B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

NGUYN VN NH (ch bin) TN DNG, H QUANG HNG, PHM VN LM, PHM BNH QUYN, NG TH XUYN

GIO TRNH

BIN PHP SINH HC TRONG BO V THC VT

(DNG CHO H I HC)

H NI 2004

LI NI U Bc sang th k XXI loi ngi cng nhn thc r rng hn vi nhng thch thc v an ninh lng thc, nhim v s nng ln ca tri t, s gim st a dng sinh hc v an ton lng thc thc phm. Trong sn xut nng nghip cn p dng tt hn nhng tin b v cng ngh sinh hc v sinh thi tng hp. Bin php sinh hc, mt bin php ch lc trong qun l dch hi tng hp ngy cng c coi trng hn. S liu minh chng rng, hng nm chi ph v v thuc bo v thc vt vo khong hn 8,5 t la M, l con s rt nh so vi tng gi tr 400 t la M ca bin php sinh hc (Van Lenteren, 2005). iu ny cng cho chng ta thy ngun ti nguyn sinh vt l v cng phong ph thc s cha khai thc ht, thm ch do hiu bit cha y v cc mi quan h trong sinh gii, con ngi v tnh hu hoi ngun ti nguyn ny, lm cho chng ngy mt cn kit, rt nhiu loi thin ch b bin mt. Bin php sinh hc c con ngi s dng t th k th 3, bt u bng vic dn d kin phng tr su hi cam qut. Trong gn 2000 nm qua, bin php sinh hc c rt nhiu thnh tu. Ch tnh ring hn 100 nm li y, nh nhng tin b trong nghin cu sinh hc v sinh thi hc, c 2000 loi chn khp thin ch c gii thiu v hin nay c trn 150 loi k sinh, bt mi v vi sinh vt ang c nui nhn thng mi s dng trong cc chng trnh trong tr dch hi trn ton th gii. Vi nhng u th to ln, trong tng lai chc chn bin php sinh hc ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt c xy dng nhm p ng yu cu nng cao kin thc ca sinh vin chuyn ngnh Bo v thc vt v nhm sinh vt v cng quan trng trong sinh gii, v thnh phn, tm quan trng v cc bin php nhm duy tr cng nh nhn nui v ng dng chng trong sn xut nng nghip. Thut ng bin php sinh hc l rt rng. Trong bo v thc vt cc nhm gy hi li rt phong ph, chng gm cn trng, c di, vi sinh vt Gio trnh ny cp nhiu hn ti cc nhm cn trng, virut, vi khun v nm gy hi cn trng hi. Ngoi ra, mi quan h gia cc bin php nng hc v bin php sinh hc, cc nhm vi sinh vt i khng v tuyn trng cng c gii thiu. Bin php sinh hc su hi la l bi hc in hnh v nghin cu v thnh tu trong thc tin hin nay. Gio trnh bao gm 4 phn: - Phn A: M u o Chng I. nh ngha v ni dung: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn nh, Trng i hc nng nghip I H Ni o Chng II. Lch s bin php sinh hc: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v thc vt v Nguyn Vn nh, Trng i hc nng nghip I H Ni - Phn B: C s khoa hc ca bin php sinh hc o Chng III. Cn bng sinh hc: PGS.TS. Phm Bnh Quyn, i hc Quc gia H Ni o Chng IV. Mt s thnh tu ca Bin php sinh hc: GS.TS. H Quang Hng, Trng i hc nng nghip I H Ni o Chng V. Cc bin php nng hc v bin php sinh hc: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v thc vt. - Phn C. K th t nhin ca dch hi: Vai tr v c im ng dng

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

o Chng VI. Cc tc nhn gy bnh cn trng Nhm virt cn trng: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v thc vt Nhm vi khun v nm cn trng: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn nh, TS. Tn Dng, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni Nhm vi khun v nm i khng: TS. Tn Dng, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni Nhm tuyn trng: TS. Ng Th Xuyn, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni o Chng VII. Nhm cn trng: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v thc vt. Phn D. Nhn nui v s dng k th t nhin o Chng VIII. Nhn nui v s dng k th t nhin: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn nh v GS.TS. H Quang Hng, Trng i hc nng nghip I H Ni o Chng IX. Bin php sinh hc su hi la: PGS. TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v thc vt. Hnh v trang ba v sp xp bn tho gio trnh do KS Nguyn c Tng, Trng i hc Nng nghip I thc hin.

Cui cc phn c danh lc cc ti liu tham kho chnh, sinh vin c th tra cu m rng hiu bit ca mnh. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn c thm cc ti liu: - DeBach, P., 1974. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 323 pp. - Driesche, R.G., & T.S. Bellows, 1996. Biological Control. Chapman & Hall, New York: 539 pp. - Helle, W. & M.W. Sabelis eds. 1985. Spider mites. Their biology, natural enemies and control. 2 Vols., Elsevier, Amsterdam: 405, 458 pp. - Huffaker, C.B. & P.S. Messenger eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York: 788 pp. - Julien, M.H. ed. 1987. Biological control of weeds: a world catologue of agents and their target weeds. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon: 150 pp. - Lenteren J.C. van (ed) 2005. IOBC internet book of biological control. www.IOBC-Global.org - Lenteren, J.C. van (ed.), 2003. Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 327 pp. - Hong c Nhun 1979. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut. 147 trang. - Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, 2002. Biological control of crop diseases. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc bn sinh vin v cc ng nghip. H Ni, nm 2005 Tp th tc gi

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Phn A M U Cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi ngy cng nng cao, i hi cc sn phm nng nghip v mi trng an ton. iu ny ch c th t c khi mi cn bng sinh hc trong t nhin c duy tr n nh. Trong sn xut nng nghip hin nay vi hng lot cc yu t thng xuyn thay i trong qu trnh canh tc t khi gieo trng n khi thu hoch, vic gia tng u vo (ging, phn ha hc, thuc tr dch hi,) v ang lm gim s a dng sinh hc dn n mt cn bng sinh hc. H qu l nhiu loi thin ch gim s lng nghim trng, khng th khng ch c dch hi v do dch hi bng pht s lng qu mc, gy thit hi ngy mt nhiu i vi cy trng. gi vng nng sut, ngi ta li phi s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, ch yu l cc loi thuc ha hc v c nh vy vng lun qun tng sn lng, tng u vo, nguy c sn phm khng an ton v nhim mi trng li tip tc din ra. Trong thi gian tng i di 1950-1980 m bo sn lng nng sn, con ngi s dng ch yu l bin php phng tr ha hc, coi l gii php ch o thm ch i vi nhiu vng trn th gii coi l bin php duy nht trong bo v cy. Bi hc thm tha c c kt t thc tin v t nhng cnh bo sm v ma xun im lng ca Carson (1962) nu cnh tng trong tng lai nu tip tc s dng nhiu ho cht BVTV s khng cn ting chim ht, ting ve ku v dn ng ca v i ca cc loi cn trng bin mt, lm cho ma xun ch cn im lng thc s cnh tnh nhiu quc gia trong vic nh hng s dng thuc ha hc BVTV. u nhng nm 1970 n nay bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM) tng bc c p dng rng ri v vo nhng thp nin cui ca th k XX, u th k XXI bin php sinh hc (biological control) ngy cng pht huy tc dng v c coi l bin php ch o trong IPM.

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Chng I. NH NGHA V NI DUNG 1. INH NGHA Trong t nhin, gia cc c th sinh vt lun tn ti nhiu mi quan h h tr v i khng ln nhau. Con ngi nghin cu, nm bt v li dng quan h i khng lm li cho mnh. Ln u tin s dng kin phng tr cn trng hi cam chanh vo nm 300 sau cng nguyn, ngha l cn rt mi m nu so vi lch s s tin ho sinh vt ni chung v s pht trin u tranh sinh hc (biological control) trong t nhin vo khong 500 triu nm li y ni ring. Trong t nhin, u tranh sinh hc (TSH) hin din tt c cc h sinh thi: nguyn sinh v th sinh. Trong cc h sinh thi, TSH lun tn ti v hot ng mt cch tch cc. Nng nghip ni ring v hot ng ca con ngi ni chung, hin ang ng trc 4 thch thc ln lao: c lng thc nui sng 11 t dn; Ngun du khong cn kit; S suy gim a dng sinh hc do khai thc qu mc v nhim mi trng do s dng nhiu ho cht. Do cn phi nh hng li sn xut theo quan im h thng tng hp, trong cc bin php phng tr dch hi u nh hng ti cy trng trong h thng canh tc t lc gieo trng n thu hoch. Chnh v vy, nhiu nh khoa hc thy rng qun l dch hi cn ng vai tr quan trng hn, nh l hnh mu thc hin quan im tng hp trong mi hot ng nng nghip. Qun l dch hi hin i ph thuc nhiu vo bin php sinh hc (BPSH) v n l bin php bn vng, r v an ton nht (bng 1.1). n nm 2050, xu th chung l BPSH ngy cng c s dng nhiu, chim 30-40% cc bin php phng tr dch hi (Van Lenteren, 2005). Cc thut ng Bin php sinh hc, phng tr sinh hc, u tranh sinh hc (biological control) v c Phng tr t nhin (natural control) u c chung mt ngha l s dng sinh vt v cc sn phm ca chng lm gim s gy hi ca sinh vt khc. Trong ting Vit thut ng bin php sinh hc, phng tr sinh hc l ch vic s dng bin php ny trong bo v thc vt ca ngnh trng trt, trong khi u tranh sinh hc (TSH) l ch mi quan h i khng trong t nhin ca cc sinh vt trong h sinh thi. Bin php sinh hc c rt nhiu nh ngha: Ngui u tin s dng thut ng Bin php sinh hc l Smith (1919) ch vic s dng thin ch trong phng tr cn trng hi (De Bach (1976, dn). BPSH l bin php s dng sinh vt hoc sn phm ca chng nhm ngn chn hoc lm gim bt nhng thit hi do cc sinh vt gy ra ca T chc u tranh sinh hc (OILB) a ra c chp nhn rng ri (Biliotti dn, 1975) Theo Van Driesch and Belows (1996), BPSH l s km hm chng qun cn trng do cc hot ng ca thin ch, v l vic s dng cc loi ng vt k sinh, bt mi, ngun bnh, vi sinh vt (VSV) i khng (antagonist) hoc cc chng qun cnh tranh km hm chng qun dch hi, lm cho chng gim mt v tc hi. y l nh ngha c nhiu nh cn trng hc chp nhn. Barker and Cook (2) cho rng BPSH l s gim c tnh hoc cc hot ng gy hi ca ngun gy bnh nh 1 hay nhiu c th trong t nhin hay thng qua tc nghip mi trng, cy ch hoc th i khng, hoc nh s hin din hng lot cc th i khng hay l s gim c tnh ca ngun bnh
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

nh mt hay nhiu c th khng phi l con ngi. y l nhng nh ngha lin quan n VSV gy hi cn c trch dn v chp nhn rng ri (Samuel et al, 2002). Vin Hn lm khoa hc quc gia Hoa K (1987) xc nh BPSH l vic s dng cc c th t nhin hay bin i, cc gen hoc sn phm ca gen lm gim nh hng ca cc c th khng mong mun v lm li cho cc c th mong mun nh cy trng, cn trng v vi sinh vt c ch. Driesche v Thomas (1996) cho rng l vic s dng k sinh, vt bt mi n tht, vi sinh vt i khng, hoc cc qun th cnh tranh gim qun th dch hi, lm cho chng gim mt v do gim s gy hi Shurtleff and Averre (1997) xut khi nim rng hn: BPSH l phng tr su bnh thng qua s lp li cn bng ca cc vi sinh vt v cc thnh phn t nhin khc ca mi trng. N bao gm vic phng tr dch hi (nm, vi khun, cn trng, nhn nh, tuyn trng, chut, c di v.vv.. ) nh cc loi bt mi, k sinh, vi sinh vt cnh tranh, v cc cht thc vt phn hy, gim chng qun vt gy hi (Van lenteren, 2005) cho rng Bin php sinh hc, cn gi l u tranh sinh hc l vic s dng mt sinh vt lm gim mt mt sinh vt khc, l phng php thnh cng, hiu qu nht v an ton mi trng nht trong vic qun l dch hi (cc loi thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt gy hi). C th tm tt 3 quan im chnh v BPSH nh sau: a. Theo quan im 3 P: s dng bt mi n tht (Predators), k sinh (Parasites), vi sinh vt gy bnh (Pathogens) b. Theo quan im 3 P nh a cng thm sn phm c ngun gc sinh hc (thuc tho mc, sn phm ca cng ngh sinh hc nh ging chuyn gen khng) c. Theo quan im b cng thm cc cht nh hng ti tp tnh ca dch hi (pheromone, hormone,). Trc y to ra 1 ging cy trng m c c im hnh thi cu to, to iu kin thun li hn cho tc nhn sinh hc nh to ni tr n chng hn th c coi l BPSH, ngy nay xu th cng nhn ging khng (plant-host resistance) l b phn quan trng ca BPSH ngy cng tr nn r rng, c bit i vi BPSH bnh hi cy (Cook, 2002). Copping (2004), trong S tay tc nhn BPSH in ln th III lit k cc tc nhn BPSH gm 112 vi sinh vt, 58 sn phm t nhin, 56 cht ha hc, 20 gen v 127 ng vt. Bng 1.1. So snh Bin php sinh hc v bin php ho hc (theo Van Lenteren, 1997) Th ban u (ingredients) T l thnh cng Gi thnh pht trin Thi gian pht trin T l li nhun/gi thnh Nguy c khng Tnh c bit Tc ng ph xu Bin php ho hc > 1 000 000 1/200 000 160 triu USD 10 nm 2/1 Ln Rt nh Rt nhiu Bin php sinh hc 2 000 1/10 2 triu USD 10 nm 20/1 Nh Rt ln Khng/rt t

GS.TS. Joop Van Lenteren, Ch tch T chc u tranh sinh hc quc t IOBC (2005) khi tng hp th trng th gii v Bin php sinh hc cp ti 7
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

loi sn phm quan trng. Trong s ny c c ging khng, cy trng chuyn gen, thuc tho mc v cht ho hc c tc ng n tp tnh. Nh vy Bin php sinh hc c th ni n gin l dng cc sinh vt khng ch sinh vt hi v rng hn l dng cc sinh vt v sn phm ca chng km hm sinh vt hi, lm cho chng gim s lng hoc c tnh i vi sinh vt mc tiu. Mc d hin nay quan im mang tnh tng hp i vi c cc loi dch hi (ch yu l cn trng, c di v vi sinh vt gy hi) c nhiu nh sinh vt hc ng hn, nhng trong cc chng trnh i hc ngi ta vn tp trung vo 3 nhm i tng quan trng l thin ch ca cn trng hi (bt mi n tht (Predators), k sinh (Parasites) v vi sinh vt gy bnh (Pathogens) v c di. Bin php sinh hc i vi bnh hi cy t c nghin cu hn. Nhiu nc cn thc hin bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi vt nui v mt s dch hi con ngi nh rui, mui... 2. HIN TRNG V XU TH PHT TRIN Nghin cu ca Needham nm 1956 chng minh rng mn Cn trng hc bt ngun t Trung Quc (Van Lenteren dn, 2005) vi cc s kin lch s ln nh bt u trng du vo 4700 nm trc cng nguyn (TCN), nui tm trong nh 1200 TCN, s dng thuc ho hc tr su nm 200, s dng kin (bin php sinh hc) v nghin cu v sinh thi cn trng nm 300, nui ong nm 400, tng v li thc n (Food web) cng c hnh thnh vo th k th 3 vi minh ho vic xut hin nhiu chim s to iu kin gin tip tt cho s phong ph ca rp mui v chim tiu dit b ra l nhng sinh vt n tht rp mui. Trong t nhin, Phng tr t nhin (Natural control) hay u tranh sinh hc lun c mt mt cch tch cc ti mi h sinh thi trn khp hnh tinh, khng ch trc tip n 95% cc loi chn khp hi (100 000 loi c phng tr t nhin), trong khi cc bin php m con ngi thc hin by gi ch yu tp trung vo 5000 loi mc tiu. Chi ph hng nm v thuc tr dch hi l khong 8,5 t $, trong khi tng s chi ph c tnh cho phng tr t nhin hng nm vo khong 400 t $ (dn theo Van Lenteren, 2005). Bin php sinh hc c in p dng cho 350 triu ha tc bng 10% din tch canh tc c t l li nhun trn gi thnh l 20-500 ln, cao hn nhiu so vi bin php sinh hc nui nhn v phng thch thin ch (BPSH tng cng). Bin php sinh hc tng cng (augmentative, commercial) c p dng cho 16 triu ha tc bng 0,046% din tch canh tc c t l li nhun/gi thnh l 2-5 ln. Tng hp trong 120 nm qua, trn 196 nc v vng lnh th c 5000 ln gii thiu 2000 loi chn khp ngoi lai phng chng chn khp hi v hin c trn 150 loi thin ch (k sinh, bt mi v vi sinh vt) ang c nui nhn v thng mi trn th gii. Cc nh sn xut, nng dn nu ln 9 u im ca bin php sinh hc (Van Lenteren, 2005): 1. Gim mt cch r rt s phi nhim ca nng dn i vi thuc ho hc BVTV 2. Khng c d lng thuc BVTV trn nng sn 3. Khng c nh hng sinh l xu n sinh trng ca cy non, phn non ca cy 4. Phng thch thin ch tn t thi gian hn phun thuc v d chu hn nhiu, nht l trong nh knh nng m 5. Vic phng thch thin ch c tin hnh ngay sau khi gieo trng, ngi nng dn c th kim tra s thnh cng ca bin php ny v ch cn mt vi
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

ln kim tra sau nhng i vi bin php ho hc cn s kim ta thng xuyn trong sut v. 6. i vi mt s loi hnh thnh tnh khng thuc th bin php ho hc l rt kh khn 7. i vi rung phng tr sinh hc, c th thu hoch sn phm vo bt k thi gian no nu thy gi c li nht, trong khi bin php ho hc cn phi ch i cho ht thi gian cch ly. 8. Khi c c thin ch tt s m bo s thnh cng ca bin php sinh hc. 9. Bin php sinh hc c qun chng tha nhn, sn phm s d bn hn v gi bn cao hn. Ngoi ra, cc nh qun l v ng dng cn a thm 4 u th na ca bin php sinh hc: - t gy nguy hi n thc phm, nc v mi trng - ng gp cho sn xut thc phm bn vng - ng gp cho bo v v pht trin a dng sinh hc - Khng c d lng trn nng sn. Bng 1.2. c tnh th trng th gii v bin php sinh hc Bin php phng tr Phng tr t nhin (natural)1 Bin php sinh hc i vi chn khp v nematodes Bin php sinh hc i vi vi sinh vt 2 Cht toxin t vi khun v nm 2 Thuc tho mc2 Cht ho hc c tc ng tp tnh Cy trng khng dch hi Cy trng chuyn gen khng dch hi Ghi ch: 1- Costanza v CTV, 1997; 2- Van Lenteren tng hp 2005 T US $ 400,00 0,13 0,02 0,12 0,10 0,07 6,00 PM

Tng hp th trng thuc BVTV th gii nm 2005 c gi tr vo khong 32,665 t US$, trong thuc tr c 14,829 (45,4%), thuc tr su tr nhn 8,984 (27,5%), thuc tr bnh 7,088 (21,7%) v thuc tr dch hi khc 1,764 (5,4%). Tng din tch s dng Bin php sinh hc (tng cng) trn ton th gii l khong 16 triu ha (bng 1.3) v chu M La tin l rt ln (bng 1.4). Bng 1.3. S dng bin php sinh hc tng cng trn th gii (dn theo van Lenteren, 2000) Thin ch Dch hi v cy trng Din tch phng tr (hectares) 3-10 triu, Nga 2 triu, Trung Quc 1.5 triu Mexico 1.2 triu, Nam M 1 triu, Brazil 0.55 triu, Colombia 1 triu, Nga 2004 0.4 triu, Nam M, TQ 7

Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi rau, ng cc, bong Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi cy trng, cy rng Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi ng bng, ma, thuc l Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi ng cc, bng, ma, ng c AgMNPV Nm cn trng Cnh vy hi u tng Su c qu c ph

Tc nhn vi sinh Cnh vy hi v loi khc vt Cotesia spp. c thn ma

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi la v ng cc K sinh trng Orgilus sp. 5 loi >30 loi B xt hi u tng Ngi c ngn thng Trichogramma spp. Ostrinia nubilalis hi ng

0.3 triu, ng Nam 0.03 triu, Nam M 0.05 triu, Chu u 0.05 triu, Chile

Lepidoptera, Homoptera, nh hi cy n 0.03 triu, Chu u qu Nhiu loi dch hi trong nh knh v trong 0.015 triu, th gii nh

Cc loi thin ch c s dng nhiu gm: ong mt k sinh trng Trichogramma, trc y c s dng nhiu ti Lin X (>10 triu ha), Trung Quc (2,1 triu Ha), Mexico (1,5 triu ha). Ngoi 3 nc trn c khong 1,5 triu ha na c p dng cc nc khc. Ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh M, Nht Bn, Canada.. din tch s dng Trichgramma thp l do l gi thnh nhn nui qu cao v khi s dng li c nh hng n cc loi thin ch khc. Cc loi ong k sinh su non, nhng t c s dng ngoi tr loi ong k sinh su non Cotesia flavipes v loi Paratheresia claripalpis. Ch ring Brazil p dng ong k sinh su non cho trn 200 000 ha tr su c thn (Macedo 2000) Cc loi VSV nh tuyn trng, nm, vi khun v virus c s dng trong khong 1,5 triu ha. Din tch c s dng nhiu nht l virus nhn a din (Nucleopolyhedrovirus /AgMNPV) Bin php sinh hc trong nh knh c s dng vo khong 15 000 ha (5% ca tng din tch nh knh). y chnh l ni s dng hu ht cc tin b k thut v bin php sinh hc v v s lng loi c s dng. 1 loi dch hi c th c nhiu loi thin ch c phng thch phng tr. Ngy nay, bin php sinh hc trong nh knh tr nn bn vng v hiu qu tin cy. Bng 1.4. Hin trng s dng bin php sinh hc Chu M La tin (theo van Lenteren & Bueno, 2003). Nc Bolivia Brazil Cc loi dch hi chnh c s dng BPS Rt hn ch: c thn ma bng k sinh trng v tachinids LN TC (hectares) + +/+ +/- (<100) +/- (?) +1,320,000 Argentina Rt hn ch: c thn ma bng Trichogramma c thn ma bng bng k sinh trng, Cnh vy hi u tng, B xt u tng bng k sinh trng, ong Sirex bng tuyn trng AgNPVirus, Chile Ngi c ngn thng bng Orgilus obscurator, rui bng k sinh. Nhiu chng trnh th tng cng Colombia Bng, u tng, k, ma bng Trichogramma v cc loi k sinh, rui nh bng k sinh, nhiu loi dch hi Bng nm cn trng Costa Bng v ma bng Trichogramma, Cotesia v Rica Metharizium Cuba c thn ma Lixophaga diatraea, Panonychus citri bng Phytoseiulus macropilis, Cnh vy bng Trichogramm Ecuador c thn ma bng Trichogramma, c qu c ph Guatemala Su hi bng v rau bng Trichogramma, v baculovirus

+ +

+ (50,000) + (800,000)

+ +

+(hng nghn) +(700,000) + (?)

