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Propagation & Cultivation

Mango can be raised from seed or propagated vegetatively. Several methods

of vegetative propagation have been tried with varying degrees of success.
Propagation from seed, though easy and cheap, is unable to perpetuate characters
of the parent tree because most commercial varieties in India are cross-pollinated
and monoembryonic. Plants also take more time to bear fruit. However, it is
essential to raise seedlings to be used as rootstocks.
Stone Grafting:
Stone/epicotyl grafting is a simple, cheap and quick method of mango propagation
with a success rate of 75-80%. For this purpose, stones should be sown in June-
July on raised beds of size 1x3 m. the beds should e prepared by mixing soil and
FYM in the proportion of 2:1. After germination, seedlings with tender stems
having coppery leaves are lifted with stones still attached. The roots and stones are
dipped in O.1 per cent Carbendazirn solution for 5 minutes after washing the soil.
The seedling stems are headed back leaving 6-8 cm long stem. A 4-6 cm
longitudinal cut is made running down through the middle of the stem. A wedge
shaped cut starting on both sides is made on the lower part of scion stick. The scion
stick should be 4-5 months old and 10-15 cm long containing plumpy terminal
buds. The scion stick is then inserted in the cleft of the seedlings and tied with
polythene strips. The grafts are then planted in polyethylene bags containing
potting mixture. The bags are then kept in the shade protecting from heavy rain.
The scion stars sprouting 15-20 days after grafting. Care should be taken to remove
the sprouts on the rootstocks below the graft union during this period. July is the
most suitable month for stone grafting.
Soft-Wood Grafting :
This method of grafting is done when the rootstock is overgrown and thus not
suitable for stone grafting. Normally in this method, seedlings of 8-10 months old
are selected. The grafting is done on newly emerged flush. The scion wood to be
used is defoliated 10 days prior to the grafting and has same thickness as that of
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terminal shoot. The method of grafting is similar to stone grafting. July and August
are the best months for soft-wood grafting.
Inarching :
The method of inarching or approach grafting is quite cumbersome and time
consuming, but it is still the leading method for commercial propagation of mango
plants. The method consists of uniting the selected shoot (scion) of a desired parent
tree (mother plant) with the potted or transplanted seedling (rootstock) by approach
grafting. For this purpose, about one-year-old seedlings are most suitable when
they attain a height of about 30-45 cm and thickness ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 cm.
These seedlings are either grown in pots or under the mother plant from which the
grafts are to be prepared. Generally, one-year-old twigs of the scion tree about 60
cm in length and nearly of the same thickness as that of the stock is chosen for
grafting. Young and non-bearing trees should not be selected as mother plants.
A thin slice of bark and wood, about 5 cm in length, 7.5 mm width and 2 mm deep,
is removed by means of a sharp grafting knife from the stem of the stock as well as
from the scion branch. The cuts thus made should be absolutely flat, clean, boat
shaped, even and smooth. The ends of these cuts should be round and not angular.
The cut surfaces of both, i.e., stock and scion are made to coincide facing each
other so that there remains no hollow space between the two. Polythene/alkathene
strips of about 1.5 cm in width are tied around the union. After about one month of
operation, the scion below the graft union and stock above the graft union should
be given light "V" shape cuts at weekly interval in such a way that the grafts can
finally be detached while giving the fourth cut. In the last stage, the top of the
stock above graft union should also be removed completely.
Inarching should be done during the active growth period. The end of the monsoon
in heavy rainfall areas and early monsoons in the light rainfall areas is the best
period for inarching.
Veneer Grafting:
This method of propagation possesses promise for mass scale commercial
propagation. The method is simple and can be adopted with success. The
rootstocks as mentioned for inarching are suitable for this method also. For
conducting this grafting operation, a downward and inward 30-40 mm long cut is
made in the smooth area of the stock at a height of about 20 cm. At the base of cut,
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a small shorter cut is given to intersect the first so as to remove the piece of wood
and bark. The scion stick is given a long slanting cut on one side and a small short
cut on the other so as to match the cuts of the stock. The scion is inserted in the
stock so that the cambium layers comes on the longer side. The graft union is then
tied with polythene strip as recommended for inarching. After the scion remains
green for more than 10 days, the rootstock should be clipped in stages.
The scion wood to be used for veneer grafting requires proper preparation. The
desired shoots should be defoliated at least one week prior to grafting so that the
dormant buds in the axil of leaves become swollen.
Climate :
Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level
to 1400 m altitude, provided there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the
flowering period. Places with good rainfall and dry summer are ideal for mango
cultivation. It is better to avoid areas with winds and cyclones which may cause
flower and fruit shedding and breaking of branches.
Soil :
Mango comes up on a wide range of soils from alluvial to laterite provided they
are deep (minimum 6') and well drained. It prefers slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5 to
7.5)
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Varieties & Controversial aspects

