Phng trnh sng, nghim ca phng trnh sng

Dipole Hertz
Dipole ngn
Dipole c ti
Monopole
Anten thng
Nguyn t anten vng

Divergence:
Curl (Rot):
Mt s ton t
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
3
2 1 3
2
1 3 2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( 1
u
h h A
u
h h A
u
h h A
h h h
A div

3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
1
h A h A h A
u u u
i h i h i h
h h h
A rot
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

nh l divergence v nh l stock
nh l divergence
} }
=
V
S
S d A dV A div

.
nh l stokes
}
=
C
l d A S d A rot

Cc nh lut
nh lut lu s Ampere Maxwell:
Lu s ca vector cng trng t theo ng kn C
ty bng tng i s cc dng in chy qua din tch bao
bi ng kn C
nh lut cm ng in t Faraday:
Sc in ng cm ng c gi tr bng v ngc du vi
tc bin thin t thng gi qua din tch gii hn bi
vng dy
nh lut Gauss i vi trng in:
thng lng ca vector cm ng in gi qua mt kn S bng
tng cc in tch t do phn b trong th tch V bao bi mt S
nh lut Gauss i vi trng t:
thng lng vector cm ng t (t thng) gi qua mt kn S ty
lun bng khng

Dng tch phn Dng vi phn

} } }
+ =
S S C
dS D
dt
d
dS J d H

} }
=
S C
dS B
dt
d
d E

} }
=
V
v
S
dV dS D

}
=
S
0 dS B

t
D
J H rot
c
c
+ =


t
B
E rot
c
c
=

v
D div =

0 B div =

E J ; H B ; E D

o = = c =
t
J div
v
c
c
=

Trong :
mt thng lng in[C / m
2
]
mt thng lng t [T] [Tesla] [Weber /
m
2
]
mt dng in [A / m
2
]
mt in tch[C / m
3
]
Ton t Gradient , Nabla , Hamilton


= . Ton t Laplace

D
B
J
v

V
V V

( )


j
m
e z y x t z y x = , , ) , , , (

( ) ( )
z
y
x
j
zm z
j
ym y
j
xm x
e E i e E i e E i z , y , x E t , z , y , x E

+ + =

( ) ( )
z
y
x
j
zm z
j
ym y
j
xm x
e D i e D i e D i z , y , x D t , z , y , x D

+ + =

( ) ( )
z
y
x
j
zm z
j
ym y
j
xm x
e B i e B i e B i z , y , x B t , z , y , x B

+ + =

( ) ( )
z
y
x
j
zm z
j
ym y
j
xm x
e H i e H i e H i z , y , x H t , z , y , x H

+ + =

e c c j t /
Biu din phc ho:
Mt khc:
Suy ra:

H j E

e = V
E j J H

ec + = V
c = V / E

0 = V H

E J ; H B ; E D

o = = c =

Gi s ta bit vector mt dng in J, ta mong mun tnh
ton gi tr ca vector trng E v H c sinh ra bi J=>
gii h trn
H j E

e = V
E j J H

ec + = V
c = V / E

0 = V H

B j E

e = V
D j J H

e + = V
= V

D
0 = V B

( ) 0 = V V A

Trong ton hc ngi ta chng minh nu Divergence ca

mt vector=0 th vector lun c th c biu din nh
l xoy ca mt trng khc
V (hay ) nn lun tn ti vector sao
cho
0 = V H

A H

V =

1
A H B

V = =
L th vector A

0 = V B

Hoc:
(Biu din theo vector B) (*)
(Biu din theo vector H)
(*) Cch biu din trong ti liu

( ) 0

= V V
Trng vector c xoy bng khng lun c th din t nh
l Gradient ca mt trng v hng
e
t
A
E V =
c
c
+

Ngoi ra, ta c (Biu din theo vector B)

0 = |
.
|

\
|
+ V A j E

e
Suy ra
e
A j E V = e +

B j E

e = V
0 = + V B j E

e
) ( A B

V =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V
n
x
f
x
f
x
f
f ,..., ,
2 1
Li c
=>

