PL

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

INFORMATION TO BE TRANSMITTED IN THE FORM OF SIGNALS DEVICE TO CONVERT THE DATA/VOICE SIGNALS IN TO CARRIER SIGNALS SUITABLE FOR TRANSMISSION OVER THE SELECTED MEDIUM MEDIUM FOR TRANSMISSION (TELEPHONE LINES,
COPPER CONDUCTORS, ELECTRICAL PHASE CONDUCTORS, EARTH WIRES, FIBRE OPTIC CABLES ETC.)
DEVICE TO RETRIEVE INFORMATION FROM THE CARRIER SIGNALS.
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
The method involves superposition of radio frequency channel on a power circuit without interference of or from power system
Carriers used in PLCC system - RF currents of the frequencies between 30 kHz and 500 kHz. Low Frequency limitation of 30 kHz : Harmonics, Switching and Lightening Surges, Corona present in the frequency band of 100Hz to 30 KHz. Signal to Noise Ratio will be quite poor. Difficult to separate power & radio frequency components (mv) Cost of Coupling Equipment is high High frequency limitation of 500KHz : High Radiation losses. Sanjay Patel (Junior Increase of Interference to and from other services. Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Modulation
Process whereby the amplitude or frequency or phase of a carrier wave is varied as a function of the instantaneous value of another wave.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 4
Amplitude Modulation
The Amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the signal.
Frequency Modulation
The instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is varied as a Sanjay Patel (Junior 6 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO function of the instantaneous value of the modulation signal.
Frequency Shift
Frequency Modulation by a square wave modulating signal. This method is extensively used in the system of pulse transmission employed in the teleprinting, telemetering, Line protection, Supervisory control, etc.
PLCC Modulation Scheme
Advantages of Single Side Band

More Carrier channels can be accommodated in any given frequency range Better signal to noise ratio Greater selectivity permitting closer channel spacing.
NOTE :DOUBLE SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION IS NOT USED IN PRESENT DAY APPLIACTIONS. AS THIS REQUIRES HIGHER BANDWIDTH. Sanjay Patel (Junior 9
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
PLCC APPLICATIONS
Transmits and receives simultaneously speech and multiplexed teleoperation and teleprotection signals in SSB technique over high voltage lines
PLCC IS USED FOR : SPEECH DATA COMMUNICATION PROTECTION SIGNALLING MANY TIMES DATA IS SUPER IMPOSED OVER SPEECH
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
11
ELEMENTS OF PLCC SYSTEM

LINE TRAPS COUPLING DEVICES COUPLING CAPACITOR/CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT) COAXIAL CABLE CARRIER TERMINAL POTECTION COUPLER PABX
12
PLCC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

WAVE TRAPS Prevents the carrier currents from entering the power equipment. Suitably designed choke coils connected in the series with the power lines. Negligible Impedance for the power frequency current but high impedance to the radio frequency current. COUPLING CAPACITORS Minimizes capacitance changes with temperature and time. Coupling capacitors have capacitance between 2 and 8 nF. Typical ratings are 3300/4400/6600/8800 pf. LINE MATCHING & PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Consists of matching Transformers and Tuning capacitors. Isolates the communication equipment from the power line. Matches the impedance of the power line to that of the coaxial cable of communication equipment.
Wave Trap: Provided in the Coupled Conductor

Purpose
Offers high impedance to carrier signal Offers nil impedance to power frequency To minimize loss of carrier energy To minimize mutual interference between adjacent line sections
WAVE TRAP TYPICAL RATINGS : - 0.5mH /2000A , 0.5 mH /1000 A - 1.0 mH/2000A, 1.0 mH/1000 A. # mH SELECTED BASED ON THE REQUIREMENT OF BLOCKING BAND. # CURRENT RATING SELECTION BASED ON THE POWER FLOW IN EHV Sanjay Patel (Junior 14 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO LINE.
Wave Trap Types : Single-frequency Traps Double-frequency Traps Broad-band Traps
(Double frequency resonant type)