+/-

+ (20,000) 8

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Honduras Su hi rau v ma bng Diadegma and Cotesia, resp. Mexico

+/-

+/- (?) +1,500,000 +/- (?) +(4,500) + (100,000) + (>1,300)

Ng, u tng, cy c mi bng Trichogramma v cc + loi khc Nicaragua BPSH c in trn ng, bng, u tng bng + Trichogramma Panama c thn ma bng Cotesia flavipes + Paraguay Peru Cnh vy u tng bng AgNPVirus ? Su hi ma, la v ng bng Trichogramma, Telenomus), + su hi; Cy c mi Aphytis, su hi liu (Methaphycus) v loi khc c thn ma bng Trichogramma + + 16 Tng cng s nc s dng LN v TC Ghi ch: LN : Ly nhim sm (inoculative) TC: Th tng cng (Augmentative)

Uruguay

+/- (<100) + (4,300) 17

Venezuela Cn l ng bng Telenomus

Nm 2005, trn th gii c 85 nh sn sut thin ch thng mi (25-chu u, 20-Bc M, 6-c v New Zealand, 5- Nam Phi, 15 Chu v khong 15Chu M La tinh). Tc tng trng sn xut v thng mi thin ch cao, trong khong 1997-2000 t mc tng vo khong 15-20%/nm. Tuy nhin s tng trng khng ng u trn cc khu vc. Chng hn Ty u v Bc M chim khong 75% th phn ton th gii. xut hin cc th trng mi ti Nam Phi, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Nam Triu tin, n Hin nay, BPSH c mt s c im: - Lng thng tin khng l: Cc tin trn internet c t BPSH cao hn gn 3 ln so vi cc t bin php ha hc - Sn phm a dang v phong ph. V d ch tnh ring Hng Koppert, c chi nhnh ti 11 nc vi trn 100 sn phm s dng trong BPSH - Rt nhiu sn phm khc phc nhc im c hu (hiu lc thp v chm, gi thnh cao) c hot lc mnh v d dng s dng - BPSH c p dng rng ri, din tch c p dng tng rt nhanh c bit l i vi Cy trng chuyn gen khng su bnh, ch tnh ring khng su Bt ln ti 15,6 triu ha (Bng 1.5). Bng 1.5. Din tch cy trng chuyn gen trn th gii theo tnh trng (triu ha) Tnh trng 1996 1997 Khng thuc 0.6 6.9 tr c Khng su (Bt) 1.1 4.0 Bt/Chu thuc <0.1 tr c Khng virus/ <0.1 <0.1 Khc Total 1.7 11 (Ngun : Clive James, 2004) 1998 19.8 7.7 0.3 <0.1 27.8 1999 28.1 8.9 2.9 <0.1 39.9 2000 32.7 8.3 3.2 <0.1 44.2 2001 40.6 7.8 4.2 <0.1 52.6 2002 44.2 10.1 4.4 <0.1 58.7 2003 49.7 12.2 5.8 <0.1 67.7 2004 58.6 15.6 6.8 <0.1 81.0

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Xu th chung l cc sn phm s dng trong bin php sinh hc ngy mt a dng, c t l li nhun cao, t l thnh cng cao v nguy c hnh thnh tnh khng thp hn thuc ha hc. V i tng: Trc tin BPSH ch yu s dng phng chng dch hi cy trng ngoi ng rung nh cn trng hi, nhn hi, tuyn trng, bnh hi Hin nay, BPSH cn c p dng rng trn cy lm nghip, kho bo qun, vt nui v mt s lnh vc khc trong i sng con ngi. + BPSH c nhiu u im: - An ton vi mi trng v nng sn - Hiu qu cao - Vic hnh thnh tnh khng ca dch hi chm hoc t gp - Nhiu tc nhn v sn phm sinh hc c tc dng mnh v nhanh + Tuy vy, hin nay nng dn ca cc nc ang pht trin thng cp n cc nhc im chnh ca BPSH nh: - Tc ng thng chm nn khng c kh nng dp dch - Nghin cu v nhn nui cn trang thit b v kinh ph cao - Sn phm sinh hc thng chu nh hng ca iu kin mi trng. Qui trnh p dng kht khe, i hi ngi s dng c trnh nht nh. - Ngoi ra BPSH cn gy nn mt lot vn khc trong nng nghip. V vn ny, Van Lenteren (2005) tng hp v l gii v nhng quan im cha ng chung ca BPSH nh sau: - BPSH to nn cc loi dch hi mi. V d l khi dng khng s dng thuc ho hc m ch s dng BPSH phng tr mt vi loi dch hi ch yu th cc loi dch hi khc c c hi pht trin. Trong cc nm 1965-1975 s dng thnh cng BPSH phng tr nhn Tetranychus urticae v b phn trong nh knh, nhng sau nhng nm 1975 ngi ta thy bng pht s lng nhiu loi dch hi mi nh Spodoptera exigua, Liriomyza trifolli, L. huidobrensi, Bemisia tabaci Tuy vy, nghin cu rng hn cho thy cc loi dch mi ny xut hin chu u v gy hi mnh nh knh c trong iu kin c phng tr ho hc. i vi nhng loi dch hi mi ny, th vic tm ra cc tc nhn sinh hc khng phi d dng v nhanh chng. Khng nhng th nhng loi ny khng hu ht cc loi thuc trc khi du nhp vo Chu u. Trong s ny c nhiu loi phng tr ho hc tr nn v cng kh khn, BPSH c coi l phng n tt nht c th p dng. - BPSH l kh tin tng. L do n gin l nhiu qung co qu mc ca cc nh sn xut thin ch, nhiu loi thin ch cha c th nghim chc chn a ra th trng lm nh hng xu n nim tin ca cc nh sn xut. in hnh l vic s dng mt s loi loi thin ch khng thnh cng i vi b tr Frankniliella occidentalis. Trong khi vic s dng Phytoseiulus persimilis, loi nhn bt mi c hiu qu cao i vi nhn v Encasia formosa, mt loi k sinh hiu qu i vi b phn. iu ny ch ra rng cn thit phi c s kim sot v cht lng thin ch, ch a ra th trng khi c khng nh trong thc nghim l tt. - Nghin cu BPSH l tn km. Thc t chng minh hiu qu u t cho nghin cu BPSH cao hn hn so vi nghin cu thuc ho hc, t l li/gi thnh tng ng l 30/1 v 5/1. Ngi ta thng cho rng vic nghin cu thnh cng 1 loi thin ch thng lu v tn km, nhng s liu ch ra rng thi gian nghin cu 1 loi thin ch v 1 loi thuc ho hc l u mt 10 nm, chi ph cho nghin cu 1 loi thuc ho hc l khong 180 triu US $, trong khi cho 1 loi thin ch ch c 2 triu US $. 10

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Trong thc t, BPSH khng c s dng rng ri do c im hn ch trong sn xut v s dng thin ch (thi hn s dng ngn, b nh hng bi cc iu kin ca mi trng) + Cc s li chng minh rng chi ph cho BPSH thp hn chi ph bin php ho hc. Chng hn, Van Lenteren (1990) khng nh bin php ho hc tr nhn t gp 2 ln so vi s dng Phytoseiulus persimilis. Wardlow (1993) cho rng gi thnh BPSH ch bng 1/5 n 1/3 bin php ho hc trn cy c chua v da chut Anh. Nhng nghin cu v chi ph s dng BPSH cho thy BPSH thng r hn nhiu so vi bin php ho hc (Remark, 1993). i vi cc nc nh H Lan, BPSH tr nn thng dng trn cc cy trng chnh nh c chua, da chut, t, c, nn rt kh c th tnh ton ring r chi ph cho bin php ho hc. Tuy nhin cn lu rng a s BPSH l khng phi tr tin. Chng hn, hu ht cc loi dch hi b thin ch khng ch (m gi c tnh ton th gii l vo 400 t US $ hoc n gin hn nu chng ta tnh gi thnh v hiu qu to ln ca vic s dng b ra Rodolia cardinalis tr rp sp bng t nm 1888). + Vic p dng thc t BPSH pht trin chm. iu ny cng khng ng vi th gii hin ti nht l i vi cc nc pht trin. Trong 40 nm qua, vic ng k s dng tc nhn sinh hc cc nc Ty Bc u l khong trn 150 sn phm trong khi cc cht ho hc c ng k l di 100 cht. + BPSH tng cng (Augmentative) khng c hiu qu. C kh nhiu v d v s khng thnh cng ca bin php ny nht l trong iu kin cc nc ang pht trin, trong cc nghin cu th nghim ban u. Tuy vy, trong cc chng trnh c xy dng k lng cho thy s cc BPSH tng cng c tc dng nh hoc hn bin php ho hc, gim c mt dch hi bng hoc nhiu hn bin php ho hc v c chi ph bng hoc thp hn chi ph bin php ho hc Nh s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc v cng ngh nn cc nhc im ca bin php sinh hc tng bc c khc phc, tc pht trin cao (tng 1520%/nm) trong cc nm cui ca th k XX. L mt nc nhit i nng m, c a dng sinh hc cao, vic pht huy li th v a dng sinh hc trong BPSH bo tn s mang li li ch to ln. iu chng minh r rng l vi vic p dng bin php IPM, gim hn lng thuc BVTV ha hc to iu kin hot ng tt cho nhm thin ch hi la cc nc vng ng Nam trong cui nhng nm th k XX u th k XXI. 3. CC LOI BIN PHP TR SINH HC S dng sinh vt to iu kin cho loi mong mun c pht trin trong khi km hm loi khng mong mun (dch hi) lm cho chng gim mt v gim tc hi l cng vic ca BPSH. Ty theo ngun gc v phng thc s dng thin ch ngi ta chia BPSH thnh 3 kiu: BPSH c in (Classical) nhp ni v thun ha 1 loi thin ch khng ch 1 loi dch hi c ngun gc ti ch hoc ngoi lai Kiu ny c nhiu v d rt ni ting, c bit phi k n trng hp nh khoa hc ngi c A. Koebele, ngi t nn mng cho BPSH ngy nay, nm 1888 su tp v gi hn 500 b ra Rodolia cardinalis t chu c sang California (M) v ch 3 nm sau nn rp sp Icerya purchassi hi cam chanh c gii quyt, cu c ngh trng cam chanh ti y. BPSH tng cng (Augmentation): nng cao hot ng ca thin ch thng qua nhn nui v th thin ch chng km hm dch hi ti ch hoc ngoi lai. Bin php ny bao gm:
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Ly nhim sm (inoculative) l vic th (phng thch) thin ch sm chng pht trin qun th v th h sau c s lng km hm thnh cng dch hi. - Th trn ngp (inundative) l vic th vi s lng ln thin ch chng (ch khng phi th h sau ca chng) km hm qun th dch hi BPSH bo tn (Conservation) l nghin cu to iu kin thun li v ni c tr, dinh dng cho thin ch bn a pht huy tim nng sinh hc khng ch dch hi. Ngoi vic s dng thin ch, cc tc nhn sinh hc (gen) nh trong lai to cc ging khng, truyn cy to nn cc ging khng chuyn gen ang c s dng vi tc v cng ln -

Cu hi n tp
1. Cc nh ngha bin php sinh hc 2. Hin trng v xu th pht trin ca bin php sinh hc 3. Cc loi bin php sinh hc Ti liu tham kho chnh 1. Bakker M. F., 1993. Selecting phytoiseid predators for biological control with emphasis on the significance of tri- trophic interactions. University of Amsterdam 2. Carson Rachel. 1962. Silent spring. 368 pp 3. Cook, R.J. & K.F. Baker, 1983. The nature and practice of biological control of plant pathogens. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul: 539 pp 4. DeBach, P., ed., 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 844 pp 5. Nguyn Ln Dng. 1981. S dng vi sinh vt phng tr ssau hi cy trng. NXB Khoa hc k thut. 168 trang. 6. Dinh N. V., A. Jassen and M. W. Sabelis. 1988. Reproductive success of Amblyseius ideaus and A. anonymus on a diet of two spotted spider mites. Exp. and Applied Acarology 4: 41-51. 7. Driesche, R.G. van, & T.S. Bellows, 1996. Biological Control. Chapman & Hall, New York: 539 p 8. Gnanamanickam Samuel S. 2002. Biological control of crop diseases. 9. Helle, W. & M.W. Sabelis eds. 1985. Spider mites. Their biology, natural enemies and control. 2 Vols., Elsevier, Amsterdam: 405 and 458 pp. 10. Huffaker C.B. 1969. Biological control. A plenum/Rosetta Eddition 11. Huffaker, C.B. & P.S. Messenger eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York: 788 pp 12. H Quang Hng 1998. Phng tr tng hp dch hi Cn trng nng nghip. NXB Nng nghip H Ni. 13. Julien, M.H., 1989. Biological control of weeds worldwide: trends, rates for success and the future. Biocontrol News and Information 10: 299-306. 14. Phm Vn Lm. Bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi Nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 1995. 15. Lenteren J.C. Van . 2005. IOBC Internet Book of Biological Control 16. Lenteren, J.C. van (ed.), 2003. Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 327 pp. 17. Lenteren, J.C. van, and Bueno, V.H.BP., 2003. Augmentative biological control of arthropods in Latin America. BioControl 48: 123-139. 18. Lenteren, J.C. van & M.G. Tommasini, 2003. Mass Production, Storage,
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Shipment and Release of Natural Enemies. Chapter 12 in: Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. J.C. van Lenteren (ed.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 181-189. 19. J.C. van, 2000. Measures of success in biological control of arthropods by augmentation of natural enemies. In Measures of success in biological control (G. Gurr and S. Wratten, Eds.), pp. 77-103. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrech 20. Lenteren, J.C. van, 1986. Evaluation, mass production, quality control and release of entomophagous insects. In: Biological Plant and Health Protection. ed.: J.M.Franz. Series Progress in Zoology 32. Fischer, Stuttgart: 31-56. 21. Nguyn Th Kim Oanh, Nguyn Vn nh, H Quang Hng v CTV. 2005. Nghin cu qui trnh nhn nui nhn bt mi Amblyseius sp. v b xt bt mi Orius sauteri v kh nng s dng cng trong phng chng nhn v b tr hi cy trng. Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni. 22. Hong c Nhun 1979. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut. 147 trang. 23. Sabelis M. W. 1981 Biological control of two-spotted spider mites using phytoseiid predators. Pudoc, Wageningen. 242 pp 24. Singleton G. R., L. A. Hinds, C. J. Krebs and D. M. Spratt (eds), 2003. Rats, mice and people: Rodent biology and Management. ACIAR, Canberra, 564pp. 25. Phm Th Thy. 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong BVTV. NXB i hc quc gia 335 trang.