A B

V =
e
t
A
E V =
c
c
+

- Th vector
- in th v hng
Trong min tn s:
e
A j E V = e +

A B

V =
Tm li

Hng ng thc:
( ) ( ) F F F

2
. . V V V = V V
Maxwell:
E j J H

ec + = V
E J H B E D

o c = = = ; ;
A B

V =
=>
iu kin Lorentz:
0 =
c
c
c + V
t
A
e

( ) ) ( ) ( ) (
1
r E j r J r A

=c

+ = V V
=> Phng trnh sng 3 chiu theo v ngun
) (r A

) (r J

Phng trnh sng 3 chiu theo v ngun
) (r A

) (r J

Trong min thi gian:

Trong min tn s:
( )
,
,
4
V
R
J r t dV
v
A r t
R

t
| |

|
\ .
=
}}}
Nghim:
dV
V
( ) r P

R

0
x
y
z
V l vng c cha ngun J,
l vn tc truyn sng
c 1 = v
J
t
A
A

c =
c
c
V
2
2
2
J A A

c e = + V
2 2

16
Nguyn t anten thng, cn gi l dipole Hertz, l on dy
thng, rt mnh, h hai u, mang dng in bin thin tn
s , di rt nh so vi bc sng l<<, sao cho c th
xem dng in c gi tr nh nhau ti mi im trn on
dy:
( ) ( ) t sin I t i
m
e =

Nghim ca phng trnh sng:

}}}
|
.
|

\
|

=
V
dV
r
v
r
t J
A
t

V l th tch on dy dn:
d dS dV =
} } } } }
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=

r
d
v
r
t i
dS
v
r
t J
r
d
d dS
r
v
r
t J
A
S S
t

4 4 4


| |

|
.
|

\
|

=

|
.
|

\
|

=
r
kr t I
r
v
r
t I
r
v
r
t i
A
m
m
t
e
t
e
t

4
sin
4
sin
4
2 / k v e t = =
L h s sng

Trong min tn s
m
I I =

=

r
e I
A
jkr
t

4
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

r
e I
A A
jkr
m
R
u
t

u cos
4
cos


|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

r
e I
A A
jkr
m
u
t

u
u
sin
4
sin


0 A =

Trong h ta cu:

( )
u
t

sin
1
4
2
2
(

+ =

kr
kr
j
e
k I
H
jkR
m

( ) ( )
u q
t
cos
1
4
2
3 2
2
(

=

kr
j
kr
e
k I
E
jkR
m
r

( ) ( )
u q
t
u
sin
1
4
3 2
2
(

+ =

kr
j
kr
kr
j
e
k I
E
jkR
m

c = q
Vy ta c cc thnh phn trng bc x nh sau:
L tr sng ca mi trng
Cc thnh phn cn li( ) bng 0
u
E , H , H
R

vng xa: >> R

Ta c:
| | m V
r
e k jI
E
jkr
m
/ sin
4
u
t
q
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

| | m / A
E
H
q
=
u

r
E

Rt nh c th b qua.
Vy ti cc im vng xa, sng bc x c dng
gn nh cc sng phng, v cng pha nhau, vung
gc vi nhau v cng vung gc vi phng truyn
E

r
i

Cc ng sc
trng
in bc x
Trc Dipole nm
thng ng vung
gc mp ngang (
mp cha trc
ngang , 2, 3

Khi chiu di anten ln hn => s bp sng bt u tng

23
Vector Poynting trung bnh, tc mt dng cng sut
ca trng bc x l:
( )
*
H E Re ) r ( W

=
2
1
( )
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
0
2
2 2
2 2 2
sin sin
32
,
m
W
W
r
I k
r W
m
u u
t
q
u

i vi dipole Hertz:
W(r,q) t l nghch vi khong cch R t im
kho st n anten v cng bc x ph
thuc gc q, phn b u theo hng , phn
b khng u theo hng .
Nhn xt:

u u
t
q
u
2
max
2
2
2 2 2
2
sin sin
32
) ( ) , ( U
I k
r W r U
m
= = =

( ) ( ) u = u = u F sin , F
2
( )
( )
( )
max
,
,
,
U
F
U
u |
u |
u |
=
Cng bc x
Cng bc x chun ha
th nh hng:

rng ca th nh hng :
o o o
90 45 135 = = |
L thuyt Anten
Dipole Hertz
( )
( ) ( ) | | W d F W r d d F W r
d d R W r P
r
}} } }
} }
O = =
=
= =
= =
t
t

t
u
t

t
u
u u u u
u u u
4
0
2
2
0 0
0
2
2
0 0
2
, sin ,
sin , ,
Cng sut bc x:
2 2 2
0 max
2 2 2
32
m
k I W
W W
R m
q
t
| |
(
= =
|
(

\ .
2
k
t

=
t =
c

= q 120
0
0
0

( ) | |
( )
2
2
0 0
2
2
0
0 0
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
, , sin
, sin
8
sin
32 32 3 12
r
m m m
P R W R d d W
R W F d d
k I k I k I
R d d R
R R
t t
| u
t t
| u
t t
| u
u | u u |
u | u u |
q q q t
u u |
t t t
= =
= =
= =
=
=
| | | | | |
| |
= = =
| | |
|
\ .
\ . \ . \ .
} }
} }
} }
2 2 2
12
m
r
k I
P
q
t
| |
=
|
\ .
Cng thc cng sut bc x
L thuyt Anten
Dipole Hertz
in tr bc x:
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2P 120 20.4
80
12 6
m r
r
m m
k I k
R
I I
q t t
t
t t
| | | | | |
| |
= = = = =
| | | |
\ .
\ . \ . \ .
Cng sut bc x:
2 2 2
12
m
r
k I
P
q
t
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
80
r
R t

| |
=
|
\ .
in tr tn hao
2
2P

loss
loss
m
R
I
=
2 2 2
loss S
l l
R R
a a
e
t o t
= =
L thuyt Anten
Dipole Hertz
in tr tn hao dy di l , bn knh a , dn in , h s
t
2 2 2
loss S
l l
R R
a a
e
t o t
= =
in tr b mt dy dn in , h s t

2
S
R
e
o
=
in tr dy bn knh a , di 1 n v di
1 1
2 2 2
S
R
a a
e
t t o
=
2 f e t =
7 7
0
4 10 ; 5,8 10 H m S m t o

~ = =
Vt liu ng
L thuyt Anten
Dipole Hertz
2
2P

loss
loss
m
R
I
=
Cong suat bc xa:
2 2 2
12
m
r
k I
P
q
t
| |
=
|
\ .
ien tr ton hao:
Cong suat ton hao
2 2
1
P
2 4 2
loss
loss m m
l
R I I
a
e
t o
= =
P
P P
r r
r loss r loss
R
e
R R
= =
+ +
Hieu suat Dipole

Goc khoi:
( )
2
2
2
4 0 0
2 2
2
0 0
2
2
3
0
0
, 2 sin sin
2 1 cos sin
cos 1 8
2.2 cos 4 1
3 3 3
A
F d d d
d d
d
t
t
t | u
t t
|
t
t
u | u u u |
| u u u
u t
t | u t
= =
=
(
O = O =
(
(

(
=

(
(
= + = =
(
(


}} } }
} }
}

o li hng tnh:
( )
5 , 1
3 8
4
d d sin
4
d d sin , F
4
D
2
0 0
3
4
=
t
t
=
u u
t
=
u u u
t
=
} }
}}
t
=
t
= u
t
| | dB 76 , 1 5 , 1 log 10 dB D = =

V du:
Cho anten la mot oan day dan l = 4 cm bc xa
tan so 75 MHz. Anten c lam bang ong va co
ban knh a = 0,4 mm. Cho bieu thc tnh R
loss
nh
sau:
2 2
loss
l
R
a
e
t o
=
Tnh ien tr bc xa va hieu suat bc xa cua anten.
l

Gii:
f=75 MHz
m
,
f
c
4
10 5 7
10 3
7
8
=

= =
1
100
1
10
4
4

2
<< = = =

m
cm

Vay co the coi anten nay la nguyen to anten thang.