According to Ayurveda,
Bhavamishra has discussed about 4 varieties
1.Sadharana Amra
2.Koshamra
3.Rajamra
4.Maharajamra
5. Baddha rasamra.
According to modern classics 200 varieties.

States Varieties Grown

Andhra Allumpur, Baneshan, Banganapalli, Bangalora,
Pradesh Cherukurasam.
Bihar Bathua, Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Sukul.
Goa Fernandin, Mankurad.
Gujarat Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj.
Haryana Dashehari, Langra, Sarauli (Bombay Green).
Karnataka Alphonso, Bangalora, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi.
Kerala Mundappa, Olour, Pairi.
Madhya Mostly seedling types and Alphonso, Bombai,
Pradesh Langra.
Maharashtra Alphonso, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Pairi.
Orissa Mostly seedling types and Baneshan, Langra,
Neelum, Suvarnarekha.
Punjab Dashehari, Langra, Sambar behest Chausa.
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Tamil Nadu Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum, Rumani, Mulgoa.

West Bengal Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Langra.
Uttar Pradesh Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fajri, Langra, Safeda,
Lucknow, Samarbehisht Chausa.

Indian Traditional varieties:

Alphonso (Happus)
State : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. Fruit medium in
size, ovate oblique in shape, orange yellow in colour; juice is moderate-abundant;
excellent keeping quality, good for pulping and canning; mainly exported as fresh
fruit to other countries; Flesh develops spongy tissue.
Bangalora (Totapuri)
State : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Fruits medium-large, oblong
shaped with pointed base with golden yellow colour; good keeping quality; used
for processing; heavy and regular bearing variety; susceptible to bacterial spot.
Banganapalli (Baneshan, Safeda)
State : Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Variety suited for dry areas; fruit large
sized, obliquely oval in shape, golden yellow in colour; good keeping quality; good
for canning; biennial in habit
Bombai (Malda)
State : Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. Variety is alternate bearer; fruit
medium, ovate and yellow in colour; keeping quality medium.
Bombay Green
State : Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Fruit size is medium, shape ovate oblong with
spinach green colour; keeping quality is medium; early season variety; biennial in
habit Highly susceptible to both vegetative and floral malformation.
Dashehari
State : Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Best varieties of the country; fruit size
is small-medium, shape is elongated with yellow fruit colour, flesh is fibreless;
good keeping quality; mainly used for table purpose; susceptible to mango
malformation. Dashehari-51-regular bearing and yielding clone of Dashehari.
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Fernandin
State: Goa. Fruit size medium-large, fruit shape oval to obliquely oval and fruit
colour is yellow with a blush of red on shoulders; medium keeping quality; mostly
used for table purpose.
Himsagar
State: West Bengal and Bihar. Fruit is medium sized ovate fruit with yellow colour;
good keeping quality; early season variety and mostly used for table purpose.
Kesar
State: Gujarat. Fruit medium oblong with a red blush on the shoulders; good
keeping quality; ideal for pulping and juice concentrates; early season variety.
Kishen Bhog
State : West Bengal and Bihar. Fruit medium oval oblique with yellow colour;
keeping quality is good; bearing heavy.
Langra
State : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and
Punjab. Trees vigorous and spreading; fruit medium, ovate in shape with lettuce
green colour; poor keeping quality; skin is very thin and pulp is very sweet;
alternate bearing variety mostly used for table purpose.
Mankur
State : Goa and Maharashtra. The variety develops black spots on the skin in rainy
season. Fruit is medium ovate and yellow in colour. Fruit quality is very good but
keeping quality is poor.
Mulgoa
State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Fruit is large roundish-oblique in shape and yellow
in colour; high fruit quality and good keeping quality.

