Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mc lc
Trang Bi 1. 1.1 X l d liu trn SPSS Gii thiu v ci t phn mm SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Gii thiu phn mm SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Ci t SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 Khi ng SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nhp d liu trong SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c d liu t nhng file c sn trong SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 c d liu t file .sav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 c d liu t file .xls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 c d liu t file.txt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lc d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ha d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 M ha d liu trong ni b bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 M ha d liu vo bin mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lm sch d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 Dng bng tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.2 Dng lnh Sort case tm d liu sai trn ca s Data View 1.6.3 Dng bng phi hp hai bin hay ba bin . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 9 10 11 14 20 20 23 26 27 28 28 30 30 30 31 32 32 34 35 36 40 41 i
1.2 1.3
1.4 1.5
1.6
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Bi 2. 2.1
2.2
2.3
Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t Tm tt d liu bng bng tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Bng tn s cho d liu nh tnh v d liu nh lng c t biu hin 2.1.2 Phn t d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lp bng tng hp nhiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Bng kt hp ba bin nh tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Bng kt hp mt bin nh tnh v mt bin nh lng . . . . . . . Tnh cc i lng thng k m t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Bi tp n luyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu
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Bi 3.
Mc lc
3.1 3.2
3.3 3.4
Mt s loi biu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu thanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Cch v biu thanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 V d: v biu thanh biu din mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 V d: v biu thanh biu din mt bin c phn tch bi mt bin khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Cch v biu trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu gp khc, din tch (Line, Area Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu tn s (Histogram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 Cch v biu tn s (Histogram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu hp v ru (Boxplot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.1 Cch v biu hp v ru (Boxplot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biu tn x (Scatter plot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1 Cch v biu tn x (Scatter plot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin 4.0.2 V d: kim nh mi lin h hai bin nh danh, hay nh danh-th bc 4.0.3 Kim nh mi lin h hai bin th bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kim nh v trung bnh Kim nh v trung bnh mt tng th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu c lp Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu cp . . Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) 6.0.1 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0.2 Phn tch su ANOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Bi 4.
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Bi 1
X l d liu trn SPSS
Ci t SPSS
Cho n nay, SPSS c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau, phin bn mi nht (5/2010) l phin bn 18.0. Vi nhng tnh ton thng k ph bin ta c th ci SPSS vi mt trong cc phin bn 13.0, 14.0 hay 16.0, ... Tt c cc phn tch trong ti liu ny c thc hin trn phin bn SPSS 13.0.
Khi ng SPSS
khi ng SPSS ta c th thc hin theo nhng cch sau: Kch p vo biu tng SPSS trn mn hnh; Vo Start Program SPSS for Windows SPSS 13.0 for Windows Sau khi khi ng, ta c giao din sau:
Cc gi tr khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp (Missing) rng ca ct (Columns) Cn l (Align) Thang o ca bin (Measure) Khi khai bo hoc chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca bin trong ca s Variable View cn ch mt s im sau: Tn bin phi bt u bng mt ch ci v khng c kt thc bng mt du chm. Tn ca bin l duy nht, khng c t trng tn bin v tn bin khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng. Loi bin: Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc nh, mi bin mi c gi s l dng s. Ph thuc vo loi d liu c thu thp, ta c th khai bo di nhng kiu sau: d liu l dng s (numeric), du phy (comma), du chm (dot), ghi ch khoa hc (Scientific notation), ngy thng (Date), -la (Dollar), n v tin ring (custom currency) v chui (string). Nhn ca bin dng m t r hn v tn ca bin do tn ca bin ch c di ti a l 8. Nhn ca bin c th c di n 256 k t. Ta c th gn nhn cho tng gi tr ca bin. Tnh nng ny c bit tin li khi ta dng cc s m ha cc bin nh tnh. V d.... Bin c m ha nh vy c th dng cho nhiu phn tch khc nhau. Hn na, vi nhn ca cc gi tr, kt qu tnh ra s c trnh by r rng hn. Cc gi tr khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp (Missing). Nhng gi tr khng thch ng vi kiu khai bo ca bin s c coi l gi tr khuyt thiu. i vi bin kiu s, cc trng c hiu l gi tr khuyt v c nh du bng du phn cch thp phn. Nhiu th tc trong SPSS s loi cc gi tr khuyt ra khi cc bc tnh ton v cc kt qu phn tch ch da trn phn s liu khng khuyt. Ta c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt ring bit, mt phm vi khong cch tr s khuyt hoc mt phm vi cng vi mt tr s khuyt ring bit; Cc phm vi c th c ch nh cho cc bin dng s; Cc tr s khuyt cho cc bin dng chui phi c di khng vt qu 8 k t. S o ca bin c th thang o nh danh (Nominal), thang o th bc (Ordinal) hoc thang o khong, t l (gi chung l Scale): Thang o nh danh: Thang o nh danh dng cho cc bin nh tnh. S o ca cc bin ny l cc m s phn loi i tng. Gia cc m s y khng c quan h hn km, ch dng m tn s xut hin ca cc biu hin. Mt s v d v thang o ny l: bin gii tnh vi cc s o l: Nam hoc N; bin mu sc vi s o l: xanh, , tm, vng,...; bin khu vc sng vi cc s o: Thnh ph, Th x, Nng thn, Min ni,...
