Antenna Design GENESYS Ver4

4G MIMO ANTENNA
DESIGN & Verification

Using Genesys And
Momentum GX To Develop
MIMO Antennas
Copyright 2008 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Agenda
4G Wireless Technology
Review Of Patch Technology
Review Of Antenna Terminology
Design Procedure In Genesys
Verifying Antenna Performance
Using Genesys To Determine Multi-Element Patterns
Using Genesys To Determine Multi-Element Patterns
Verifying Method With Momentum GX
Conclusion
4G Wireless: LTE, WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX, 802.11n
Fourth Generation Wireless
Infrastructure:
Higher Data Rates
Up to 150 Mbs downlink, 50Mbs uplink
Multi-Data Formats
Multi-Data Formats
Edge, GSM, FTE, UMTS etc.
Speedy Mobiles 100 km/hr
Selection criteria for antenna type:
Beam pattern
Gain
Power handling capability
Directivity
Antenna Parameters
Directivity
Bandwidth
Manufacturability
Cost
Patch antenna topologies:
Advantages
Ease of manufacture
Form complicated antenna patterns
Flexible substrates
Variety of shapes and structures
Patch Antenna Characteristics
Variety of shapes and structures
Weight
Cost
Disadvantages
Substrate material limits efficiency
Lossy, lower radiation efficiency means increased transmit power
Power limited
There is an almost endless number of antenna feed topologies:
Rectangular, Circular, Arrays
Shapes affect bandwidth, radiation patterns and polarization
Spacing and phase affect directivity, gain and radiation pattern
Patch Antenna Shapes
Patch Patterns
Series Feed
Parallel Feed
E
E
Radiation Patterns
Fields defined by E-theta and E-phi
E
total
is the vector sum of both components
E
theta
sweeps from the North Pole 0
o
to 90
o
E
phi
sweeps from 0
o
to 180
o
around the North Pole
E
Note relationship of the field to the
X and Y axis of the circuit board
Orientation In Antenna Patterns
Patch antennas Rarely Have Symmetrical Pattern
Due to current distribution on patch(s)
Phi=0
o
Phi=90
o
Antenna Design Procedure
Use linear analysis to evaluate physical dimensions
Verify design with Momentum GX
Determine additional matching circuitry using MATCH
Examine prototype with far field analysis
Design and verify a steer-able beam array
Develop a mathematical model of the far field pattern
Apply procedure to dual antenna pattern
Verify multi-element pattern with Momentum
2
0
= W

(
(
+
+
=
h
r r
12 1
1 1
Start with a rectangular design

Resonance is determined by length along the feed axis
Length is approximately
Width is loosely equal to length, however maximum efficiency is given for width
by (1)
2
Patch Design
1
2
2
0
+
=
r r
f
W
+
+
=
W
h
r r
eff
12 1
2
1
2
1
( )
( )
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ +
=
8 . 0 258 . 0
264 . 0 3 . 0
412 . 0
h
W
h
W
h
L
eff
eff
Fringe Effect
L
f
L
eff r