=>
0
2
4
W
D
R
P
rad
=
t
D = 1.5, suy ra
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
40
15
5 , 1
4
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

t t
m
m
rad
I
R
I R
P
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 max
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
120 .(2 ) 15 .
32 32
m m m
k I I I
W W
R R R
q t t t
t t
| | | | | |
= = = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
2
max max
max
4 ( , ) 4 . ( , )
( , )
rad rad
U R W
D D
P P
t u | t u |
u | = = =
Ta co: t =
c

= q 120
0
0
0

O =
|
.
|

\
|

t = , R
r
08 0 80
2
2

Vat lieu Cu: m S , ; m H
7 7
0
10 8 5 10 4

= o t = ~
O =
(
(

t t

t

=
o
t
t
=

0,036
2 1
7
7 6
4
2
c
c
loss
10 8 , 5
10 4 10 75
10 4 2
10 4 f
a 2
1
R
% 69 69 , 0
036 , 0 08 , 0
08 , 0
R R
R
e
loss r
r
= =
+
=
+
=
Neu chieu dai cua oan day nhng khong
the coi oan day nh dipole Hertz th phan bo dong
ien tren oan day co the coi nh hnh tam giac.

z
2 /
2 /
<<

>
<
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
0
2
2
1

| z | khi
; | z | khi
| z |
I
) z ( I
m

}}}
t
|
.
|

\
|

=
V
dV
R
v
R
t J
A
4

} } } } }
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=

R
d
v
R
t i
dS
v
R
t J
R
d
d dS
R
v
R
t J
A
S S
t

4 4 4
Sau khi lay tch phan va chuyen sang mien tan so ta
nhan c:

R
e I
A
jkR
m
t

=
a biet:

Bai tap:
Tm mat o cong suat bc xa, ve o th nh
hng, tm he so nh hng, ien tr bc xa
cua dipole ngan???
Gi y:
T the vector cua dipole ngan bang lan so vi dipole Hertz!
Do the vect Dipole ngan = cua the vect Dipole Hertz nen
Trng ien va t Dipole ngan cung = cua Dipole Hertz
Cng o bc xa, cong suat bc xa ien tr bc xa Dipole
ngan cung = cua Dipole Hertz
Nhac lai ve Dipole Hertz

>> r
| |
sin /
4
jkR
m
jI k e
E V m
R
u
q
u
t

| |
=
|
\ .
| | m / A
E
H
q
=
u

2 2 2
12
m
r
k I
P
q
t
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
80
r
R t

| |
=
|
\ .
2 2 2
2
2
( , ) sin
32
m
k I
U
q
u | u
t
=

>> R
| |
sin /
8
jkR
m
jI k e
E V m
R
u
q
u
t

| |
=
|
\ .
| | m / A
E
H
q
=
u

Suy ra Dipole ngan

2 2 2
48
m
r
k I
P
q
t
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
20
r
R t

| |
=
|
\ .
2 2 2
2
2
( , ) sin
128
m
k I
U
q
u | u
t
=
Cng o bc xa:
Cong suat bc xa:
ien tr bc xa:

z
2 /
2 /
z
2 /
2 /
e dong ien phan bo eu tren dipole ngan ta co the
s dung tai cam hoac dung (tai khang).
z
2 /
2 /
2 / o
m
I |

o
>
s s
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
|

o
|
o
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
|

=
2
0
2 2 1
2
1
2
1 2
1

z khi
z khi
) (
z
I
z khi
z ) (
I
) z ( I
m
m
z
2 /
2 /
2 / o
m
I |
Bai tap:
Tm the vector, mat o dong cong suat,
ve o th nh hng, tnh he so nh
hng, cong suat bc xa, ien tr bc
xa trong trng hp nay.

