc. y l phn mm chy thi gian thc, n c th c hoc ghi d liu thc d dng. Protool cho php ta: - To giao din ho.
-

Lu tr s liu v cc thng bo. trong chng trnh gim st, iu khin.

- Cho php ngi s dng to hm ring bng Basic v tch hp chung - C th ghp ni vi Simatic S5, S7, 500/505 v nhiu loi PLC ca cc hng khc. Sau y s xem xt c th hn v phn mm ny. 1.1.1. To mt project mi: Khi ng Protool, chn File New, khi mt ca s nh hnh v di xut hin. Ta g tn Project mi du nhc ObjectName.

Sau kch OK.

mn hnh tip theo ta chn Windows based systems PC, sau chn phn gii ca mn hnh ph hp vi my tnh ta ang s dng .

y phn gii ca mn hnh thng dng thng l 800*600. Tip theo kch Next, mt ca s nh sau xut hin:

ca s ny ta t tn cho PLC, chn loi PLC m my tnh s lm vic. Tip theo kch Parameter thit lp giao thc truyn thng, a ch truyn thng (a ch ca PLC) nh hnh di :

Sau khi khai bo xong cc tham s v trm, truyn thng gia trm vi my tnh, ta n phm OK quay v mn hnh ban u. Chn tip phm Finish, ca s Project mi s xut hin nh hnh di .

Mt Project mi bao gm: Screens, Messager, Tags, controller, Scrips, archives, Text/Graphic Lits, Graphic, Trend. 1.1.2. Cc object ca Protool: a. Mn hnh: Mn hnh c hiu l mn hnh giao din, l ni c hnh nh v mt qu trnh iu khin no . Trn mn hnh ta c th cho hin th cc gi tr thc c truy nhp trc tip t PLC. Mn hnh c th bao gm cc thnh phn ng v thnh phn tnh, v d Text v Graphics khng ni vi PLC l cc thnh phn tnh. Cc thnh phn ng l cc thnh phn c s trao i vi PLC hoc c th thay i c theo gi tr ca mt Tag no ca PLC. Cc thnh phn ng c th bao gm : - Hin th s, v ng cong, hnh ch nht ng (bar graphic).

- Slinder, Xgauge control. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn ng cn bao gm c cc tn hiu vo di tc ng ca ngi vn hnh v qu trnh ghi trc tip gi tr vo nh ca PLC. Cc qu trnh ny c thc hin bi cc Tags. To mn hnh mi: to thm mn hnh mi ta kch chut hai ln lin tc vo biu tng Screens bn tri ca s Project. m mt mn hnh ta kch hai ln vo biu tng Screens bn tri ca s Project. Cc tnh cht (Properties) ca mn hnh: Mn hnh l ni ta thc hin cc nhim v v giao din theo yu cu. Mn hnh khi u (Start Screens): Mn hnh khi u l mn hnh m khi ta chy chng trnh n s Desktop. to mn hnh khi u ta chn Edit Properties menu mt ca s xut hin ca s ny ta nh tn Start Screencaanf thit v tch vo la chn Start Screen. Fixed Windows: Fixed Windows l ca s trong ca s lm vic c th khng chim ht ch. Ta c th thay i Fixed Windows hoc khng chn Fixed Windows bng cch chn System Screen/Key kch chn Fixed Windows hoc ta cn c th thay i ln ca Fixed Windows bng chut. Cc phm v nt ca mn hnh: c hiu l cc hm. Khi ta kch chut hoc n phm th hm ny s thc hin mn hnh c cc nt hm F1 ti F12 v Shift F1 ti Shift F12. La chn mn hnh: Mi mn hnh u lin quan ti qu trnh x l v trng thi ca h. Trong thc t mt Project ca ta c th gm nhiu mn hnh. Nhng trong mt thi im th ta c th quan st c mt mn hnh. quan st cc mn hnh khc nhau Protool cung cp cho ta hai hm la chn mn hnh nh sau:

- Select_Screen - Select _variable_ Screen Hm Select Screen l hm s gi mt mn hnh c nh. V d t mn hnh mt ta mun gi mn hnh hai, khi ny mn hnh mt ta c th gn hm ny cho mt nt n hoc phm n. Hm ny c u vo l tn mn hnh cn gi (Screen name). Hm Select variable Screen l hm gi mn hnh theo gi tr ca tag, gi s ta c 5 mn hnh, khi tag c gi tr 3 th mnhnh 3 s c kch hot, khi tag bng 2 th mn hnh 2 s c kch hot hm ny c u vo l s mn hnh (Screen number). S mn hnh ta c th chn Properties ca mn hnh General Tab. Thng thng thc hin ta phi gn hm ny cho chnh Tag m ta chn gi mn hnh, v s kin gi ny l gi tr Tag thay i (Tag change value). Cc trung: Mn hnh bao gm cc trng ring bit, c nhiu loi trng khc nhau m ta c th la chn. b) Tags: Tag c ngha rt quan trng trong vic kt ni chng trnh vi PLC v trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Mi mt Tag gm tn, dng d liu v a ch ca n trong PLC nu Tag ni vi PLC. Tag ton cc: Mt Tag c gi l ton cc khi n cha mt a ch trong vng nh ca PLC v ta c th c hoc l ghi trc tip d liu t chng trnh vi PLC. Tag cc b: Tag cc b l Tag m khng c ni vi PLC, chng ch tn ti trong chng trnh v khng lin quan g ti PLC. Tnh cht ca Tag:

- a ch ca Tag: a ch ca Tag c xc nh trong vng nh ca PLC. a ch ny tu thuc vo loi PLC m bn dang s dng. V d mt Tag c a ch nh sau MD100. - Loi Tag: Ta chn loi Tag v loi d liu nh Int, Real Ngoi ra nu ta ci t Protool nh l mt phn ca STEP 7 khi ny ta c th truy cp trc tip vo bng biu tng ca STEP 7 ti hp thoi ca Tag bng cch kch vo Update. V d nh STEP 7ta t biu tng l MD100 l So real th trn Tag trong Protool cng l So real. S lin kt y ch thng qua cc phn mm thun tu ca Simens (Step 7 v Protool), khng lin quan g ti PLC. - Mng Tag: Mng Tag bao gm mt s Tag nht nh , cng kiu vi a ch c xp ln lt trong vng nh ca PLC . to mt array tag ta g s phn t ca array Tag hp thoi Tag ti Number Element. S mcnh l 1 hay ni cch khc Tag ny khng c chn l mng m ch l mt phn t. Gi tr ln nht ca mng tag l 255 phn t. - t gi tr gii hn cho Tag: gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca Tag c th t ti limit value cho mi Tag . Nu gi tr ca Tag nm ngoi khong xc nh th gi tr ny b loi b hoc Tag l gi tr ca mt nh no nu n vt qu gi tr Max, min th gi tr Tag bng gi tr c ca n. - Gn hm cho Tag: Ta c th gn hm cho Tag. Hm ny c th l hm nm trong th vin ca Protool, cng c th l hm do ngi s dng to nn bng ngn ng visual basic. Gi tr hm tr v cho Tag.

- Cp nht Tag: Gi tr ca Tag c cp nht theo mt khong thi gian nht nh nu ta g s khng vo acquisition cycle th Tag ch c cp nht duy nht mt ln khi chng trnh bt u. - t thi gian cp nht cho Tag mn hnh Project ta g vo Controller sau dt thi gian cp nht cho tag nhanh nht th ta g s 1 vo System Clock v hp thoi Properties ca Tag ta g vo s 0.1. Khi ny c 0.1s th Tag c cp nht mt ln. y l khong thi gian cp nht Tag ngn nht m Protool c th. - Bin i Tag: Protool cho php bin i tuyn tnh Tag t mt khong thnh mt khong no .
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Thit lp cu hnh cho Tag c cc bc sau: 1. ca s Project ta kch p chut vo Tags mt hp thoi nh hnh sau xut hin:

2. Ti hnh trn ch chung (General tab) ta lm cng vic sau: - t tn cho Tag ti Name - Chn kiu d liu cho Tag ti Type - Chn a ch cho Tag ti Range

- Ti Acquistion Cycle ta t thi gian cp nht tag. Nu System Clock ta g vo s 1 th ti Acquistion Cycle gi tr nh nht m ta c th g vo l 0.1 th thi gian cp nht khi ny s nhanh nht v bng 0.1s. - Ti Number of Elements nu s dng mng Tag th ta g vo s Tag ca mng ngc li ta mc nh l 1. - Nu c biu tng ti Step 7 ta kch Update. 3. Kch chut vo Limit values t gi tr gii hn trn v gi tr gii hn di cho Tag. 4. Vo Function gn hm cho Tag. 5. Vo Options t gi tr bt u cho Tag. 6. Vo archives ct gi gi tr tc thi ca tag vo File. 7. Vo Converion bin i khong u vo cho Tag. 8. Nh hnh sau th gi tr ca Tag PLC t 0 1000 th c i thnh t 0 100 trong chng trnh.