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Thang o th bc: Thang o th bc thng dng cho cc bin nh tnh, i khi dng cho c bin nh lng. Trong thang o ny gia cc s o ca cc bin c quan h th bc hn km. Tuy nhin, s chnh lch gia cc s o khng nht thit bng nhau. V d bin nh gi thi i vi cht lng dch v mng Internet ti nh c s o l: Khng hi lng, hi lng, rt hi lng. Thang o khong: Thang o th bc thng dng cho cc bin nh lng. Thang o khong l thang o th bc c cc khong cch u nhau. Cc php tnh cng tr u c ngha nhng khng c gi tr khng xc nh mt cch chnh xc v khng th ly t l gia cc s o. V d s o nhit , s o ch s IQ, ch s EQ,... Thang o t l: Thang o t l dng cho cc bin nh lng. Thang o t l l thang o khong, hn na thang o ny c gi tr khng xc nh mt cch chnh xc v c th ly t l gia cc s o. V d v thang o ny n v o tin t (VND, dollar, pound, yen,...); n v o chiu di (cm, m, km,...); n v o khi lng (kg, tn, t, yn,...). Bc 2: Ti ca s Data Editor, nhn vo nt Data View nhp tng d liu trong mi . Trong bng Data View Mi ct l mi bin Variable; Mi hng l mt i tng cases. chn mt i tng (hng) mi gia cc i tng c sn: Trong bng Data View, chn bt k no trong i tng nm di v tr cn chn i tng mi; T thanh menu chn Data Insert Cases. chn mt bin (ct) mi vo cc bin c sn: Trong bng Data View, chn bt k no trong bin nm bn phi bin cn chn bin mi; T thanh menu chn Data Insert Variable. Gi s ta ang mun nhp mt tp d liu v iu tra th trng thc n nhanh FastFood c cho trong bng di y vo trong SPSS:
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i vi tp d liu trn ta c 9 bin l: Tuoi (tui), GioiTinh (gii tnh), NgheNghiep (ngh nghip), ThuNhap (thu nhp), Gia (gi mua FastFood), ChonDoQC, ChonDoTL, ChonDoSP, ChonDoGC (yu t nh hng n quyt nh dng FastFood tng ng l do qung co, tin li, sn phm, gi c) thu thp trn 100 i tng. nhp tp d liu ny vo trong SPSS, u tin ta vo bng Variable View khai bo cc thuc tnh ca cc bin. Chng hn, vi bin Tuoi ta khai bo cc thuc tnh nh sau: Name: Tuoi Type: Numeric (dng s) Width: 2 ( di mi gi tr tui l 2) Decimals: 0 (khng c ch s thp phn) Lable: (khng ch thch g thm v bin) Values: None (khng cn gii thch g v kiu gi tr ca bin) Missing: None (khng c gi tr khuyt) Columns: 8 ( rng ca ct bin l 8) Align: Right (cn l bn phi) Measure: Scale (gi tr ca bin l tui thang o t l nn khai bo l thang o nh lng)
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Vi bin NgheNghiep ta khai bo cc thuc tnh nh sau: Name: NgheNghiep Type: String (dng chui) Width: 4 ( di mi gi tr v ngh nghip l 4) Decimals: 0 (khng c ch s thp phn) Lable: Nghe nghiep (ch thch thm v tn bin) Values: HSSV = "hoc sinh + sinh vien", CNVC = "cong nhan vien chuc", NVVP = "nhan vien van phong", Khac = "nghe khac" (ch thch thm v tng gi tr ca bin)
Missing: None (khng c gi tr khuyt) Columns: 8 ( rng ca ct bin l 8) Align: Left (cn l bn tri) Measure: Nominal (gi tr ca bin l ngh nghip thang o nh danh nn khai bo l thang o nh danh) Vi bin Gia ta khai bo cc thuc tnh nh sau: Name: Gia Type: Numeric (dng s) Width: 1 ( di mi gi tr v ngh nghip l 4) Decimals: 0 (khng c ch s thp phn) Lable: Gia mua FastFood (ch thch thm v tn bin) Values: 1 = "12-20 (nghin)", 2 = "20-30 (nghin)", 3 = "30-40 (nghin)", 4 = "> 40 (nghin)" (ch thch v tng gi tr ca bin)
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Hon ton tng t cho cc bin khc ta c c bng Variable View cho 9 bin nh sau:
Sau khi khai bo cc thuc tnh ca cc bin trong ca s Variable View, ta vo ca s Data View nhp gi tr cho tng bin nh c iu tra.