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Chng II. LCH S BIN PHP SINH HC I. NGHIN CU V BIN PHP SINH HC TRN TH GII Bin php sinh hc (BPSH) c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s nhng quan st ban u v thc nghim ca cc nh nghin cu t nhin t thi xa xa. Con ng pht trin ca BPSH qua nhiu th k c nhng bc thng trm. 1. TRC TH K 18 BPSH c gi l bin php bo v thc vt c truyn. Khi kim c thc n tha tch lu dnh, ngi c xa quan st thy ti cc ni d tr thc n trong nh b chut ph hoi. ng thi ngi c xa cng quan st thy mt s mo hoang sn bt chut lm thc n. Kh nng bt chut ca mt s mo hoang khin ngi Ai Cp c i thun ha mo hoang bt chut trong nh (Coppel et al., 1977). S kin ny c th coi l vic p dng BPSH u tin tr dch hi ca con ngi. y l mt v d rt c v BPSH phng chng dch hi cy trng v nng sn bo qun trong kho. Hin tng cn trng b cc loi thin ch tiu dit quan st c t rt lu, trc nhiu th k so vi vic s dng thin ch phng chng dch hi nng nghip. Theo ghi chp c trong lch s nhn loi th thc tin u tin s dng BPSH tr cn trng hi vi khi nim hin i l vic nng dn Trung Quc dng kin vng trong cc vn cam qut (Liu, 1939). Theo Forskal (1775) v Botta (1841), t nm 1200, cc ch nhn vn ch l Ymen hng nm ln ni tm kim nhng t kin c ch chuyn v th chng ln cy ch l phng chng cc cn trng hi ch l. Cng vo khong thi gian ny c s ghi nhn v vai tr c li ca b ra trong hn ch rp mui v rp sp (dn theo Doutt, 1964; Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974, Huffaker et al., 1976). Nng dn Nam B nc ta cng bit s dng kin vng dit tr su hi trong vn cam qut t th k th 1 n th k th 4 (H.. Nhun, 1979; Vaxiliev, 1975). Nhng ghi chp v quan st v BPSH ngy cng c chnh xc hn. Vo th k 16-17 bt u c nhng ti liu c gi tr khoa hc v thc tin. Cun sch De Animalibus Insectis ca Aldrovandi xut bn nm 1602 c th coi l cng trnh u tin v TSH. Trong cun sch ny, hin tng k sinh cn trng ln u tin c cp ti. l trng hp ong Cotesia glomerata (L.) k sinh trn su non loi bm trng hi ci Pieris rapae (L.). Tuy nhin, mi ti nm 1685 th hin tng k sinh cn trng ln u tin mi c Martin Lister gii thch ng. Theo Martin Lister, ong c chui t su non ca cn trng cnh vy l kt qu ca vic ong trng thnh ci trng ca n vo trong su non. Nm 1700, Leeuvenhoek cng gii thch ng hin tng ong Aphidius k sinh rp mui (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974; Doutt, 1964; Van Driesche et al., 1996). 2. TH K 18 Bin php sinh hc i vi su hi Sau nhng quan st u tin v hin tng k sinh v bt mi cn trng, c nhiu ngi khc quan tm nghin cu v chng. Trong sch bo th k 18 c nhiu ti liu cng b v cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi. l cc ti liu ca Gedert, De Geer, Reaumur, Darwin... Khong hn 100 nm sau khi m t hin tng k sinh cn trng, nm 1706, Vallisnieri mi gii thch ng ht cc hin tng k sinh cn trng c ghi nhn trc y. Vo nm 1726, Reaumur m t hin tng su non cn trng cnh vy b bnh do nm Cordyceps. Reaumur c th l ngi lm nhiu hn
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nhng ngi khc thi by gi trong vic t nn mng cho s hnh thnh khi nim v BPSH tr su hi vi nhng tc phm cng b t nm 1734 n nm 1742. Reaumur c th l ngi u tin khuyn co p dng BPSH tr su hi. ng xut dng trng ca mt loi cn trng bt mi th vo trong nh knh km hm s pht trin ca rp mui. Tc gi ny cn pht hin ra hin tng tuyn trng k sinh trn cc loi ong thuc h Bombidae (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974). Nm 1750, Charles Price cho nhp ni mt loi ng vt bt mi t Nam M vo Jamaica tr chut, nhng khng thnh cng (Simmonds et al., 1976). Linnaeus, nh phn loi sinh vt hc v i, c cng rt ln trong pht trin BPSH th k 18. xut c vit u tin v s dng cn trng bt mi tr su hi chu u c Linnaeus a ra nm 1752. ng vit: Mi loi cn trng u c loi bt mi ring, nhng loi ny lun ng hnh v tiu dit n. C th thu cc loi bt mi ny s dng tr su hi cy trng (Van Driesche et al., 1996). Linnaeus tin hnh thc nghim s dng cn trng bt mi loi Calosoma sycophanta tr su hi trong vn cy n qu. tr rp mui, Linnaeus cng khuyn co dng b ra, b mt vng v ong k sinh. Nm 1760, Linnaeus a ra khi nim cn bng t nhin (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Khi nim ny l mt trong nhng c s l lun quan trng ca TSH. Nhng nghin cu ca De Geer trong thi gian 1752-1778 cng c gi tr ln trong TSH. Tc gi ny ngay t nm 1760 nhn thy vai tr rt to ln ca cn trng thin ch. De Geer vit: Chng ta khng khi no c th phng chng cn trng hi thnh cng m li thiu s gip ca cc cn trng khc (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Vo khong nm 1762, ngi ta thc hin mt chng trnh u tin di chuyn thin ch t nc ny qua nc khc tr cn trng hi. l vic nhp ni loi chim Acridotheres tristis t n v o Mauritius tr chu chu Nomadacris septemfasciata. Vic nhp ni ny cho kt qu tt p: tc hi ca chu chu gim dn v n nm 1770 th loi chu chu khng cn l su hi nguy him na o Mauritius. Nm 1776 s dng b xt bt mi Reduvius personatus v Picromeris bidens tr rp ging Cimex lectularius (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976). Ch t cui th k 18, ngy cng xut hin nhiu nhng ghi nhn v hiu qu ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su hi. Nm 1800, E. Darwin bn lun v cc loi ong c nh l yu t gy cht t nhin i vi su non cc loi cn trng cnh vy. Trong cun sch Phytologia in nm 1800 London, E. Darwin nhn mnh hiu qu khng ch su hi ca cc loi k sinh chnh v cho rng c th s dng mt cch nhn to cc u trng rui Syrphidae tr rp mui trong nh knh. Sau nm 1800, E. Darwin v nhiu nh cn trng hc chu M xut dng cc loi bt mi nh b ra Coccinellidae v rui h Syrphidae tr rp mui trong nh knh. Nhng nim v vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s pht trin ca su hi mi c hnh thnh ngy cng r rng (Coppel et al., 1977; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996) . Bin php sinh hc i vi c di Nm 1795, loi cn trng Dactylopius ceylonicus (Green) c nhp ni t Brazil vo n tr cy xng rng Opuntia vulgaris Mill.. y l trng hp dng BPSH tr c di u tin v thnh cng (Julien, 1992; Harley et al., 1992). 3. TH K 19 Bin php sinh hc i vi su hi Cist (1824) nghin cu v bnh ca sng Melolontha do nm Cordyceps gy ra. ng 100 nm sau k t khi Reaumur m t bnh nm u tin cn trng, vo nm
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1826 Kirby vit mt chng bnh cn trng trong n phm ni ting i cng v cn trng. Theo Steinhaus (1956), tng s dng vi sinh vt tr cn trng hi c bt ngun t cc nghin cu bnh tm (dn theo P.V. Lm 1995). Agostino Bassi c coi l ngi i u trong lnh vc bnh l cn trng, l ngi u tin gii thch bn cht bnh bch cng do nm Beauveria bassiana tm vo nm 1835 v xut bin php khc phc. Vo nm 1836, chnh Bassi cng l ngi u tin gi s dng vi sinh vt gy bnh tr cn trng hi. Nm 1837, Audouin cng cho rng nm bch cng khng ch gy bnh cho tm, c th dng nm ny tr cc cn trng khc c (Simmonds et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996; Weiser, 1966). Tuy nhin, nhng cng trnh v bnh cn trng na u th k 19 ch mang tnh cht thng tin, cha c ng dng trong thc tin. Trong th k 19 c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v phn loi, sinh hc v sinh thi cc thin ch ca su hi. Spinola (1806), Dalman (1820) cng b cng trnh v cn trng thin ch. Cng thi gian ny, Gravenhorst m t 1300 loi ong c h Ichneumonidae chu u (DeBach, 1974; DeBach et al., 1991). Mitchili (1823) cng b kt qu nghin cu v ng vt k sinh, trong c cn trng k sinh thuc b cnh mng. Westwood t 1827 bt u cng b cng trnh nhiu tp trong nhiu nm v phn loi cn trng, trong c cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi. Walker chuyn nghin cu v ong k sinh thuc tng h Chalcidoidea t 1833 n 1861 (DeBach, 1974). Ngy cng xut hin nhiu ti liu c gi tr v cc loi k sinh v bt mi. Hartig (ngi c) l ngi u tin (nm 1827) vit phng php nui su non cn trng cnh vy b k sinh trong lng nui su nhm thu trng thnh ca k sinh sau dng chng trong phng chng su hi. Nm 1837 Kollr cng b cng trnh m t chi tit sinh hc v ni ca nhiu loi bt mi, k sinh, k c k sinh trng v nhn mnh s cn hiu bit v thin ch phng chng cn trng hi. Kollr kh am hiu v gi tr ca cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi trong hn ch s lng su hi. Trong tc phm Tuyn tp v cn trng xut bn nm 1840, Kollr chng minh r rng kh nng ca cc loi bt mi v k sinh trong hn ch s sinh sn nhiu loi cn trng hi. ng ni rng phi duy tr mt phn cy trng nng nghip lm ni cho cc thin ch. T nm 1837 n nm 1852, Ratzeburg c cng b nhiu cng trnh v cn trng rng v k sinh ca chng. ng nh gi cao vai tr ca k sinh trong hn ch s lng cn trng rng. Cun sch Ong c k sinh cn trng rng ca ng xut bn nm 1844 l mt s ng gp ln v nghin cu sinh hc ca ong k sinh v l ti liu dng trong nhiu nm sau . Rondani cng b cng trnh trong thi gian 1840-1860 v cc quan h k sinh-k ch (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974; DeBach et al., 1991; Doutt, 1964). Vo khong nm 1840 Php, Boisgiraud s dng b cnh cng bt mi loi Calosoma sycophanta tr su rm Porthetria dispar hi bch dng v tin hnh th nghim dng b cnh cng ngn Staphylinidae tr b ui km trong vn cy thnh cng (DeBach, 1974, Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976). Nm 1844 Italia, Villa tin hnh th nghim dng b cnh cng bt mi thuc h Carabidae v Staphylinidae tr su hi trong vn cy (Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976). Kirby v Spence (1867) nh gi rt r rng v vai tr hu ch ca cc ong k sinh, rui k sinh, b cnh cng bt mi thuc h Carabidae, b nga, b xt bt mi, chun chun v nhn ln bt mi. Cc tc gi ny khuyn co dng b ra dit tr rp mui v b xt bt mi Pentatoma bidens tr rp ging Cimex lectularius. Trong phng kn c nhiu rp ging ch cn nht 6-8 c th b xt Pentatoma bidens trong vng vi tun l l rp ging b tiu dit hon ton (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974).
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Phn ln cy trng Bc chu M c nhp ni t nc Anh. Trong nhng nm u sau nhp ni, cy trng pht trin tt, ma mng bi thu. Nhng sau ma mng b cn trng hi tn ph d di. Phn ln cc loi cn trng hi ny cng ging nh nc Anh v chu u. Vn t ra cho nhiu nh cn trng hc lc l ti sao nhng loi cn trng hi ny khng gy hi ma mng nghim trng chu u, m Bc chu M th chng tn ph cy trng mt cch nng n. Fitch Hoa K nghin cu v loi mui nn hi la m Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), khng nh loi mui nn hi la m ch l loi su hi khng quan trng chu u, trong khi n li l loi su hi nguy him v kh phng tr Hoa K. Fitch l ngi u tin phn tch v gii thch ng s khc nhau ny l do Hoa K thiu hn nhng loi k sinh hiu qu ca mui nn hi la m, cn chu u th c nhng loi k sinh ny sc khng ch s pht trin ca mui nn hi la m. Trn c s nhn nh nh vy, nm 1855 Fitch ngh bin php thit thc nht tr mui nn hi la m l nhp ni thin ch ca n t chu u v Hoa K. Nhng ngh ny khng c chp nhn. Walsh nh cn trng hc bang Illinois tch cc ng h ngh ca Fitch v vit bo yu cu cho nhp ni k sinh ca mui nn hi la m (Coppel et al., 1977; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996). T tng ca Fitch v thi kin quyt ca Walsh nh hng ln n Riley mt nh cn trng hc Hoa K lc cn tr tui. Riley l ngi u tin di chuyn k sinh t ni ny n ni khc. Vo nm 1870, Riley di chuyn k sinh ca loi b cnh cng hi mn Conotrachelus nenuphar t Kirkwood n ni khc bang Missouri. Nm 1873, Riley t Hoa K gi sang Php loi nhn nh bt mi Tyroglyphus phylloxerae Riley hp tc vi cc nh khoa hc Php tr dit rp r nho Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). Loi nhn nh ny to lp c qun th Php, nhng khng hn ch c s lng rp r nho P. vitifoliae (Coppel et al., 1977; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996). Nm 1874, ngi ta nhp ni b ra 11 chm Coccinella undecimpunctata L. t nc Anh vo New Zealand, nhng khng thy ni n hiu qu tr rp mui ca n. Saunders (1882) nhp ni ong mt Trichogramma minutum t Hoa K vo Canada tr trng ong n l Nematus ribesii Ontario. Sau gn 30 nm k t khi c xut nhp ni thin ch, vo nm 1883 Hoa K ln u tin nhn c ong k sinh Cotesia glomerata (L.) t nc Anh nhp ni vo tr su xanh hi ci Pieris rapae. Loi k sinh ny to lp c qun th v tr thnh loi c li Hoa K. y l s thnh cng u tin ca vic di chuyn cn trng k sinh gia cc chu lc (Coppel et al., 1977; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996). Nm 1874, Pasteur a kin tr rp r nho Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) hy th s dng nguyn sinh ng vt gy bnh ong mt hoc tm mt loi nm cn trng no . Theo Steinhaus (1956), Le Conte t nm 1874 bn lun vic sn xut v tung ngun vt gy bnh lm ly lan bnh cho cn trng. y l mt xut u tin v s dng vi sinh vt gy bnh tr su hi c c s chc chn v c th (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Nm 1879, Hagen xut dng men bia phun ln cn trng vi mc ch gy dch bnh cho cn trng hi. Cng trong nm , Comstock, Riley th bin php ny trn ng rung. Nhng khng cho kt qu, vi men bia khng phi l vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cn trng (Coppel et al., 1977). Mc d nh v vic thc nghim u khng ng, nhng phi tha nhn rng cc tc gi ny l nhng ngi rt quan tm n kh nng s dng vi sinh vt tr su hi. H l nhng ngi tham gia thc y s pht trin ca bin php dng vi sinh vt tr su hi.

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Vo ma thu nm 1878, Metschnikov nghin cu b hung hi la m Anisoplia austriaca quan st c mt bnh nm ca su hi ny. ng t tn cho nm ny l Entomophthora anisopliae (nay l Metarhizium anisopliae). Nm 1879, Metschnikov tin hnh nghin cu ly nhim nm bnh ny ln b hung hi la m v b vi voi hi c ci ng Cleonus punctiventris (Germ.). Cc th nghim cho kt qu tt. Metschnikov pht hin thy cc cn trng khc cng b mn cm vi nm gy bnh ny. ng bt u sn xut nm M. ainisopliae tr cn trng hi. Da trn kt qu thc nghim t c, Metschnikov v Krassilstschik tin hnh xy dng mt s c s sn xut ch phm nm Metarhizium anisopliae. n nm 1884, bo t nm M. ainisopliae sn xut vi lng ln bn cho nng dn. S thnh cng ny m u cho vic nghin cu s dng vi sinh vt tr su hi (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). n cui th k 19, nhiu nh cn trng hc Bc chu M nhn ra rng cc loi cn trng hi quan trng vng Bc chu M ch yu u l nhng loi ngoi lai. phng chng chng phi tin hnh nhp ni cc thin ch chnh ca chng t ni bn x ca chng. Nm 1888, Koebele (ngi c) lm vic California c c sang Australia thu thp mt loi rui Cryptochaetum iceryae k sinh trn rp sp Icerya purchasi Mask.. Trong khi thu thp rui k sinh, Koebele pht hin thy b ra Rodolia cardinalis n tht rp sp I. purchasi. ng thu lun loi b ra ny v gi v Caliornia. 129 c th b ra R. cardinalis c gi v California t thng 11/1888 n thng 01/1889. S b ra ny c nhn nui trong phng, n thng 06/1998 c hn 10.000 c th con chu ca chng. Thng 02-03/1889, Koebele gi b sung 2 t c 385 c th b ra. S b ra trn c th ra hng trm vn cam California. Ti cc vn cam qut th b ra sau vi thng rp sp I. purchasi gim hn. n nm sau, loi rp sp ny khng cn l su hi nguy him na. Nn dch rp sp I. purchasi hi cam qut California c gii quyt mt cch cn bn. Chng trnh chng rp sp I. purchasi hi cam qut California thc hin vi chi ph qu r, cha ti 1 500 USD (Doutt, 1964; DeBach, 1974). Cc nc khc b rp sp I. purchasi gy hi nng ngh nhp ni b ra R. cardinalis t California. Thc t cho thy u nhp ni b ra R. cardinalis cng u cho kt qu phng chng rp sp I. purchasi nh California. Thnh cng ca chng trnh s dng b ra R. cardinalis tr rp sp I. purchasi tr thnh ni ting th gii. Koebele tr thnh ngi anh hng. Ti c ngi ta gi phng php nhp ni cn trng l phng php Koebele. Vic nhp ni b ra R. cardinalis t Australia vo California tr rp sp I. purchasi thnh cng l mt mc quan trng nh du s pht trin ca BPSH. T y BPSH c coi l bin php c hiu qu trong phng chng dch hi. S kin b ra R. cardinalis c ghi nhn nhiu ln v l mt trong nhng v d c sc hp dn nht trong lch s nghin cu cn trng. Nh s thnh cng ca vic dng b ra R. cardinalis tr rp sp I. purchasi, BPSH tr dch hi chuyn sang giai on pht trin mi. Nhiu nc tin hnh th nghim dng cc thin ch khc nhau phng chng nhiu loi dch hi. Nm 1891, Koebele li i Australia, New Zealand v Fiji nhp ni cn trng thin ch. Trong thi gian ny, Koebele gi v California 46 loi b ra, trong s ny ch c 4 loi thun ha v nh c c. T nm 1893 n nm 1912 Koebele thc hin nhiu chng trnh p dng BPSH thnh cng Hawaii c gi tr ln cho s pht trin ca BPSH chng cn trng hi (Coppel et al., 1977). T nm 1888, Hoa K nghin cu dng nm bch cng Beauveria globulifera tr b xt la m Blissus leucopterus. Nm c sn xut lng ln, ng thnh gi nh. Trong cc nm 1891-1892, hn 50 000 gi ch phm c pht
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cho cc trang tri ri ln ng la m. Hiu qu ca nm i vi b xt la m khng ging nhau v cc ch trang tri khng thch dng bin php ny (Coppel et al., 1977; Weiser, 1966). Bin php sinh hc i vi c di Fitch nhn thy thng khng c cn trng dinh dng trn nhng loi c di du nhp t chu u vo chu M v vo nm 1855 ng xut c th nhp ni cc cn trng chuyn tnh t chu u v phng chng cc c di ny. Nh vy, ng l ngi u tin xut nhp ni cn trng chuyn tnh tr c di. T cui th k 19 cng xut hin nhng nghin cu s dng nm tr c di (Halsted, 1864dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995; Van Driesche et al., 1996). Hng nghin cu ny c pht trin dn trong nhng nm sau. Bin php sinh hc i vi chut hi Nm 1892, Loeffler phn lp c vi khun gy bnh chut v t tn l Bacillus typhimurium. Tc gi nghin cu vi khun ny tr chut. Kt qu cho thy c th dng vi khun ny tr chut loi Microtus arvalis v Rattus norvegicus. Nm 1893, Danysz phn lp, m t cc loi vi khun Salmonella lc a chu u (Simmonds et al., 1976). 4. TH K 20 Bin php sinh hc i vi su hi u th k 20 Italia, c hai nh cn trng hc ni ting cng bt u nghin cu BPSH. Nhng c gng ca h ng l cho nhng kt qu ln nu gia h khng xut hin nhng bt ng v quan im l nhp ni mt loi hay vi loi thin ch, nhp ni cc loi k sinh hay nhp ni cc loi bt mi (Coppel et al., 1977). Nm 1906, Berlese nhp ni t Hoa K v Italia mt loi k sinh Prospaltella berlesei tr rp vy du Pseudaulacaspis pentagona. Vic nhp ni ny cho kt qu tng i tt. Ging nh b ra R. cardinalis, k sinh P. berlesei cng c nhiu nc trn th gii nhp ni v tr rp vy du (DeBach, 1964). tr su rm Porthetria dispar (L.) v Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Don.) nhiu loi thin ch c nhp ni t Nht Bn v chu u vo Hoa K trong cc nm 1905-1914 v 1922-1923. th 40 loi trong s cc loi nhp ni, c 9 loi k sinh v 2 loi bt mi thun ha c (Clausen, 1956; DeBach, 1974). Cc chng trnh p dng BPSH tr loi su rm ny cng cho kt qu rt tt Canada (Baird, 1956). T nm 1919, di s ch o ca B Nng nghip Hoa K tin hnh mt chng trnh nghin cu BPSH tr su c thn ng Ostrinia nubilalis. Cho n nm 1940, t Php gi sang Hoa K 23 triu su c thn ng nui thu k sinh. T nm 1927 n 1936, t Nht Bn gi i Hoa K 3 triu su c thn ng na thu k sinh. Kt qu nhp ni vo Hoa K c 24 loi k sinh, nhng ch c 6 loi l thun ha c v cho hiu qu cc b tr su c thn ng (Coppel et al., 1977). Vo thi gian ny, cc chng trnh nhp ni thin ch c tin hnh rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii tr nhiu loi su hi quan trng trong nng nghip. ng thi cc nh khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu nhn th thin ch v nghin cu bnh l cn trng. Ong mt Trichogramma c bt u nhn nui s dng t nm 1910-1911 nc Nga v Trung . Sau rt nhiu nc tin hnh nghin cu s dng pong mt . Sau nm 1928, ch khi Flanders tm c qui trnh nhn nui ngi mch quanh nm th vic nghin cu s dng ong mt tr su hi mi c y mnh. Ti Lin X c, vic nghin cu s dng ong mt c y mnh t nm 1934 (Schepetilnikova, 1974 - dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995).
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Do nh hng ca Metschnikov, cc nh nghin cu chu u tin hnh th nghim nhiu loi nm tr su hi. tin hnh th nghim nm Beauveria tr su rm Porthetria monacha v sng Melolontha v mt s nm thuc h Entomophthoraceae tr u trng mt s loi thuc b hai cnh Diptera v b cnh thng Orthoptera (P.V. Lm, 1995). Mc d virt gy bnh cn trng c bit t lu, nhng cho ti nhng nm u th k 20 mi c mt s th nghim s dng virt tr su rm Lymantria monacha, Porthetria dispar chu u v Bc chu M. T nm 1911 n 1914, DHerelle nghin cu vi khun Coccobacillus acridiorum tr chu chu Schistocera paranensis (Simmonds et al., 1976; Weiser, 1966). Nm 1911, Berliner Thuringia (mt tnh ca c) phn lp c vi khun t su non loi Ephestia kuehniella cht bnh v m t t tn l Bacillus thuringiensis. Cc th nghim vi khun ny tr su hi c bt u t su c thn ng Hungari (Husz, 1928). Theo Jacobs (1951) v Krieg (1961), sau vi khun ny c th nghim vi su hng c qu bng, su xanh bm trng hi ci v nhiu loi su hi khc chu u. Ch phm thng mi u tin t vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis l sporeine c sn xut Php trc nm 1938 (dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995). pht hin u trng b hung Nht Bn Popillia japonica b bnh vi khun t nm 1921. Nm 1940, Dutky m t, t tn vi khun gy bnh cho u trng b hung Nht Bn l Bacillus popilliae v B. lentimorbus. Vi khun ny c sn xut thnh ch phm tr b hung Nht Bn Hoa K t nm 1940 (Kandybin, 1989; Simmonds et al., 1976; Steinhaus, 1964). T 1940, nhng quan tm v pht trin BPSH i vi su hi b gim i r rng do s ra di v s dng rng ri ca thuc ha hc tr su hu c tng hp. Sailer (1972) phn tch cc cng trnh khoa hc ng ti Hoa K lin quan n vic phng chng su hi v ch ra s lng qun BPSH do s ra i ca DDT nh sau: Nm 1915 tng quan s lng cc cng trnh nghin cu bin php ha hc v BPSH l 1:1. Trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th II, tng quan ny l 6:1 v n nm 1946 th tng quan ny nghing hn sang bin php ha hc v l 20:1. u chin tranh th gii th II, B Nng nghip Hoa K c 40 nh cn trng hc chuyn nghin cu BPSH. n nm 1954, tnh qui i ch cn 5 ngi nghin cu BPSH. Trong giai on 1940-1960, quan tm chnh trong phng chng dch hi l bin php ha hc. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng nghin cu v BPSH (dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995). Ti Canada nm 1943 bt u sn xut hng lot ch phm NPV ca ong n l Diprion herlyniae bo v cy rng. Vo gia thp nin 1970, Hoa K pht trin c cc ch phm Elcar v Biocontrol t NPV. n cui thp nin 1980, Hoa K v Lin X c sn xut c 7 ch phm sinh hc t virt. Cc nc khc nh Nht Bn, Ty c, Php,... mi nc sn xut c 1-2 ch phm t virt (Chukhrij, 1988; Simmonds et al., 1976). Vo u thp nin 1950, chu u v chu M quan tm tr li vic s dng vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis. Mt s c t ca vi khun B. thuringiensis c pht hin trong thp nin 1950: ngoi c t alpha v ni c t delta pht hin vo nm 1953, ngoi c t beta pht hin vo nm 1959. Cui thp nin 1950 bt u sn xut cng nghip ch phm t vi khun B. thuringiensis v vic s dng chng cho kt qu tt p. Cc ch phm t vi khun Bacillus popilliae v B. lentimorbus c m rng s dng tr b hung Nht Bn 14 bang ca Hoa K. n 1952, din tch dng ch phm ny t ti 40.000 ha (Coppel et al., 1977; Kandybin, 1989).
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Nhng nghin cu v ong mt vn c tin hnh nhiu nc, c bit l Lin X c. Ngoi cc nghin cu v sinh hc sinh thi ca cc loi c nhn th, cn c nhiu cng b v phn loi ong mt (Schepetilnikova, 1974). T nhng nm 1950, cc nh cn trng hc chu u bt u nghin cu cc bin php bo v v li dng thin ch t nhin trong phng chng cn trng hi: phun thuc theo bng, dng thuc ha hc c thi gian tc dng ngn, chun b ni qua ng cho chim n su,... (Coppel et al., 1977; Telenga, 1959). Ti Hoa K, BPSH pht trin mnh m trc nm 1940, v ch cn tin hnh bang California, Hawaii trong cc nm 1940-1960. Trong thi gian ny, cc nh khoa hc California nghin cu hon thin c cc phng php nui cn trng vt ch v cc thin ch ca chng. thc hin thnh cng nhng chng trnh v BPSH i vi rp sp, rp mui, nhn (Hagen et al., 1973). Trong thp nin 1950 c mt s nh cn trng nh Stern (1949), Michelbacher (1952), Smith (1954), Bartlett (1956),... i su nghin cu kt hp bin php ha hc vi BPSH theo hng tm kim cc gii php hn ch nh hng xu ca thuc ha hc i vi cc sinh vt c ch trong sinh qun nng nghip (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). T nhng nm 1960 n cui th k 20, BPSH i vi su hi c y mnh nghin cu v p dng nhiu nc trn th gii. Th d, nghin cu s dng ong mt tr su hi c tin hnh hn 90 nc trn th gii. i u trong nghin cu ng dng ong mt l Lin X c, Trung Quc. Vo nhng nm 1980, hng nm Lin X c s dng ong mt vi din tch trn di 16 triu ha v Trung Quc l 3-4 triu ha. c bit, Trung Quc nghin cu thnh cng thc n nhn to nhn nui 6 loi ong mt . Thc n nhn to ny c bc trong mng mng gi l trng nhn to. Qu trnh ny c c gii ha v tin hnh nh my dp trng nhn to. Trong cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cn trng th vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) c nghin cu s dng rng ri nht. n cui th k 20, trn th gii c hng chc cng ty sn xut vi chc loi ch phm sinh hc khc nhau t Bt. Hoa K, Canada v Trung Quc l nhng nc s dng ch phm Bt nhiu nht vi din tch hng triu ha mi nm (dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995). Cc lnh vc nghin cu v BPSH phng chng su hi ngy cng c m rng v thnh cng t c nhiu nc. Hin nay trn th gii c hng chc sn phm sinh hc l cc k sinh, bt mi c thng mi ha nh ong mt Trichogramma spp., ong Encarsia formosana, ong Habrobracon hebetor,... Ngoi cc ch phm sinh hc t Bt, n nay trn th gii c hng chc loi ch sinh hc t cc sinh vt khc (nm, virt, tuyn trng) phng chng su hi (Falcon, 1985; Ignoffo, 1985; Ravensberg, 1992; Schwarz, 1992). T nm 1975, bin php BPSH c coi l bin php quan trng, l mt phn ca IPM phng chng su hi trn nhiu loi cy trng. Bin php sinh hc i vi c di Chng trnh nghin cu BPSH i vi c di u tin c ngha c Koebele tin hnh Hawaii vo nm 1902 (Perkins et al., 1924). Koebel nhp ni mt s cn trng hi qu v hoa cy c Lantana camara t Mexico tr c ny Hawaii. Cc chng trnh nghin cu BPSH i vi c di Australia c bt u t nm 1912. Nhiu loi cn trng n thc vt chuyn tnh c nhp ni v Australia tr cc loi xng rng Opuntia inermis, O. stricta, c ban Hypericum perforatum (Andres et al., 1976; Harley et al., 1992). u th k 20, ngoi Australia ra, mt s nc nh Sri-Lanka, n , Nam Phi, New Zealand, Madagascar, o Mauritius cng tin hnh nhp ni cn trng n thc vt chuyn tnh tr c di.