1.1.3. Hm v cch s dng hm trong Protool: Protool cung cp cho ta mt th vin hm kh phong ph. Ngoi ra ta cn c th to cc hm hoc th tc bng cc lnh ca basic. Vi phng php

lp trnh s kin ca Window, mt hm ch c thc hin khi c mt s kin no . V d nh kch nt, n phm, Tag thay i gi tr ... a. Th vin hm ca Protool: gn mt hm ca Protool cho mt i tng, kch p chut ln i tng , khi hp thoi ca i tng xut hin ta chn Function tab, khi ny ca s th vin hm xut hin nh hnh:

Protool sp xp cc hm theo tng loi. vo mt loi no ta kch du (+), hoc vo All Function trong ny s cha ton b cc hm chun ca Protool. b. Loi hm lin quan ti lu tr s liu: Archive tag: Hm ny lu tr trng thi ca tag vo mt File. Cc thng s: Tn ca archive v tn ca tag Clear archive: hm ny s xo gi liu mt File no . Thng s l tn ca archive cn xo Copy archive: hm Copy archive c chc nng chp mt File (archive) sang mt File khc. Cc thng s ca hm ny l: archive ngun, archive ch, Write mode v xo File ngun . Delete source archive

= 0: Khng xo File ngun. = 1: Xo File ngun. Start archive: Thng s ca hm ny l tn ca archive, khi c kch hot n s bt u ghi d liu. Stop archive: Dng vic ghi d liu ti mt archive no . Thng s ca hm l tn archive. c. Loi hm tnh ton: Decrease value: Hm ny s gim gi tr ca mt tag X i mt lng nht nh. Set value: C chc nng l gn gi tr mt Tag cho mt s hoc tag Linear scaling 1: Thc hin mt php bin i tuyn tnh Y = X*a+b. Trong X, a, b l u vo,Y u ra. X, Y: l cc Tag, a, b l cc hng hoc tag. Linear scaling 2: hm ny c cc thng s vo ra nh hm Linear scaling 1, n thc hin php bin i sau Y = (X b)/a. 1.1.4. Loi hm lin quan ti bit: Invert bit Invert bit in tag: s o gi tr ca mt bit no trong Tag Reset bit: Set gi tr tag kiu bool v 0 Reset bit in tag Set bit: t gi tr ca Tag kiu Bool v 0 Set bit in tag: Set gi tr ca bit trong tag ln 1, gi tr c ghi tr li PLC. 1.1.5. Nhm hm thao tc vi thng bo (Message): Clear message buffer: S xo tt c cc thng bo, bo ng thng bo h thng, thng s ca hm l number of buffer

Display event message window: S n hoc hin ca s thng bo, vi thng s u vo l display mode. Display system message: chc nng ca hm l hin th thng bo h thng thit lp bi ngi s dng. Hm ny s hin th mt dng Text, hoc mt gi tr Tag nh l mt thng bo h thng. Hm ny rt tin kim tra li ca cc user funtion. Thng s ca hm ny l mt dng Text (thng bo) hoc gi tr ca mt Tag. Show alarm message buffer: Khi mt bo ng c kch hot (bit tng ng vi bo ng c set) th ca s bo ng s hin ln mn hnh. Khi ngi s dng xc nhn thng tin th ca s bo ng s ng li. Nu trng thi kch hot vn tn ti th bn tin vn c ghi b m. Ta c th xem li bn tin ny bng cch s dng hm: Show alarm message buffer. Show event message buffer: chc nng ging nh Show alarm message buffer. 1.1.6. Mt s hm khc: 1. Exit runtime: S thot khi chng trnh ni mode = 0, mode = 1 thot khi Window. 2. Start Program: Khi ng mt chng trnh cho windows khc. Tham s ca hm bao gm: - Dng lnh (command line) - Cch hin th 3. Print screen: In mn hnh hin thi, khng c Parameter. 1.1.7. Cc phn t iu khin: Mc ch: S dng cc phn t iu khin can thip trc tip vo qu trnh iu khin, v d nh t Setpoint, gi hm, xc nhn thng bo. Protool cung cp cc phn t iu khin sau:

- Trng u vo (input Field). - Trng u ra (output Field). - Phm hm (Function Keys). - Nt hm (Function Buttons) Ngoi ra vi tnh cht ng (Dynamic attrbutes), tnh cht ng l kh nng thay i tnh cht khi chng trnh chy, cc phn t iu khin c th thay i mu sc, n hoc hin cc trng ny. a. Trng u vo (Input Field): Trng u vo c chc nng ghi s liu xung PLC. Khi chng trnh chy trng u vo lun c du nhc nhp nhy, hoc nu c s liu ri th n c t mu xanh, khi mun ghi s liu vo s liu v g enter. Cc bc thc hin: - Chn biu tng manu. - S dng chut to trng ny mt cch thch hp.
-

thanh cng c, hoc Insert Input t

Khi ny ca s Properties xut hin nh hnh di.

