other coostruct1on. partly or wholly the surbu of the ground. designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its loads directly U:l the earth. shallow fourubtlon A found1t:k:m system placed directly Pelow the lowest of .iI and tnnsfming building loads directly to the solllly pressure. DDDDD ------------------------------; The gr.od-.I3l of.il structure as the i soli Its founa.atlon consolldates r __ L - - - - - - - - - - - - -t
ccnso IWtion The graau:;;l reauctlon In the volume of a soli mass from the .application of a Io4d and 3n Increase In
pf'im3 ry c.ol15OlldrtIon A reJuctlon In vvlurne of .iI soli mass under the .action sust.;lned load. due chiefly to.a out of wawfrom the voids I't'ftIIln the IlUSS.and.a tr.nsfer of the load from the soli wafer the soli salkis. Also caib:l compression.
A reauctlon In volume of;.l soli mass under the actlon of.a load. due chiefly to ;.It!ustr.etTt d the Internal structure of the soIlln355 after of the load has Peen tr3nsfemJ from the soli water to the soIlsotld:s. diffuenti.1I5ett!ement The relitlve lI10Vement of different parts of ;I structure caused IIy uneven settlement or failure of Its fou.wt01.
! ! _1 i I l I' I I ::::::::. '... ...t_. _ nonuniform 9J{/ pressure .. passive e..1rth pressure The horizontJl component of resistance developed by a soli mass against the horizontal movement of a vertlc.alstruct.Jre through the solL utive e..1rtn pressure The horlzontJl component of pressure th.at a soli exerts on 3 vertical rrolnlng stroct.ure. soU pressure The actual pressure t:leveloped between ;.I footlng and the supporting soli mass. equal the quotient of the magnitude of the forces t<.l nsmftted and the area CjUsM by Utml forces ' .. provided by friction Utwun footings ;ndsot1 be.-aring pressure The maximum unit pressure a foundation Is permitted to vertically or I3ter.;1ly on a soillT13ss. Allowal7le pressu res for va roOlJ 5 solI claS5if1c3tlons are conservative v;llues permitted codes In the absence of and testing of the sot!. AISIJ C3IW .1llowal7le l1ealing capacft)'. allc .....abk $C/l pressure. - A = ccnt:3ct Jre3 of
r" frost.line 1 The maximum depth at which soli Is frozen i per.etntes the ground. frost he,we An upltft In scl C3used tr.Y the of Internal molsturt. fro$t 7r
of soU resulting from the
. f of frozen groundwater. 0.5'1 ) 2rching n..""nsf .. of ",," f<om' y"r,n"" P'" of;.l soil mass to adjoining. less y!ekilng or 02'1 / restrained parts of the mass. . / 100 r; ! I r I' r I I I I r I r l r ! r" I grak. to support and anchor the "". L. ------- superstro<:1:lrre. "" .. ____ _ ground sl# A concrete sbl:> placed CNer' a dense or compacted \73se and supported directly l7y ground. iI:SlJally reinforced with welded wire en grid of relnforclng lra rs to control anya'3Cklng caused I1y drying s-hrlnbge orlhermal or ',; -- Integral art required for heavy or ",@ concentrated leads. Over prol1lem soils. the sla I:> must t;.c, designed as a nut or raft foonaatloo. N:so called slab on grade. .. _ .. __ . ___ .... __ :.:
A bytrof COiiJrStgranul3r m2terbls placed ! and compacted on undisturbed soil or prepared flO prevent capil!3ry rise of FOUNDATION footing A concrete footing extended I. tera Ily to the foun,13tlon load CNer' a wtde enough area that the allow3!71e capacity of the soil Is not exceeded. -- critJc.;J{ 5tCtJon assumed for she3r - she3r -- .. moisture toa concrete ground stal:>. _._. __ ...... _._. _" ______ .. _ ... _________ : 5 U b-str3tucn r .... - .. --.--- - ----------. ------ ... - ,/ Th; footing of a . foundation wall Something thoIt underlies or serves as 3 !:rase or four'4btlon. Also c.alled su!lstrate. :' . .:.t )F. . U '.1 I I'nii flcatlng founJ.1tion A foundation In soil. having for tts footIng 3 r1ft placed dup enough that the weLjht of excavated soli Is equal to or grea th.M tM wdght of the construction s-upported raft
A refnforUa COncrete footing connected !:>y a tie beam to .mother In order to !7a!3ncean asymmetrlGallylmpJsed load. as at the perimeter of a Also called strap foothtg. A rr.at providing a footing on yielding soil u5IJally for an entire placed so that the displaced soli mews the weight of the construction. grillage A framewon: of crossIng for spreadIng heavy loads over large areas. Also called grid.