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Sau chin tranh th gii th II, c bit t sau 1950, nhiu nc quan tm n BPSH i vi c di. Vic nhp ni cc thin ch tr c di c tin hnh khng ch cc nc pht trin (nh Australia, Canada, Hoa K...) m cn c cc nc ang pht trin nh Chile, Kenya, Tanzania... (Julien, 1992). Vic tm kim cc nm k sinh chuyn tnh tr c di vn c tin hnh. Leach (1946) xut dng nm Colletotrichum xanthii tr c Cuscuta. Ti New South Wales dng nm C. xanthii tr c Xanthium spinosum. Ti Lin X c dng nm Alternaria cuscutacidae tr Cuscuta t nm 1960 (Simmonds et al., 1976). Thng k n nm 1980 tin hnh c 174 chng trnh nghin cu BPSH i vi 101 loi c di ti hn 70 nc trn th gii. n 1992, trn th gii tin hnh nhp ni 729 loi n thc vt chuyn tnh t nc ny sang nc khc tr 117 loi c di. nghin cu v pht trin c hng chc ch phm sinh hc tr c t nm gy bnh chuyn tnh trn c di (Julien, 1992). Bin php sinh hc i vi vt gy bnh cy C l nghin cu v BPSH i vi vt gy bnh cy c tin hnh mun hn c. T nm 1908 Potter chng minh rng hot tnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy c th c ch c bng cc sn phm trao i cht ca chnh n. Nm 1926, Sanford nu kin li dng qun th vi khun hoi sinh trong t phng chng bnh gh khoai ty do Streptomyces scabies. lm tng qun th vi khun hoi sinh, Sanford khuyn co dng phn xanh i vi khoai ty. Nm 1955, Wood v Tveit a ra 3 c ch i khng gia cc vi sinh vt l cnh tranh, khng sinh v tiu dit nhau (n tht nhau hoc k sinh). Phn ln cc nghin cu c tnh quyt nh v kh nng i khng theo c ch khng sinh ca cc loi vi khun thuc ging Pseudomonas trong vng r cy c tin hnh trong thi gian 1979-1990. Gerlagh (1968) v Vojinovic (1972) ghi nhn hin tng mc b bnh cht ton cy do nm Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici gy ra trn la m gim t nhin l do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt i khng. Nm 1979, phn lp c chng 2-79 ca vi khun Pseudomonas fluorescens t vng r cy la m. Chng vi khun ny khi x l ht ging cho hiu qu cao trong phng chng bnh cht ton cy la m (Baker, 1985; Cook, 1991; Gnanamanickam, 2002; Van Driesche et al., 1996). Nm 1929, Hino & Kato cng b hin tng nm Ciccinobolus sp. k sinh trnn nm Oidium spp. Hin tng nm Trichoderma k sinh trn nm Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora parasitica, Sclerotium rolfsii c Weindling m t nm 1932 v chnh tc gi ny xut s dng hin tng nm k sinh nm gy bnh cy phng chng bnh hi cy trng. Drechsler nghin cu hin tng nm k sinh nm v nm n tuyn trng t nhng nm 1937-1938. Nhng nghin cu ny cha c tnh cht ng dng. Bliss (1951) thng bo rng nm Trichoderma viride c th tn cng nm Armillaria mellea khi b suy yu do xng hi thuc (Baker, 1985; Snyder et al., 1976). Hai loi nm Coniothyrium minitans v Sporidesmium sclerotivorum c Campbell (1947) v Uecker et al. (1978) pht hin l k sinh trn cc nm hch thuc ging Sclerotinia gy bnh cy. Fulton (1950), Stolp (1956) v Cross (1959) pht hin thy nhiu thc khun th tn cng vi khun gy bnh cy trong t nhin v cho rng c th li dng cc thc khun th ny phng chng cc bnh vi khun ca cy. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu tc gi nghin cu v nm k sinh nm gy bnh cy nh Aytoun (1953), Boosalis (1954, 1956), Butler (1957) hoc nghin cu cn trng n tuyn trng thc vt nh Aguilar (1944), Brown (1954), Hutchinson et al. (1960)... (dn theo P. V. Lm, 1995). Sau hng lot cc nghin cu s dng nm k sinh nm gy bnh trong phng chng bnh hi cy c tin hnh. Bt u t thp nin 1950, c nhiu dn liu v c s khoa hc ca bin php s dng nhng chng vt gy bnh hi cy khng c c tnh hoc c c tnh yu
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 phng chng bnh hi cy. Theo Stout (1950), chng c c tnh gy bnh yu ca virt gy bnh khm l o ch gy triu chng bnh rt nh cy b nhim. em chng c c tnh gy bnh cao ca chnh virt ny x l ln nhng cy o ny. Kt qu cho thy cc cy o ny vn tip tc biu hin triu chng bnh nh. Cng thi gian ny, Gamann cng quan st thy hin tng ny nhm virt X ca khoai ty (Snyder, 1976). Nh vy, bng cch nhim chng virt c c tnh gy bnh yu cho cy trng th s c bin php hu hiu phng chng li cc chng c c tnh gy bnh cao ca chnh virt . Grente v Saute (1969) tm thy nhng chng c c tnh yu ca nm Endothia parasitica gy bnh trn cy d. Nhng chng nm ny c dng x l cha cc cy d b bnh v cho hiu qu cao. Nm 1980, Kerr pht hin c mt dng K84 ca vi khun Agrobacterium radiobactor khng c c tnh gy bnh cho cy. y l mt tc nhn sinh hc rt hiu qu phng chng bnh hi cy do vi khun Agrobacterium tumefaciens gy nn. Nhiu chng virt gy bnh cy c c tnh yu c phn lp v s dng phng chng bnh virt hi cy (Baker, 1985; Takeuchi et al, 1992). n cui th k 20, bin php BPSH c nghin cu v ng dng i vi nhng bnh hi quan trng trn cy la nc, la m, bng, thuc l, lc, ma, u tng, c chua, to, cy qa c mi (Gnanamanickam, 2002). II. NGHIN CU V BIN PHP SINH HC VIT NAM 1. Khi qut chung v tnh hnh nghin cu bin php sinh hc Vit Nam Mc d bin php sinh hc (BPSH) trn th gii thnh cng hn 100 nm, nhng y l mt lnh vc khoa hc tng i mi nc ta. Theo nhng g ghi chp li, nng dn nc ta cng bit s dng kin vng dit tr su hi trong vn cam qut t th k rt lu (th k th 4). Nhng nghin cu pht trin BPSH th mi ch c bt u t nhng nm u thp nin 1970. Nhng nghin cu v thnh phn thin ch trn su hi la ca P. B. Quyn v nnk (1972-1973), ca Vin Bo v thc vt (1972-1973) v vic nh gi hiu lc ca cc ch phm sinh hc t vi khun Bt tr su t ti Vin Bo v thc vt (19711974) c th coi l nhng cng trnh u tin v nghin cu BPSH phng chng dch hi nc ta (P. V. Lm, 2003). T 1973, vic nghin cu s dng ong mt Trichogramma spp. tr mt s su hi c bt u ti Vin Bo v thc vt. Sau cng vic nghin cu ny cng c mt s c quan khc tin hnh nh Phng Sinh thi cn trng (Vin Sinh thi & Ti nguyn Sinh vt), B mn ng vt khng xng sng (Khoa Sinh, i hc Quc gia H Ni). n na sau thp nin 1970, vic nghin cu s dng ong mt Trichogramma spp. tr su hi c Chi cc BVTV Vnh Phc, Thi Bnh hng ng trin khai. T thp nin 1980, vic s dng ong mt Trichogramma tr su hi c Trung tm nghin cu cy Bng Nha H (nay l Vin nghin cu v Pht trin cy bng) trin khai ng dng trn cy bng. Nghin cu nm B. bassiana tr su rm thng Dendrolimus punctatuus c bt u t gia thp nin 1970 trng i hc Lm nghip. T cui thp nin 1980 n nay, vic nghin cu bin php BPSH c tin hnh nhiu c quan nh Vin bo v thc vt, Vin Sinh thi &Ti nguyn Sinh vt, Khoa Sinh (i hc Khoa hc T nhin H Ni), i hc Nng nghip I H Ni, Vin Nghin cu v Pht trin cy bng, Vin Cng nghip thc phm... Tc nhn sinh hc c nghin cu cng a dng, gm ong mt Trichogramma spp., vi khun (B. thuringiensis, S. enteridis), virt cn trng (NPV), nm cn trng (B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, M. flavoviride), nm i khng (Trichoderma spp.), tuyn trng hi cn trng (P.V. Lm, 2003).
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2. Kt qu ch yu trong nghin cu pht trin BPSH nc ta Trong khong 1/3 th k qua, chng ta tin hnh nghin cu nhiu vn v BPSH. Cc nghin cu ny tp trung thnh hai hng chnh sau: - Bo v duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhin - B sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy trng nng lm nghip 2.1. Bo v duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhin Hng nghin cu ny c cc nh cn trng hc chu u bt u t nhng nm 1950. Bo v, duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhin chnh l p dng cc nguyn l sinh thi trong phng chng dch hi. y l bin php r tin, nhng i hi hiu bit v h sinh thi nng nghip. Nghin cu theo hng ny bao gm cc vn sau: a. iu tra thnh phn thin ch ca dch hi Nhng nghin cu v khu h thin ch ca dch hi nc ta cha nhiu. Cha c cc iu tra v thnh phn thin ch ca cc vt gy bnh cy, c di, chut. Hu ht cc kt qu c tp trung vo nghin cu thnh phn thin ch ca su hi. C 2 loi cng vic nghin cu l: - Nghin cu thnh phn thin ch ca su hi theo phn loi t nhin. H b ra Coccinellidae, h ong Scelionidae c nghin cu kh y v thnh phn loi. H b chn chy Carabidae, h ong Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, h b xt c ngng Reduviidae ang c nghin cu v thnh phn loi (L.X. Hu, 2000; T.X. Lam & V. Q. Cn, 2004; K.. Long, 1994; H.. Nhun, 1982, 1983;...). - Nghin cu thnh phn thin ch theo cy trng. Thnh phn thin ch trn cy la, u tng, bng, rau thp t, ng, cy u n qu, cy n qu c mi, ch, c ph c nghin cu (. T. nh, 1984; V.Q. Cn, 1980; 1986; 1990; V. Q. Cn v nnk, 1979; L. M. Chu, 1987, 1989; T. T. N. Chi v nnk, 1995; T. . Chin, 1991; 2002; ng Th Dung, 1999; Cao Anh ng, 2003; Nguyn Th Hai, 1996; L. X. Hu, 1994; H. Q. Hng, 1984, 1991; H. Q. Hng v nnk, 1990; H Th Thu Giang, 2002; P. V. Lm, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1996; 2002, 2004; Trn Ngc Ln; P. B. Quyn v nnk, 1973, 1999). Trong , thnh phn thin ch trn cy la c nghin cu y nht (bng 2.1). Bng 2.1. S lng loi thin ch pht hin c trn ng la S lng S lng S lng thin ch Tn b h ging S loi T l (%) B chun chun Odonata 2 4 4 0,9 B b nga Mantodea 1 1 1 0,2 B cnh thng orthoptera 2 4 10 2,2 B cnh da Dermaptera 2 2 2 0,4 B cnh na Hemiptera 10 39 72 15,6 B cnh cng Coleoptera 5 57 113 24,5 B cnh cun Strepsiptera 1 1 1 0,2 B cnh mng Hymenoptera 18 92 173 37,6 B hai cnh Diptera 6 15 16 3,5 B nhn ln Araneida 12 38 59 12,8 B nm Entomophthorales 1 1 1 0,2 B nm cnh Moniliales 1 3 4 0,9 Virt cn trng Virus 1 1 3 0,6 Tuyn trng Nematoda 1 1 2 0,4 Tng s 63 259 461 100 Ngun: P.V. Lm (2000, 2002)
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b. Nghin cu c im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca nhng thin ch ph bin c kt qu nghin cu v c im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca cc loi thin ch nh: ong Trichogramma japonicum, T. chilonis, Trichogrammatoidea sp., Gryon cromion, Telenomus dignus, T. subitus, Tetrastichus schoenobii, Cotesia ruficrus, C. plutellae, Apanteles cypris, Microplitis prodenia, Dacnusa sibirica, Diadegma semiclausum, Diadromus collaris, Diaeretiella rapae, Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cam.), d nhy Metioche vittaticollis (Stal), b chn chy Chlaenius bioculatus, b ra Harmonia octomaculata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis, Lemnia biplagiata, b xt hoa Eocanthecona furcellata, b xt Andrallas spinidens, b xt bt mi b tr Orius sauteri, b xt bt mi Xylocoris flavipes, rui n rp Episyrphus balteatus, Ischiodon scutellaris, Syrphinella miranda, nhn si vn inh ba Pardosa pseudoannulata, nhn linh miu Oxyopes javanus, Amblyseius (. T.Dung, 1999; Ng. V. nh, 2005; H.T.T.Giang, 2001, 2002, 2003; H.Q.Hng, 1981,2001; H.Q.Hung et al., 2003; H. Lm et al., 2001; P.V.Lm v nnk, 1994, 1996, 2000; Q.T.Ng, 2000; B.X. Phng, 2000; M.P. Qu v nnk, 1978; D.M. T, 2005, Yorn Try & H.Q. Hng, 2005,...). Thi gian vng i ca mt s loi thin ch c ghi trong bng 2.2. Bng 2.2. Thi gian vng i ca mt s thin ch Thi gian iu kin nui Kh nng sinh Tn thin ch vng i (nhit , m ) sn (trng/ci) (ngy) T. japonicum 6,1-8,1 53,0 22-27 0C & 83-95% T. dignus 10,0-11,4 46,6 23-28 0C & 81-85% G. cromion 10,1-17,6 9,2-10,5 23-300C &70-80% C. plutellae 12,8-13,9 88,3 21-26 0C & 75-90% T. flavo-orbitalis 19,3 62,5 26,3 0C & 86,3% E. furcellata 53,3-74,4 126-191 iu kin t nhin P. pseudoannulata 123-219 164,6-204 iu kin t nhin L. biplagiata 17,7-20,0 28,3-183,5 25-300C & 75-82,6% I. scutellaris 23,3 21,80C & 73,3% c. nh gi vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su hi chnh Cc nhm thin ch (hay tng loi thin ch) c vai tr khng ging nhau trong vic km hm s pht trin ca dch hi. Bi vy vic nh gi vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng dch hi l vn rt quan trng khi nghin cu li dng chng phng chng dch hi. Vai tr ca tp hp cc thin ch trong hn ch s lng su hi la c th tm thy trong cc cng trnh ca L.M. Chu (1987, 1989), V.Q. Cn (1989,1990), H.Q. Hng (1984), N.V. Hunh v nnk (1980), P.V. Lm (1985, 1995), P.V. Lm v nnk (1983, 1989, 1993, 1996...), Trn Ngc Ln (2000), K.. Long (1994),... Cc kt qu ny cho thy vai tr km hm s lng su hi la ca ring tng loi thin ch thng th khng ln, song vai tr ny ca mt tp hp thin ch i vi mt loi su hi la no trong tng lc tng iu kin c th th li rt ln v rt c ngha km hm su hi pht trin. Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch su hi bng c Trung tm Nghin cu cy bng Nha H tin hnh ti cc vng bng min Nam. Nhng nghin cu ch ra rng ong mt Trichogramma spp., NPV, b xt bt mi, tp hp nhn ln bt mi l nhng thin ch c vai tr quan trng trong hn ch s pht trin ca su xanh H.

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armigera, A. flava, S. exigua,... hi bng (N.H. Bnh, 1994; N.H. Bnh v nnk, 1983; N.T. Hai, 1996; P.H. Nhng, 1996; N.T. Sn, 1985,...). Ngoi ra cn c cc nghin cu v vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s pht trin ca su hi trn cy u tng (T.. Chin, 2003; .T. Dung, 2000; Dy Sam An, H.Q. Hung, 2001), rau h hoa thp t (D.T. Dung, 2003; H.T.T. Giang, 2002; N.D. Khiem et al., 2003; P.V. Lm v nnk, 2000, 2002; K.. Long, 1994, 2003), u n qu (H.Q. Hung, 2003; P.V. Lm v nnk, 2002, 2003), cy n qu c mi (P.V. Lm v nnk, 1999, 2000). c. Nghin cu nh hng ca cc iu kin sinh thi n thin ch nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n s tch lu s lng ca thin ch trn cc cy trng l mt c s quan trng xy dng bin php bo v, khch l cc thin ch t nhin trong hn ch dch hi. Vn ny cha c nghin cu nhiu nc ta. Phn ln cc nghin cu c tp trung vo nh gi nh hng ca cc thuc ha hc i vi cc thin ch ca su hi la, bng, rau h hoa thp t. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy hu ht cc thuc ha hc tr su s dng nc ta u gy nh hng rt ln n s tch lu s lng ca thin ch t nhin (L.M. Chu v nnk, 1987; V.Q. Cn v nnk, 1992; N. V. Hunh v nnk, 1980; P.V. Lm 1988, 1991, 1999; P.V. Lm v nnk, 1994, 1996; K.. Long, 1990; N.Th v nnk, 1989,...). C mt s nghin cu v nh hng ca iu kin canh tc n s tch lu thin ch trn cy la v cy bng. Th d, rung la thng xuyn nc, cy nhiu v la, ging la nhim ry nu l nhng iu kin thun li cho s tch lu thin ch ca su hi la (L.M. Chu, 1987; P.V. Lm v nnk, 2003). Trng xen bng ma vo ng bng, xen bng vi ng, u tng s lm tng tnh a dng v vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch su hi bng (N.H.Bnh, 1994; N. T. Hai, 1996; P.V. Lm, 1989; N. Th v nnk, 1989;) C mt s t i kt qu nghin cu v ni c tr, tn ti, chu chuyn ca thin ch khi khng c cy trng trn ng rung. Sau thu hoch la Ma ng bng sng Hng l ma ng cng l thi gian khng c la trn ng.. Trong thi gian ny, c nhiu loi k sinh ca cn trng cnh vy hi la tn ti pha trng thnh, tr ng trong cc cy bi b ng hoc vn cy n qu gn ng la. Mt khc, nhiu loi thin ch a thc ca su hi la chuyn sang sng trn cc su hi ng, u tng (P. V. Lm, 1995; K.. Long, 1990). Khi khng c la trn ng, cc cy c m hoa c mt l ni c tr ca nhiu thin ch, v mt hoa v phn hoa l ngun thc n thm c gi tr ca nhiu loi thin ch. vng Cn Th ghi nhn c 30 loi cy c l ni tr ng ca nhiu loi thin ch ca su hi la (L.M. Chu v nnk, 1987; T. T. N. Chi v nnk, 1995; P.V. Lm, 1995). 2.2. Nghin cu b sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy trng nng lm nghip a. Nhp ni, thun ha thin ch tr dch hi ngoi lai Nm 1996, c s ti tr ca FAO, chi cc BVTV tnh Lm ng nhp ni t Malaysia ong k sinh D. semiclausum tr su t Lt. Sau 3 nm (t 1997) nhn v th ra mt s a im Lt, ong D. semiclausum tn ti, thit lp c qun th rung th ong v pht tn ra nhng rung xung quanh. T l k sinh ca ong D. semiclausum trn su t t 2,6 - 69,4% tu thuc vo iu kin c th ni th ong. ni khng th ong, t l k sinh ca ong t khong 24,3%. Nm 1995-1997, trong chng trnh hp tc quc t vi t chc CSIRO (Australia) do ACIAR ti tr, Vin BVTV nhp ni 3 tc nhn sinh hc tr cy trinh n thn g (Mimosa pigra) v 2 tc nhn sinh hc tr cy bo ty (Eichhornia crassipes). Cc tc nhn nhp ni l su c thn trinh n (Carmenta
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mimosae), mt c ht trinh n (Acanthoscelides puniceus, A. quadridentatus), b vi voi dc c bo ty (Neochetia bruchi) v su c cng bo ty (Sameodes albiguttalis). Kt qu th nghim kim tra tnh chuyn ho thc n ca cc tc nhn sinh hc nhp ni cho thy tt c chng u c tnh chuyn ho thc n rt cao. Vin BVTV xut xin php cc c quan qun l cho th su c thn trinh n tr cy trinh n thn g v b vi voi c c beo ty tr bo ty. Hai tc nhn ny th ra tn ti v to lp qun th ni th chng. b. Di chuyn thin ch trong cng khu phn b ca loi Kin vng (Oecophylla smaragdina) l thin ch tng i ph bin trong cc vn cy n qu c mi nc ta. Tuy vy, mt s vn cy n qu c mi thiu vng loi ny. Nng dn p dng mi bin php di chuyn kin vng t vn c n nhng vn khng c n. c. Nhn th thin ch tr dch hi * Nhn th cc k sinh su hi nc ta mi nghin cu nhn th ong mt Trichogramma spp. tr trng su hi. n nay xy dng c qui trnh nhn nui lng ln ong mt trong nh bng trng ngi go Corcyra cephalonica. Cc loi ong Trichogramma japonicum, T. chilonis v Trichogrammatoidea sp. c nhn nui th tr su hi. nghin cu dng ong mt tr mt s su hi nh su cun l nh (C. medinalis), su c thn la bm hai chm (S. incertulas), su o xanh (A. flava), su xanh (H. armigera), su c thn ng (O. furnacalis), su c thn ma (Ch. infuscatellus, Ch. sacchariphagus), su t (P. xylostella). Kt qu cho thy trng su hi ni th ong mt b k sinh t t l 35-94% ty thuc vo loi su hi v iu kin th ong mt . * Nghin cu s dng ch phm sinh hc t vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis tr su hi Vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) l loi vi khun gy bnh cho cn trng quan trng nht. Trn th gii, Bt c nghin cu s dng rng ri nht tr nhiu loi su hi. nc ta, vic nghin cu s dng Bt c tin hnh theo 2 hng: nhp ni ch phm Bt ca nc ngoi v nghin cu sn xut Bt trong nc. T nm 1971-1974, Vin BVTV tin hnh u tin vic nh gi hiu lc ca ch phm Bt nhp ni nh Entobacterin, Biotrol, Bacillus serotype 1, Thuricide, Thuringin 150M i vi su t P. xylostella, P. guttata, C. medinalis, O. furnacalis, M. testulalis, M. separata, S. litura. V sau, cc ch phm sinh hc t Bt nhp ni vo ch yu phng chng su t. Mt s ch phm c hiu lc rt cao i vi su t nh Entobacterin, Biotrol, Xentari, MVP, Aztron (bng 2. 3). Bng 2.3. Hiu lc ch phm Bt nhp ni i vi su t T l cht (%) ca su t sau x l Liu lng Tn ch phm thuc 2-5 ngy dng Trong phng Ngoi ng Entobacterin 3-5 kg/ha 90,0 100,0 58,4 90,6 Biotrol 3-5 kg/ha 93,0 100,0 65,3 91,4 Bacillus cerotype 1 3-5 kg/ha 55,0 100,0 62,7 80,5 Thuricide 3-5 kg/ha 40,0 100,0 52,7 72,4 Thuringin 150M 3-5 kg/ha 52,0 100,0 72,0 Xentari 1-2 kg/ha 85,3 100,0 81,3 87,9
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Delfin 1-1,5 kg/ha 75,6 100,0 Dipel 1-1,5 kg/ha MVP 6-7 lt/ha 75,0 100,0 V-Bt 1-1,5 kg/ha 46,3 80,8 Aztron 5-6 lt/ha 80,0 100,0 Ngun: N. V. Cm v nnk, 1978; L. K. Oanh v nnk, 1999; 1995,1996,1997