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c d liu t file.txt
c d liu t mt file.txt, chng hn file d liu DuLieuFastFood.txt, ta vo File Open Data v chn n th mc file d liu v m file:
Khi mn hnh trn hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo Open m file d liu vo SPSS. Khi hin ra ca s sau ta n Next:
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Khi trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta chn Yes cho cu hi Are variable names include at the top of your file? v sau n vo Next:
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1.4 Lc d liu
SPSS cho php ta lc ra mt nhm cc quan st tha mn nhng iu kin nht nh. Nhm con cc quan st c th rt ra ngu nhin, hoc chn theo s th t cc quan st, khong gii hn v thi gian, gi tr v khong gii hn ca mt bin, theo mt biu thc s hc, mt biu thc logic hay mt hm s hc no . tin hnh lc d liu, ta vo Data Select Cases... v trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi: 14
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1.4. Lc d liu
Vi hp thoi ny, ta s dng cc nt trong khung Select n nh cch lc d liu. Ta c th chn mt trong cc kh nng sau: a tt c cc quan st vo phn tch th n nt All cases (mc nh); Chn mt s quan st tha mn mt s iu kin nht nh th n nt If condition is satisfied cho phm If ni ln ri n phm . Khi hp thoi sau s hin ra:
Trn hp thoi ny, ta thit lp mt biu thc so snh trong khung bn phi hp thoi bng cch kt hp cc bin t khung danh sch bin pha bn tri, cc hm s trong khung Functions gc di bn phi cng cc phm s, phm php tnh s hc, php so snh, php tnh logic trong khung hp thoi hoc t bn phm: Php ton s hc + cng - tr nhn / chia Php ton so snh < nh hn > ln hn <= nh hn hoc bng >= ln hn hoc bng = bng = khc Php ton logic ph nh & v | hoc
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Chng hn, lc ra d liu v nam trong tp d liu ti khung ca hp thoi ta nh biu thc logic GioiTinh = "Nam" v n nt Continue:
loi i nhng d liu v n ra khi tp d liu ti khung Unselected Cases Are ta chn Deleted v ta c thng tin v nam gii c iu tra trong tp d liu:
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1.4. Lc d liu
Nu ta mun lc ra d liu v nam c tui ln hn 50 trong tp d liu ti khung ca hp thoi ta nh biu thc logic GioiTinh = "Nam" & Tuoi > 50 v n nt Continue:
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Nu ch mun lc ring ra nhng thng tin v nam gii v c tui trn 50, ti khung Unselected Cases Are ta chn Deleted v ta c:
ly ra mt mu ngu nhin t tng th quan st ta n nt Random sample of cases cho phm Sample hin ln v n vo nt . Sau mn hnh hin tip ra hp thoi sau:
Trn hp thoi ny, ta c th n Approximately ri in mt s nguyn t 1 n 99 vo trng ch phn trm s phn t trong mu so vi s phn t ca ton b tng th; 18
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1.4. Lc d liu
n Exactly ri in mt s nguyn k trong trng lin bn cnh v mt s nguyn n ln hn trong trng tip theo to ra mt mu gm k quan st c rt ra ngu nhin nhin t n quan st u tin ca tp s liu. Chng hn ta mun chn ra ngu nhin 20 ngi c iu tra t 100 ngi trong bng d liu, ta in 20 v 100 vo hai trng trong nt Exactly ri n nt Continue:
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1.5 M ha d liu
Trong qu trnh phn tch, nhiu trng hp ta phi m ha li cc gi tr ca bin v mt mc ch no . Ta c th m ha li cc gi tr trong ni b mt bin c sn hoc lp mt bin mi cha cc gi tr c m ha li.