C1 Tuning capacitor
LA- Vacuum type arrester
15
Coupling Capacitor : Provided with the coupled Phase

Purpose
Coupling carrier Equipment to EHV line Offers high impedance at power frequency Offers very low impedance for high frequency
Caution :One end of the coupling capacitor must be securely earthed to prevent over voltage up to the magnitude of the operating voltage on the equipment side of the capacitor. Capacitor voltage transformer used for measurement of Sanjay Patel (Junior 16 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO voltage are used for carrier coupling.
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Oil insulated Voltage transformer type CPA/B 72 - 800 kV Sanjay Patel (Junior
1955
2000
17
HV Terminal
Schematic diagram of CVT inter-connection

Electromagnetic unit (EMU)
Compensating reactor Primary winding
B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 100 %
Capacitor divider C1
C2
Secondary winding
1a
d1 d2
Ferro resonance damping circuit
4.05 % 1.35 % 0.45 % 0.15 % 0.05 %
1n
Tertiary winding
da
Power Line Carrier Equipment
dn
Trimming windings
Ground
Ground
18
Protective Equipment
Consists of drainage coil, arresters, grounding switch. Provides protection of carrier equipment & personnel against undesirable high voltage Drainage coil connected between carrier current lead and ground to present low impedance path to ground only to power frequency current passed by the coupling capacitor. Drainage coil prevents loss of carrier frequency energy
19
Protection for PLC equipment can be installed in a large terminal box To L terminal in CVT terminal box Separate box mounted on the support Carrier grounding switch Drain coil Spark gap Line matching unit *)
*)Can normally be adjusted to any CVT capacitance
Ground
carrier coaxial cable

20
Drain Coil
Mounted in the base of coupling capacitor Provides low-impedance path for power frequency current and high-impedance for carrier frequency signal Carrier loss introduced by drain coil is <0.5db
Line Matching Unit

- To match the carrier equipment output impedance and the overhead line impedance with a view to ensure maximum power transfer from carrier equipment to the line. - Ensures maximum power transfer from the carrier set to the line. - Provides an impedance match with low losses between the coaxial cable and the transmission line
Line Matching Unit

Types
Resonant Single Frequency Double Frequency Wide Band High Pass Band Pass
Power Line Tuning Coils Coaxial Cable

f L f H f L C
(C C)
S
Coupling Capacitor
Drain coil, etc.
Trap Circuit Protective Unit
Double Frequency Tuner for one Coaxial Cable

TUNING COILS
T2 F1 F1 F2
POWER LINE
CC
COUPLING CAPACITOR
C S
F2
F2
Trap Circuits
Protective Unit
Double FrequencySanjay Tuner for two Coaxial Cables Patel (Junior

25
DRAIN COIL,ETC
T2
F1
Frequency Response Curves of Line Tuners
f Single frequency Resonant line tuner
Attenuation
f Two frequency Resonant line tuner
Attenuation
3rd order 2nd order
f f type Sanjay PatelWide (Junior band line-tuner Band pass 26 Wide band line Tuner high pass type
Coaxial Cable
Low loss concentric cable to connect the line matching unit and carrier transmitter receiver assembly Generally grounded at terminal equipment end.
27
COUPLING TYPES IN PLCC SYSTEM

LINE TRAP, COUPLIING DEVICE & CC/CVT CALLED COUPLING EQUIPMENT. THE FUNCTIONS OF COUPLING EQUIPMENT ARE a) TO INJECT CARRIER SIGNALS TO EHV CONDUCTORS W/O UNDUE LOSS. b) TO DECOUPLE CARRIER EQUIPMENT FROM EHV POWER LINE
28
COUPLING ARRANGEMENT
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENTS ARE :
Phase to Ground Phase to Phase for carrier by-passing Phase to Phase (Inter Phase) Phase to Phase (Inter Circuit) Three Phase Insulated earth wire coupling Intra-bundle coupling Coupling for Power Cables (Underground etc.)
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENT RELIABILITY Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO COST
29
Phase to Ground Coupling
One carrier equipment connected between phase conductor & earth Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Sanjay Patel (Junior
30
TYPICAL PLCC ARRANGEMENT FOR S/C LINES PHASE-GROUND COUPLING