77,8 93,8 40,0 50,0 71,9 98,1 48,7 74,5 70,1 94,2 N. V. Sn v nnk,

Trong nm 1977-1978, ti TP. H Ch Minh nghin cu sn xut ch phm sinh hc t Bt gi l Bacin-78, nhng sau khng thy ch phm ny a ra p dng trong sn xut. T cui thp k 80 u thp k 90, mt s c quan nghin cu khoa hc bt u sn xut ch phm sinh hc t Bt. Trn c s cc chng Bt ca Vit Nam pht trin c ch phm Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, BC1, BC3, BC5, BTTH, BTTN. Ch phm Bt1, Bt2 dng nc vi liu lng 1 lt/ha cho hiu lc tr su t t 57,395,5% (trong phng) v 50,0-77,4% (ngoi ng rung). Hiu lc ca cc ch phm Bt1, Bt3, BC1, BC3, BC5 trong phng i vi su t, su xanh H. armigera v su cun l la loi nh C. medinalis tng ng t 60-100, 12-32 v 28-100%. Cc ch phm TST89, BTTH, BTTN vi lng 3-5 lt/ha dng tr su t cho hiu qu t 38,4-88,1% (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). * Nghin cu s dng nm cn trng tr su hi T gia thp nin 1970, trng i hc Lm nghip bt u nghin cu nm Beauveria bassiana tr su rm thng D. punctatus, nhng cha a c ch phm no vo ng dng trong sn xut. T u thp nin 1990, cc nm B. bassiana, M. anisopliae v M. flavoviride c nghin cu vin BVTV. Ch phm sinh hc t cc nm ny c sn xut dng th (hn hp mi trng v bo t nm) ca nm Beauveria v nm Metarhizium, tng ng cha 5x108 v 5,8x108 bo t/g. Trong phng th nghim, hiu lc ca ch phm Beauveria i vi ry nu N. lugens, su o xanh A. flava tng ng l 30,3-44,4 v 59,7-78,1% ngy th 7-10 sau x l. T l ny ca nm Metarhizium tng ng l 23,6-46,1 v 58,7-88,5%. Trong iu kin ng rung, ngy th 7-10 sau phun ch phm, hiu qu ca nm Beauteria i vi ry nu v su o xanh t 16,3-69,9 v 66,4-86,4% (tng ng). Cn hiu qu ca ch phm t nm Metarhizium i vi cc su hi nu trn tng ng t l 15,9-79,5 v 73,379,5%. Hiu lc ca ch phm t nm M. anisophiae v M. flavoviride i vi chu chu sng lng vng P. succincta trong phng th nghim t tng ng 36,5-94,5 v 71,0-73,7% ngy th 10 sau x l. Th nghim ng rung trong nm 1994-1995 ti B Ra-Vng Tu cho thy cc ch phm nm ny c hiu qu t chu chu t 39,9-66,2 v 60,1-72,0% tng ng ngy th 13 v 20 sau phun. Ngoi ra cc ch phm t nm Metarhizium cn c th nghim tr chu chu H. tonkinensis hi ma Ty Ninh nm 1998. Sau 15 ngy x l, hiu qu ca ch phm nm vi chu chu non (70,1-76,5%) cao hn so vi hiu qu i vi chu chu trng thnh (25,7-32,6%). * Nghin cu s dng vi rt cn trng tr su hi nc ta, cc nghin cu s dng virt cn trng tr su hi mi c bt u t nhng nm cui thp nin 1980. Cc nghin cu ny cng ch tp trung vo nhm NPV. Nghin cu s dng virt cn trng trong phng chng su hi gm 2 mng cng vic ring bit l: nghin cu nhn nui hng lot su vt ch bng mi trng thc n v nghin cu pht trin, s dng ch phm sinh hc t NPV. T nm 1988 Vin Bo v thc vt bt u nghin cu mi trng thc n tng hp nui su non cc loi cn trng cnh vy, nh su cn gi M. separata, su
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xanh H. armigera, su khoang S. litura, su keo da lng S. exigua, su c thn ng O. furnacalis, su t P. xylostella v su xanh bm trng P. rapae. Vin BVTV ch c 10 mi trng thc n t nguyn liu ph thi c sn trong nc nui su xanh, su khoang v su keo da lng. Cc mi trng ny c Cc s hu cng nghip Nh nc cp bng sng ch. T 1989-1990, Trung tm nghin cu cy bng Nha H nui su xanh thnh cng bng mi trng thc n nhp ni t n , Thi Lan. Sau , Trung tm nghin cu cy bng ci tin nhng mi trng ny cho ph hp vi Vit Nam. Cho n nay, vic nghin cu mi trng thc n thnh cng nht ch l i vi su xanh, su khoang. C th nui hai loi su ny trong iu kin th cng phng th nghim vi lng ln phc v sn xut ch phm NPV. Vin BVTV v Trung tm nghin cu cy bng Nha H xy dng c quy trnh sn xut ch phm NPV ca su xanh, su khoang, su keo da lng, su o xanh hi ay, su rm thng. Cc ch phm HaNPV, SeNPV, SlNPV c sn xut c dng lng v dng bt thm nc (1,5x107 PIB/mg). Trong phng th nghim, hiu lc ca cc ch phm AfNPV, HaNPV v SlNPV i vi su o xanh hi ay, su xanh v su khoang tng ng l 72,2-100; 78,7-100 v 52,6-100%. iu kin ng rung, hiu qu ca ch phm NPV i vi su xanh, su keo da lng, su khoang, su o xanh hi ay v su rm thng dng vi liu lng 2501000 su cht/ha rt bin ng ph thuc vo cy trng, a im v thi gian s dng (bng 2.4). Hiu lc ca ch phm HaNPV i vi su xanh trn thuc l ti ng Nai t 57,8-78,6%, cn ti H Ni ch t 31,6-51,1%. HaNPV tr su xanh trn bng Nha H v Sn La cho hiu lc tng ng l 34,0-65,0 v 43,489,8%, v.v... (P.H. Nhng v nnk, 1996, 1997; H.T. Vit v nnk,1999, 2000) Bng 2.4. Hiu lc tr su trn ng rung ca ch phm NPV Hiu qu (%) sau Ch phm Su hi Cy trng 6-10 ngy x l HaNPV H. armigera Bng, Nha H 34,0-65,0 HaNPV H. armigera Bng, Sn La 43,4-89,8 HaNPV H. armigera Thuc l, ng Nai 57,8-78,6 HaNPV H. armigera Thuc l, H Ni 31,6-51,1 SeNPV S. exigua Bng, Nha H 36,9-71,7 SeNPV S. exigua Hnh, Nha H 67,0 SlNPV S. litura Xu ho, VnhPhc 37,6-58,2 SlNPV S. litura Bp ci, Vnh Phc 68,7-71,6 AfNPV A. flava ay, H Ty 60,0-70,0 DpNPV D. punctatus Thng, Thanh Ha 21,7-46,2 n nay ch mi c ch phm HaNPV c s dng nhiu hn c. Hng nm ch phm ny c s dng trn din tch vi trm ha bng pha Nam. Sau l ch phm NPV su keo da lng c s dng trn hng trm ha hnh ty, nho, u xanh Nam Trung B. * Nghin cu tuyn trng cn trng tr su hi C hng ngn loi cn trng l k ch ca tuyn trng. Mt s loi tuyn trng cn trng c nghin cu to nn ch phm sinh hc phng chng su hi (Neoaplectana carpocapsae, N. glaseri,). Cng vic nghin cu tuyn trng cn trng mi c bt u t 1997 Vin Sinh thi & Ti nguyn Sinh vt. phn lp c 22 chng tuyn trng cn trng thuc ging Steinernerma v 11 chng thuc ging Heterorhabditis. Trong c 8 chng c kh nng dit su hi tt. 4 ch phm
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sinh hc tr su hi c pht trin t tuyn trng cn trng: Biostar-1(chng S-TK 10), Biostar-2 (chng S-CTL), Biostar-3 (chng H-MP11), Biostar-4 (chng H-NT3). Cc ch phm cha 1,5x106-3,0x106 u trng cm nhim. Hiu lc ca cc ch phm sinh hc t tuyn trng cn trng i vi cc su S. litura, s. exigua, A. ypsilon, P. xylostella, P. rapae, H.armigera t 63-100%. * Nghin cu sinh vt i khng tr vt gy bnh cy C rt nhiu vi sinh vt i khng vi vt gy bnh cy. Nhm vi sinh vt i khng c nhiu nc nghin cu l nm Trichoderma. Vit Nam, nhm nm ny cng c quan tm nghin cu u tin trong cc vi sinh vt i khng vi vt gy bnh cy. Cng vic ny c bt u t 1987 ti B mn Bnh cy Vin Bo v thc vt. Sau , cc nghin cu ny cng c tin hnh ti i hc Nng Nghip I H Ni, v.v T 1990 phn lp c cc ngun nm Trichoderma bn a. Nghin cu c ch i khng, iu kin nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca nm Trichoderma. Nhng chng nm Trichoderma bn a c hiu qu c ch kh cao (67,8-85,5%) i vi cc nm gy bnh R. solani, S. rolfsii, B. cinerea, A. niger, Fusarium sp. Nm Trichoderma cho hiu qu c ch nm S. rolfsii gy bnh ho lc v nm R. solani gy bnh kh vn trn ng tng ng t hn 90% v 42,2-45,3% (th nghim nh). Trong v ng, nm Trichoderma lm gim 51,3-59,8% cy ng b kh vn (th nghim rng). xut quy trnh sn xut ch phm nm Trichodema t cc nguyn liu nh b ma, cm go, b u phThc l nguyn liu tt nht nhn sinh khi nm Trichoderma (T.T.Thun, 1996; T.T.Thun v nnk, 2000,). Ngoi ra, c mt s nghin cu ng dng vi khun hunh quang Pseudomonas fluorescens, x khun Streptomyces sp. tr nm Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp. v Sclerotium sp. gy bnh trn mt s cy trng cn. * Nghin cu vi khun gy bnh tiu chy tr chut T nm 1994, vin BVTV bt u nghin cu sn xut b chut sinh hc t vi khun Salmonella enteridis chng isachenko. B sinh hc c hiu lc tr chut cao (80-100%) vi liu lng 1-2 g b/1 chut. Chut cht ngy th 4-10 sau khi n b. Hiu qu tr chut trn ng rung t 66,6-83,3% (L.V. Thuyt v nnk, 1999,...). * Nghin cu vi sinh vt tr c di T nm 1996, Vin Bo v thc vt hp tc vi Vin Nghin cu Nng nghip Bang New South Wales (Australia) nghin cu nm chuyn tnh tr c lng vc trn la. phn lp c nm Exserohilum monoceras chuyn tnh trn c lng vc. Nghin cu iu kin nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca nm v mi trng nhn nui nm hng lot sn xut ch phm sinh hc tr c. Kt qu th nghim trong nh li cho thy c lng vc cht vi t l 86,8% khi dng nm nhn trn mi trng Czapek hoc 100% nu dng nm nui trn mi trng PCA.

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III. CC T CHC U TRANH SINH HC 3.1. T CHC QUC T V U TRANH SINH HC (IOBC) T chc quc t v u tranh sinh hc ng vt v thc vt hi (International Organization for Biological Control of noxious animals and plants /IOBC) Mc tiu: Thc y s pht trin bin php u tranh sinh hc v s dng n trong cc chng trnh qun l tng hp (Van Lenteren, 2005). Lch s pht trin T chc quc t v bin php u tranh sinh hc (IOBC) l t chc mang tnh quc t c hnh thnh cch y 50 nm. Cc mc pht trin chnh gm: 1. Nm 1948 ti Stckhm hnh thnh tng v 1 t chc mang tnh quc t 2. Lin on quc t v Khoa hc Sinh hc (International Union of biological sciences/IUBS) quyt nh thnh lp U ban quc t v bin php u tranh sinh hc Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique vit tt l CILB. Mt Hi ng chun b thnh lp tai Menton. 3. 1955 IUBS ph duyt CILB. 4. 1956 Phin hp chnh thc u tin ca CILB ti Antibes, Php. 5. 1965 CILB i tn U ban thnh t chc v t c tn l T chc quc t v bin php u tranh sinh hc i vi ng v thc vt hi/ (International Organization of Biological control of Noxious Animals and Plants)/IOBC/OILB. 6. 1969 c s hu thun ca IUBS, t c tho thun thnh lp 1 t chc hp nht gia IOBC v T chc t vn quc t v bin php u tranh sinh hc (IACBC) thnh IOBC. Tip tc xut bn tp ch Entomophaga tp ch chnh thc ca IOBC mi. 7. 1971 Chnh thc thnh lp IOBC Ton cu k tc IOBC trc y. Mng li IOBC ton cu hin nay IOBC iu phi mi hot ng bin php u tranh sinh hc mang tnh ton cu chia theo 6 khu vc: Chu , Chu Phi, ng u, Ty u, Bc M v Nam M 9 nhm lm vic (Working groups) ca IOBC: a. Nhn nui chn t v qun l cht lng b. Bin php sinh hc i vi rp mui (Aphids) v rp sp (Coccids) c. Bin php sinh hc i vi c Lo Chromolaena odonata (Siam weed) d. Bin php sinh hc i vi su t Plutella e. Bin php sinh hc i vi Bo Nht Bn (water hyacinth) f. K sinh trng (pasitoids) g. Rui hi qu kinh t quan trng h. Ostrinia v su khc trn ng i. Sinh vt chuyn gen trong IPM v BPSH Nh vy c 6 Nhm lm vic tp trung vo cn trng, 2 nhm lm vic tp trung vo BPSH i vi thc vt v 1 nhm lm vic lin quan n lnh vc mi m c tc pht trin v cng mnh m l cng ngh sinh hc. Khng c nhm lm vic no v BPSH i vi vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cy.

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Hnh 1. Cc khu vc ca IOBC (theo Van Lenteren, 2005) 3.2. CC T CHC C LIN QUAN N BIN PHP U TRANH SINH HC Vin nghin cu khi thnh vng chung v bin php u tranh sinh hc (Comonwealth institute of biological control/CIBC) Vin c thnh lp t nm 1927 ti Anh. Ban u cc nghin cu ch yu tp trung Anh, Chu u, New Zealand, Canada, n , ch yu l phng tr su c thn ma Diatraea saccharalis (F.). Cc hot ng b dng li trong thi gian chin tranh th gii th II, Nm 1940 chuyn cc hot ng sang Ontario, Canada, cc d n thuc Khi thnh vng chung. n nhng nm 1970, CIBC hot ng trn 30 nc thc hin 615 ln nhp ni 137 loi k sinh v bt mi. Ngy nay, CIBC l 1 vin nghin cu thuc CABI, mt t chc lin chnh ph phi li nhun. CIBC cung cp thng tin v BPSH i vi cn trng v c di, CIBC xut bn Biocontrol News and Information, y l tp ch ra hang qu, gm cc tm tt ca cc bi bo, sch, ti liu hi tho lien quan n dch hai cy trng, cy lm nghip, hc, th , c di, qun l tng hp, k thut, phn loi v catalogues, sinh hc v sinh thi hc. UN/FAO T chc FAO cho rng BPSH l hp phn quan trng ca chng trnh IPM. FAO khuyn khch s dng cc loi thin ch nhp ni v hin nay ang n lc pht trin chng trnh IPM, trong nng cao vj th ca cc loi thin ch bn a. FAO cn thc u BPSH i vi c di v bnh hi cy. Cc hot ng bao gm iu tra thu thp, trao i, nh gi s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc, hun luyn v xy dng ch dn s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc tim nng. Ngoi ra nhiu t chc nh Vin nghin cu quc t v Nng nghip nhit i (IITA) nghin cu v p dng thnh cng BPSH i vi rp sp (Planococcs sp. v Nhn xanh (Mononychus tanajoa) hi sn.

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Cc a ch WEBSITE (t www. trc tn a ch (Lenteren, 2005) T chc quc t c cc hot ng lin quan n bin php u tranh sinh hc v IPM cgiar.org CGIAR institutes fao.org FAO United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization iaea.org FAO IAEA International Atomic Engergy Agency sibweb.org Society for Invertebrate Pathology: T chc quc gia v BPSH seb.br biocontrol.ca centre-biological-control.dk controlbiologico.org.mx Brazil, see siconbiol Canada (biocontrol network canada) Denmark (Danish Center for Biological Control) Mexico

Cc t chc xy dng qui nh v nhp v phng thch thin ch aphisweb.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/permits/biological/index.html USA Aphis cnpma.embrapa.br/biocontrol/ Brazilian regulations import natural enemies epa.qld.gov.au/ USA EPA eppo.org/ EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization) eppo.org/Standards/era_finalversions.html EPPO pest risk analysis, white lists of natural enemies fao.org FAO nappo.org NAPPO (North American Plant Prot. Org.) oecd.org/home/ OECD who.int/whr/en/ WHO (World Health Organization, world health report) Thng tin v BPSH v IPM faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref Dr. Fred Legners biological control encyclopedia ipmeurope.org/About%20IPME/Background.htm ipm.ucdavis.edu ipmworld.umn.edu/textbook.htm textbook on IPM nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ pestinfo.org data base scientists biological control and IPM Thng tin v cn trng, thin ch v dch hi aphisweb.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/permits/biological/index.html bba.de/eggpara/eggp.htm egg parasitoids newsletter; Trichogramma etc. cnia.inta.gov.ar/trichogramma bulletin on Trichogramma ent.iastate.edu/List/ IFAS.UFL.EDU/~ent2/wfly/index.html whiteflies insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/soy/siric insects in soy pest.cabweb.org pestinfo.org pests and natural enemies Cc nh sn xut thin ch chnh amwnuetzlinge.de Germany anbp.org USA (Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers) appliedbionomics.com UK arbico.com USA avancebiotechnologies.com bio-bee.com Israel biobest.be Belgium biocont.cz Czech Republic (Biocont Laboratory) biocontrol.ch Switzerland (Andermatt Biocontrol) biocontrole.com.br Brazil bionativa.cl Chile bioplanet.it Italy bioplant.dk Denmark (Borregaard Bioplant)
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biorend bioagro biotop.fr certiseurope.co.uk bugsforbugs.com.au bug@islandnet.com

Chile France UK (Biological Crop Protection / Certis) Australia Canada (Applied Bionomics)

controlbiologico.cl degroenevlieg.nl/home.html The Netherlands e-nema.de Germany entocare.nl The Netherlands ibma.ch Internation Biocontrol Manufacturers Association insectary.com Canada (Beneficial Insectary) intrachem.com Italy ipmlabs.om USA (IPM Laboratories) koppert.com The Netherlands kunafin.com USA (Trichogramma insectories) landireba.ch Switzerland mip-agro controladores biologicas Chile natural-insect-control.com Canada naturescontrol.com USA neudorff.de Germany nuetzlinge.de Germany (Sautter & Stepper) nuetzlingeanbieter.de overview of natural enemies / companies in Germany nijhofbgb.nl The Netherlands, Nijhof Biologische Gewasbescherming syngenta-bioline.co.uk UK thebugfactory.ca Canada rinconvitova.com USA wyebugs.co.uk UK xilema (axilema@yahoo.com) Cc tp ch v BPSH Biocontrol (Official Journal of IOBC) springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,540109-70-35621340-0,00.html Biological Control elsevier.com/locate/issn/1049-9644 Bulletin of Insectology Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=00138703 European Journal of Entomology eje.cz Journal of Insect Behaviour Neotropical Entomology seb.org.br/bioassay

CU HI N TP 1. Nu khi qut qu trnh pht trin bin php sinh hc trn th gii? 2. Tnh hnh nghin cu pht trin bin php sinh hc Vit Nam? 3. Xu th chung v pht trin bin php sinh hc Vit Nam v trn th gii? Ti liu tham kho chnh 1. Andres L.A., C.J. Davis, P. Harris, A.J. Wapshere. Biological Control of Weeds. In: Biological control (Ed. by C.B. Huffaker et al.). Plenum Press, New York, p.481-499. 1976. 2. Baker R. Biological control of plant pathogens: Definitions. In: Biological control in Agricultural IPM Systems. Academic Press, Inc. New York, San Diego, London. 1985. 34