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1.5. M ha d liu
14
ta thc hin nh sau:
14 24
24 45
45 60
60
Chn t khung bn tri bin Tuoi a vo khung Variable pha bn phi; Nhn phm Old and New Values qui nh cch m ha bin Tuoi v hp thoi sau s hin ra:
Trong hp thoi ny phn khong m ha ta n nt Range trong Old Value thit lp cc khong v thay th bng cc gi tr m ha mi trong New Value ri n nt Add chuyn cch m ha vo khung Old New:, c th nh sau: Khong tui 14 14 24 24 45 45 60 60 Old Value Range: Lowest through 14 Range: 14 though 24 Range: 24 though 45 Range: 45 though 60 Range: 60 though highest New Value 1 2 3 4 5
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m ha hai bin nh tnh l GioiTinh v NgheNghiep, ta cng tin hnh lm tng t: Chn t khung bn tri bin GioiTinh va NgheNghiep a vo khung Variable pha bn phi; Nhn phm Old and New Values qui nh cch m ha bin GioiTinh v NgheNghiep v khi hp thoi m ha hin ra ta n nt Value trong Old Value thit lp cc gi tr c c thay th bng cc gi tr m ha mi trong New Value ri n nt Add chuyn cch m ha vo khung Old New:, c th nh sau: 22
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1.5. M ha d liu
Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n Continue v sau th n Ok. V ta c tp d liu vi hai bin GioiTinh v NgheNghiep c m ha:
M ha d liu vo bin mi
Ta c th m ha li mt bin c sn v lp mt bin mi cha cc gi tr mi c m ha li. Ta c th m ha bin kiu s hoc bin kiu k t, c th chuyn mt bin kiu s thnh bin kiu chui k t v ngc li chuyn bin kiu chui k t thnh bin kiu s. Nu mun m ha li nhiu bin mt lc, cc bin phi cng kiu s hoc cng kiu chui k t. thc hin m ha d liu vo mt bin mi ta vo Transform Recode Into Different Variables... v mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
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14
14 24
24 45
45 60
60
Chn t khung bn tri bin Tuoi a vo khung Variable pha bn phi, trong khung Output Variable t tn cho bin mi trong phn Name v gn nhn cho bin mi (nu cn) trong phn Label, chng hn, Name: TuoiMoi, Label: chia Tuoi thanh cac khoang. Sau n change khng nh vic thay i:
Nhn phm Old and New Values qui nh cch m ha bin Tuoi v hp thoi sau s hin ra: 24
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1.5. M ha d liu
Trong hp thoi ny phn khong m ha ta n nt Range trong Old Value thit lp cc khong v thay th bng cc gi tr m ha mi trong New Value ri n nt Add chuyn cch m ha vo khung Old New:, c th nh sau:
Khong tui 14 14 24 24 45 45 60 60
Old Value Range: Lowest through 14 Range: 14 though 24 Range: 24 though 45 Range: 45 though 60 Range: 60 though highest
New Value 1 2 3 4 5
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Ta c th vo Variable View khai bo li mt s thuc tnh ca bin TuoiMoi cho ph hp v ta c tp d liu vi bin tui c m ha:
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Dng bng tn s
tm cc li d liu b nhm, ta c th lp bng tn s tm ra nhng d liu l sa. Chng hn, trong file d liu LamSachDuLieu.sav cc bin GioiTinh v Nghe u c m ha (Bin GioiTinh c hai gi tr l 0 v 1, bin Nghe c ba gi tr l 1,2,3,4), nu ta lp bng tn s cho bin GioiTinh thy kt qu nh sau:
th ta bit ngay l cc gi tr l 11 b nhp nhm. tm ra cc gi tr sai ny sa ta c th dng lnh Find tm, c th nh sau: Bc 1: Trong ca s Data View bi en ct GioiTinh v vo Edit Find..., mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
Bc 2: in d liu sai cn tm trong ct GioiTinh, y l 11 trong dng Find What v n Find Next. Khi nhng d liu sai trong ct d liu s c hin trng, ta n Find Next ln
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Bc 2: Chn bin GioiTinh bn tri a vo khung Sort by bn phi, trong khung Sort Order ta chn Ascending v n OK.
bn thy c trng hp nhn vin vn phng (m ha 3) m tui ch c 8 nn bn ngh rng mt trong hai bin nhp sai. Trong trng hp ny ta phi tm ra nhp sai v sa li. tm ra nhp sai trong trng hp ny ta dng lnh Select Cases, c th nh sau: Bc 1: Vo Data Select Cases..., khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi th ta chn If Condition is satisfied nt If hin ra v n vo. Bc 2: Chn bin Tuoi v bin NgheNghiep bn tri a vo khung bn phi vi iu kin logic Tuoi=8 & NgheNghiep="2"
tip n Continue v n tip OK. Bc 3: Khi lnh ny c thc hin, SPSS s to ra mt bin mi l filter $, bin ny nhn gi tr 0 ti tt c cc tnh hung khng tha mn v 1 ti tnh hung tha mn iu kin ca lnh If. Nhng gi tr l 1 trong bin filter $ chnh l nhng trng hp sai m ta cn tm sa.