Generaltab, ti Display ta chn loi s liu s truyn xung PLC. Ti Field Length ta chn di ca trng, di bao gm phn nguyn, phn

thp phn du chm, du bng (l du nh hn nu l trng ra (out put )). Nh vy th di ca Field Length phi ln hn Decimal Places t nht l 3. Ti Value bn chn bin PLC ghi d liu ra chng trnh (tag). Tip theo chn Attributes thit lp cc thuc tnh ng cho i tng (trng u vo). Ti List ta chn dng s liu cho tag Decimal (integer), binary hoc bit. Tng ng vi mi loi s liu g gi tr ca tag ti value khi tag bng gi tr ny th thuc tnh ng c thc hin. - Tip theo chn Control gn Tag cho thuc tnh ng. - Vo Positon t v tr cho trng ti X postion v Y postion. Ngoi ra ta cn c th thay i v tr ca trng theo tag ti X offset v Y offset. Khi gi tr ca tag thay i th ton b din tch ca trng s thay i. Vo Enable tab thc hin n i tng theo tag. Nh hnh di y:

Nu Always hin.

ta th Nu

chn Display trng lun chn Hide,

ta phi vo khong ca tag trng n. Tng t nh Unhide ta cng phi chn khong ca tag trng hin. Tip theo ta phi chn Tag. Kch OK thit lp xc nhn. b. Trng u ra (Output Field).

Trng u ra l trng dng hin th kt qu vi thng s c t PLC. Trng u ra vi cch thit lp ging nh trng u vo, ch c khc l khi chng trnh chy th trng u vo (input field) c du nhc hoc khi c kt qu th s liu c bi en. Cn trng u ra th khng c. thit lp trng u ra ta chn biu tng 1.1.8. Phm hm (Function key): Phm hm l mt phm c gn mt hay nhiu hm. Khi chng trnh chy th nu ta n phm th cc hm ny s ln lt c thc hin. Hm ton cc: Ta c th gn hm ton cc cho phm. Hm ton cc c th gi mi lc mi ni. V d khi ta gn hm in mn hnh l hm ton cc chng hn th mi mn hnh khi ta gi hm ny u thc hin vic gi mn hnh ra my in. to hm ton cc ta chn Insert Screen/keys t menu. Khi ny ta c th gn hm ton cc cho cc phm t F1 F12 v Shift F1 Shift F12, vi cch thc hin nh ni trn. Hm cc b: Ngc li vi hm ton cc, hm cc b ch c th lm c mt nhim v mt ni no . V d cng vi hm in mn hnh trn th hm ton cc ch c th in c mt mn hnh mn hnh n c gn. to hm cc b Screen Editer ta chn phm gn hm. Khi ny ta to c mt hm cc b. Nt hm: Ging nh Visual basic ta c th thit k mt nt hm. Protool cung cp hai loi nt hm nhn thy v nt hm khng nhn thy. phm hm nhn thy c t mt dng Text hoc mt hnh nh gi nh. Nt hm khng nhn thy rt tin li khi ta t trc tip vo mt i tng hnh nh. Cch thc hin: trn thanh cng c.