( )

s s
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
s s
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
0 z
2
k sin I
z
2
k sin I
z I
m
m
z
2
- v i
2
z 0 v i

2 z =
Mt Dipole co chieu dai hu han la mot day co chieu
dai l (so sanh c vi bc song) c kch thch tai
iem gia . Bien o dong trong oan day phu
thuoc vao toa o z nh sau

( )

s s
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
s s
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
0 z
2
k sin I
z
2
k sin I
z I
m
m
z
2
- v i
2
z 0 v i

(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=

u
u
t
q
u
sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
2

k k
r
e I
j E
jkr
m
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= ~

u
u
t q
u

sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
2

k k
r
e I
j
E
H
jkr
m
Ta co the tm c cac thanh phan trng bc xa nh sau [1]:

Ta co the the hien vector trng theo mot dang khac:
(
(
(
(

u
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
u

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

u
sin
2
k
cos cos
2
k
cos
R
e
I 60 j E
jkR
m

Mat o cong suat trung bnh:

( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
15
2
(
(
(
(

u
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
u
t
=
q
= u
u
sin
k
cos cos
k
cos
R
I
E
W
m

5 . 0 = l
= l
5 . 1 = l
o th nh hng cua mot so anten thang

Xet vong day hnh tron co ban knh a rat nho (a << ) co dong
ien chay qua (theo chieu ngc chieu kim ong ho).
V kch thc anten nho nen
co the coi dong ien tai moi
iem tren vong day la nh
nhau:
( ) t sin I i
m
e =
Vi phan cua the vector:
r 4
e d I
A d
jkr
m
t

=

x
y
z
M
d

R
r
'
i
a

Chn 1 cp phn t dng in v
i xng qua mt P cha im ang xt
v Oz
'
4
' l d
r
e I
A d
jkr
m

t

=
' '
4
' ' l d
r
e I
A d
jkr
m

t

=
' l d

' ' l d

2 vector vi phn th cng li

ti thnh 1 vector vung gc
mt phng P chnh l
vector

' l id

' ' l id

Khi o:

= i A A

' d ' cos a

r
e I

' d ' cos a
r
e I
A d A d A
2
0
jkr
m
2
0
jkr
m

t

=

t

= = =
}
} } }
t

t


4
4

vung xa a << r, do o
u ~ sin ' cos a R r
' d ' cos e
R 4
e aI
A
' cos sin jka
jkR
m

t

=
}
t
u

2
0

Hnh chiu dl ln phng

vung gc mt phng P
' cos sin
1
' cos sin 1
1 1
2
1
u u
R
a
R R
a
R r
+ ~
|
.
|

\
|
~

R r
1 1
~

1
. 2
. << =

t a
a k
' cos sin jka e
' cos sin jka
u + ~
u
1
( ) ' d ' cos sin jka cos
R 4
e aI
A
2 '
jkR
m
u +
t

=
}
t

2
0

u
t

u
t
t

sin
4
sin
4

2
R
e SkI
j
R
e kI a
j A
jkR
m
jkR
m

= =

Vi S la dien tch hnh tron

u
u
e q
ec
t
e
i e
r j r r
j I S j
H
jkR
m

. sin .
1
.
1
4
.
3 2

(

+ + =

u
t
e
i e
r r
jk I S j
E
jkR
m

. sin .
1
4
.
2

(

+ =
Loai bo cac thanh phan bac cao:
jkR
2
m
2 2
e sin
R
I a
H

u
u

t
=

2 2
2
sin
jkR
m
a I
E e H
R
| u
t
q u q

= =
r
jkR
m
i e
r j r
I S j

. cos .
1
.
1
2
.
3 2
u
e q t
e

(

+ +

Trong mien thi gian:

|
.
|

\
|
e e

u t
=
u
v
R
t sin
R
sin I a
H
2
m
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
e e

u t
q =

v
R
t sin
R
sin I a
E
m
2
2 2
Song ien t bc xa bi nguyen to anten vong ch phu thuoc
vao . Phng cua vect E , H cua anten vong khac phng cua
vect E , H cua dipole (hoan v)

Mat o cong suat cua trng bc xa:

{ } ( )
R R
i , R W i
E
* H E Re W

u =
q
= =

2
2
1
2
1
( )
4
2 2 2
max
2
1
, sin sin
2
m
a
W R I W
R
t
u q u u

| |
= =
|
\ .
( ) u = u
2
sin , F
Vay o th nh hng cua nguyen to anten vong cung
giong nh cua DIPOLE HERTZ .
4
2
max
2
1
2
m
a
W I
R
t
q

| |
=
|
\ .