Neelum
State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa. Fruit is medium ovate-oblique in shape
and saffron yellow in colour; good keeping quality; high yielding and regular
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bearing; ideal variety for transporting to distant places. This variety is mostly used
for table purpose.
Samarbehisht Chausa
State : Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Fruit large, ovate to oval oblique in shape and
light yellow in colour, flesh fibrous; medium keeping quality; extremely sweet in
taste; alternate bearing variety; shows apical dominance. It is mostly grown for
table and processing purpose.
Suvernarekha
State : Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Fruit medium ovate oblong fruit, green in
colour with prominent red blush on the shoulders; good keeping quality; bearing is
heavy.
Vanraj
State : Gujarat. Fruit medium, ovate oblong in shape with a blush of jasper red on
the shoulders; good keeping quality.
Hybrid Varieties
Malika (Neelum X Dashehari)
Realising Institute : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
Fruit large, oblong elliptical yellow in colour; fruit and keeping quality is good and
is mostly used for table purpose
Amrapali (Dashehari X Neelum)
Realising Institute : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
Dwarf, regular bearing and late maturing variety; suitable for high density
planting; flesh is fibreless; average yield 16 tonnes/hectare.

Ratna (Neelum X Alphonso)

Realising Institute : Konkan Krishi Vidyapith, Maharashtra. Tree moderately
vigorous, precocious, fruits are medium sized, attractive in colour and free from
spongy tissue
Sindhu (Ratna back-crossed with Alphonso)
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Realising Institute : Konkan Krishi Vidyapith, Maharashtra. Regular bearer, fruits

medium sized, fibreless, free from spongy tissue with high pulp to stone ratio and
very thin and small stone.
Arka Aruna (Banganapalli X Alphonso)
Realising Institute : Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIHR), Bangalore.
Plants are dwarf regular bearing; Fruits oblong; skin is thin, rough and dull yellow
in colour with slight red blush; pulp is soft, pale yellow in colour; free from spongy
tissue and fibre, stone is small 35g, TSS 20° Brix; average fruit weight is 500g.
The keeping quality is moderate and is mostly used for table purpose.
Arka Neelkiran (Alphoso x Neelum)
Realising Institute : Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIHR), Bangalore.
Tree is semi-vigorous in nature; fruit is elliptical, medium size golden yellow in
colour, average weight 270-280g; free from fibre and spongy tissue; keeping
quality is good.
Exotic varieties
Pakistan
Table Purpose : Fazli, Suvarnarekha, Gulab Khas, Langra, Alphonso.
Brazil
Table & Processing purpose : Embrapa Roxa 141, Embrapa Alfa 142.
USA
Table & Processing purpose : Haden, Irwin, Tommy Atkins, Keitt.
West Indies
Table purpose : Julie Peter.

Substitutes and adulterants

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As it is popularly known and abundantly available there is no substitute and

adulterants for this drug.

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Taxonomical Classification

Kingdom -Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom -Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision- Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division- Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class- Magnoliopsida –Dicotyledons

Subclass- Rosidae

Order- Sapindales

Family- Anacardiaceae – Sumac family

Genus- Mangifera L. – mango Species

Mangifera indica L. – mango

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Rasa Panchaka

Bark Unripe fruit Ripe fruit

Rasa Kashaya Amla Madhura
Guna Laghu,ruksha Laghu,ruksha Guru,snigdha
Veerya Sheeta Sheeta Sheeta
Vipaka Katu Amla Madhura

UxÉ

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aÉÑhÉ
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ÌlÉbÉhOÒû MüÉzÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû uÉ