- Chn biu tng

trn thanh cng c, hoc insert Button t menu,

dng chut to rng v t v tr thch hp . - Tip theo hp thoi c tnh xut hin. Ti General tab c hai phng php to gi nh cho nt: hnh nh v Text. Nu chn Text hy g vo dng gi nh mong mun, nu chn hnh nh hy ch cho Protool ng dn ti File , hoc khi mun to ra File mi th Protool s t ng khi ng Paint. - Ti cc Tab: Font, color, attributes, Position, Enable ta c th to ra c tnh cht ca i tng nh ni phn Output Field. - Ti Function Tab: ti y ta thc hin cng vic gn hm cho nt. Sau khi gn hm cho nt (thc hin nh gii thiu phn hm), ta phi chn phng thc gi hm, nt lnh c 5 phng thc gi hm nh sau: + OnClick (Khi kch nt lnh th hm c gi). + OnButtonUp (Khi nh nt, i ln, th thc hin gi hm). + OnButton Down (Khi kch xung th gi hm). + Select Field (Khi nt c chn th thc hin cng vic gi hm). + Exit Field (ra khi chng trnh th gi hm). 1.1.9. Cc phn t hin th: S dng cc phn t hin th, ta c th m t qu trnh, hin th cc thng tin tc thi, nh mt gi tr thc no t PLC di dng s hoc hnh nh. Protool cung cp hai thnh phn hin th nh sau: Phn t hin th tnh (Static display elements): y l cc phn t hin th m chng ta khng c ni vi PLC. Chnh v vy m tnh cht ca chng khng thay i khi chng trnh chy. Chng l cc thnh phn sau: - K t tnh (static text) - K t hnh nh (Character graphic) - Hnh nh (graphic)

Phn t hin th ng (Dynamic display): y l cc thnh phn hin th c ni vi PLC thng qua tag. Cc thnh phn ny s thay i tnh cht khi tag thay i gi tr, chng bao gm: - Trng u ra (Output field) - V th (Trend graphics) - Hnh ch nht ng (Bar graph) - Xgauge control - Slinder control Sau y s l cch s dng trng tn. a. Thnh phn hin th tnh: K t tnh: K t tnh khng c ni vi PLC, chng khng thay i c khi chng trnh chy. S dng k t tnh din t i tng hoc to nhn cho i tng. Cch thnh lp: Chn biu tng dng lnh text vo. Hnh nh: Hnh nh cng l phn t ho tnh khng dc ni vi PLC. Protool chp nhn hnh nh s dng l Bitmap. C th to hnh nh bitmap u cng c . Cch thit lp: - Chn biu tng t Toolbar, hoc chn insert Graphics t menu thit lp v tr v rng trng hnh nh. - Hp thoi ho xut hin. Ti Graphics ta c th chn mt hnh nh c sn hoc l to mt hnh nh mi. Sau khi kt thc kch OK, trng hnh nh s nm chn trong trng chn. C th thay i kch thc ca trng hnh nh bng cch s dng chut. trn thanh cng c, hoc chn insert Text t menu. Dng chut t Text vo v ch cn thit, sau g

K t hnh nh: K t hnh nh khng c ni vi PLC, chng l cc thnh phn ho ng nht. b. Cc phn t hin th ng: Trng u ra (output field): y l trng dng hin th kt qu t PLC. Kt qu c th c cp nht ph thuc vo mt khong thi gian do ngi lp trnh nh trc.
Hnh ch nht ng: hnh ch nht ng th hin gi tr ca tag thng

qua kch thc ca n, rt tin li khi th hin cao mc nc. Cch thit lp: 1. Chn biu tng t Toolbar hoc insert bar t menu. Dng chut xc nh v tr v rng trng thch hp. 2. Hp thoi xut hin, general tab ti Direction ta s chn cch hin th. 3. Ti Bar Size ta chn gi tr Max v gi tr min cho trng Bar. Ti Display ta ch chn limit value lines v Border. 4. Vo axis ta khng chn scale. 5. Ngoi ra ta c th thit lp cc thuc tnh khc cho trng ti cc tab cn li nh thc hin cc phn trn. thit lp ta chn biu tng trn thanh cng c, dng chut t v tr v kch thc ti v tr theo yu cu. Trng theo di v iu khin: y l trng cho php ta ta quan st v iu khin trc tip bin t PLC vi iu kin PLC ang s dng l Simatic S5 hoc S7, ta thc hin cc bc sau: Chn biu tng trn thanh cng c, dng chut thit lp theo yu cu. Khi chng trnh chy g vo a ch cn iu khin, dng d liu.