.----... -- --- A relrTfoffiJ iOncrete footing extended to ./ support a rowofcolumns. r- ./ A ream 3 .' superstructure at or neargrouna leYel.nJ the Io3a pic:rs. or piles. Also -..
.' A reWoiuj footing for a perln-eter column or foundation wa n o;Undea to support 3n Intercr cclumn k::3J. To ;wid rot'4tion or differential COfTtJnuoIJs 1(4/ n p-oportJoneJ t<1 uniform
m.1t A sla!:>fi:e footing of relnfOf'Ce.d concrete supporting 3 of co/umflS or 3n entire np17ta mat A ITI3t foundation reinforced l7y. gfJ of . ribs abc>.'e or below the sial:>. ullularmat A structure of relnforceJ slal:>s and lra51ment W3i1S 35 3 mat foundation. 101 FOUNDATION dup founcUtlcn A t:hJt extends do.w11 _ soli to transfer uullalng k:laJs to a nn appropriate l7earing stratum kIow superstructure. pi1efourWtion A system ofpks, pile C3pS, and tie ueams fer transferrfftg uulidlng loads dewn to a st,.t;Jm, used esp. when the soil rNSS directly the Is not sultaule for the direct
stntum A which a footll14 or to wIllch a Irolldlng load Is I7y a pile or caisson. pile A sitna:r column of wood, steel. or reinforced QlftCrete, driven or Into the earth to form part of a foundation system. batter pile A pile driven at a specified angle to the vertlc3lln order to provlJe resistance against lateral forces. drive band A steel enGlrcling the head of 3 tlml7er pile to prevent It from splitting when driven. Also called plfe ring. anvil The component of a pile hammer, located just relow the ra m, that transfers the driving force to the pile head. cushion A cap for protectlng a pile head as well as the pile hammer durl"1 a driving operation. Also caned cushion 17loGk. cushion head. pile driver A machine for driving piles, usually composed of a ta II fra meworl: supporting machinery for Ilftlng 3 pile In position !7efo", 3 hammer, and vertical ralls or Ie2ds for guiding the hammer. pile ----------fto:'!!I A prinCipally on the timber pile reslsbnu of soli or rock b:it for support. The soil rruss ?rovides a long l1eml>er. Also called pile. pt'1e The II\3XlnII'I axb! and bteralloads pennfU.eJ on a pile, as by a plefonnub,a static load test,:;r a ,m.ech nlca I Investigation of ,/ the fourW1lon soil .' pile _._-_ .. -., The of;1 pile from Its pia n wUoo arm the vertQl, In" reductkrl of Its aJlowable load. pile to lmrIce froe p'rrnlUed devl3tlon of a pile frcm the fOf' which a reduction In klad Is net e!'\ V pipe ... -.. :-.----------- A havy steel pipe driven with the lower end etther open or closed by a heavy steel plate or point and filled with concrete. An open- eMed pipe pile Inspection and excavatlon !1efo", i7elng fliled with concrete.
A pllt depOloing principally 011 the frictlon31 resl:stanu of 5urroundln9 t3 rth for SIip'f'<rt ,lift frictiHI The frY;t1ol JevelopeJ the of pfe and the son Into which the pile Is ;;"en, .m!ted !?y the d soM to the pile sides and the snarstrength of the surrounding SOIIlI1ass.