E/W R Y B
CKT-I
E/W R Y B
CVT/CC
CD
CVT/CC
CD
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
31
Phase to Ground Coupling

Disadv: Radiation losses are high as earth forms part of the circuit Noise pick-up is higher Increased cross talk Less Secure Adv: Used for smaller line sections. Used where noise level is low. Most economical Employed where high reliability in the presence of line Sanjay Patel (Junior 32 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO faults is not essential
Phase to Phase Coupling for Carrier By-Pass

Circuit Breakers
Bus Line Trap
Coupling Capacitors Single Conductors Insulated Cables L Line Tuner

33
SanjayBypass Patel (Junior carrier Typical Short Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Phase to Phase Coupling for Carrier By-Pass

Disadvantage Grounding or opening the coupled phase wire at the end of the lined section will cause mark reduction in signal level. Use of outside phase wire for ground coupling results higher attenuation in long lines.
Phase to Phase Coupling (Inter-Phase)
Two coupling capacitors & two line traps are reqd. at each coupling point.
Sanjay (Junior Coupling eqpt. twice that of the phase to Patel earth arrangement. Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 35
TYPICAL PLCC ARRANGEMENT FOR S/C LINES PHASE-PHASE COUPLING

E/W R Y B
CKT-I
E/W R Y B
CVT/CC
LMU BT
LMU
LMU
LMU BT
CD
CD
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
36
Phase to Phase Coupling (Inter-Phase)

Advantage

Disadvantage
Higher Dependability Initially Expensive Lower line attenuation Less Radiation Suitable for long lines where carrier protection is involved Higher security against communication failure due to line faults. Lower attenuation, Less interference, both (Junior 37 radiated & picked Engineer,Telecom) up. Sanjay Patel Jambuva,GETCO
Phase to Phase Coupling Inter Circuit Coupling
Between two phases on each circuit of the two parallel circuits to provide a double Sanjay Patel (Junior 38 differential form of coupling Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
TYPICAL PLCC ARRANGEMENT FOR D/C LINES (Inter circuit Coupling)

E/W R Y B R Y B E/W
CKT-I
E/W R Y B R Y B E/W
CKT-II
CVT/CC
CVT/CC
LMU BT
PLCC PLCC
LMU
CD
LMU BT
LMU
CD
FOR CKT-II
FOR CKT-I
FOR CKT-I
PLCC
PLCC
FOR CKT-II
39
Phase to Phase Coupling Inter Circuit Coupling

Possible only when both circuits are strung on same structure
Advantage
Communication is maintained even if one power circuit is taken out of service and earthed
40
Three Phase Coupling
41
Three Phase Coupling

Advantage
Additional Redundancy Better performance during system distributions Ideal for long series compensated EVH line.
Disadvantage
Initially Expensive
42
INSULATED EARTH WIRE COUPLING :INSULATED EARTH WIRE PROTECTED WITH SPARK GAPS IS USED IN SOME TRANSMISSION LINES, IN THIS CASE INSULATED EARTH WIRE COUPLING IS USED. THIS WILL BENEFIT IN TERMS OF THE RATING OF COUPLING EQUIPMENTS. BUT, THIS OFFERS MORE ATTENUATION COMPARED TO CONDUCTORS, COSTLIER INCASE OF LONG LINES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EARTHING FAULT IS REDUCED DUE TO SPARK GAPS (COMPARED TO SOILD EARTHED) HENCE IT IS RARELY USED.
COUPLING TO POWER CABLES :SIMILAR TO OVERHEAD LINES PHASE TO GROUND/PHASE TO PHASE CAN BE ADOPTED. CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF CABLES IS LESS. HENCE, INDUCTANCE OF LINE TRAPS DECREASES AND CAPACITANCE OF CAPACITORS INCREASES COMPARED TO OVERHEAD LINES.
44
FEATURES OF PLCC EQUIPMENT

