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FOUNDATION

The lowest dMsion of a building or


other coostruct1on. partly or wholly
the surbu of the ground.
designed to support and anchor the
superstructure and transmit its
loads directly U:l the earth.
shallow fourubtlon
A found1t:k:m system placed directly Pelow
the lowest of .iI and
tnnsfming building loads directly to the
solllly pressure.
DDDDD
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The gr.od-.I3l of.il structure as the i
soli Its founa.atlon consolldates r __ L - - - - - - - - - - - - -t

ccnso IWtion
The graau:;;l reauctlon In the volume of a soli
mass from the .application of a
Io4d and 3n Increase In

pf'im3 ry c.ol15OlldrtIon
A reJuctlon In vvlurne of .iI soli mass under
the .action sust.;lned load. due chiefly
to.a out of wawfrom the voids
I't'ftIIln the IlUSS.and.a tr.nsfer of the load
from the soli wafer the soli salkis. Also
caib:l compression.

A reauctlon In volume of;.l soli mass under
the actlon of.a load. due chiefly
to ;.It!ustr.etTt d the Internal structure of
the soIlln355 after of the load has
Peen tr3nsfemJ from the soli water to the
soIlsotld:s.
diffuenti.1I5ett!ement
The relitlve lI10Vement of different parts of
;I structure caused IIy uneven settlement
or failure of Its fou.wt01.

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'... ...t_. _ nonuniform 9J{/ pressure
.. passive e..1rth pressure
The horizontJl component of
resistance developed by a soli mass
against the horizontal movement of a
vertlc.alstruct.Jre through the solL
utive e..1rtn pressure
The horlzontJl component of pressure
th.at a soli exerts on 3 vertical
rrolnlng stroct.ure.
soU pressure
The actual pressure t:leveloped between
;.I footlng and the supporting soli mass.
equal the quotient of the magnitude
of the forces t<.l nsmftted and the area
CjUsM by Utml forces
' .. provided
by friction Utwun footings
;ndsot1
be.-aring pressure
The maximum unit pressure a foundation Is
permitted to vertically or I3ter.;1ly
on a soillT13ss. Allowal7le
pressu res for va roOlJ 5 solI claS5if1c3tlons
are conservative v;llues permitted
codes In the absence of
and testing of
the sot!. AISIJ C3IW .1llowal7le l1ealing
capacft)'. allc .....abk $C/l pressure.
- A = ccnt:3ct Jre3 of

r" frost.line
1 The maximum depth at which soli Is frozen
i per.etntes the ground.
frost he,we
An upltft In scl C3used tr.Y the of
Internal molsturt.
fro$t
7r

of soU resulting from the


.
f of frozen groundwater.
0.5'1 )
2rching
n..""nsf .. of ",," f<om' y"r,n"" P'"
of;.l soil mass to adjoining. less y!ekilng or 02'1 /
restrained parts of the mass. .
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grak. to support and anchor the "". L. -------
superstro<:1:lrre. "" .. ____ _
ground sl#
A concrete sbl:> placed CNer' a dense or
compacted \73se and supported directly l7y
ground. iI:SlJally reinforced with welded
wire en grid of relnforclng lra rs to
control anya'3Cklng caused I1y drying
s-hrlnbge orlhermal or ',; --
Integral art required for heavy or ",@
concentrated leads. Over prol1lem soils. the
sla I:> must t;.c, designed as a nut or raft
foonaatloo. N:so called slab on grade. .. _ .. __ . ___ .... __ :.:

A bytrof COiiJrStgranul3r m2terbls placed !
and compacted on undisturbed soil or
prepared flO prevent capil!3ry rise of
FOUNDATION
footing
A concrete footing extended I. tera Ily to
the foun,13tlon load CNer' a wtde
enough area that the allow3!71e
capacity of the soil Is not
exceeded.
-- critJc.;J{ 5tCtJon assumed for she3r
- she3r
-- ..
moisture toa concrete ground stal:>. _._. __ ...... _._. _" ______ .. _ ... _________ :
5 U b-str3tucn
r .... - .. --.--- - ----------. ------ ... -
,/ Th; footing of a
. foundation wall
Something thoIt underlies or serves as 3
!:rase or four'4btlon. Also c.alled su!lstrate.
:' . .:.t )F.
. U '.1 I I'nii
flcatlng founJ.1tion
A foundation In soil. having for
tts footIng 3 r1ft placed dup enough that
the weLjht of excavated soli Is equal to
or grea th.M tM wdght of the
construction s-upported
raft

A refnforUa COncrete footing connected
!:>y a tie beam to .mother In order
to !7a!3ncean asymmetrlGallylmpJsed
load. as at the perimeter of a
Also called strap foothtg.
A rr.at providing a footing on yielding soil
u5IJally for an entire placed so that
the displaced soli mews the
weight of the construction.
grillage
A framewon: of crossIng for
spreadIng heavy loads over large areas.
Also called grid.