ÌlÉbÉhOÒû ÌlÉbÉhOÒû

बीज
कफिितशामक
सतमभन
मूतसङरहणीय
रकतशोधक
वरणरोिक

अिकव फल हद
ृ
दाहपशमन वृषय
रोचन बलय
दीिन वणयय
शूलनाशक बृहं ण
िकव फल शोिणत सथािन
वातिितशामक िुषि
सनहेन
रोचन
अनुलोमन
दीिन
सरक

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PROPERTIES & USES

उियोग

चरक

१.चछदाम्- जषंवामयोः िललवज क ं ष ा यिंिबेतसुशीतमंधुसंयुतवंा।

- च.िच.२३/२८

२. घाणातपवृते रकते - नसय त ……

ं थामिसथरसः..॥

- च.िच.४/९७
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वृनद

३. रकताितसारे- आमाजुयनतवचः ।

िीताः कीरेण मधवादाः िृथकशोिणतवारणाः ॥

- अितसारािधकारे

चकदत

४. पलीहोदरे- पलीहवयुिरमो योगः िकवामरसोऽथवा समधुः ।

- पलीहािचिकतसा

भावपकाश

५. मतसयभकणजे अजीणे- आममामफलं मतसये ।

६. मासभोजनजे अजीणे- तदीज ि ं ि िशतेिहतम्।

७. अितसारे- ……तथामधयतवगामजा

अितसार व ं यथ ादाहहंनतयेवाशुनसंशयः॥

वङसेन

८. िकवाितसारे- नवचूतसय िणािन किितथफलमेव च ।

ििषटवा तणडुलतोयेन ि े कवाितसारशालये॥

९. शोथे- िुननयवाितेरसालमूलं संकुद तोयाममयणशेषिसदम् ।

चतुथयभागेन घृत ि ं व िकवपंसथनतुततकलकिलाषके॥

समसेिवत व ं ा त बलासरोगान्सवाशअहोथानििदसुतराश।

गुलमोदपलीहगुदोदवाश िनहिनत विनह कुरते िह िुंसाम् ॥

१०. बालाना मुखिाके- मुखिाके तु बलानामामसारयोरजः।

गैिरकं कौदसंयुकत भ ं ेषजस

ं रसाञनम्॥

केमकुतूहलम्

११. आमिानम्
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सुिकवमामसय फलं सुमुिषना संमिहत श ं कयरयासमिनवतम्।