khi ny s liu s c hin th. Nu mun thay i gi tr dng chut kch vo trng s liu, g s liu vo v g Enter. 2. ng dng thit k h thng thng iu khin gim st : 2.2.1. Gii thiu h thng : H thng iu khin gim st c thit k y th hin mt s tnh nng ca h thng SCADA. i tng chnh ca h thng l mt l nhit. Trong thc t, ti mt s nh my, x nghip lun tn ti nhng l hot ng nhit cao, do iu khin v gim st nhng l ny i hi phi dng thit b t ng ho mc cao. Hn na c nhng khu vc ca l rt nguy him, khng cho php con ngi i vo nhng khu vc . Da vo nhng phn tch ny, h thng iu khin gim st c thit k ra vi nhng thnh phn v nhng tnh nng sau: Cc thnh phn ca h thng: - Mt my tnh c ci t phn mm iu khin gim st. - Mt PLC S7 - 200 c gn thm modul truyn thng. - Mt l nhit, c gn cm bin nhit . - Mt cm bin hng ngoi, pht hin c i tng i vo khu vc cm. - Mt n bo ng s sng khi c i tng bc vo khu vc cm. Tnh nng ca h thng: - Khi l lm vic bnh thng, nhit ca l s trong mt gii hn nht nh. Cm bin nhit s bo nhit ca l v trung tm iu khin v c hin th mn hnh my tnh. - Khi nhit ca l vt ra khi gii hn cho php, trn mn hnh ca trung tm iu khin s xut hin cnh bo, ng thi h thng s t ng iu chnh in p cp cho l a nhit ca l v ng gii hn quy nh.

- Gn khu vc l c gn cm bin hng ngoi. Thng qua cm bin ny ta h thng s gim st s lng ngi vo/ra khi khu vc l nhit. ng thi khi qu gi quy nh, nu c i tng l vo khu vc ny th cm bin hng ngoi s pht hin ra v ra lnh bo ng. - Khi c bo ng th n khu vc l s sng ngi bo v bit v x l. Phn tip theo ta s nghin cu c th hn v mt s thit b/k thut chnh s dng trong h thng. 2.2.2. L in tr (l nhit): a. Cu to ca l in tr: L in tr l mt thit b dng bin i in nng thng qua dy t (dy in tr). T dy t, qua bc x, i lu v truyn dn nhit, nhit nng c truyn ti vt cn gia nhit. L in tr thng dng nung, nhit luyn, nu chy kim loi mu v hp kim mu L in tr c ngun nhit l nhng in tr nung hoc thanh nung to nhit theo nh lut Jun-Lenx. Dng in chy qua s lm nng thanh t v sinh ra lng nhit: C: H s t l I: Cng dng in chy trong dy t. R: in tr dy nung t: Thi gian dng in chy trong dy nung Q= C. R. I2. t

Q: Nhit lng to ra
V kim loi Lp cch nhit Gch chu la

Hnh 2.1: Cu to ca l in tr b. Cc phng php iu khin l nhit : Cng sut t vo l c th c tnh theo cng thc: P = I2 . R I: Dng in chy qua dy nung R: in tr ca dy nung Theo cng thc ny ta thy c hai phng n thay i P: - iu chnh v pha tiu th: Thay i R, phng n ny t c s dng bi tnh khng lin tc v hn ch phm vi iu khin. - iu chnh v pha cung cp tc lm thay i cng dng in chy qua thanh nung. iu ny c th thc hin bng bin p, Rle hoc Thyistor. T cc phng n ny ta c cc phng php c th nh sau: Phng php dng bin p: y l phng php iu chnh in p theo cp, n i hi bin p phi c cng sut ln. Phng php dng bin p thay i mc in p cung cp cho l l phng php th s t c dng trong h thng iu khin t ng. Phng php dng rle kt hp vi thyristor:

Khi s dng phng php ny th kh nng iu chnh vi cc phm vi khc nhau l tng i tt. Tuy nhin phng php ny khng thc hin iu chnh lin tc c bi v khi tip im ca rle ng ta lun c cc chu k cung cp cho ti, khi m ngun th cung cp pha diot b ngt. Do vic cung cp cho l ch hon ton l do thyristor v nh vy cng sut a vo l ch iu khin c 1/2 chu k. Phng php dng 2 thyristor mc xung i : Khi c xung iu khin th 2 thyristor s ln lt m cho dng i qua. Ta c th iu khin cho 2 thyristor lin tc chuyn t ng sang m tng ng vi cng sut l thay i t khng n gi tr ln nht. Phng php ny cho php iu khin trong phm vi rng, p ng yu cu cht lng. Tuy nhin phng php ny phc tp, kh lp t, vi i tng cng sut ln th cn phc tp hn nhiu v gi thnh cao. Phng php dng Rle: Phng php ny c c bit l c th khng ch mc nhit l nhng mc in p khc nhau. Hn ch ca iu khin bng rle l dao ng nhit ln, v th chnh xc iu chnh khng cao, rle phi ng ct nhiu ln nn tin cy km. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin mnh ca k thut in t v vi x l, hin nay cc rle c chnh xc cao, an ton l rt tt do cht lng iu khin ca h thng khng h thua km so vi cc phng php khc. Phng php ny hin c ng dng rt nhiu bi n c u im l n gin d ghp ni, gi thnh thp Cn c vo yu cu cht lng v cc thit b c sn, y ta s dng phng php dng Rle kt hp vi phn mm PID ca S7-200. c. Xy dng c tnh ng cho l in tr bng phng php thc nghim:

thit k c mt h thng iu khin, vn t ra l nghin cu kho st i tng cn phi gii quyt trc tin. Nhn dng i tng l xc nh c m hnh ton hc ca i tng cn iu khin t c th la chn lut iu khin v cc tham s m bo h thng n nh v m bo ch tiu cht lng iu khin t ra. Thng thng vi cc i tng cng ngh, ngi ta thng dng phng php thc nghim xy dng m hnh ton hc. thc hin ta a tn hiu dng 1(t) vo, v ghi li p ng h(t) ca i tng xc nh cc tham s ca l. Trong trng hp ny, nung l bng in p li p ng u ra c ghi li bng phn mm Protool/ ProCS. S thc hin nhn dng c biu din:
PROTOOL S7-200 L NHIT

Kt qu c c tnh ca l nhit nh sau: My tnh PC c ci t phn mm Protool/ Pro CS ghi li c tnh qu ca l. PLC S7-200 CPU 224 a tn hiu 1(t) vo l v thu thp tn hiu ra ca l t cp nhit in l c t bng in p 220V t nhit ban u ca mi trng. d. B iu khin PID kinh in: B iu khin PID c coi l b iu khin l tng i vi cc i tng c m hnh lin tc chnh xc. B PID thc s l b iu khin ng m vic thay i cc tham s ca b iu khin c kh nng lm thay i c tnh ng v c tnh tnh ca h thng iu khin t ng . B iu khin PID thc cht l thit b iu khin thc hin lut iu khin c m t bng phng trnh sau:
u ( t ) kpe ( t ) 1 T T

e ( ) d
0

T e (t ) D

Trong e(t) l tn hiu vo, u(t) l tn hiu ra ca b iu khin, k P l h s khuych i ca lut iu khin t l, Ti hng s thi gian tch phn v TD l hng s thi gian vi phn. x e PID

i tng

o
Hnh 4.2: B iu khin PID kinh in. T nm 1975 tr li y, do s pht trin khng ngng ca k thut in t v k thut vi x l, cc PID s ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. PID s c m t qua phng trnh vi sai phn sau: uk =uk-1+r0ek+r1ek-1+r2ek-2 hoc bng hm truyn gin on:

r0 r1 z 1 r2 z 2 W ( z) 1 z 1 Vi b iu khin PID ngi s dng c th d dng tch hp cc lut


*

iu khin khc nh lut iu khin t l - tch phn (lut PI), lut iu khin t l -vi phn (lut PD). B iu khin PID lun l mt phn t khng th thay th c trong cc qu trnh t ng khng ch nhit , mc, tc Ngay c khi l thuyt iu khin t ng hin i c ng dng vo vic thit k, cc b iu khin nh b iu khin m, b iu khin n ron, b iu khin bn vng th vic kt hp gia cc phng php iu khin hin i v b iu khin PID kinh in vn em li nhng hiu qu bt ng m khng b iu khin no c kh nng em li.

e. ng dng b PID: y thc nghim vic ng dng b PID vo iu khin nhit chng ta s dng: + Mt PLC S7 200 + Mt modul m rng EM231. + Mt cp nhit. + Phn mm gim st PROTOOL. + Mt l in tr. f. PID vi PLC S7 200: Nh bit PLC S7 200 c 8 b PID c lp v c th s dng c cc b PID ny th ta phi thit lp cc tham s cho chng nh: h s khuch i Kp, hng s thi gian tch phn Ti, hng s thi gian vi phn Td. S dng phn mm STEP\7 MICRO/WIN thit lp cc tham s trn nh sau: + Khi bt u vo chng trnh mn hnh lp trnh STEP\7 MICRO/WIN xut hin ta la chn tool -> instruction nh hnh di.

Hnh tip theo xut hin ta chn PID v nhn next.

Mn hnh tip theo hin ln hi ta la chn b PID no. Khi ny bn la chn PID mun s dng. Sau nhn Next.

Hp thoi tip theo xut hin. Chn cc thng s: h s khuch i Kp, hng s thi gian vi phn TD, thi gian tch phnTI v thi gian ly mu. Sau nhn Next.

Hp thoi tip s gip bn la chn a ch tn hiu vo, ra. Di tn hiu vo, ra v loi tn hiu ra.