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Bi 2
Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t
2.1 Tm tt d liu bng bng tn s Bng tn s cho d liu nh tnh v d liu nh lng c t biu hin
lp bng tn s cho cc bin nh tnh hoc d liu nh lng c t biu hin trong tp d liu, Bc 1: Vo Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.... Mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
Bc 2: Chn cc bin cn lp bng tn s bn tri a vo khung Variable bn phi v n OK. y, ta c th tin hnh lp bng tn s cho mt bin hoc mt s bin cng mt lc, chng hn khi chn bin GioiTinh v bin Gia trong ca s Output nhn c kt qu sau: 30
Kt qu v bng tn s cho ta nhng thng tin v tn s, tn sut ca nhng gi tr trong bin m ta quan tm. Chng hn vi bin GioiTinh v bin Gia ta c th thy s lng cng nh t l nam v n trong mu cng nh s lng v t l ca khong gi ca mt sut n FastFood iu tra trong mu.
Phn t d liu
Khi tp d liu nh lng c nhiu biu hin, vic tm tt bng bng tn s tng t trn s di dn n mt i tnh cht tm lc thng tin. Trong trng hp ny ta s tin hnh phn t d liu. phn t d liu, ta thc hin tng t nh phn m ha s liu. Ta c th chn m ha thnh ng bin nh lng cho hoc m ha thnh bin mi, sau tnh tn s cho bin c m ha. Chng hn phn t cho bin tui thnh cc khong tui
14
14 24
24 45
45 60
60
u tin ta m ha bin tui thnh bin mi l PhanTuoi. Khi hp thoi sau hin ra ta chn Output variable are strings
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v m ha tng ng nh sau: Khong tui Old Value New Value 14 Range: Lowest through 14 <= 14 14 24 Range: 14 though 24 14 - 24 24 45 Range: 24 though 45 24 - 45 45 60 Range: 45 though 60 45 - 60 60 Range: 60 though highest > 60 Sau , lp bng tn s cho bin PhanTuoi v c kt qu sau:
Bc 1: Vo Analyze Tables:
Bc 2: Chn hai bin nh tnh bn tri a vo khung bn phi, c th chn bin NgheNghiep a vo Down v bin GioiTinh a vo Across. y, ta c th tin hnh lp bng tn s cho mt bin hoc mt s bin cng mt lc, chng hn khi chn bin GioiTinh v bin Gia trong ca s Output nhn c kt qu sau:
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i vi bin nh tnh, cc hm thng dng l: count (tn s), col% (phn trm theo ct), row% (phn trm theo ct). Trong v d ny ta chn count v row%, chn xong n nt Add a vo bn phi v n Continue. Bc 4: Tr li hp thoi trc, chn Totals... nu ta mun tnh tng tn s trn dng (ct) v cui cng n OK. Ca s Output s hin ra kt qu sau:
Bc 2: Khi a hai bin vo Across th lc ny c hai bin v tr ct nn phn di cng ca hp thoi Basic Table s ni r ln ta xc nh hai cch phi hp bin vi nhau: All Combination (nested): hai bin trong cng s phn nhm lng ghp vi nhau theo th t bin c a vo trong Across. Trong trng hp ca ta cc quan st c phn chia theo ngnh ngh, sau mi ngnh ngh c phn chia theo tng gii tnh nam v n. Each separately (stacked): hai bin c phn chia c lp vi nhau. Cc quan st c phn chia theo ngnh ngh, sau cc quan st c phn chia theo gii tnh ring bit. Bc 3: Cch xc lp nhng hm thng k cng tng t nh phn lp cho hai bin, nhng trong phn ny ta ch nn chn mt trong hai hm hoc l count hoc l Row% ch khng nn 34
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chn cng mt lc c hai v qui m ca bng kh ln. Nu chn cng mt lc c hai th sau phi n nt Layout... ca hp thoi Basic Tables chn cch trnh by l In separate tables ta c th lt tng lp ca bng ln xem:
Bc 2: Chn nhng i lng thng k m t cn tnh, chng hn trung bnh (Mean) v trung v Median Bc 3: Trong ca s Output ta nhn c kt qu sau:
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N i=1 (xi
)2 .
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s=
n i=1 (xi
n1
x)2 .