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3. Lng Minh Chu. Nghin cu mt s bin php trong quy trnh tng hp phng tr ry nu (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) hi la ti ng bng sng Cu Long. Tm tt LA PTS Khoa hc. 1987. 4. Lng Minh Chu. K sinh su hi la vng mn. T/c.Nng nghip Cng nghip thc phm, 1: 17-18. 1989. 5. Trn nh Chin. Kt qu bc u tm hiu thnh phn cn trng bt mi trn mt s cy trng ti Gia Lm, H Ni. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc 1986-1991 HNNI, Nxb Nng nghip: 117-119. 1991. 6. Trn nh Chin. Nghin cu cn trng, nhn ln bt mi su hi u tng vng H Ni v ph cn; c tnh sinh hc ca b chn chy Chlaenius bioculatus Choidoir v b ra Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabr. Tm tt lun n TS Nng nghip. H Ni. 2002. 7. Chukhrij M.G. Biologia Baculovirusov i vius txitoplazmatichexkovo poliedroza. Kishinhev, 1988. 8. Cook R.J. Biological control of plant diseases: broad concepts and applications. In: The Biological Control of Plant Diseases. FFTC Book Series No.42. Taipei. 1-29. 1991. 9. Cook, R.J. & K.F. Baker, 1983. The nature and practice of biological control of plant pathogens. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul: 539 pp 10. Coppel H.C., J.W. Mertins. Biological Insect Pest Suppression. SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York. 1977. 11. V Quang Cn. Bin php pht trin cc loi thin ch hn ch s lng su hi la. Vin thng tin KHKT Trung ng, Thng tin chuyn s 41: 29-31. 1980. 12. V Quang Cn. c im to thnh cc h thng Vt ch-k sinh cc loi bm hi la. Vin KHVN , Thng bo khoa hc, tp 1: 55-62. 1986. 13. V Quang Cn. Dn liu v nhng loi ngoi k sinh cnh mng (Hymenoptera) trn su hi la. Tuyn tp cc cng trnh nghin cu sinh thi & Ti nguyn sinh vt, Vin Sinh thi & TNSV: 143-148. 1990 14. V Quang Cn, Trn Cm Phong, Trn Th Li. Mt s dn liu v h thng vt ch v k sinh ca cc loi su cun l la. Sch: Sinh thi hc phc v sn xut nng lm nghip, H Ni: 3. 1979. 15. DeBach P. Biological control of Insect Pest and Weeds. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York. 1964. 16. DeBach P. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press. 1974. 17. DeBach P, Rosen D. Biological control by natural enemies (2nd ed.) Cambridge University Press. 1991. 18. Doutt R. The Historical development of biological control. In: Biological control of insect pests and weeds. New York Reinhold, p.21-42. 1964; 19. ng Th Dung. Cn trng k sinh v mi quan h ca chng vi su hi chnh trn u tng vng H Ni v ph cn. Tm tt lun n TS Nng nghip. H Ni.1999. 20. Nguyen Van Dinh. Using the predatory mite, Amblyseius sp. and fungus of Beauveria bassiana for controlling the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Bank. Gronn Forskning, 13, p.5-11. 2001. 21. Driesche, R.G. van, & T.S. Bellows, 1996. Biological Control. Chapman & Hall, New York: 539 p Falcon L.A. Development and use of microbial

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insecticides. In: Biological control in Agricultural IPM Systems. Academic Press, Inc. New York, p.229-242. 1985. 22. H Th Thu Giang. Nghin cu thin ch su hi rau h hoa thp t; c im sinh hc, sinh thi ca hai loi ong Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) v Diadromus collaris Gravenhorst k sinh trn su t Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) ngoi thnh H Ni. Tm tt LATS nng nghip. 2002. 23. Gnanamanickam S. S. (ed.). Biological control of Crop Diseases. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 2002. 24. Hagen K.S., Franz J. M. A history of biological control. In: History of Entomlogy (ed. By Smith et al.) Palo Alto, Calif. P.433-476. 1973. 25. Nguyn Th Hai. Su hi v thin ch ca chng trn cy bng. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc (1976-1996). Nxb Nng nghip, Tp H Ch Minh, tr.108-120. 1996. 26. Harley K.L.S. and I.W. Forno. Biological control of Weeds. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney. 1992. 27. L Xun Hu. Ong k sinh trng h Scelionidae. ng vt ch, tp 3. Nxb KHKT, H Ni. 2000. 28. Huffaker C.B., Messenger P. S. Theory and Practice of Biological control. Academic Press, Inc. New York, San Francisco, London. 1976. 29. H Quang Hng. Mt s dn liu v c tnh sinh hc sinh thi ca 2 loi ong k sinh trn trng su c thn lu 2 chm: ong en v ong xanh. Thng tin BVTV, 1: 22-26. 1981. 30. H Quang Hng. Thnh phn ong k sinh trng su hi la vng H Ni; c tnh sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca mt s loi c trin vng. Tm tt lun n PTS Nng nghip. H Ni. 1984. 31. H Quang Hng. Su cun l nh hi la Cnaphalocrocis medinalis v ong k sinh pha su non ca chng. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc 1986-1991. Trng HNNI, Nxb Nng nghip: 90-92. 1991. 32. Ha Quang Hung. Morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of Dacnusa sibirica Telenga (Hym.: Braconidae) parasitizing Liriomyza satvae Blanched (Dip.: Agromyzidae) on vegetables and legumes in Hanoi region. Gronn Forskning, 13, p.13-18. 2001. 33. Ha Quang Hung, Bui Thanh Huong. Some Morphological and biological characteristics of the predacious bug Orius sauteri Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocorldae) cultured on Thrips palmi Karny and eggs of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. Gronn Forskning, Vol 7, No 17, p.47-51. 2003 34. Nguyn Vn Hunh, Hunh Quang Xun, Lu Ngc Hi. Kt qu nghin cu bc u v mt s loi thin ch ca ry nu. Sch: Kt qu cng tc phng chng ry nu cc tnh pha Nam 1977-1979. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni: 134-142. 1980. 35. Ignoffo C.M. Manipulating enzootic-epizootic diseases of arthropods. In: Biological control in Agricultural IPM Systems. Academic Press, Inc. New York, p.243-262. 1985. 36. Julien M.H. Biological Control of Weeds. CABI & ACIAR. Canberra. 1992. 37. Kandybin N.V. Bacterialnye sregstva borby s gryzunymi i vregnymi nasekomye: teoria i practiki. Agropromizgat, Moscva. 1989 38. Trng Xun Lam, V Quang Cn. B xt bt mi trn mt s cy trng min Bc Vit Nam. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 2004 39. Phm Vn Lm. Nm k sinh trn chu chu. Thng tin BVTV,5: 200.1986.

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40. Phm Vn Lm (1989), Mt s kt qu iu tra v k sinh v n tht trn rung la pha Bc Vit Nam. Thng tin BVTV, 2:54-57. 1989. 41. Phm Vn Lm. Thnh phn thin ch ca ry nu hi la. T/c. BVTV, 6: 47. 1992. 42. Phm Vn Lm. Bin Php sinh hc phng chng dch hi Nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 1995. 43. Phm Vn Lm. Kt qu bc u xc nh tn khoa hc ca nhn ln bt mi trn ng la. T/c bo v thc vt, 6:14-18. 1995. 44. Phm Vn Lm. Kt qu bc u iu tra cn trng k sinh thuc b cnh mng (Hymenoptera). Tuyn tp cng trnh nghin cu bin php sinh hc phng tr dch hi cy trng (1990-1995), Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni: 95103.1996. 45. Phm Vn Lm. Danh lc cc loi su hi la v thin ch ca chng Vit Nam. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 2000. 46. Phm Van Lm. Danh lc cc loi nhn ln bt mi trn rung la Vit Nam. Tp ch Bo v thc vt, s 5: 14-19. 2002. 47. Phm Vn Lm (ch bin). Ti nguyn thin ch ca su hi: nghin cu v ng dng. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 2002. 48. Phm Vn Lm. Nghin cu pht trin bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi nng nghip Vit Nam. Bo co trnh by ti Hi tho Quc gia v Khoa hc vo cng ngh BVTV k nim 50 nm ngy bt u cc hot ng BVTV Vit Nam, ngy 7-8/01/2003, H Ni, 16 tr. 2003. 49. Phm Van Lm. Thnh phn thin ch trn cy n qu c mi. Sch: Nhng vn nghin cu c bn trong khoa hc s sng Bo co Khoa hc Hi ngh ton quc 2004, Nghin cu c bn trong Khoa hc S sng, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, tr. 807-810. 2004 50. Lenteren J.C. Van . 2005. IOBC Internet Book of Biological Control Khut ng Long. Ong k sinh kn trng ging Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Microgasterinae) min Bc Vit Nam v kh nng li dng chng trong phng tr tng hp su hi. Tm tt lun n PTS khoa hc Sinh hc. H Ni. 1994. 51. Hong c Nhun. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. Nxb Khoa hc&K thut, H Ni. 1979. 52. Hong c Nhun. B ra Vit Nam. Nxb KHKT, H Ni, 1982 (tp 1). 53. Hong c Nhun. B ra Vit Nam. Nxb KHKT, H Ni, 1983 (tp 2). 54. Phm Bnh Quyn, Nguyn Anh Dip. Dn liu v ong k sinh su c thn la hai chm v trin vng s dng chng trong phng tr sinh hc. T/c. KHKT Nng nghip, 7: 494-498. 1973. 55. Phm Bnh Quyn, Trn Ngc Ln, Nguyn Th Thanh. Nhn ln n thtthin ch su hi la vng Ngh An. T/c. BVTV 1: 18-24. 1999. 56. Ravensberg W. J. The use of beneficial organisms for pest control under practical condition. In: Biological crop protection. Bayer 45(63), p49-69. 1992. 57. Schwarz M.R. Biological and integrated pest and diseases management in the United States of Americal. In: Biological crop protection. Bayer AG, Vol. 45(63), p.73-86. 1992. 58. Simmonds F.J., J.M. Franz, R.I. Sailer. History of biological control. In: Biological control (Ed. by C.B. Huffaker et al.). Plenum Press, New York, p.17-39. 1976.

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59. Steinhaus E. Microbial Diseases of insects. In: Biological control of Insect Pest and Weeds. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York, p. 515-547. 1964. 60. Takeuchi Y., T. Yamaguchi. Possibilities for biological control in Japan. In: Biological crop protection. Bayer AG, Vol. 45(63), p.87-98. 1992. 61. Trn Th Thun. Nghin cu nm i khng Trichoderma v ng dng trong phng tr bnh hi cy trng. Lun vn Th.S Khoa hc Nng nghip. H Ni. 88 tr. 1997. 62. Trn Th Thun, Nguyn Th Ly, Nguyn Vn Dng. Kt qu sn xut v s dng nm i khng Trichoderma phng tr bnh hi cy trng 1996-2000. Sch: Tuyn tp cng trnh nghin cu BVTV 1996-2000. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, tr.221-227. 2000, 63. Phm Th Thy. 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong BVTV. NXB i hc quc gia 335 trang Vaxiliev V.P. Metod i sredstva borb s vrediteliami, sistem meropriatii po zashita rastenii. Izdatelstvo Urozhai, Kiev. 1975. 64. Van Driesche R.G. and Bellows T.S.J. Biological control. Chapman & Hall. New York. 1996. 65. Weiser J. Microbiologicheskie methody borby s vrednymi necomymi. Praha. 1966. 66. Lenteren J.C. van (ed) 2005. IOBC internet book of biological control. www.IOBC-Global.org

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Phn B. C S KHOA HC CA U TRANH SINH HC Chng III. CN BNG SINH HC 3.1. KHI QUT V QUN X SINH VT Mt qun x sinh vt c xc nh bi cc loi sinh vt phn b trong mt sinh cnh, c nhng mi tng tc ln nhau gia nhng loi . Mt qun x sinh vt cng vi mi trng vt l hp thnh mt h sinh thi (HST). Nh vy, mt cch khi qut nht, HST c nh ngha l mt n v gm tt c cc sinh vt v cc yu t v sinh ca mt khu vc nht nh c s tc ng qua li, trao i cht v nng lng vi nhau. Trong mt HST, nc bc hi t cc qun x sinh vt v t b mt tri t ri ri xung tr li di dng ma hay tuyt v b sung cho cc mi trng trn cn v di nc. t c to thnh t nhng lp phong ha v nhng vt cht hu c thi ra. Thc vt hp th nng lng nh sng mt tri trong qu trnh quang hp v s dng cc cht hu c, v c cho s pht trin. Nng lng tch lu trong c th thc vt c ng vt s dng di dng thc n hay c gii phng di dng nhit theo quy lut ca chu trnh tun hon vt cht ca mt c th sng, hoc sau khi chng cht v b phn hy. Cy ci hp th kh cacbonic v gii phng xy trong qu trnh quang hp, trong khi ng vt v cc loi nm hp th kh xy v thi ra kh cacbonic trong qu trnh h hp ca mnh. Cc cht khong nh nit, phtpho c trao i theo chu trnh tun hon gia cc thnh phn sng v khng sng ca HST. Trong mt qun x sinh vt, mi loi s dng mt nhm nhng ti nguyn nht nh, to thnh sinh thi ca loi . sinh thi cho mt loi thc vt c th bao gm loi t m loi sinh sng, lng nh sng mt tri v m m loi cn thit, kiu h thng th phn ca loi v c ch pht tn ca ht cy. sinh thi ca mt loi ng vt c th bao gm kiu ca ni sinh sng ca loi, bin nhit m loi c th sng c, cc loi thc phm v lng nc m chng cn. Bt c thnh phn no ca sinh thi u l ngun ti nguyn c gii hn v do c nh hng n gii hn kch thc ca qun th. V d, nhng qun th ca cc loi di c c trng bi nhu cu c ni ng, chng ch ng trong nhng hang vi. Nh vy, qun th ca di b gii hn bi tng s hang vi c iu kin ph hp, chng c th tr ng. sinh thi thng bao gm cc giai on ca din th m loi tn ti. Din th l mt qu trnh tun t v thay i thnh phn loi, cu trc qun x v nhng c tnh vt l xut hin khi c nhng s xo trn do thin nhin hay do nhn tc i vi qun x sinh hc. Mt loi nht nh no thng gn lin vi mt giai on ca din th. V d, nhng con bm a nng v nhng cy hng nm thng tm thy rt nhiu trong nhng giai on u ca qu trnh din th khi xut hin nhng khong trng trong nhng cnh rng c th. Cc loi khc, k c nhng loi hoa c th pht trin trong bng rm, nhng loi chim lm t trong hc thn cy cht thng tm thy trong nhng giai on mun hn ca qu trnh din th. Cc quy hoch v qun l ca con ngi thng lm tri vi kiu din th ca thin nhin, nhng i trc b cht n ht cy bi v nhng cnh rng b khai thc chn ht nhng cy g to s khng bao gi c c nhng loi qu him m theo quy lut thng c trong giai on din th mun. S cnh tranh v sn ui thng lm nh hng n thnh phn ca cc qun x. Cc loi th sn mi thng lm suy gim trm trng s lng cc loi vt
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mi ca chng v thm ch chng cn tiu dit hn mt s loi trong mt s khu c tr nht nh. Cc vt sn mi c th gin tip lm tng tnh a dng sinh hc (DSH) trong qun x bng cch gi mt ca mt s loi vt mi mc thp n mc khng th xut hin s cnh tranh v ngun ti nguyn. S lng c th ca tng loi nht nh c s ph thuc vo ngun ti nguyn thin nhin m thng c gi l sc ti, hoc kh nng chu ng. Tng s lng ca cc qun th thng thp hn sc ti ca mi trng nu nh trong qun x c yu t kim ch do vt sn mi. Nu nh khng cn vt sn mi na, s lng qun th s tng hoc vt im ngng sc ti ca mi trng v tip din cho n tn khi nhng ngun ti nguyn tr nn cn kit v lc qun th cng s b suy vong. Thnh phn ca qun x cng b nh hng bi nhng mi tc ng tng h, trong loi n ph thuc vo loi kia. Nhng loi c quan h tng h thng c mt qun th cao hn khi cng tn ti. Mt v d rt ph bin v quan h tng h gia chim n qu pht tn ht ca nhng cy c qu mng; nhng cn trng th phn v nhng loi thc vt th phn nh cn trng; nm v to cng to ra a y; kin lm t trn cy v bo v cy khng b su ph hoi; nhng loi san h v nhng loi to sng trong san h. nh cao ca mi quan h tng tc ny l hai loi lun lun xut hin cng nhau v khng th sng thiu nhau. V d, nu nh mt s loi to sng trong san h b cht th tip ngay sau cc loi san h ny cng yu dn ri cng cht theo. Cc bc dinh dng. Cc loi trong mt qun x sinh hc c th c xp loi theo cch chng thu nhn nng lng t mi trng. Nhng th hng c gi l bc dinh dng, chng bao gm cc loi quang hp (c gi l vt sn xut s cp), trc tip nhn nng lng t mt tri tng hp nn nhng phn t hu c cn thit cho s sng v s pht trin. Trong mi trng ca HST trn cn, nhng thc vt bc cao, thc vt hn trn v dng x l nhng cy m nhn chc nng quang hp, trong khi trong mi trng nc, cc loi c bin, cc loi to n bo l nhng vt sn xut s cp. Cc loi ng vt n c (cn gi l nhng sinh vt tiu th s cp) n nhng loi thc vt c kh nng quang hp. Cc ng vt n tht (cn gi l nhng vt tiu th th cp hay vt sn mi) n nhng loi ng vt khc. Nhng ng vt n tht s cp (nh cc loi co, mo) n tht nhng loi ng vt c nh n c (nh chut, th), trong khi nhng loi ng vt n tht th cp (nh mt s loi rn) n tht mt s loi ng vt n tht khc (nh chut, ch, nhi). Nhng loi ng vt n tht thng l nhng vt sn mi, v mt s loi khc th thuc loi ng vt n tp, chng n c thc vt. Nhn chung ng vt sn mi thng c kch thc ln hn v mnh hn nhng loi vt mi ca chng, nhng mt thng t hn rt nhiu so vi mt vt mi. Cc ng vt sng k sinh to thnh mt nhm nh quan trng ca ng vt sn mi. Cc ng vt k sinh nh mui, ve bt, giun sn k sinh ng rut v cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh nh vi khun thng nh hn vt ch ca chng, v chng khng th git cht con mi ca chng ngay lp tc. Tc hi ca cc vt sng k sinh l chng lm cc vt ch yu i v ri cht dn cht mn theo thi gian. Cc vt k sinh ng vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot mt vt ch ca chng. Khi qun th vt ch t mc cao, cc vt k sinh c th d dng ly lan t vt ch ny n vt ch khc lm cho t l vt ch b nhim bnh cao hn v cui cng l dn n vic suy gim mt qun th vt ch. Vt phn hy l nhng loi sng trn nhng xc cy cht, xc ng vt cht cng nh cc cht thi, chng ph v nhng m t bo phc tp v cc phn t hu c. Vt phn hy gii phng cc cht khong nh nit v phtpho, nhng cht ny c thc vt v to s dng tr li. Vt phn hy ng vai tr quan trng nht
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l nm v vi khun, nhiu loi khc cng tham gia vo vic phn hy cc cht hu c. V d, nhng con chim qu n tht cc ng vt cht, c mt s loi b n phn ng vt, giun t phn hy cc l rng v cc cht hu c trong t. Nu nh khng c cc vt phn hy cht hu c v ti ch thnh cc cht khong hon tr cho t th s pht trin ca thc vt s b suy gim nghim trng. Nh mt quy lut chung, sinh khi ln nht (khi lng ti sng) trong mt HST thuc v vt sn xut s cp. Trong bt k mt qun x no, nhng ng vt n c thng c sinh khi ln hn l ng vt n tht, hoc nhng ng vt n tht s cp c sinh khi ln hn so vi ng vt n tht th cp. Nhu cu thc s ca cc loi trong chui thc n hay nhng a im c th nui sng c chng trong cc bc dinh dng thng b gii hn rt nghim ngt. Mt s loi cn trng nh ch n trn mt loi thc vt nht nh, v mt s loi thin ch ch k sinh mt s loi su xc nh hoc mt s loi cn trng bt mi ch n mt s loi su b nht nh. Nhng mi quan h tng h trong cc cp bc dinh dng nh vy to thnh chui thc n. Nhu cu sinh thi c th ca mi loi l yu t quan trng khng ch s bng pht s lng ca tng loi trong qun x. Hin trng rt ph bin trong nhiu qun x sinh hc l mt loi c th s dng nhiu loi thc n thuc thnh vin ca cc bc dinh dng thp hn trong chui thc n, v ng thi chng li l vt mi ca nhng ng vt bt mi thuc bc dinh dng cao hn so vi chng. Do vy m mt s m t chnh xc v c cu t chc ca cc qun x sinh hc l mng li thc n, trong cc loi lin h vi nhau bng mi quan h dinh dng phc tp trong chui. Cc loi trong cng bc dinh dng hu nh cng s dng nhng ngun ti nguyn ging nhau trong mi trng, nn chng thng c s cnh tranh thc n (cnh tranh khc loi). 3.2. CN BNG SINH HC Cc qun th sinh vt sng trong tng khu vc, trong tng h sinh thi u c lin h thch ng vi nhau, tc ng tng h vi nhau thng qua nhng mi quan h dinh dng v s tc ng ca nhng nhn t sinh thi, sinh hc khc. Trong qu trnh pht trin, tin ho, nhng mi lin h tc ng tng h dn dn thit lp nn th cn bng ng, cn bng sinh hc. Cn bng sinh hc cng lun lun dao ng v c iu chnh trong mt bin no , trc ht l do iu kin mi trng thng xuyn bin i. Mt khc bn thn cc qun th cng lun c nhng bin ng c th ca ring mnh. Trong qu trnh thch ng tn ti mi qun x c mt phng thc thch ng c trng, nhm duy tr s cn bng sinh hc vi n nh tng i. Hin tng mt ca mt qun th c duy tr trong mt phm vi gii hn bin ng tng i trong sut c mt thi gian di tc ng ca cc yu t sinh hc v vt l ca mi trng c gi l s iu chnh t nhin. Gii hn trn v gii hn di ca mt trung bnh thng t bin i r rt. Ch khi no bn thn nhng yu t iu chnh thay i (c trng hp ch mt vi nhn t c bn) hoc c xut hin mt s nhn t mi (nh loi k sinh loi n tht) th gii hn trn v gii hn di mi thay i. Tc dng ca iu chnh t nhin ln mt ca qun th trong mt thi gian no thng mang tnh quy lut. l sai khc cn bn vi s tc ng lm gim t ngt s lng c th ca mt loi su hi cy trng bi thuc bo v thc vt. Trong s nhng nhn t iu chnh mt th cc nhn t sinh hc thng gi mt vai tr quan trng, nhiu khi c tc dng quyt nh. S iu chnh mt trung bnh ca cc qun th do tc ng ca cc vt k sinh, vt n tht hoc cc vt gy bnh xung mc thp hn gi l iu chnh sinh
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hc. Nh vy, v bn cht, iu chnh sinh hc l mt b phn ca iu chnh t nhin. Tuy nhin sau ny do p dng bin php phng tr sinh hc trong cng tc bo v thc vt nn ni dung iu chnh sinh hc c sai khc t nhiu (iu chnh sinh hc nhn tc). iu chnh sinh hc nhn tc l vic li dng ngun li thin ch t nhin hoc nhn mi phng thch cc loi k sinh, loi bt mi hoc vt gy bnh ca su hi theo s b tr ca con ngi vi mc ch lm gim s lng c th ca loi dch hi n mc khng c ngha v mt kinh t (di ngng gy thit hi kinh t). Mong mun ca con ngi l thay thin nhin ch ng "iu chnh sinh hc", vi mc ch v yu cu nh trn thng khng phi bao gi cng t c. Do khng nghin cu k mi quan h phc tp qua li gia cc yu t ca mi trng m c khi nhng loi k sinh, n tht hoc gy bnh c s dng trong phng tr sinh hc khng th lm gim s lng c th ca loi dch hi. Trong trng hp , phng tr sinh hc tht bi v iu chnh sinh hc khng t yu cu. 3.3. CC QU TRNH IU CHNH T NHIN TRONG QUN X SINH VT V PHNG HNG S DNG ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt sng trong tng vng sinh thi u c nhng mi lin h gn b mt thit vi nhau, to thnh cc qun x sinh vt. Tp hp t nhin nhng qun th ca tt c cc loi trong qun x, gn b mt thit vi nhau qua nhng mi lin h c hnh thnh trong mt qu trnh lch s pht trin lu di v sinh sng trong mt vng sinh thi, thit lp nn nhng cn bng ng v sinh hc, sinh thi v lun c s tin ha thch nghi. Mi c th hoc ton b cc qun th, cc loi sng trong mt qun x u chu nhng tc ng a dng ca mi trng. Bn thn nhng nhn t ca mi trng cng tc ng tng h ln nhau, lm cho tc ng tng hp ca mi trng ln qun x sinh vt li cng phc tp. Do m kh nng pht trin s lng ca qun th cc loi khc nhau hay ca cng mt loi cng khc nhau ph thuc vo cc thnh phn mi trng. S lng qun th ca mt loi c th t ti trong mt mi trng c th no c gi l sc cha ca mi trng i vi loi . Sc cha ti a ph thuc vo ngun thc n v khong khng gian ca mi trng. Trong thc t s pht trin s lng ca qun th khng n gin ch l ph thuc vo hai yu t nh va nu. y khng phi ch do khi lng thc n v khng gian sinh sng cn thit trong mi trng quyt nh m cn c xc nh bi mi tc ng tng h gia nhng iu kin vt l, bi nhng c im ca ni v c bi c tnh ca loi bt mi, loi vt mi trong mi tng quan phc tp vi ton b cc yu t mi trng. Nh vy, sc cha thc ca mi trng l dn xut ca nhng mi lin h tng h sinh hc v v sinh cc k phc tp. Vai tr nh hng ca cc nhn t khc nhau ti s pht trin s lng qun th nh th no v nhn t no l nhn t ch yu iu chnh thng xuyn s lng qun th sinh vt l nhng vn cn c quan tm y . Hin nay trong nghin cu bin ng s lng sinh vt, ngi ta phn bit hai nhm nhn t: khng ph thuc vo mt v ph thuc vo mt . Nhm nhn t khng ph thuc vo mt bao gm cc nhn t v sinh gii hn th nng ca qun th. Nhm nhn t ny cn c gi l lc hnh thnh. S tn ti v tc ng ca cc nhn t ny khng ph thuc vo mt ca qun th. Tc ng ca chng c nh hng ti mt ca qun th nhng khng c tc dng iu chnh s lng qun th ti mt th cn bng sinh hc.
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Nhm nhn t phc thuc vo mt bao gm nhng nhn t nh cc hin tng cnh tranh, k sinh, n tht, v.v Cc nhn t ny tn ti v tc ng ph thuc vo mt . Thng th khi mt qun th cng cao th tc ng cng mnh v c coi l "tc ng ph thuc vo mt ca qun th", hoc l "phn ng do mt chi phi". Khc vi tc ng ca nhm nhn t khng ph thuc vo mt , tc ng ca nhm th hai c tc dng iu chnh s lng qun th. Trong t nhin, th cn bng sinh hc ca cc qun th c duy tr nh s thng nht v cn bng gia hai lc mu thun nhau. l kh nng sinh sn ln v nhng phn ng ph thuc vo mt , gii hn sc ti sn xut ca qun th. Hai lc ny bt u tc ng khi iu kin mi trng ngoi, bao gm c mt ca qun th, thay i, kh nng ti sn xut cao thng xut hin khi mt thp. Cn kh nng sinh sn b gim i hoc t vong tng ln khi mt qun th tin gn ti cc i v lm cho tc ng ca nhng nhn t c lin quan vi mt (v d, s cnh tranh) tng vt ln. Thng th khi mi trng (hiu theo ngha vi mt khng gian hn ch) b bo ho v mt mt th qun th s ngng sinh trng. Tc ng kim ch ca cc nhn t i khng vi s tng trng s lng ca qun th t n mc cn bng (cn bng v t l cht v t l sinh sn). Cng tc ng ca cc nhn t iu chnh tng ln theo mt ca cc qun th v ngc li. 3.3.1. Yu t iu chnh v yu t bin i S sinh sn hng lot ca cc loi su hi, phn ln khng tip din theo tin trnh t nhin. Bi v, vic s dng thuc tr su c th s cho kt qu dng tnh, hoc gi khng n nh, hoc gi m tnh. Cc c ch iu chnh bin ng s lng ca cn trng c tm quan trng ln v mt l thuyt cng nh thc tin sn xut, nhng l gii chng th cho n nay chng ta vn cha dn liu. Cng chnh v vy m trong sinh thi hc, vn c tho lun nhiu nht v c nhiu kin bt ng nht l bin ng s lng ca cc loi sinh vt. Tuy c nhiu quan im bt ng, nhng cng ngy cng c thm nhiu s liu tha nhn quan im v qu trnh iu chnh t nhin, hay l qu trnh t iu chnh. Theo quan im ny, nhng qu trnh dao ng lin tc v s lng ca sinh vt trong thin nhin l kt qu tng tc ca hai qu trnh: bin i v iu chnh (hay bin ci v iu ha). Qu trnh bin i xy ra do tc ng ngu nhin ca cc yu t dao ng mi trng, ch yu l do cc yu t thi tit v kh hu. Cc yu t bin i c th nh hng ln s lng cng nh cht lng ca cc c th hoc ca qun th bng cch trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua s thay i trng thi sinh l ca cy thc n, hot tnh ca thin ch, v.v Ngc li, qu trnh iu chnh c thc hin do cc yu t thc ti m khi tc ng c tnh cht lm gim nhng dao ng ngu nhin ca mt qun th khng vt ra khi gii hn iu chnh. Nhng yu t iu chnh hot ng theo nguyn tc ca mi lin h nghch ph nh. V d nh cc quan h trong loi v quan h khc loi. 3.3.2. Cc c ch iu chnh s lng cn trng Hin nay nhiu c ch iu chnh s lng cn trng c m t theo quan h trong loi v quan h khc loi, quan h qun x (sinh vt qun). Trong s , quan h cnh tranh trong loi c xem nh l mt c ch iu chnh s lng c tm quan trng ng k v c cp kh y trong cc phn trn. C ch iu chnh trong loi c ngha quan trng l yu t tn hiu tc ng gia tng mt qun th. Nhn c yu t tn hiu ny cn trng c phn ng nhm
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lm gim s lng c th ca loi. Phn ng xut hin do nh hng hot ng tip xc (va chm) tng h ca cc c th trc khi thc n bt u tr nn thiu thn. V d, kt qu ca nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy nhiu loi rp cy, cc dng c th c cnh xut hin v di c ra khi tp on nhm mc ch hn ch nn d tha dn s, bng n s lng, pht dch khi cy thc n bt u tr nn cn ci, yu ui. Trong trng hp ny, cc hot ng tip xc tng h c tc ng ln tng pha pht trin no , quy nh s hnh thnh cc c th c cnh hoc khng c cnh. cc loi ong k sinh, s tip xc tng h ca c th ci, tuy khng phi do cnh tranh v vt ch, cng lm gia tng qu trnh trng khng th tinh. Kt qu ca hin tng lm cho t l c th c trong qun th tng ln rt cao, nn mt qun th trong cc th h k tip gim st. C ch phn ng tng t nhm gim bt tc gia tng qun th cng c pht hin mt s loi cn trng khc, nhng c bit nhiu cc i din thuc h Pteromalidae (Wglie, 1966; Walker, 1967), Eulophidae (Viktorov; Kotsetva, 1973), Scelionidae (Viktorov, 1973; Trichogramma tidae (Kotsetova, 1972) Phm Bnh Quyn, 1979). Cc c th trong cng mt loi c th c nh hng ln nhau bng cch gin tip qua mi ca cc cht nh du (pheromon nh du). Kt qu th nghim ca Viktorov, Kotsetova (1971); Phm Bnh Quyn (1976) cho thy mi ca cc pheromon nh du nh hng lm gia tng qu trnh trng khng th tinh cc c th ci ca ong k sinh Trissolcus grandis, Telenomus dignus. S thay i tp tnh trng khng th tinh do nh hng ca pheromon nh du l mt trong nhng c ch iu chnh s lng quan trng cn trng mng k sinh, lm gim tc sinh sn khi mt qun th gia tng. Cng vi cc c ch iu chnh va k, s phn ha trong t l cht l yu t quan trng, duy tr mt qun th ph hp vi ngun d tr thc n v khong khng sinh sng. Khi ngun d tr thc n tr nn thiu thn th s cnh tranh trong loi xut hin. cn trng, c bit l cn trng k sinh, khi cnh tranh thc n th cc c th c iu kin chin thng, v hon thnh pht trin chng i hi mt lng thc n t hn so vi cc c th ci. Tri li, cc c th ci chu p lc nng n khi thiu thc n v phn ln b cht vo trc lc pha trng thnh. Kt qu l trong mi trng m thc n bt u thiu thn th t l c th c trong qun th s gia tng, cn c th ci li gim. 3.3.3. Phn ng chc nng v phn ng s lng Tc ng tn hiu ca mt qun th trong hin tng bin d pha c pht hin trc tin chu chu di c v sau bm v b que, l hin tng kh phc tp. S thiu thc n khng c lin quan vi qu trnh bin d pha. S hnh thnh hai pha pht trin khc nhau c v sinh l ln hnh thi, ty thuc vo s c hoc khng c tip xc tng h ca cc c th. Pha hp n xut hin do nh hng ca s nhm hp. Pha ny c cc tnh cht c trng nh sc sinh sn thp, tui u trng ko di, c tp tnh tp th v bn nng di c pht trin. Khi sinh cnh tr nn cht chi th hp thnh n v di c ng lot. C ch ca hin tng ny l do cm gic xc gic v qua h thn kinh ni tit dn n s bin i sinh l, tp tnh v hnh thi ca chu chu. Thuc tnh bin d pha c cng c bng tnh di truyn v ch c trng cho mt vi loi chu chu n c, s gia tng mt qun th khng dn n hin tng hnh thnh n. Trong s cc c ch qun x iu chnh s lng cn trng c pht hin th ng ch nht l phn ng chc nng v phn ng s lng i vi s bin i mt qun th vt ch hoc vt nui.