.----... --
--- A relrTfoffiJ iOncrete footing extended to
./ support a rowofcolumns.
r-
./ A ream 3
.' superstructure at or neargrouna leYel.nJ
the Io3a
pic:rs. or piles. Also
-..

.' A reWoiuj footing for a
perln-eter column or foundation wa n
o;Undea to support 3n Intercr cclumn
k::3J.
To ;wid rot'4tion or differential
COfTtJnuoIJs 1(4/ n
p-oportJoneJ t<1 uniform

m.1t
A sla!:>fi:e footing of relnfOf'Ce.d
concrete supporting 3 of co/umflS or
3n entire
np17ta mat
A ITI3t foundation reinforced l7y. gfJ of .
ribs abc>.'e or below the sial:>.
ullularmat
A structure of relnforceJ
slal:>s and lra51ment W3i1S
35 3 mat foundation.
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FOUNDATION
dup founcUtlcn
A t:hJt extends do.w11 _
soli to transfer uullalng
k:laJs to a nn appropriate l7earing
stratum kIow superstructure.
pi1efourWtion
A system ofpks, pile C3pS, and tie ueams
fer transferrfftg uulidlng loads dewn to a
st,.t;Jm, used esp. when
the soil rNSS directly the
Is not sultaule for the direct

stntum
A which a
footll14 or to wIllch a Irolldlng
load Is I7y a pile or caisson.
pile
A sitna:r column of wood, steel. or
reinforced QlftCrete, driven or
Into the earth to
form part of a foundation system.
batter pile
A pile driven at a specified angle
to the vertlc3lln order to
provlJe resistance against
lateral forces.
drive band
A steel enGlrcling
the head of 3 tlml7er pile
to prevent It from
splitting when driven.
Also called plfe ring.
anvil
The component of a pile hammer,
located just relow the ra m, that
transfers the driving force to the pile
head.
cushion
A cap for protectlng a pile head as
well as the pile hammer durl"1 a
driving operation. Also caned
cushion 17loGk. cushion head.
pile driver
A machine for driving piles, usually
composed of a ta II fra meworl:
supporting machinery for Ilftlng 3 pile
In position !7efo", 3
hammer, and vertical ralls or Ie2ds
for guiding the hammer.
pile ----------fto:'!!I
A prinCipally on the
timber pile
reslsbnu of soli or rock
b:it for support. The
soil rruss ?rovides a
long
l1eml>er. Also called
pile.
pt'1e
The II\3XlnII'I axb! and bteralloads
pennfU.eJ on a pile, as by a
plefonnub,a static load
test,:;r a ,m.ech nlca I Investigation of ,/
the fourW1lon soil .'
pile _._-_ .. -.,
The of;1 pile from Its pia n
wUoo arm the vertQl,
In" reductkrl of Its aJlowable load.
pile to lmrIce
froe p'rrnlUed devl3tlon of a pile frcm
the fOf' which a reduction In
klad Is net
e!'\
V
pipe ... -.. :-.-----------
A havy steel pipe driven with the lower end
etther open or closed by a heavy steel plate
or point and filled with concrete. An open-
eMed pipe pile Inspection and
excavatlon !1efo", i7elng fliled with concrete.

A pllt depOloing principally 011 the
frictlon31 resl:stanu of 5urroundln9
t3 rth for SIip'f'<rt
,lift frictiHI
The frY;t1ol JevelopeJ the
of pfe and the son Into which
the pile Is ;;"en, .m!ted !?y the
d soM to the pile sides and
the snarstrength of the surrounding
SOIIlI1ass.