Chng hn, tnh nhng i lng thng k m t nh: trung bnh, trung v, phng sai, lch chun ca bin Tuoi: Bc 1: Vo Analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptive... v khi mn hnh s hin ra hp thoi sau th ta chn bin Tuoi a vo khung Variable(s) bn phi:
Bc 2: n tip vo nt Options chn tnh nhng i lng thng k m t cho bin tui v mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
Ta mun tnh i lng no th chn vo i lng hin kt qu ra ca s Output sau n Continue v khi mn hnh hin ra hi thoi c th n OK Mean Sum Std.Deviation Minimum Maximum Variance Range SE mean Kurtosis Skewness
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Trung bnh cng Tng cc gi tr ca bin lch chun Gi tr nh nht Gi tr ln nht Phng sai Khong bin thin lch chun ca trung bnh mu H s o nhn H s bt i xng 37
Tnh t phn v hay phn v th p ty ca tp d liu, chng hn cho bin Tuoi: Bc 1: Vo Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies... v mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
Bc 2: Chn cc bin nh lng cn tnh bn tri a vo khung Variable bn phi, n Statistics v nu ta khng mun a bng tn s th khng chn Display frequency tables. Bc 3: Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
Trung v Mode a t phn v a ra cc im chia tp d liu thnh k phn bng nhau a ra phn v th k ca tp d liu
Chng hn, hp thoi trn ta tnh trung v, mode, t phn v v phn v th 10 vi 90 ca d liu Tuoi. Kt qu trong ca s Output nh sau:
Kt qu tnh ton ny trn SPSS cho ta thy: Trung v ca tui l 21, mode ca tui l 23; Ba t phn v l: Q1 = 17.25, Q2 = 21, Q3 = 26.15; Phn v th 10 l 15.10, phn v th 90 l 45.90.
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Bi tp n luyn
M tp d liu DuLieuFastFood.sav vo trong ca s Data Editor ca SPSS v thc hin cc yu cu sau: 1. M ha li bin GioiTinh v NgheNghiep vi nhng gi tr m ha tng ng nh sau: Nam c m ha l 1, N l 0; HSSV c m ha l 1, CNVC l 2, NVVP l 3, Khac l 4 v thay i khai bo li v kiu gi tr ca hai bin ny l dng s, khng c ch s thp phn no sau du phy. Lu li file d liu sau khi m ha vi tn l DuLieuFastFood MaHoaLai.sav. Cc yu cu sau c thc hin trn file DuLieuFastFood MaHoaLai.sav: 2. M ha bin tui thnh bin khc c tn l TuoiMoi vi cc m ha tng ng nh sau: Nhng ngi c tui khng vt qu 14 c m ha l 1, t 14 n 24 m ha l 2, t 24 n 45 m ha l 3, t 45 n 60 m ha l 4 v trn 60 m ha l 5. Tnh t l nhng ngi c tui trn 60 trong nhm c iu tra. 3. a thng tin v nhng n nhn vin vn phng trong mu. 4. Trong nhng ngi lm nhn vin vn phng, hy tnh s ngi c thu nhp t 3 n 5 triu. 5. Trong s nhng ngi mua sut n FastFood vi gi trn 40 nghn, hy tnh t l nhng ngi l hc sinh v sinh vin. 6. Trong nhng n nhn vin vn phng hy tnh t l nhng ngi c thu nhp trn 5 triu mt thng. 7. Tnh tui trung bnh ca nam trong nhm iu tra, tui trung bnh ca n trong nhm iu tra v a ra nhn xt. 8. Mt na s nhng ngi iu tra c tui khng vt qu bao nhiu? Tnh tui nh nht trong nhm 10% s ngi c tui cao nht trong nhm c iu tra. 9. 75% s nam c iu tra c tui khng vt qu bao nhiu? 25% s n c tui t nht l bao nhiu?
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Bi 3
Biu
Biu hp v ru, biu tn s, biu tn x, biu gp khc,...: p dng cho d liu nh lng
2. Chiu cao ca mi thanh biu din tn s hay tn sut ca trng hp biu din bi thanh
3. C th p dng biu din cho mt hay nhiu tp d liu trn cng mt biu
Bi 3. Biu
Bc 2: Ti ca s Bar Chart
1. Chn Simple: nu biu din tp d liu mt bin 2. Chn Clustered: nu mun biu din tp d liu ca mt bin c chia nhm bi mt bin khc, cc thanh ng k nhau 3. Chn Stacked: nu mun biu din tp d liu ca mt bin c chia nhm bi mt bin khc, cc thanh chng ln nhau
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2. a bin NgheNghiep vo khung Category Axis 3. La chn N of cases trc tung biu din tn s, % of cases trc tung biu din tn sut 4. n nt Title t tiu cho hnh 5. n OK.