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Phn ng chc nng biu th ch, khi mt qun th vt mi hoc vt ch gia tng th s lng c th ca chng b tiu dit bi mt c th vt n tht hoc vt k sinh cng tng ln. Phn ng chc nng l tin ca phn ng s lng - s gia tng mt qun th vt mi hoc vt ch ko theo s gia tng s lng ca vt n tht hoc k sinh. Ch cc loi thin dch chuyn ho mi c loi phn ng s lng. Cng vi cc loi cn trng n tht v cn trng k sinh, cc yu t gy bnh cng c vai tr quan trng i vi s iu chnh s lng cn trng. Tuy b ph thuc kh cht ch vo iu kin kh tng, nhng cc yu t gy bnh c nh hng iu chnh s lng kh r rt khi mt qun th ca cn trng tng ln cao. Nhng yu t gy bnh cho cn trng trong thin nhin c th tn ti lu di di dng dch tim nng khi mt qun th vt ch mc di ngng tc ng ca chng. Khi mt vt ch tng ln cao, s tip xc tng h gia cc c th trong qun th trong qun th v s suy yu sinh l l iu kin cho cc dch ly lan, pht dch. Cc c ch iu chnh da trn c s quan h tng tc gia cn trng vi thc vt c biu hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau.V d, s tng s lng rp cy ko theo s hnh thnh lp lng hoc lp v bo v mt s cy. Lp bo v ny gy kh khn cho dinh dng ca rp cy v cng l nguyn nhn to nn cc biotip su hi mi, nh cc biotip ry nu hi la ng Nam chu v ng bng Nam B Vit Nam (Vin Bo v Thc vt, 1980). Nhiu loi c ch iu chnh s lng cn trng hin nay c pht hin. Tuy th, s bt ng v quan im ca cc nh khoa hc thuc nhiu trng phi khc nhau vn cn tip din. Nguyn nhn ca nhng bt ng, chc c l do cc tc gi s dng nhng ngun t liu khc nhau v qun th ca cc loi c thuc tnh sinh thi hon ton khng ging nhau hoc vo cc thi gian m cc loi c s lng khng ging nhau trong cc sinh cnh, cc h sinh thi hoc cc cnh quan khc nhau. V d, vo nhng nm 1969 -1972 khi dch ry nu lan trn th ng bng sng Hng, mt ry cao hn trung du v min ni Bc B. Thi Bnh mt ry 2.000-10.000 con/m2 vo thng 7-9, trong khi Tuyn Quang th mt ry cao nht cng ch 1.000 con/m2. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, ht thy mi c ch iu chnh s lng u c tc dng trong mt gii hn dao ng mt ca qun th. Mi c ch iu chnh c c trng bi ngng trn, ngng di v vng tc ng mnh (Hnh 4.1). Vng hot ng thp nht gn ngng di l c ch phn ng chc nng ca vt k sinh a thc v vt n tht. Gii hn tc ng mnh hn vi vng hot ng rng hn l c ch ng s lng c trng cn trng k sinh chuyn ha. Phn ng chc nng pht huy tc ng iu chnh s lng khi mt qun th mc thp; cn phn ng s s lng c tc ng iu chnh s lng c trong thi k m vt ch hoc vt mi c s lng thp, ng nh trong thi k gia tng mt n mc kh cao. Vai tr iu chnh s lng cn trng ca dch bnh thng ch th hin khi mt qun th gia tng n gn mc cc i. S cnh tranh trong loi l c ch iu chnh s lng cn trng khi mt qun th gia tng n mc cc i, khi m ngun d tr ca mi trng gn cn kit. C ch iu chnh ny ngn nga cho qun th khi b tiu dit. Nh vy, h thng c ch iu chnh s lng ca tng loi cn trng l mt t hp gm nhiu c ch, m mi c ch li c phm vi tc ng i vi tng mt qun th v c kh nng b tr ln nhau, m bo s thng nht v hon chnh ca c h thng. Nh vy m qun th ca tng loi cn trng, ngay c trong mi trng khc nghit, hoc bin i thng xuyn cng vn tn ti mc cn bng n nh. minh ha cho s tc ng ca cc c ch c th
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trch dn nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khc nhau. V d, Bondarenko (1972) cho thy s lng ca nhn Metatetranychus ulmi c iu chnh do h thng c ch gm bao gm ba bc: khi mt qun th mc thp - cc loi bt n tht a thc; khi mt gia tng ln cao hn mt t - do cc loi bt n tht chuyn ha; v cui cng khi mt tng cao - do quan h tng h ca cc c th trong qun th lm cho nhn trng trng thi diapause.

5 Cnh tranh trong loi 4 Mt 3 2 1 0 Thi gian

Hnh 3.1. M hnh tc ng cc c ch iu chnh s lng ca cn trng 1. Dao ng s lng ca cn trng; 2. Trng thi cn bng n nh ca mt qun th (mi tn ch phm vi tc ng ca cc c ch iu chnh) (theo Viktorov, 1976) Vit Nam, mt qun th ca mt s loi rp cy hi u, lc, bng v rau h hoa thp t (Phm Vn Lm, 2002; H Quang Hng, 2002) c iu chnh theo h c ch ba bc gm sinh vt n tht du thc (nhn v b ra), sau n cn trng n tht nh c (u trng b ra, ong k sinh v rui vng), cui cng do di c bng s hnh thnh cc c th dng c cnh. su c thn bm hai chm, s lng qun th c iu chnh nh h thng c ch ba bc gm ong mt k sinh (Trichogramma japonicum) khi mt qun th mc thp, tip theo l cc loi ong k sinh trng chuyn ha (Telenomus dignus, Tetrastichus schoenobii), ong k sinh u trng, k sinh nhng v sau l s phn ly th h lm cho mt t l u trng tui 5 ca la th 5 ri vo trng thi nh dc (diapause) (Phm Bnh Quyn, 1973, 1979, 2002). S hnh thnh cc loi c ch iu chnh s lng cn trng c lin quan hu c vi s pht trin v tin ha ca tng loi trong h sinh thi xc nh, theo yu cu i vi mc s lng v s iu chnh ca sinh vt ny hoc khc. i vi mi mt loi u c mt mt qun th ti u xc nh, m trong c lin quan n s cn thit phi duy tr quan h tip xc tng h gia c th ci v c th c, lin quan n cc loi tp tnh qun th nhm s dng hp l ngun d tr v khng i vi cc hot ng bt li. V vy, Vit Nam su rm thng v su rm hi rng khp c i sng tp th theo tng la tui, thng l trong tui nh, v sau chuyn sang i sng n c. iu chng t trong bn thn ni b ca loi cng i hi nhng c ch iu chnh nht nh vi mt qun th ca loi
2

Bch dch Thin ch chuyn ho

1

Thin ch a thc

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(Phm Bnh Quyn, Nguyn Anh Dip, 1973; Nguyn Vn Huynh, 1980; Sugonhaev v Monaturski, 1997; V Quang Cn, 2002). cn trng, ngoi c ch trong loi nhm ngn chn s gia tng mt qun th qu mc, cng cn c nhng c ch iu chnh kch thc ca s gia tng mt . V d, cc cht dn d sinh dc pheromon to iu kin cho cc c th khc gii tnh d dng tm kim, tip xc vi nhau; thm ch c th thu ht c nhng c th khc gii tnh rt xa, c khi thuc qun th khc. Nh kh nng ny, nhiu loi su hi c th tn ti vi mc mt v cng thp v gy kh khn rt nhiu cho cng tc d tnh d bo phng tr chng bng bin php khoa hc v c bin php sinh vt hc (do mt qu tha tht). V d, su cn gi hi la min Bc Vit Nam v Nam Trung Quc (Phm Bnh Quyn, 1979), su cun l nh (Nguyn Vn Hnh, 1984). S tn ti n nh ca tng qun x cng nh ca c h sinh thi c m bo nh cc quan h s lng xc nh gia cc chui dinh dng khc nhau. Ngoi ra, trong chu trnh tun hon vt cht, vai tr v chc nng do tng loi m nhim, k c vic s dng c trng i vi ngun d tr cng c tc ng ht sc quan trng. chnh l c ch iu chnh s lng ca loi ph hp vi v tr ca loi trong qun x hoc trong h sinh thi (Elton, 1949; Viktorov, 1960). Nhng c ch iu chnh s lng buc bc qun x hoc h h sinh thi, chnh l cc yu t gii hn v khi c s bin i l din th sinh thi. S tn ti n nh ca cc qun x thc vt m bo, mt phn do cc yu t nh ngun nc, dinh dng khong, nh sng, quan h cnh tranh loi v khc loi. Mt khc cn trng n tht, cn trng k sinh v cc yu t dch bnh duy tr v iu chnh mt qun th ca cc loi cn trng n thc vt mc thp hn vng hot ng tch cc ca chng. Cn trng thin ch v nm bnh trong nhiu trng hp l yu t quan trng hng u dp tt cc nn dch sinh sn hng lot ca cn trng n thc vt. Cc kt qu phng tr su hi bng bin php sinh hc l nhng dn chng ng tin cy v vai tr ca thin ch. Hin tng thc vt trong c phn ng bo v c bit i vi s tn cng ca cn trng n thc vt, chc c l l do c ch quan h tng h m thc vt cng s c nguy c nu nh cn trng thc vt b tiu dit, hoc gi cn trng c tc tin ha cao nn v hiu ha hoc lm gim hiu lc ca cc phn ng bo v cy thc n. S cnh tranh trong loi cn trng n thc vt thng t th hin hoc th hin mc thp ni ln vai tr quan trng ca thin ch i vi s iu chnh s lng ca cn trng n thc vt. 3.3.4. C ch cnh tranh trong loi cn trng n tht v cn trng k sinh th c ch iu chnh s lng qun th quan trng l s cnh tranh trong loi. Hin tng n tht ln nhau hoc k sinh tha xut hin trong qun th ch yu l do thiu ngun thc n. Nh cp trn, i vi chng, c ch phn ng s lng - kh nng gia tng s lng theo s tng trng mt qun th ca vt ch hoc vt mi l c ngha. Nghin cu dng nng lng trong qun x ng c (Menhinick, 1976) cho thy, nng sut tng s ca cy xanh cao hn nng sut tng s ca sinh vt n thc vt rt nhiu ( y phn ln l cn trng n thc vt). Ngc li, nng sut tng s ca cn trng n thc vt, y hu nh bng nng sut tng s ca tit tc n tht v k sinh. Hin trng ni ln mc bo him xc nh ca sinh vt d dng thnh phn c s ca tng qun x. 4.3.5. C ch thay i (lun phin) u th Trong thin nhin, cc c ch iu chnh s lng qun th hot ng theo nguyn tc thay i u th trong chui thc n. Nu mt mt xch no , mt
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qun th c iu chnh do c ch cnh tranh trong loi, th mt xch trc , hoc sau li do c ch iu chnh khc tc ng duy tr mt qun th mc thp hn mc, khi m ngun thc n bt u gim st hoc ngc li. Cc loi cn trng n cn b hu c phn gii hoc cn trng n hi cy trng thi cn ci, tn thng, c vai tr quan trng trong qun x cng nh trong h sinh thi. Chng c chc nng quan trng nh i qun v sinh, to iu kin cho qu trnh v c ha cc cht hu c tip din nhanh chng, phn hy xc cht thc vt. nhng loi cn trng ny (cn trng n xc cht, cn trng n cn b hu c), cc c ch iu chnh s lng ch yu l cnh tranh trong loi. V d, s sinh sn hng lot ca nhiu loi mt g, mt tre, na thng xy ra sau cc v chy rng, nhn hi ch sau cc trn hn hn ko di, sau cc nn dch su n l lm cho cy tr nn cn ci hoc do hot ng khai thc rng khng ng quy trnh, v.v... Hot ng kinh t ca loi ngi gy nn nhng bin i su sc trong iu kin tn ti ca cn trng. Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho thy cng cuc khai hoang, p dng cc quy trnh gieo trng cc ging mi lm gia tng s lng nhiu loi cn trng n l nh su t hi rau, su rm thng, cn trng chch ht nh ry nu, b xt mui hi ch. Bn phn ha hc, c bit l phn m lm gia tng s lng ca cc loi su c thn hi la, su cun l nh. Nguyn nhn ca s bin i vn cha c nghin cu y , nhng chc chn c lin quan vi s hy hoi c ch t nhin ca s iu chnh s lng. V vy, tuy c ngha kinh t quan trng, nhng nghin cu bin ng ch ca ring cc loi su hi nng nghip th s khng c nhng kt lun ng n v c ch iu chnh s lng. Hn th, cc kt lun ng v nguyn nhn bin ng s lng ca cc loi su hi ch c th c khi nghin cu so snh cc h sinh thi cn tng i nguyn vn so vi cc h bin i nhiu do yu t con ngi. Nhng thnh qu ca bin php phng tr sinh hc, phng tr tng hp (IPM) m nh mi ngi ang mong i, cng khng th t c thnh qu mong mun, nu khng hiu r c ch iu chnh s lng ca tng loi su hi. Nhim v c bn ca phng tr sinh hc, phng tr tng hp, chc c l l nghin cu v s dng ng quy lut c ch t nhin ca s iu chnh s lng cn trng. Nhng hiu bit cng l c s khoa hc ca bin php phng tr tng hp, nhm s dng ti u nhng c ch t nhin ca s iu chnh s lng vo vic hn ch tc hi do cn trng gy nn. gii thch cc nguyn nhn bin ng s lng ca qun th ngi ta p dng nhiu phng php phn tch khc nhau, m phn no c cp trn. y, ch mun lu mt vi kh khn gp phi khi nghin cu bin ng s lng cn trng. Mt trong nhng phng php thng c s dng - l phng php hi quy tuyn tnh a tp (hi quy a tp) vi phng trnh c bn: Y = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + ... + bnxn (1) y x - i lng bin thin c lp nh cc yu t kh tng; b - hng s. Phng trnh ny c dng tm tng quan ca mt qun th ca bin ng qun th vi mt ch s o no c xem nh bin thin c lp lng ma, nhit ... iu quan trng l phng php ny c dng lp phng trnh d bo. Phng trnh c thch hp hay khng s c kim chng thc t cc kt qu d bo. Tuy vy, thit tng y khng phi l phng php tt xc nh tc ng ca cc c ch sinh hc. Trong cc nghin cu thuc v sinh hc, khi p dng phng php ny c th dn n kt lun sai lm. V d, Davidson, Andrewartha (1948), Auer