Single or dual channel configurations. Terminal, Drop/Insert through coupled repeaters 1 KHz frequency allocation steps Power amplifier available for 20/40/80 W PEP power output. 300 Hz to 3720 Hz Audio Frequency band On site configuration of channel frequencies, transmission filters, line impedance and speech, data and protection coupler levels. Remote extension of direct EPABX line. Hot Line, Express Channel and 2-Wire/4-Wire E&M modes available on VF Interface unit. Same Channel Modem for speech, fax & Patel high speed RTU data. Sanjay (Junior
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 45
FEATURES OF PLCC EQUIPMENT

Local and Remote loop back facility. Fully complies to the relevant EMI and EMC standards. Fully complies with IEC 495: 1993-09 and IS 9482:1996-01 Standards. Supervisory unit facilitates easy maintenance and operation. Easy user interface using LCD display for status and alarm monitoring. Employs crystal bandpass filters giving extremely good VF response. Employs compressors and expanders to improve noise performance of the system.
46
PLCC SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS

AUDIO FREQUENCY (AF) SECTION
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER IN AF SECTION PROVIDE THE INTERFACES FOR VOICE AND DATA INPUT AND OUTPUT
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY (IF) SECTION

TRANSMITTER CONVERTER CONVERTS AF TO IF RECEIVER CONVERTER CONVERTS IF TO AF.
CARRIER FREQUENCY SECTION

TRANSMITTER CONVERTER CONVERTS IF TO RF RECEIVER CONVERTER CONVERTS RF TO IF.
PLCC SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS

CARRIER SYNTHESIZER (OSCILLATOR)
PROVIDES THE DESIRED CARRIER AND IF FREQUENCIES, WHICH ARE DERIVED FROM THE OCILLATOR FOR MODULATION.
POWER AMPLIFIER SECTION

POWER AMPLIFIER TRANSMIT FILTERS RF HYBRID TO DECOUPLE Tx & Rx.
PILOT AND SUPERVISION SECTION

PROVIDE PILOT CHANNEL TEST TONE TESTING FACILITIES AND AUXILLIARY FUNCTIONS SUCH AS LOOPS, POWER SUPPLY MONITORING, ALARMS ETC.
PLCC SYSTEM PLANNING

Telecom Network Planning PLC link Characteristics SNR Equipment Characteristics Frequency Planning Link Budget ( Standard IEC 663) Practical Considerations Operational Availability , MTBF etc.
49
FACTORS INFLUENCING PLCC SYSTEM FREQUENCY PLANING

LINE LENGTH LINE ATTENUATION EXISTING FREQUENCIES BANDWIDTH AND FREQNCY SPACING
CONSIDERING THE 4 KHz CHANNELS Tx/Rx, CHANNEL SPACING FOR PARALLEL CHANNELS SHALL BE MINIMUM 12 KHz. AND Tx/Rx CHANNEL SPACING SHALL BE 8 KHz. ADJACENT CHANNELS 4 KHz FROM BOTH Tx AND Rx.
REPETITION OF CARRIER FREQUENCIES WITH TWO/THREE HOPS IN THE VOLTAGE SECTIONS. LINE COUPLING AND TUNING
PLCC System Losses

RF hybrid loss Coupling loss (Line Tuner loss + Coupling capacitor loss) Shunt loss caused by carrier power flowing back through the line trap and station bus and ground Transposition loss
Attenuation
Propagation loss and increases in the propagation length of the line. Ratio between the voltages, currents or power at any two points is a measure of the attenuation between these two points.
Signal to Noise Ratio

Ratio of signal power to total noise power at any point. Ratio above 10db is considered satisfactory for frequency shift operation. 52 Sanjay Patel (Junior
Attenuation of Line for Carrier Signal Depends on:

Phase to Phase Clearance Phase to ground clearance Humidity of Air Carrier Frequency
LINE ATTENUATION :aline= 1 . l + 2ac+ aadd

f + 10-3 f 1= 7x10-2 dc n f = frequency in KHz dc= Dia of phase conductor n = no of phase conductors in bundle ac = modal conversion loss l=line length in Kms
{.
.}
54
Attenuation of OH line
55
Characteristic Impedance
Ratio of applied voltage to the resulting current, flowing into the line.
56
Matched Line
For maximum power transfer the line should be terminated with a resistive load equal to its characteristics impedance when all the energy from the line is absorbed by the load If the terminated load is not equal to the characteristic impedance part of the energy traveling down the line will be reflected back.
ZT ZB ZL
Notes: ZB=BUS INPEDANCE INCLUDING ADJECENT ANGLES LT (LINE TUNER) ZT=LINE TRAP IMPEDANCE ZL=LINE SURGE IMPEDANCE T
ZT
R (Transmitter Receiver)
ZB
SHUNT LOAD PATH
ZL
TRANSMITTER
58
RF Hybrid Loss : Inherent dissipation of signal power (3.5 db) Also small transformer loss and a mismatch loss
Coupling Loss :Caused by resistive component of line tuner and coupling capacitor impedances ( 3 dB)
Shunt Loss :Carrier loss through the line trap impedance and Sanjay Patel (Junior 59 any shunt path Engineer,Telecom) to ground (3 dB) Jambuva,GETCO
Attenuation across WT
60
Reactance of choke vs carr. freq
61
Coupling Capacitor loss for 500 ohms load

COUPLING CAPACITOR
dB
0 01 MFD -5 006 MFD 003 MFD
-10
-15 002 MFD -20
30 35
40 45 50 60
70 80
90 100 125 150 175 200
300
FREQUENCY IN KHz
62
Typical Overall Carrier losses for the system
63
NOISE AND INTERFERENCE :CORONA NOISE IN 4KHz BAND < 220 KV 220KV -35 dBm TO 25 dBm -20 dBm TO 10 dBm
P = 10 log
BW in KHz 4 KHz
IMPULSE NOISE
LIGHTNING DISCHARGE ISOLATOR SWITCHING CIRCUIT BREAKER OPERATION GROUND FAULT BURNING ARC
Signal to Noise Ratio
65
PERMISIBLE SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

SPEECH CHANNELS
SHALL BE DESIGNED FOR 25 dB SNR UNDER ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS.
SIGNALLING
SHALL BE DESIGNED FOR FSK SIGNALLING (UP TO 1200) BAUD FOR 15 dB
PROTECTION CHANNELS
IMPULSE NOISE IS MORE PREDOMINENT INCASE OF PROTECTION. SNR REQUIREMENT IS MORE DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF PROTECTION SIGNALS TRANSMITTED.
Understanding of Attenuation & SNR
67
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OVERALL LOSSES IN PLCC SYSTEM
LINE LENGTH & CONDUCTOR CONFIGURATION STRUCTURE OF PHASE CONDUCTOR STRUCTURE OF EARTH WIRE CARRIER FREQUENCY COUPLING METHOD EARTH RESISTIVITY TOWER EFFECTS WEATHER CONDITIONS DISCONTINUTIES (TRANSPOSITION, TAPPED LINES, CABLE INSERTS ETC.) COUPLING LOSSES (losses in coupling equipment)
68
PLCC SYSTEM COMMISIONING