= 2
2
0
L L
L
W
Patch Design
Frequency requirements for LTE band II
Approximately 7.5% bandwidth
Transmit band is 60 MHz wide, 1850-1910 MHz
Receive band is 60 MHz wide, 1930-1990 MHz
The design will then center at 1920 MHz
Start a patch Length =1440 mils, with a Width =1860 mils
Substrate is FR4 Er=4.5, height = .059 inches
Using Linear Modeling
Start with simple transmission line model to verify the length
Using Momentum GX
First simulation establishes resonant frequency
Of course transmission line does not model radiation
Markers show band edges for the transmit and receive bands
Reducing Patch Width And Optimizing Length
Reducing patch width has small effect on response but reduces
footprint
Length =1434.5 mils
Width =1200 mils
Evaluating Matching Structures
Using Genesys MATCH we can determine the optimum
matching structure
Start with settings dialog we set the frequency band of match
The settings represent the full band 1850-1990 MHz with 50 pts
Using Antenna Data For Match
In Sections Tab We Point MATCH To The Momentum Data Set As The
Terminating Impedance
The Type Of Matching Structure Is Selected Next
We will try to use distributed matching for incorporation into the layout
Stepped Impedance Network
Stepped impedance provides a good match at band center but
the band edges are not improved
Quarter Wave Matching Line
A simple quarter wave provides improvement at band center but
again the band edges are not improved
Match For Transmit Band
The patch antenna chosen is inherently narrow band
Focus on matching for the transmit frequencies since a poor match can
result in watts of power loss
Re-center resonant frequency for transmit band center 1880 Mhz
Slight increase in antenna length decreases center frequency
Synthesize Matching Network
Using MATCH Again To Find Best Structure
In this case a simple quarter wave transmission provides an adequate
match at band center and edges
Length =1434.5 mils
Final Momentum Analysis
Final analysis places center frequency at ~1880 MHz
Quarter wave matching line gives us -36 dB return loss at ~1880
Transmit band edges provide ~-10 dB return loss
Receive band has the worst match of -6.5 -> -3 db, possible second
antenna
Plotting Field Patterns
We must have performed a Momentum simulation first!
E
total
Compared To Phi
Select antenna graph measurement then select phi cut
Radiation pattern is dependent upon rotation around phi axis
Antenna Patterns
Field pattern is a function of
90 =
0 =
0
0 =
0
90 =
90 =
Standards affect antennas for base stations and mobiles
devices
Base stations need to provide data to multiple users while
compensating for multi-path and delay
Mobiles also need to compensate for multi-path and fading
MIMO Networks Require Agile Antennas
Networks Require Agile Antennas
Variety of antenna function and types
Omni Directional
Steer-able Array
Diversity
Switched or Multi-Beam
Patch Antenna Types
MIMO- Steerable Antenna
Use Genesys to develop MIMO Antennas
Design and evaluation of steerable MIMO Antennas
We use the results of our antenna design to predict the contributions
from an array
If the patch antennas are reasonably isolated S
mn
~ 0, then linear
superposition can be used to plot the far field contributions (2)
mn
superposition can be used to plot the far field contributions (2)
Determining Far Fields
Far Field value is the superposition of each radiator
2 2
) ) cos( * ( )) sin( * ( 1 d R R Fp + =
FAR FIELD
FAR FIELD
4 / = d
R
Fp1 Fp2
R
) sin( * R
d R ) cos( *
d R + ) cos( *
2 2
) ) cos( * ( )) sin( * ( 2 d R R Fp + + =
A
B
Mathematically Generated Pattern
v2
k
Ant
k
B cos
k
( ) B sin
k
( ) i + ( ) :=
v1
k
Ant
k
A cos
k
( ) A sin
k
( ) i + ( ) :=
k
2 F
k
:=
k
2 E
k
:=
F
k
R cos
k
\
|
|
K
|
\
|
|
2
R sin
k
\
|
|
\
|
|
2
+ := E
k
R cos
k
\
|
|
K +
|
\
|
|
2
R sin
k
\
|
|
\
|
|
2
+ :=
Ant
k
.5 cos
k
( ) ( )
1.0
.5cos
k
( ) := 0deg := 0deg :=
D 2 K := K n
4
:= R 100 := n 1 := 1 :=
B .5 := A .5 :=
k
k
180
:= k 0 360 .. :=
Superposition of Fields
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
V
k
k
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ant
k
k
V
k
v1
k
v2
k
+ :=
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
0.8
0.6
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
0.8
0.6
Far Field plot of two omni-directional antennas
Driven with equal amplitude and in phase
Note the new directionality
Superposition Of A Two Element Array
0
15
30 150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.4
0.2
0
Ant
k
k
0
15
30 150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
V
k
k
Single Antenna Pattern Result Of Far Field Superposition
Antenna Interference
An intuitive look at interference vs. spacing
Like colors or phases add while unlike colors or phases
subtract
A
+
+
+ +
A
B
Front Sided Antenna
45
60
75
90
105
120
135 0.8
0.6
45
60
75
90
105
120
135 0.8
Little or no backward radiation
Pattern becomes narrower with little side lobe radiation
Typical of patch antenna
0
15
30 150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ant
k
k
0
15
30 150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
V
k
k
Changing The Feed Phase
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
V
k
90 deg :=
Varying the phase and amplitude of the elements
Results in controlling the tilt or angle of maximum radiation
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
V
k
k
60 deg :=
0 180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0
k
90 deg :=
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
V
k
k
180 deg :=
Pattern Array
Field patterns for an array of antenna elements can be analyzed
or synthesized by*.
1) Knowing the single element radiation pattern
2) The amplitude and phase of the sources driving each element