( ) | |
( )
2
2
0 0
4
2 2
2 2 2 3
max
2
0 0 0 0
4 4 4
2 2 2 2
2
, , sin
1
, sin sin
2
1 8 2 2
2 3 4.3 12
r
m
m m m
P R W R d d W
a
R W F d d R I d d
R
a a a
R I I I
R
t t
| u
t t t t
| u | u
u | u u |
t
u | u u | q u u |

t t t t t t
q q q

= =
= = = =
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
| | | | | | | | | || |
= = =
| | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .\ .
} }
} } } }
Cong suat bc xa:
4
2
2
12
r m
a
P I
t t
q

| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .

Cong suat bc xa:

4
2 2
2 1
12 2
rad m rad m
a
P I R I
t t
q

| |
= =
|
\ .
ien tr bc xa:
4
2
6
rad
a
R
t t
q

| |
=
|
\ .
Trong khong kh: t =
c

= q 120
0
0
0
4
2 2
2
10
rad m
a
P I
t
t

| |
=
|
\ .
4
2
2
20
rad
a
R
t
t

| |
=
|
\ .
So sanh vi cong suat bc xa cua anten thang?

Anten monopole la cac anten n cc.
(VD: noi vo cap cua cap ong truc en mat phang at va
dung vat dan ben trong keo dai nh la mot anten)
L
z
x
L
2V
L
L
a) b) c)

Tr khang vao cua monopole:
z dipoleHert
A
monopole
A
Z
I
V V
Z
2
1 2
2
1
= =
I
=
Tr khang vao cua monopole phan t song /4 bang mot
na tr khang vao cua dipole na song /2, neu bo qua mat
mat.
Tong cong suat c bc xa bi dipole gap oi monopole

dipole
rad
monopole
rad
P P
2
1
=

o nh hng cua monopole:
) , ( D
P
) , ( U
P
) , ( U
) , ( D
dipole
dipole
R
dipole
monopole
R
monopole
monopole
| u =
| u t
=
| u t
= | u
2
2
1
4 4
Ta a biet o nh hng cua dipole /2 la 1.64.
o nh hng cua monopole /4 la:
D = 21.64 = 3.28

Hieu suat bc xa:
loss rad
rad
R R
R
e
+
=
V chieu dai dipole gap oi monopole nen ta co:
dipole
loss
monopole
loss
R R
2
1
=
Ngoai ra: dipole
rad
monopole
rad
P P
2
1
=
dipole
rad
monopole
rad
R R
2
1
=
dipole monopole
e e =

62
Xac nh hng ma tai o cng o bc xa cc ai, tnh goc
khi O
a
, he so nh hng, o rong theo mc 3 dB cua anten
bc xa ch tren na cau tren va co cng o bc xa chuan
hoa la . ( ) u = u
2
cos , F

63
V hng bc xa ch na cau tren nen ta co the viet:
( ) ( )

t s s
t s u s u
= u = u
la i co n ie m ca c ta i 0
2 0
2 0 cos
F , F
2
Gii:

( )
} }
}} } }
=
= =
= =
(

=
(
(

= O = O
t

t
t
t
t

t
u
t

u
u u u u
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
4
2
0
2
0
2
3
2
3
1
3
cos

sin cos ,
d d
d d d F
A
6
2
3
4
4
=
t
t =
O
t
=
A
D | | dB 78 , 7 6 log 10 dB D = =
o rong theo mc 3 dB:
( ) 5 , 0 cos , F
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
= u = u
o o
, 45 45
2 1
= u = u