DURING THE COMMISSIONING OF PLCC THE FOLOWING BASIC TESTS WILL BE CONDUCTED:
BEST PHASE SELECTION FOR LINE COUPLING. RETURN LOSS MEASUREMENT FOR IMPEDANCE MATCHING WITH CO-AXIAL CABLE LINE ATTENUATION PRILIMINARY CHECKS SUCH AS EARTHING, POLARITY OF POWER SUPPLY, CABLINMG, HARDWARE MODULES, POGRAMING AND SETTINGS IN THE UNITS TRANSMIT LEVEL SETTING, GAIN CONTROL SETTINGS, FREQUENCY DISTORTION EQUALISATION, LOCAL LOOP AND DUMMY LOAD TEST. REMOTE LOOP TEST RF CHANNEL FREQUENCY PROGRAMING IF REQUIRED.
PRINCIPLE OF TESTING Modern testing practices emphasizes on DEMONSTRATION and DETECTION, but also recognizes that many maybe even most major defects are rooted in requirements and design misunderstandings, omissions, and inconsistencies which can be overcome using PREVENTION. Demonstration, detection, and prevention important objectives and benefits of good testing. are
Tests must be planned and designed systematically.

Teleprotection
Teleprotection required for high speed relaying which is facilitated by: Comparing fault conditions at line terminal High speed simultaneous clearing of faults from both ends of the faulty section Blocking unwarranted isolation in the event of fault in the line section.
Teleprotection
Phase Comparison Scheme : Carrier is employed to compare the phase relation between current entering one terminal of a transmission line section and leaving another
Trip Transfer Scheme : With the initiation of tripping of a line at one end, a signal is sent out over the carrier simultaneously to the other end and cause remote end beaker also to trip.
Directional Comparison Scheme : A Blocking signal is sent out in the opposite direction of fault to prevent tripping of the remote end circuit breaker Sanjay Patel (Junior 72 which is also sensing the fault. Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Teleprotection
High Speed Relying Provides
Improved transient stability of the system Reduced line damage & possible melting of conductor Minimum outage time with the help of high speed autoreclosing
Teleprotection Schemes
B) Power Line
A)
A) BLOCKING to prevent local protection
B)
PERMISSIVE
TRIPPING
received Teleprotection command speeds up the tripping
C) DIRECT INTERTRIPPING teleprotection command controls the operation of the circuit breaker
74
Teleprotection
Criteria for Selection of Teleprotection
Reliability Security Transmission Time Information signal should be of sufficient strength to overcome any line disturbance
Intertripping Criteria
The 3 main characteristics of intertripping are :
Transfer time : During a fault, damage incurred to HV equipment will depend on the fault clearance time. The transfer time of the intertripping equipment, (the time between the acquisition of a protection signal to its restitution at the other end), must therefore be as short as possible to minimize the fault clearance time. Reliability/Dependability : Since the communication can be altered by noise due to the high voltage environment, the intertripping signal shall be transmitted in a way to minimize the risk of losing a command that would lead to the non functioning of the fault clearance process. This value is expressed as the Probability of Missing command Pmc.
Security : Since intertripping is often used to protect strategic lines on which a shutdown would have heavy consequences, the intertripping has to ensure that a command that can disconnect an HV line is a TRUE command and not due to noise coming from the HV environment. This value is expressed as the probability of unwanted command Puc for the worst-case being with the highest noise .
Utilisation of Audio Frequency Band
F1
F2
A typical tone channel

Fc-60 Fc-30 Fc Fc+30 Fc+60
77
Mode Modeof ofOperation Operation

On-off mode (Used to block tripping in an unfaulted line Section) Frequency Shift Mode (Used for either blocking or transferring tripping) Single Side Band Mode (Functions combined on a SSB Channel, Audio Tones are used to modulate the carrier)
Possible utilisation of carrier channel with 4kHz. gross bandwidth
79
Transmitter of Protection signaling equipment
80
Receiver of Protection signaling equipment
81
PLCC ADVANTAGES
Part of Utility owned System. Reliable. Cost effective. Connecting all required points with minimum Hardware Lower attenuation over long distances Good Communication also in HV lines w/o need for repeaters works at any climatic conditions independent of natural barriers convenient maintenance at line terminals High Mechanical strength & Insulation levels
DIGITAL PLCC
Utilizes 8 KHz to establish a full DUPLEX connection Data stream including voice ,data & teleprotection @ 32 Kbits/sec can be transmitted Can accommodate 3 Speech channels and 9 Data channels Relevent Standard IEC- 495 Utilizes the same band width as a SC analog PLC. Increase the capacity ( at least 3 times) that of analog PLC
83
PLC5000 Digital Power Line Carrier