एलालवगंादयकवासवािसत व ं णा ं सयनरोचकपदम्।
िनवतक

िानकं तवामसमभूत स ं व ादमलंगुरिितिजत्।

सहृद श ं ल े षमकृदबलयवंणययवंृषयर
ं िचपदम्॥

शाङयधरः

१२. चछदाम्- बीजिूरामजमबूना िललवािन जटाः िृथक् ।

िविचेत् िुटिाकेन कौदयुकतश तदसः ॥

चछिदय िनवारयेद घ ् ोरासवयदोषसमुदवाम्।

१३. जवरे- आमजमबूिकसलयैः वटशुङपरोहकैः ।

उशीरेण कृतः फाणटः सकौदौ जवरनाशनः ॥

१४. रकतििते- आमजमबू च ककुभ च ं ू णीकृतयजलेिकपतेत्।

िहमं तसय ििबेतपातः सकौद र ं कतिितजम्॥

१५. दारणे- आमबीजसय चूणय त ं ु िशवाचूणयसमंदयम्।

दगुधििषः पलेिोऽय द ं ा रणंहिनतदारणम्।

The roots and bark are astringent, acrid, refrigerant, styptic, antisyphilitic,
vulnerary, anti emetic, anti inflammatory and constipating.
They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, metrorrhagia, colonorrhagia,
pneumorrhagia, leucorrhoea, syphilis, wounds, ulcers, vomiting, uterities,
diarrhoea, dysentery, diphtheria and rheumatism.
The leaves are astringent, refrigerant, styptic, vulnerary and constipating. They are
useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta hiccough, hypeedisia, burning
sensation, haemarrhages, haemoptysis, wounds, ulcers, diarrhoea, dysentery,
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phaeyngopathy and stouatopathy. The ash of the burnt leaves are useful in burns
and scalds.
The flowers are astringent, refrigerant, styptic, vulnerary and constipating and
haematiuic. They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, hypeedisia, burning
sensation, haemarrhages, haemoptysis, wounds, ulcers, dysentery, diarrhoea,
chronic dysentery, auoreunia, dyspepsia, uro-edema, gleet and anaemia.
The unripe fruits are sour, acrid, refrigerant, digestive and calminative. They are
useful in gastropathy, dyypesia, pharyngopathy, ulcers, dysentery, urethrorrhei and
vagiauopathy.
The ripe fruits are refrigerant, sweet, emollient, laxative, cardiotonic, haemostatic,
asphsodisiac and tonic.
They are useful in vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, anorexia, dyspepsia,
cardiopathy, haemoptysis, haemorrhages, emaciation, anaemic and general debility.
The seed kernel is sweet, acrid, astringent, refrigerant, anthelmintic, constipating,
haemostatic, vulnerary and uterine tonic. It is useful in vitiated conditions of pitta
and kapha, helmimthiasis, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhages,
haemoptysis, haemorrhoids, ulcers, bruises, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, diabetes,
heartburn and vomiting.
Leaves, bark, stem and unripe fruit extracts show anti bacterial activity. The anti
fungal micro-organisms are reported to be present in ripe fruit.
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Rogaghnata रोगघता

रकतसाव Seed Kernel

कत
वरण रकतसाव
अितसार कत
पवािहका वरण
रकतिित अितसार
ित पवािहका
रकतसाव रकतिित
कत रकतपदर
वरण शेतपदर
छिदय कृिम
िूयामेह पमेह
िुषि िूयमेह
रकतसाव िकव फल
कत िवबनध
वरण कोषगत रौकय
अितसार हृदोग
पवािहका रकतालिता
रकतिित रकतिित
शुकदौबयलय
दौबयलय
वणयिवकार

अिकव फल
अंशुघता
अरिच
अिगनमानद
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Properties of different avasthas of mangoes

According to Bhavaprakasha in his
Phalavarga.

भावपकाशः (फल वगयः)

आमशूतोरसालोऽसौ सहकारोऽितसौरभः ।
कामाङो मधुदत
ू श माकनदः ििकवललभः॥

आमिुषि
आमिुषिमतीसारकफिित पमेहनुत् ।
असृगधरहर श ं ी त ं िचकृत्गािहवातलम्॥
र

Flowers of Amra mitigates Kapha, pitta, cures diarrhea, diabetes, disorders of

Rakta, is cold in potency, improves taste, causes constipation and increases Vaata.

आमामफलम्
आमं बालं कषायामलं रचय म ं ारतिितकृत्।
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तरणं तु तदतयमलं रकं दोषतयासकृत् ॥

Very young fruit of Amra is astringent, sour, helps taste, increases Vaata and pitta.
That which is in its youth is very sour, dry; (causes dryness) aggravates all the
three Doshas and Rakta.

शुषकमामफलं
आममामं तवचाहीनमातिेऽितिवशोिषतम् ।
आमलं सवाद क ु ष ायसंयादेदनक
ं फवातिजत्॥

Unripe fruit, removed of its skin, cut into pieces and dried well in sun, is sour
sweet , astringent, purgative and miti8gates Kapha and Vaata.
िकवम् आमफलम्
िकव त ं ु म ध ुरवंृषयिंसनगधबंलसुखपदम्।
गुर वातहर ह ं ृ द वंणययश
ं ीतमिितलम्।
कषायानुरसं विनहशलेषमशुकिववधयनम् ॥

Ripe fruit is sweet, aphrodisiac, unctuous, gives strength and happiness, hard for
digestion, mitigates vaata, good for heart, color/complexion, cold in potency, not
aggravating pitta, has astringent as after taste, greatly increases digestive fire,
Kapha and Semen.