3) Knowing the spacing or separation between elements
Method may be extended to multiple elements
Method may be extended to multiple elements
*Interference or coupling between elements is zero or nearly zero
d d d
A
B C D
Array Design In Genesys
Applying the same trigonometry within Genesys
We start with the single patch antenna from before
Using Momentum far field data we obtain the element pattern
Genesys rich set of math functions allows us to project far field data from
the captured single element pattern
This method may be extended to two or more element arrays
This method may be extended to two or more element arrays
The ability to tune parameters such as feed amplitude and phase as well
as antenna distance gives full control over the far field
When applied to a large number of elements, optimization reduces the time
and effort
Extracting The Element Pattern
Run a Momentum GX analysis of the proposed antenna
Extract Momentum E-field dataset values for single element
New Data Vector
With Field Values
Using Genesys Math Functions
Trigonometric equations relating far-field value to element
pattern characteristics
Ant
k
.5 cos
k
( ) ( )
1.0
.5cos
k
( ) :=
R 100 := K n
4
:= n 1 := 1 :=
0deg := 0deg := D 2 K := B .5 := A .5 :=
k
k
180
:= k 0 360 .. :=
SUPER POSITION OF FIELDS
V
k
v1
k
v2
k
+ :=
v2
k
Ant
k
B cos
k
( ) B sin
k
( ) i + ( ) :=
v1
k
Ant
k
A cos
k
( ) A sin
k
( ) i + ( ) :=
k
2 F
k
:=
k
2 E
k
:=
F
k
R cos
k
\
|
|
K
|
\
|
|
2
R sin
k
\
|
|
\
|
|
2
+ := E
k
R cos
k
\
|
|
K +
|
\
|
|
2
R sin
k
\
|
|
\
|
|
2
+ :=
Tuning For Phase And Levels
Antenna parameters are made tunable
Instant visualization on far field pattern
Antenna A level
Antenna B level
Phase Difference
Antenna spacing in half wavelengths
0
o
Phase
Result Of Phase Offsets
Antenna beam steers, side-lobes and beam width change
~28
o
~42
o
90
o
Phase
60
o
Phase
Additional Degrees Of Freedom
Pattern is influenced by drive levels and element separation
Added elements offer improved control over beam
Element spacing 1.3 half wavelengths Element spacing 3 half wavelengths
Verifying Predicted Pattern
Layout two element patch antenna modeled after single element previously
designed and simulated
Use Momentum to generate the combined far-field with appropriate voltages
and phase
Review the far-field pattern to verify the predicted performance
Verifying Isolation
At band center, 1880 MHz isolation is -43 dB
-43 dB=50 millionths
Setting Source Values
Under Momentums far-field options
The source levels and relative phase
Note that the phase is set at 180
o
Why?
More Features For Momentum GX
3D Field Viewer
Comparing Predicted Field
Comparison of far-field predicted and Momentum GX
Both show a half power beam width of 29
0
PREDICTED Momentum Momentum 3D View
Single Element Pattern
Adding Phase Shift At Ports
28 Degrees
PREDICTED Momentum
Result of 28
o
difference in phase between sources
Note identical beam values at -3dB of 38
O
from beam center
Note: The current version of Momentum plots half beam
Using Two Evaluations
Plotting both halves of Momentum field requires two phase
evaluations
Note values are equal between predicted and Momentum!
60 Degrees
PREDICTED
Momentum
60 Degrees
Elements Driven Opposite
The extreme for two element antenna is 180 phase difference
180 Degrees
PREDICTED Momentum
Difference in magnitude due to re-normalizing in Momentum
Orientation Of Beam Relative To Board
Major cut was through phi = 0
Swept pattern steers along X-axis
0
0 =
Field Pattern In Genesys
Extending the equations to four elements a narrow beam is
achieved
Optimization Of Beam Pattern
Beyond two elements selecting the correct feed-phase is
burdening
We use the optimization features of Genesys to aide in finding the best set
of feed amplitude and phases
Goal = 30 deg
Beam Amplitude Optimization
Additionally we optimize the feed amplitudes to compensate for
beam power as a result of steering
886 . 1 265 . 0
688 . 2 271 . 0
374 . 268 . 0
139 . 1 268 . 0
=
=
=
=
d
c
b
a
Angles in radians
886 . 1 265 . 0 = d
Other Sources Of Antenna Data
Single antenna element information can be measured and imported via
TestLink
Conclusion
An antenna design procedure was presented
A rectangular patch was designed and verified with Momentum 3D-Planar
EM Field Simulator
A modified antenna was optimized for a LTE band and matching network
incorporated
The single patch field pattern was then used to model or predict the effect
of an array of two or more elements
of an array of two or more elements
Verification of this technique was established with Momentum field solver
Optimization aides in extending this procedure to larger arrays
Agilent Genesys product bundles start at about $4K USD
The modules used to complete the synthesis, design and
verification of MIMO antenna system presented in this
paper can be found in the Genesys Non-Linear Pro GX
paper can be found in the Genesys Non-Linear Pro GX
(W1426L) for about $16.6K USD
References
Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Constantine Balanis, Wiley, second edition,
Pgs 727-736
Ibid, Pgs 249-261
Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics, Fawwaz Ulaby, Prentice Hall,1997, Pgs
316-365
Agilent AN note 3GPP Long Term Evolution, doc 5989-8139EN
Agilent AN Mobile WiMAX PHY Layer Operation and Measurement, doc 5989-
8309EN
Agilent AN MIMO Channel Modeling and Emulation Test Challenges, doc 5989-
8973EN
Agilent AN MIMO Wireless LAN PHY Layer RF Operation & Measurement, doc
5989-3443EN

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4G MIMO ANTENNA

DESIGN & Verification

Start with a rectangular design

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