High quality of service
Automatic Fall Back mode (i.e. 100Kbps<->56kbps) with services management IP/LAN ready (LAN to LAN application) Optimised bandwidth (4Khz, 8khz, 16khz)
Modular
Independent racks according to customer needs Teleprotection fully compliant with IEC standards lowest service interruption in case of Tripping Analogue and digital
Manageable
Full remote management Full remote configuration Alarms and service management
84
PLC 5000 Service Management

User Service User Service User Service User Service User Service User Service PLC FSK TDM transmission scheme outband alarm/service channel PLC User Service User Service User Service User Service User Service User Service
QAM
72 Kb/s 42 Kb/s 19 Kb/s
User service allocation Each service can be set with an accuracy of 300 bps Bandwidth required for each speech channel is < 4Kb/s Alarm transmission is independent of the QAM
PLC 5000 Amplifier Unit Output Power

Up to 80W of output power in a single Rack
86
PLC 5000 Amplifier Unit transmission fully Digital

FSK Rx
QAM Signal RX
QAM Signal TX
FSK Tx
16 kHz or 8 KHz Or 4kHz
16 kHz or 8 KHz or 4KHz
Separated / adjacent band, 16kHz, 8Khz and 4Khz band
QAM Signal
FSK Rx FSK Tx
16 KHz or 8 kHz or 4 KHz
Superimposed band, Jambuva,GETCO 16kHz, 8Khz and 4Khz band Engineer,Telecom)
Sanjay Patel (Junior
87
PLC 5000 Amplifier Unit Digital transmission + tele protection

FSK Rx
Teleprotection RX
QAM Signal RX
QAM Signal TX
Teleprotection TX
FSK Tx
4KHz
16 kHz or 8 KHz
16 kHz or 8 KHz
4KHz
Separated / adjacent band, 8Khz and 4Khz band
TP
FSK Rx
QAM Signal 8Khz
TP
FSK Tx
16 kHz
Superimposed, 8kHz band or 16Khz

88
PLC 5000 Amplifier Unit Fully Analogue

Analogue mode
FSK FSK Analog RX with TPX
InterBand for separated mode
Analog TX with TPX
2.5 or 4KHz 0 to max
2.5 or 4KHz
Single channel : Separated / adjacent band, 2.5khz and 4Khz band

TX
RX
FSK
FSK
Analog CH2
Analog CH1 with TPX 2.5 or 4KHz
InterBand for separated mode
Analog CH1 with TPX 2.5 or 4KHz
Analog CH2
2.5 or 4KHz
2.5 or 4KHz
0 to max
Double channel : Separated / adjacent band, 2.5khz and 4Khz band Sanjay Patel (Junior
89
PLC 5000 Amplifier Unit Digital transmission + tele protection + analogue channel
1 or 2 analogue channel
FSK Rx
QAM Signal Rx QAM Signal TX
FSK Tx
Data Speech 4KHz 16 kHz or 8 KHz Speech 16 kHz or 8 KHz
Data
4KHz
Mix Mode with 1 analogue channel. Including 1 speech + DIP 5000 teleprotection channel + up to 3 data channel and 1 digital channel (4Khz or 8KHz)
FSK Rx
QAM Signal
Data Speech
FSK Tx
Data 4KHz 16 kHz
4KHz
Superimposed Mode, 16Khz

A complete management system using SNMP protocol
PLC5000 management system

SDH MSE 5000 PDH DXC 5000
PLC 5000
91
Digital Tele-protection Block Diagram, Basic Configuration
Channel 1
ENCODER
Channel 2
DECODER
64 kbit/s ITU-T G.703 Co- and contradirectional
Channel 3
Channel 4
Maintenance interface V.11
Alarm and Monitor
CONTROL Control Unit