An bad on a pile resulting from of fln, which tends to the pie Into the soil. i.. .... _ i,obar H \., " H-pile - ... A log driven usually as a friction pite, often fttted with a steel shoe and a drive !nnd to prevent It from spllWng or shattering. '--. shoe The hard, polrUd or rounded foot of a pile or caisson for piercing underlyIng soli. Also called drive &hoe. preca,t cOncrete pile A precast, often prestressed concrete cclumn, havIng a round. s-tuare, or polygonal section and an open core, drivpl Into the earth by 3 pIle driver until it meets the requIred resistance. ccmpo,1U A steel H-sect!on driven as a pile, sometimes encased In concrete to a point l:>elow the water tal71e to prevent corrosion. H'sectIons can be welded In the drivln9 process to form a fT'j length of pile. A pile constructed of two rruterla Is, as a tlmuer pile a concrete upper SC1Ctlon to prevent the portion of the pile auove the water taule from :'IN by.h"h th' "-, allowable ax!4llload on a pile can be
load on a single pIle, usually a fraction of the i load reach a ylelJ poInt, a point ;:: ... 1 of reslstanu, or a point of refusal . :\;:;: .. 1 .... point of . . ::::.: . The point at which a pile load ca uses a '..J. specified net St"tttement after Delng applied : f'.... I continuously for aspeclfled period of time. t ""l.. point of rem,ai \ I The point at which no additional settlement \, I takes place after a pile has Peen loaded _______ " continuously for a specified period of time. \ yield point A line points of equal pressure. The point at wn!ch an Incre35e In pile load a dlsproportlonate Increase In settlement. 102 I J f J f . / - 1- I. I. f I L I
I L r i I f J I ,1
- pile cap -------..... -.-.--...... ' .. . .. o In o ex3mplts of pile 13Y0utS pile A pl!e constructed !Iy placing concrete Inta a shaft In the ground. cas.ed pile -..... - ... - ......... --.... --.+ .. A concrete pile coostl"UCUd by driving a steel pipe or Into the ground un-tll It meets the required resistance ;ina then ftlnng It with concrete. c .. -......... - ..... _ ... - ........ - .... --: ... . A cyl1ndrlc31 steel section. sometimes . or taperea for Incre:asea s driven or dropped In place ta $eI')'(: as a form for a castlnp!Jce coocme pile. .. -----_ .. _--_.- //' A ha-Iy stu! tul>e or core th3t Is Inserted Into a thln-wal1ed casing to It from coll3pslng In tM driving process. and then withdrawn Priore concrete Is pl3ced In the casing. pier - .... -.- .... --.- ... -..... -.. -... -..... A castlnplace concl'eU foundation formed!ly Poring with a 3uguor !Iy hand a shaft In the earth to a suitable Paring stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.
A pler. esp. when the roring Is 2 ft. (610 mm) or larger In atameter to permit Inspection of the rottom. - .... --............ --........ -- .... -' .... The \;1ase of 3 caisson enl3rged Ul ' lnuease Its bearing area. bdl17ucket An attachment to an earth auger having expanding I1lades for D:c3vatlng a Pell at the rottom of a caisson shaft. A reinforced concrete slab Of mat the heads of a cluster of plies to; 1<: distribute the load from ;I cclumn or ;.- grade Pe<im equally am01l4 tr.e piles. t::3 0 oli}O o 0 pile A concrete CO!1struc'..t.d driving 3 c;on.cme Ir.'.o the gro'.J-nd along wit.' casli1g unullt meets reqUired and then r.;:r.tr'lir.g L.,..-..o as the casJng Is wtU-.:hwn. , ........... 1 FOUNDATION
A reinforced concrete pe3m dlstrlputlng the harizont.1 forces from an eccentric311y khided pile cap or spread footlngto other pile caps orfootlngs. .; . pile i A castln-place concrete pile having an enl3rged foot to Increase Its Pe<irlng area and strengthen the l1earlng stratum by compression, formed !Iy forclng concrete out at the Pottom of the casing Into the surrounding soil ...!.- . pulP f : A C<lst u formed at the l10ttam of a j i castlnpiau concrete pile to enl3rge Its ! 1 area ar.a strengthen the rearing I stratum !Iy ccmpression. A caisson that Is drilled InUl a str3tum of solld rod rather than belled. A cat=scn having 3 steel H'sectlon ",Ithln 3 c.:n:.-etefll'eJ pipe casing 103 Thank you for evaluating Wondershare PDF Splitter. A watermark is added at the end of each output PDF file. To remove the watermark, you need to purchase the software from http://store.wondershare.com/shop/buy/buy-pdf-splitter.html