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Bi 3. Biu
1. Ti hp thoi Bar Chart, chn Clustered. Ti khu vc Data in Chart Area chn Summary for group of cases. n Define 2. a bin NgheNghiep vo khung Category Axis, a bin GioiTinh vo khung Define Cluster by 3. La chn N of cases trc tung biu din tn s,% of cases trc tung biu din tn sut 4. n nt Title t tiu cho hnh 5. n OK 44
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Bc 2: Ti ca s Pie Chart chn Summary for group of cases. n Define. Xut hin ca s sau
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Bi 3. Biu
V d
D liu v tui trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav c th c biu din bng biu ng gp khc nh sau (ch l bin Tuoi c chia nhm bng bin ChiaNhomTuoi). Bc 1: Vo menu Graph Line m ca s Line Chart 46
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Bc 2: Ti ca s Line Chart chn Simple, ti khu vc Data in Chart Area chn Summary for group of cases. n Define
V d
Ta c th v bng biu Area biu din bin ChiaNhomTuoi theo gii tnh nh sau Bc 1: Vo menu Graph Area m ca s Area Chart
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Bi 3. Biu
Bc 3: a bin ChiaNhomTuoi vo khung Catgory Axis. a bin GioiTinh vo khung Define Area by. n OK
2. Chiu cao mi thanh hnh ch nht trong biu biu din tn s ca lp tng ng.
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Bi 3. Biu
Bc 3: Nu mun hin th ng phn phi chun th chn Display normal curve . n OK. V d ta cn v biu tn s cho bin tui trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav. Trong bc hai ta chn bin nh lng l Tuoi. Hnh v nh sau 50
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Bi 3. Biu
Bc 2: Ti ca s Boxplot, chn Simple nu mun biu din hp n, Cluster nu biu din hp chm. Ti khu vc Data in Chart Area, chn Summary for group of cases nu mun biu din bin nh lng theo cc nhm, Summary of seperate variables nu mun biu din phn b ca nhiu bin khc nhau.
Nu cn v cho mt bin nh lng ta c th tin hnh nh sau Chn Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore 52
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Bi 3. Biu
Bc 2: Ti ca s Scatter/Dot, chn Simple nu v biu cho mt cp bin. (Ovelay biu din nhiu m my n cng biu ,.... ) 54
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Bc 3: Chn bin a vo khung Y-axis (gi tr l tung ca im), bin a vo khung X-axis (gi tr l honh ca im)
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Bi 4
Kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin
Kim nh Khi-bnh phng v tnh c lp ca hai bin nh tnh c dng kim nh xem gia hai bin nh tnh c mi quan h hay khng, chng hn gii tnh c nh hng ti vic la chn loi laptop? hay trnh hc vn c mi lin h vi cch c sch? Ta xt hai trng hp nh sau
Bc 2: Ti ca s Crosstab, a bin th nht vo khung Row(s), bin th hai vo khung Column(s). n Statistics..., xut hin ca s
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Bc 3: Chn Chi-square. n Continue. Quay li ca s Crosstab, chn Cell..., ca s Cross tab: Cell Display m ra
Ti ca s ny, trong khung Count, chn Observed nu mun hin th tn s quan st trong bng cho, chn Expected nu nu mun hin th tn s l thuyt trong bng cho. n Continue. Quay li ca s Crosstab. OK Kt qu cho ba bng nh sau
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Kim nh l tin hnh kim tra xem nhng d liu thu c trn mu c mnh ng h mt gi thuyt hay khng. Kt lun cui cng s l chp nhn H0 tc bc b H1 hoc bc b H0 tc chp nhn H1 . Chng ta so snh mc ngha ca bi ton (thng l 0.01, 0.05 hay 0.1) v p-gi tr (Sig.) theo quy tc Nu p-gi tr th bc b H0 Nu p-gi tr th chp nhn H0
Trong bng Chi-Square Tests, trn dng Pearson Chi-Square ta thy p-gi tr = 0.582. Nu s dng mc ngha = 0.05 th ta c 0.582, ta chp nhn gi thuyt H0 rng khng c mi lin h gia gii tnh v la chn gi ca sn phm thc n nhanh. Kim nh c ngha khi c khng qu 20% s tn s k vng nh hn 5. Dng ch nh pha cui bng cho bit s tn s k vng di 5 ch c 1 chim 12.5%.
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Bi 5
Kim nh v trung bnh
Ta s s dng bin Tuoi trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav kim nh cc gi thuyt ny. Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test... m ca s One-Sample T Test
Bc 2: Ti ca s One-Sample T Test, a bin nh lng cn phn tch (Tuoi) vo khung Test Variable(s). Khai bo gi tr cn so snh ca trung bnh tng th vo Test Value. 61
Theo kt qu, gi tr trung bnh ca mu l 25.13 tui, gi tr ca kim nh t l 3.922, v p-gi tr l 0.000 rt nh. Vy ta bc b gi thuyt H0 v cn c vo chnh lch dng gia trung bnh mu v gi tr Test Value=20, ta cho rng tui trung bnh ca cc khch hng trn 20. Hai con s cui cho bit c lng khong vi tin cy 95% cho tui trung bnh ca khch hng l (22.53, 27.73). Qua c th thy khch hng tp trung trong tui tr.