Bn nhn next hai ln mt hp thoi xut hin cho php bn la chn a ch tnh ton u.

Hy nhn next t tn cho chng trnh con v chng trnh x l ngt. Cui cng bn chn next ri nhn finish kt thc qu trnh thit lp tham s cho b PID bn mun s dng. g. Tn hiu phn hi : Khi thc hin iu khin i tng m bo chnh xc v vic iu khin t ng c th thc hin c th buc chng ta phi c tn hiu phn hi ly t i tng a quay tr v b iu khin so snh vi tn hiu t. T b iu khin s a ra tn hiu thch hp iu khin i tng. y chng ta s dng cp nhit lm phn t ly tn hiu phn hi. B PID s so snh gi tr t trc vi gi tr a v ca cp nhit a ra tn hiu iu khin Rle ng ct ngun cp in cho L.

Nh ta bit trn, tn hiu m cp nhit a v l tn hiu Analog c di t 0 n 40 mV. Mt khc b PID x l tn hiu l tn hiu s do vy ta phi chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s. iu ny c ngha l PLC S7 200-C224 phi c cng vo Analog. Trn thc t CPU C224 ch c cc u vo, ra Logic v khng c u vo tng t. Nhng n li cho php m rng thm cc u vo/ra tng t bng vic ghp ni thm modul tng t vi PLC. y chng ta thc hin ghp ni modul m rng EM231 vi PLC C224. Modul ny c 4 u vo tng t c chc nng nh nhau. Ta s dng 1u vo tng t tong ng vi a ch AIW2 c tn hiu vo t cp nhit. Tn hiu c vo ny s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu s v c ghi vo t n AIW2.

Hnh 2.3: S kt ni vi PLC

Tu thuc vo vic la chn di in p v phn gii cho u vo ca modul EM231 m ta c c tn hiu s chuyn i ra l ln hay nh. phn gii cng cao th gi tr s quy i ra t gi tr Analog s cng ln v ngc li. Ch : Chng ta phi la chn di in p u vo Analog ph hp vi tn hiu vo, trnh la chn di in p u vo cho modul nh hn so vi tn hiu cc i a vo modul t cp nhit. V nh vy rt c th gy ra hng modul. Ngc li trnh la chn di in p u vo cho modul ln hn nhiu so vi tn hiu cc i a v t cp nhit, nh vy vic x l tn hiu s tr nn sai s ln. Vi ng dng ny chng ta la chn di in p u vo cho modul l t 0 n 5 V vi phn gii l 1,25mV. thc hin vic la chn ny ta iu chnh v tr cc chuyn mch Dip nh sau: SW1 = ON SW2 = ON SW3 = OFF

2.2.3. Nhit in tr Platin - Pt: Nhit in tr Platin c ch to t kim loi platin, y l mt loi cm bin nhit rt thng dng trong cng nghip di o t -2000C n 8500C. Trong thc t ngi ta thng ch to cc nhit in tr: Pt-100, Pt500, Pt-1000. Cc c trng: - R0 . Pt-100 Pt-500 Pt-1000 R0 = 100 Ohm R0 = 500 Ohm R0 = 1000 Ohm

- S thay i nhit .

Pt-100 Pt-500 Pt-1000

0,4 Ohm/0K 2 Ohm/0K 4 Ohm/0K

Trong thc t nhit in tr Pt khng c ch to bng Pt rng m ch to bng Pt pha tp c n nh lu di v tt hn Pt rng. Trong qu trnh s dng Pt s b cc kim loi khc thm thu vo do m bo chnh xc ca php o cc u o cn phi c thay mi nh k. 2.2.4. Cm bin hng ngoi: Cm bin hng ngoi c s dng y l loi PZ-41L ca hng KEYENCE. Hnh dng ca cm bin c dng nh Hnh 4.4.

Hnh 2.4: Hnh dng ca PZ-41L

Cm bin ny l loi phn x c khuch tn, vi c trng c bn: - Kch thc rt nh - Khng thm nc - Cng chm tia ln - D quan st nh n LED ch bo S kt ni c dng nh sau:

Hnh 2.5: S kt ni PZ-41L Hot ng: - Khi hot ng n nh: C LED v xanh u sng, lc cm bin ch LIGHT-ON.
-

Khi hot ng khng n nh: n xanh tt v u ra cnh bo c kch hot. Khong cch lm vic:

Hnh 2.6: Khong cch lm vic ng dng: pht hin i tng vo/ra khi khu vc qun l.

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