तदेव वृकसंिकव ग ं ु रवातहरिंरम्।

मधुरामलरसं िकििचत् भवेितितपकोिणम् ।
आमं कृितमिकव च ं ेतदभवेितितनाशनम्।
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रससयामलसय हीनसतु माधुयािच िवशेषतः ॥

तदसो गािलतो बलयो गुरवातहरः सरः ।
अहद
ृ सतियणोऽतीव बृंहणः कफवधयनः ॥
The Rasa sucked is best to increase taste, strength and vigour, is easily digestable,
cold in potency, mitigates Vaata and Pitta and is laxative, not good for heart,
bestows satisfaction/ contentment, highly metritious/ stoutness the body greatly
and aggravates Kapha.

आम खणड
तसय खणड ग ं ु र ि ररंोचनिंचरिािकच।
मधुर ब ं ृ ं ं ीतलंवातनाशनम्॥
हणंबलयश

Pieces of dried fruit is hard for digestion, best stimulator of taste/ appetite
undergoes digestion slowly, sweet, stoutening, strengthening, cold in potency and
mitigates Vaata.

दगुधयुकतामगुणाः
वातिितहर र ं च यबंृंहणंबलवधयनम्।
वृषय व ं ण य करसंवाददुगुधामंगुरशीतलम्।
Fruit boiled in milk mitigates Vaata and Pitta, helps taste, nutritious, strengthening
aphrodisiac, bestows complexion, is sweet, hard for digestion and cold in potency.

आमावतयलकणम्
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िकवसय सहकारसय िटे िवसतािरतो रसः ।

धमयशुषको मुहदुयत आमावतय इित समृतः ॥
Juice of Amra fruit cooked, spread on acloth and dried in the sun is known as
आमररावतरर.
तदरगुणाः – आमररावतररसत
र ृषरणाचरछिदररवातिितरतहरः सरः ।
रुचरयः सूयाररं ु िििाकालरलघु र च स िह कीितररतः ॥
This cures thirst, vomiting, mitigates vaata and pitta, is laxative, helps taste and
easily digestive since it is cooked by sun’s rays also.
आमबीजगुणाः – आमबीज क ं ष ायसंयाचछदयतीसारनाशनम्।
ईषदमलिच मधुर त ं थाहदृ यदाहनुत्॥
Seed of Amra is astringent, cures vomiting and diarrhoea, is slightly sour, sweet
and mitigates burning sensation in the region of heart.
आमिललवगुणाः – आमसय िललवो रचयः कफिित िवनाशनः ।
Young leaves of Amra helps taste, mitigates kapha and pitta.
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Amra Atiyoga and its Upachara

आमाितयोग
मनदानलतव ि ं व ष ं रकतामयबंदगुदोदरच
म जवरच ं ।
आमाितयोगो नयनामय च ं करोित
तसमादित तािन नादात् ॥
एतदामलामिवषय म ं ध ुरामिरनंतु।
मधुरसय िर न ं त े िहततंवादागुणायतः॥
Weakness of digestive fire, irregular (intermittent) fever, diseases of blood,
enlargement of abdomen due to intestinal obstruction or diseases of eyes occur due
to over-eating of Amra. Hence it should not be used in excess.
Occurrence of these diseases are found in only from use of fruits which are sweet,
since sweet are ideally good for eyes.
उिचार
सुणठयमबुरसोनुिान स ं यादामाणामितभकणे।
जीरकं वा पयोकतवय स ं ह सौवचयलेनच॥
(अिभदानमञरी)
आमशूतो वनजो वसतदत
ू सतथा महावृकः ।
चुच
ं ीवानिसथफलः िपयचुंिचक उचयते िनघणटुजैः ॥
Drinking of water boiled with ुणरठी often or powder of जीरक with सौवचररल Salt
are the treatment for the effects of overeating of आमरर fruits.
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Pharmacological activities

Antibacterial

Antifungal

CNS and Cardiostimulant

Cardiotonic

Anti-influenza Virus activity

Antitumour

Antispasmodial

Antipyretic

Antiamoebic

Coagulase

Suppressor

Hypocholerectic

Antioxidant
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Hypoglycaemic

Diuretic