5.2 Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu c lp
S dng tp d liu SoSanh2Mang.sav so snh s hi lng ca khch hng trong mu gm 97 ngi v cht lng dich v ca hai mng di ng khc nhau. Thang im nh gi tng t 1 ti 7 theo s tng ca mc hi lng. 62
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5.2. Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu c lp
Gi 1 , 2 l im nh gi trung bnh ca hai nhm khch hng ca mng di ng th nht, th hai. Gi thuyt H0 : 1 = 2 H1 : 1
2
D liu gm mt bin nh lng (Diem) v mt bin nh tnh phn loi (MangDD). Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means Independent-Sample T Test...
Bc 2: Ti ca s Independent-Sample T Test, a bin Diem vo khung Test Value, bin MangDD vo khung Grouping Variable. n Define Groups...
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Kt qu kim nh F cho thy hai phng sai tng th bng nhau nn s dng kim nh t ng vi dng Equal Variance Assumed. P-gi tr =0.000 nn ta bc b H0 . Chnh lch trn mu ca nhm Vie nh hn so vi nhm Mob nn c th cho rng s hi lng ca khch hng vi dch v di dng ca mng Mob cao hn so vi mng Vie.
5.3 Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu cp
Khi cn so snh trung bnh hai tng th trong trng hp ly mu tng i (khi hai tng th c lin h vi nhau). D liu l hai bin nh lng nhn gi tr trong tng cp d liu. Trong v d sau y ta iu tra s hi lng ca khch hng thng qua vic so snh im k vng trc khi s dng dch v v im nh gi sau khi tri nghim dch v (v cht lng cuc gi trong dp l Tt). Nu gi Gi 1 , 2 l im nh gi trung bnh trc v sau khi dng dch v. Ta kim nh cp gi thuyt: H0 : 1 = 2 H1 : 1
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5.3. Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu cp
Bc 2: Ti ca s Paired-Sample T Test, dng phm Ctrl chn hai bin TruocSuDung, SauSuDung a vo khung Paired Variable
Bc 3: n OK
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p-gi tr = 0.002 nh hn mc ngha 0.05 nn bc b gi thuyt H0 cho rng im nh gi k vng trc s dng v im nh gi sau s dng bng nhau. Ngoi ra gi tr kim nh t dng nn ta c th cho rng khch hng cht lng cuc gi ca cc mng di ng cha p ng c s mong i ca khch hng.
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Bi 6
Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
Phng php phn tch phng sai c dng khi nghin cu nh hng ca bin nguyn nhn nh tnh ln bin kt qu nh lng, phng php ny so snh trung bnh ca nhiu nhm (3 nhm tr ln). Gi thuyt H0 nh sau: H0 : 1 = 2 = = k
c ngha l:
Gi thuyt i
D liu u vo: gm mt bin nh lng v mt bin phn loi. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau
V d
Gi s ta cn so snh mc hi lng ca khch hng s dng dch v ca ba mng di ng Vie, Mob, Vin v cht lng dch v. D liu thu thp c lu trong file SoSanh3Mang.sav. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA... m ca s One-Way ANOVA 67
Bc 2: Ti ca s One-Way ANOVA, a bin nh lng vo khung Dependent List, bin phn loi vo khung Factor. n Options m ra hp thoi sau
Bc 3: Chn Descriptive tnh cc i lng thng k m t cho tng nhm; chn Homogeneityof-variance tin hnh th tc kim nh s bng nhau ca cc phng sai tng th. Sau n Continue tr v hp thoi trc n OK. Kt qu cho trong 3 bng sau
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Bng u tin a ra kt qu tnh mt s i lng thng k m t cho tng nhm. Bng th hai l kt qu ca th tc kim nh s bng nhau ca cc phng sai. Vi gi tr Sig. l 0.388 ta chp nhn gi thuyt rng cc phng sai bng nhau. Bng th ba, cho bit p-gi tr Sig=0.002 nn ta bc b gi thuyt H0 vi mc ngha 0.05. Nh vy c th cho rng s hi lng ca khch hng i vi 3 mng di ng c khc bit. Phn tch k hn s khc bit ny c th tin hnh trong mc sau
Bng trn lit k mt s phng php so snh cc cp trung bnh khc nhau. Trong v d ny ta chn phng php Tukey nn chnTukey.
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Kt qu so snh tng cp da trn ct Sig. ta thy s hi lng ca khch hng i vi hai mng Mob v Vin nh nhau nhng u tt hn so vi mng di ng cn li.
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