Channel Unit
Coding and Frame Structure

64 bits code words channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4 0 or 1 0 or 1 0 or 1 4 0 or 1 2 = 16 4 bits 0000 0001
. . .
1111
64
. . .
Minimum distance 32 bits
Maintenance interface V.11 max 2400 bit/s 8 bits Bit rate 64 kbit/s
64 bits
FAW
AUX
FAW
Frame (80 bits <=> 1,25 ms)

Transmission Quality
A) Bit Error Rate Poor quality Impaired quality Good quality
10
-9
10
-6
10
-3
Availability B) Availability Time Total time Available time ES SES DM
Unavailability
-3 Unavailable time ( 10 for 10 s)
94
Teleprotection Operating Times
Power Line
Distance Relay
Distance Relay
TPS64
TPS64
10...30
0...5
0...10
30...80 Milliseconds
95
Network Management System for DTPS Equipmnt :

F C A P S FEATURES
Fault Management
Real Time Alarm monitoring Alarm Acknowledgement Historical Alarm storage & retrieval Alarm spooler (via Printer or via Email)
Configuration Management
- Online Configuration of Network Element through CSTE - Simultaneous Configuration of any Network element & Fault Management of other Network element - Commands are stored and can be retrieved for rapid configuration of Network Element
Administration
- Addition of polling agent - Addition of Network Element & Stations - Addition of User and setting up Profile
Performance Management
- Enabling of collection of Performance data of a Network Element - Retrieval and export of Performance data from Network Element
Security Management
- Management of User in accordance with Profile Sanjay (Junior - Maintaining and retrieval of logs & events during UserPatel session(s)
96
Digital intertripping
To Increase the safety of the electrical network
Faster transfer time Increase reliability and security Increase monitoring capabilities Increase the number of commands
To reduce cost ownership

Easier and faster commissioning Preserve the investment
Thank you

PL

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Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

DEVICE TO RETRIEVE INFORMATION FROM THE CARRIER SIGNALS.

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

PLCC Modulation Scheme

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Advantages of Single Side Band

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

ELEMENTS OF PLCC SYSTEM

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

PLCC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Wave Trap: Provided in the Coupled Conductor

Wave Trap Types : Single-frequency Traps Double-frequency Traps Broad-band Traps

(Double frequency resonant type)

LA- Vacuum type arrester

Coupling Capacitor : Provided with the coupled Phase

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

Schematic diagram of CVT inter-connection

Ferro resonance damping circuit

4.05 % 1.35 % 0.45 % 0.15 % 0.05 %

Power Line Carrier Equipment

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

carrier coaxial cable

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Line Matching Unit

Line Matching Unit

Power Line Tuning Coils Coaxial Cable

Drain coil, etc.

Trap Circuit Protective Unit

Double Frequency Tuner for one Coaxial Cable

Double FrequencySanjay Tuner for two Coaxial Cables Patel (Junior

Frequency Response Curves of Line Tuners

f Single frequency Resonant line tuner

f Two frequency Resonant line tuner

3rd order 2nd order

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

COUPLING TYPES IN PLCC SYSTEM

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Phase to Ground Coupling

Sanjay Patel (Junior

TYPICAL PLCC ARRANGEMENT FOR S/C LINES PHASE-GROUND COUPLING

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Phase to Ground Coupling

Phase to Phase Coupling for Carrier By-Pass

Coupling Capacitors Single Conductors Insulated Cables L Line Tuner

SanjayBypass Patel (Junior carrier Typical Short Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Phase to Phase Coupling for Carrier By-Pass

Phase to Phase Coupling (Inter-Phase)

TYPICAL PLCC ARRANGEMENT FOR S/C LINES PHASE-PHASE COUPLING

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Phase to Phase Coupling (Inter-Phase)

Phase to Phase Coupling Inter Circuit Coupling

TYPICAL PLCC ARRANGEMENT FOR D/C LINES (Inter circuit Coupling)

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Phase to Phase Coupling Inter Circuit Coupling

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Three Phase Coupling

Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO

Three Phase Coupling