An bad on a pile resulting
from of fln, which tends to
the pie Into the soil.
i.. .... _ i,obar
H
\.,
"
H-pile - ...
A log driven usually as a friction pite, often
fttted with a steel shoe and a drive !nnd to
prevent It from spllWng or shattering.
'--. shoe
The hard, polrUd or rounded foot of a
pile or caisson for piercing underlyIng
soli. Also called drive &hoe.
preca,t cOncrete pile
A precast, often prestressed concrete
cclumn, havIng a round. s-tuare, or polygonal
section and an open core, drivpl
Into the earth by 3 pIle driver until it meets
the requIred resistance.
ccmpo,1U
A steel H-sect!on driven as a pile,
sometimes encased In concrete to a point
l:>elow the water tal71e to prevent corrosion.
H'sectIons can be welded In the
drivln9 process to form a fT'j length of pile.
A pile constructed of two rruterla Is, as a
tlmuer pile a concrete upper SC1Ctlon
to prevent the portion of the pile auove the
water taule from
:'IN by.h"h th'
"-, allowable ax!4llload on a pile can be

load on a single pIle, usually a fraction of the
i load reach a ylelJ poInt, a point
;:: ... 1 of reslstanu, or a point of refusal
. :\;:;: .. 1 .... point of .
. ::::.: . The point at which a pile load ca uses a
'..J. specified net St"tttement after Delng applied
: f'.... I continuously for aspeclfled period of time.
t ""l..
point of rem,ai
\ I The point at which no additional settlement
\, I takes place after a pile has Peen loaded
_______ " continuously for a specified period of time.
\ yield point
A line points of equal pressure.
The point at wn!ch an Incre35e In pile load
a dlsproportlonate Increase In
settlement.
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- pile cap -------..... -.-.--...... ' .. .
.. o
In
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ex3mplts of pile 13Y0utS
pile
A pl!e constructed !Iy placing concrete
Inta a shaft In the ground.
cas.ed pile -..... - ... - ......... --.... --.+ ..
A concrete pile coostl"UCUd by driving
a steel pipe or Into the ground
un-tll It meets the required resistance
;ina then ftlnng It with concrete.
c .. -......... - ..... _ ... - ........ - .... --: ... .
A cyl1ndrlc31 steel section. sometimes .
or taperea for Incre:asea
s driven or dropped In place ta
$eI')'(: as a form for a castlnp!Jce
coocme pile.
.. -----_ .. _--_.- //'
A ha-Iy stu! tul>e or core th3t Is
Inserted Into a thln-wal1ed casing to
It from coll3pslng In tM driving
process. and then withdrawn Priore
concrete Is pl3ced In the casing.
pier - .... -.- .... --.- ... -..... -.. -... -.....
A castlnplace concl'eU foundation
formed!ly Poring with a 3uguor
!Iy hand a shaft In the earth
to a suitable Paring stratum and filling
the shaft with concrete.

A pler. esp. when the roring Is 2 ft. (610
mm) or larger In atameter to permit
Inspection of the rottom.
- .... --............ --........ -- .... -' ....
The \;1ase of 3 caisson enl3rged Ul '
lnuease Its bearing area.
bdl17ucket
An attachment to an earth auger
having expanding I1lades for D:c3vatlng
a Pell at the rottom of a caisson shaft.
A reinforced concrete slab Of mat
the heads of a cluster of plies to; 1<:
distribute the load from ;I cclumn or ;.-
grade Pe<im equally am01l4 tr.e piles.
t::3
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oli}O
o 0
pile
A concrete CO!1struc'..t.d driving 3
c;on.cme Ir.'.o the gro'.J-nd along wit.'
casli1g unullt meets reqUired
and then r.;:r.tr'lir.g L.,..-..o
as the casJng Is wtU-.:hwn.
, ........... 1
FOUNDATION

A reinforced concrete pe3m dlstrlputlng
the harizont.1 forces from an eccentric311y
khided pile cap or spread footlngto other
pile caps orfootlngs.
.; . pile
i
A castln-place concrete pile having an
enl3rged foot to Increase Its Pe<irlng area
and strengthen the l1earlng stratum by
compression, formed !Iy forclng concrete
out at the Pottom of the casing Into the
surrounding soil
...!.- . pulP
f : A C<lst u formed at the l10ttam of a
j i castlnpiau concrete pile to enl3rge Its
! 1 area ar.a strengthen the rearing
I stratum !Iy ccmpression.
A caisson that Is drilled InUl a str3tum
of solld rod rather than belled.
A cat=scn having 3 steel H'sectlon
",Ithln 3 c.:n:.-etefll'eJ pipe casing
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