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(1968) p dng cc phng php hi quy a tp, u khng gii thch y ngha sinh hc cc dng chnh ca t l cht. Nhng kh khn khc gp phi khi s dng phng php hi quy a tp d tnh bin ng s lng qun th hoc mt qun th l liu c th c mt tng quan no gia nhng bin thin c lp, hoc gi cc s hng ca hi quy l khng tnh cng c. V thc cht, c th khc phc cc kh khn bng cch phn tch nhng thnh phn chnh. Nhng vn li qu phc tp i vi vic xc nh cc quy tc chnh xc, ph hp cho phn tch s liu thc a. Trong mt chng mc nht nh, khi nghin cu bin ng s lng cn trng trong cc th h k tip nhau th phng trnh sau y s thch hp hn: logNn+1 = logNn + logF Kn (2) Kn = k1 + k2 + k3 + k4 + k5 + k6 y, k1, k2,... - gi tr k ca th h Kn; - t l cht trong c th h; F - tc tng trng ca qun th. Khi phn tch bng th thng xy dng phng trnh (2) vi gi tr k c tnh theo gi thit l tng ca cc k bng K. i vi tng gi tr k, nu hon chnh c m hnh mang tnh cht sinh hc y th khi ghp hai phng trnh (1) v (2) vi nhau, s nhn c m hnh bin ng s lng qun th. Nhng m hnh ny chc chn s thch hp cho vic p dng cc bin php phng tr cn trng c hi em li hiu qu cao. 3.3.6. a dng sinh hc ca cc loi sinh vt chn khp trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip a dng loi chn t c mi quan h ng thun vi a dng cy trng trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip. Cng nhiu chng loi cy trng trong mt h canh tc th cng thu ht nhiu loi cn trng n thc vt v nh vy a dng cc loi bt mi v k sinh cng cao hn (Hnh 4.2). Tnh a dng, phong ph hn c th ng mt vai tr chnh trong vic ti u ha cc qu trnh v chc nng ca cc h sinh thi nng nghip.

a dng cc loi thin ch (vt n tht, bt mi, k sinh, nm bnh)

a dng cc loi n thc vt a dng cc loi thc vt Cc qu trnh ca h sinh thi nng nghip
Hnh 3.2. Quan h gia thc vt, a dng loi chn khp v cc qu trnh h sinh thi nng nghip. m mi tn ch lng thng tin tng i thu c, th d v phn ng ca cc qun th n thc vt i vi s phong ph ca cc loi thc vt c nghin cu khc hn so vi chiu ngc li

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Kt qu nghin cu c nhng c s khoa hc b sung cho lun im rng h thng cy trng cng a dng ha th cng tng c tnh a dng ca cc loi chn t c li: 1. L thuyt v s khc bit tnh di truyn: Cc sinh cnh cy trng a dng v c cu s to iu kin cho nhiu loi hn so vi cc sinh cnh n gin. V cu trc, s phong ph cc loi thc vt v tip theo l cc loi n thc vt, cc loi n tht, k sinh, nm v vi sinh vt khc s to nn s khc bit nhiu hn v di truyn, to ngun sinh khi ln hn, to nn li dinh dng phc tp v bn vng hn, to kh nng chng chu i vi s bin i ca cc yu t mi trng cao hn so vi phng thc canh tc c canh c cu trc n gin trn mt vng. R rng l c a dng sinh hc loi ln a dng cu trc u quan trng trong vic xc lp nn s a dng cc loi cn trng thin ch ca su hi. 2. L thuyt v s bt mi: Khi cng c nhiu loi bt mi v k sinh trong cc tp on cy trng s lm gim mt vt mi l cc loi su hi n mt mc thp nht di mc ngng gy thit hi kinh t. Khi mt vt mi gim th s lng ca thin ch cng gim theo v nu c s t bin v cc yu t sinh thi th ri ro pht dch su bnh l kh kim sot. 3. L thuyt v nng sut: Cc nghin cu cho thy trong mt s trng hp a canh mang li nng sut cao hn so vi c canh. Nng sut cao hn ny c th to ra a dng chn t cao hn khi s lng ngun thc n sn c cho cc loi n thc vt v tip l thin ch tng ln. 4. L thuyt v tnh n nh v phn b ti nguyn theo thi gian: L thuyt ny gi nh rng nng sut s cp n nh hn v c th d on c trong nn nng nghip a canh so vi nn nng nghip c canh. S n nh sn xut ny cng vi tnh khc bit di truyn v mt khng gian gia cc ng rung phc tp s khin cc loi su hi b phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian to ra s cng tn ti ca nhiu loi su bnh hi. Cn phi c nhng nghin cu su hn xc nh xem liu s a dng loi cn trng c i lin vi a dng thc vt v nng sut ca cc qun x thc vt hay n thun ch phn nh tnh khc bit di truyn v khng gian xut hin do s t hp cc cy trng theo cc c cu khc nhau. Mt vi yu t mi trng nh hng n s a dng sinh hc, s phong ph v hot ng ca cc loi sinh vt k sinh v bt mi trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip l: Cc iu kin vi kh hu, tnh sn c thc n (nc, vt ch, vt bt mi, phn hoa, mt hoa), nhu cu v sinh cnh (ni tr ng, lm t, ni sinh sn), cnh tranh trong v gia cc loi sinh vt. Tc ng ca mi yu t mi trng thay i theo c cu cy trng v khng gian, thi gian v mc thm canh v nhng c im ny tc ng n s khc bit v tnh di truyn trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip theo nhiu cch. Mc d cc loi thin ch dng nh thay i cch phn ng mt cch rng ri vi c cu cy trng, mt v s pht tn. Cc bng chng thc nghim cho thy cc thng s cu trc ca cc h sinh thi nng nghip (a dng cy trng, mc u t) c nh hng n ng hc v a dng ca cc loi bt mi v k sinh. Mt vi trong s cc thng s ny c lin quan n a dng sinh hc v hu ht khng th qun l c (ma mng ko theo a dng c di, a dng gen). Da trn nhng thng tin c c, a dng sinh hc cc loi thin ch c th c tng cng v pht huy hiu qu bng cch: - a mt lot loi k sinh v vt bt mi nhp c bng cch nhn nui v phng thch hng lot. - Gim t l cht trc tip bng cch hn ch phun thuc tr su.
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Cung cp thm cc ngun thc n ph v vt ch ph ngoi vt ch/vt mi chnh. Tng cng a dng thc vt trong v xung quanh ng rung. To sc khng cao cho cy ch bng cch gieo trng cc ging cy tt, chm sc ng k thut, s dng hp l cc cht kch thch tng trng. S dng cc ha cht xua ui, cht gy ngn thay i tp tnh dinh dng ca cc loi su hi v hp dn thin ch. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TI LIU THAM KHO Cc Bo v Mi trng, 2004. a dng Sinh hc v Bo tn. Cc Bo v Mi trng, H Ni. 280 trang. Viktorov G.A 1967. Cc vn bin ng s lng cn trng, trng hp cc loi b xt hi. NXB Khoa hc Matxcva. 249. (ting Nga) V Quang Cn, 1992. Quan h vt ch - vt k sinh su hi la, thuc b cnh vy v cc loi k sinh ca chng Vit Nam, 226 trang (ting Nga). Phm Bnh Quyn, 1988. Phng tr cn trng gy hi bng cc yu t sinh hc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni. 55 trang. Phm Bnh Quyn, 1992. Integrated method for rice pest control in the Rive Delta North Vietnam. 19 Int Congr. Entomol BeiJin, June 28 - July 4. Proc. Abstr. Beifing. 391 trang. Phm Bnh Quyn, 2003. H sinh thi nng nghip v pht trin bn vng. NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni, 174 trang. Phm Bnh Quyn, 2005. Sinh thi hc Cn trng, Nh Xut bn Gio dc H Ni. 164 trang.

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Chng IV. MT S THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC 1. THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC Theo kinh nghim ca nng dn Trung quc, ngi trng cy c mi vng a Trung Hi bit s dng loi kin bt mi Oecophylla smaragdia Fabricius phng chng su n l cam (Mc Cook 1882, Clausen 1966). Ngay t thi xa xa ngi trng ch l rp nhn nui kin bt mi phng chng kin n cy ch l. y cng c coi l nhng trng hp u tin con ngi bit s dng k th t nhin (thin ch) vi mc ch ca bin php sinh hc. H bit phn bit cc loi kin da trn tp tnh n ca chng. Vallisnieri (1661-1730) l ngi Italia u tin ngh s dng ong k sinh Apanteles glomeratus Linneaus phng chng bm trng hi ci Pieris rapae Linneaus (Doutt 1964). Tip theo , vo nhng nm u ca th k 18 nhiu bo co cp n tp tnh k sinh ca mt s loi cn trng; cc tc gi cho rng nhiu loi thin ch c th c s dng nh tc nhn quan trng phng chng su hi cy trng. Quan im ny c tn ti qua nhiu th k ti ngy nay. Hu ht nhng ngh u tin s dng cn trng k sinh trong bin php sinh hc phng chng su hi cy trng u bt ngun t ngi chu u. Chng hn: E. Darwin (1988) ghi nhn s tn cng su non bm trng hi ci Pieris rapae Linneaus ca mt loi ong C h Ichneumonidae bng cch ong trng vo mt lng su non bm trng (Doutt 1964). Hartig (1827) ngh thu thp su non bm trng b ong c k sinh thu trng thnh ong ri th tr li rung trng bp ci c (Sweetman 1936). Php, chnh Boisgiraud (1840) thu thp mt s lng ln b hnh trng Calasoma sycophamta L. thuc h Carabidae ri th li vo rung phng chng su n l. Italia, Villa (1844) ngh s dng cng trng bt mi nh b hnh trng h Carabidae, kin 3 khoang h Staphylinidae phng chng su hi cy trng trong vn. C th khng nh, ngay t th k 18 nhng kt qu ng dng u tin bin php sinh hc chu u ch yu tp trung s dng cn trng k sinh hoc bt mi phng chng su hi cy trng m cha c ngh no v vic nhp ni thin ch phng chng su hi cy trng a phng. Nm 1991, mt s nc chu u nghin cu nhn nui v s dng ong mt Trichogramma sp. phng chng nhiu loi su thuc b cnh vy hi to, bp ci, c ci ng...(Meyer 1991). Cho ti nay nhiu nc chu u c nh my sinh hc sn xut hng lot ong mt bng dy chuyn c kh ha, t ng ho, gp phn ng k nng din tch cy trng c s dng ong mt phng chng su hi. T nm 1973 n 1987, Lin X (c) nghin cu nhn nui v s dng ong mt Trichogramma sp. v ong vng Habrobracon phng chng su xm Agrotis v su xanh Helicoverpa armigera t hiu qu. Theo Petov (1964) cc loi b mt vng (chun chun c) thuc h Chrysopidae l nhng loi thin ch c ngha trong iu ho s lng su hi chnh trn cy trng Bungari. Cng theo Zeleuny 1965 Tip Khc c ngi ta s dng loi b mt vng Chrysopa carnea Steph phng chng su hi trn cy cng nghip ngn ngy c hiu qu tt. K t khi nh khoa hc Louis Pasteur pht hin ra loi vi khun Bacillus
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thuringiensis gy bnh trn su non tm vo nhng nm u ca th k 19. Tip n 1915. E. Bertiner (ngi c) cng phn lp v xc nh vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis gy bnh cho su non ngi a Trung Hi Anagasta kuchniella. T nhiu nc chu u tp trung nghin cu sn xut v s dng thuc tr su vi sinh Bt. phng chng trn 525 loi su hi cy trng nng, lm nghip c kt qu tt. Ngy t nm 1720 Phillips pht hin virus gy bnh trn cn trng. T nhiu nh khoa hc cc nc pht trin ca chu u i su nghin cu sn xut v s dng virus, mt nhm vi sinh vt gy bnh c nhiu trin vng phng chng su hi cy trng. Balisneri (1709) pht hin nm gy bnh trn cn trng to iu kin cho nhiu nh khoa hc cc nc chu u nghin cu v s dng nm gy bnh cn trng phng chng cc loi su hi cy trng. Nm 1878, Metschnhikov pht hin v phn lp c nm xanh Metashizium aurisophiae tr su non b cnh cng hi la m Anisophiae austrinia c hiu qu phng chng su non, trng thnh b u di hi c ci ng Bothinoderes pauctiventris. V.I. Bilai (1961), G. Seiketov (1962), Domsch (1980) ln lt pht hin nm Trichoderma l nhng thnh vin ph bin ca nhng thnh vin ca h vi sinh vt t, chng phn b ph thuc vo vng a l, kiu t, iu kin kh hu v thm thc vt. Nhm nm ny c kh nng i khng vi cc vi sinh vt khc thng qua vic tit ra cc cht khng sinh, men ru cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao to kh nng c ch cc nm dch hi cy trng nh Rhizoctonia , Sclerotium, Verticillium. n nay nhiu nc chu u nghin cu sn xut v s dng nm Trichoderma phng chng hn 150 loi vi sinh vt gy bnh hi trn 40 loi cy trng khc nhau. Ngay t gia th k 19 hnh thnh hng nghin cu s dng tuyn trng phng chng cn trng. Trc ht phi k n nhng cng trnh khoa hc ca cc nh tuyn trng hc nh P. Bovien, J. R. Christie, N. A. Cobb, I. N. Filipjev, G. Fuchs, G. Steiner, G. Thorne (Nickle v Welch 1984). Theo Hara (1991) tuyn trng k sinh cn trng (EPN) c ph su ch rng, kh nng tm kin su ch v sinh trng rt mnh. Kt qu diu tra thu thp EPN Bc Ai len l 3,8%; Italia l 5%, B o Nha 3,9%; Thu in 25%; trong khi Anh ti 48,6%. Ti B 1997 nh khoa hc Miduturi phn lp c mt s loi EPN nh Steinernema eltiae, S. afinis v Heterorhabditis bacteriophora tr su ch b nhiu Hoplia philanthus. Mi quan h gia tuyn trng v vi khun ln u tin c P. Bovien (1937) cp n nhng ch c hiu mt cch su rng, mi ti Dutky (1959) mi pht hin mt s c tnh trong mi quan hn ny. Khong u nhng nm 1980, ngi ta c th nhn nui hng lot tuyn trng k sinh cn trng bng in vi tro vi cc loi vi khun cng sinh ca chng (Being 1981, 1984) gn lin vi vic s dng nhng loi EPN nay phng chng c hiu qu su c thn (Lindegren 1981), b cnh cng hi nho en (Reing v Miller 1981, Simons 1981) to ra kh nng thng mi ho sn phm sinh hc tuyn trng EPN dit cn trng gy hi cy trng. Brooks (1986) ch r hu ht cc loi Nosema thuc nguyn sinh ng vt Pzotozoa c nghin cu s dng trong bin php sinh hc phng chng su non b cnh vy v su non thuc b cnh thng nh chu chu, co co. Chng hn Nosema locustae c th c s dng phng chng hn 60 loi chu chu, d mn, d di c hiu qu. Nosema necatrix c nghin cu s dng phng chng su non b cnh vy, mt s trng hp c hiu qu r rt ngay trn ng rung (Maddix v ctv, 1981). Lewis (1997) cho rng t nm 1980 mt s nc chu u pht hin v s
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dng nhn bt mi Amblyseius cucumeris phng chng b tr hi hnh Thrips tabaci, b tr Frankliniella occidentalis, F. tritici v T. obscuratus hi da chut c hiu qu r rt. Mt s hiu qu s dng bin php TSH phng chng su hi cy trng cc nc chu u. - S dng ong k sinh Allotropa burelli v Pseudaphicus malimus nhp ni t Nht bn vo nm 1934-1941 phng chng c hiu qu Rp rp Pseudococcus coustocki hi to Lin x c. - Vo nhng nm 60 ca th k 20, Vin BVTV ca Lin x c sn xut thnh cng ch phm Virus phng tr c hiu su non ngi Portheroa dispar, su non bm ci Barathra brassicae. - T nm 1972 Bungari s dng ch phm Beauveria phng tr b l khoai ty, su hi la, su hi mn c hiu qu tt. Cng t nm 1930 th k 20 Php s dng nm Arthrobotrys oligospora, Dactylella ellipsospora phng chng tuyn trng hi cy ci ng, khoai ty, c chua... 2. THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC CHU Hirashima (1990) cho rng Nht bn ngay t 1986 s dng ong Cotesia phitellae, Tetrastichus sokolowski v Diadromus subtilicornis phng chng su t hi bp ci trn din rng c kt qu tt. Wauchrea (1988) ch r Trung quc ngay t nhng nm 70 ca th k 20 ngi nng dn cc tnh An Huy, V Hn, H Bc,... s dng ong mt Trichogramma japonicum, Trichogramma dendrolimi phng chng su cun l la, su rm hi thng, su cun l hoa lan c hiu qu r rt, t l ong k sinh t trn 70% so vi rung khng th ong. T nhng nm 1985-1990 Nht ngi ta to ra quy trnh sn xut b mt vng Chrysopa theo quy m cng nghip v s dng chng phng chng su n l khoai ty, su hi bp ci t hiu qu cao. Rachappa v Naik (2000) cho rng ngay t nm 1930 ca th k 20 n s dng ong mt Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma japonicum phng chng su c thn ma trn din rng, c trn rung ma trng xen vi rau mi cho hiu qu hn hn nhng khu rung ma khng th ong. Chen (1963) cng khng nh i loan s dng kh thnh cng ong mt Trichogramma chilonis phng chng su c thn ma t nhng nm 60. Ubandi v Sunaryo 1986 ch r Malasia v Indonesia s dng thnh cng ong kn trng C. flavipes phng chng su c thn ma D. saccharalis. Ngay t nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 Trung Quc ngi ta sn xut ch phm nm Metarhizium anisophiae (gi l nm xanh) v Beauvernia bassiana (gi l nm trng) v phng chng b cnh cng hi khoai ty, su c thn ng, loi su hi khc thuc b cnh vy Lepidoptera hi rau, u... c hiu qu hn hn i chng khng s dng bin php TSH. Zen v ctv (1991) cho rng t nm 1990 n nay Trung quc sn xut hng lot ch phm tuyn trng k sinh cn trng Steinernema carprocapsae v phng chng c hiu qu nhm su c thn Holcocerus insularis hi cy g v Zeuzera muthitrigata hi cy bng mt. 3. THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC CHU M - Ngay t 1883 cc bang Colombia, Mitsuri... ca M s dng thnh cng ong kn nh Apanteles glomeratus nhp ni t Anh phng chng su bm
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trng hi ci v tr thnh mt tc nhn sinh vt c ch tn ti trong h sinh thi ng rau cho ti hin nay cc bang . - Nm 1887 ngi ta li thnh cng trong vic nhp ni b ra chu c Rodilia cardinalis vo M phng chng c hiu qu Rp sp Icerya purchasi hi cam, chanh bang Califonia. Kt qu k diu ny gn lin vi tn tui ca nh khoa hc A. Koebele. ng l ngi u tin nghin cu bin php TSH chng c di. - Vo nhng nm 70 ca th k 20 M nhn nui v s dng c hiu qu ong mt Trichogramma sp. v ong vng Habrobracon sp. phng chng su xanh hi ng, rau, u. - T nm 1980 M pht hin 86 ging vi 1380 loi b mt vng, trong mt s loi c nhn nui v s dng phng chng c hiu qu su hi bng, ay... - Nm 1947 Haoai, M nhp ni ong k sinh Opius oophibis t n , Malasia phng chng rui c qu Dacus dorsalis t kt qu tt. - Nm 1938 Haoai, M nhp ni v s dng thnh cng cn trng bt mi Telsimia nitida t Guama v Chilocorus nigritus t n phng chng rp sp Pinnapis buxi hi da, c. Nm 1993 M sn xut ch phm virus NPV ca su Spodoptera exigua cng nh mt s ch phm virus khc c s dng c hiu qu phng chng su keo da lng hi bng, su cn l rau, u, cy lm nghip... ngay nhng ni m bin php ho hc b cm. 4. THNH TU BIN PHP SINH HC TRNG PHNG CHNG SINH HC C DI C di l thc vt hoang di, con ngi khng mong mun chng pht trin trn rung, trng vn trng cy tri... C di cnh tranh mnh lit vi cy trng v m, cht dinh dng, ngun nh sng mt tri v khong cch mt trng. S c mt ca c di chc chn lm nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca cy lm gim nng sut, phm cht cy trng, mt khc c di cn gy nhiu tr ngi cho qu trnh thu hoch cy tri. C di cn gin tip truyn bnh, su, nhn hi v cc loi sinh vt khc nh chut, c, sn... gy ha cho cy trng. C di kh phng tr v chng pht trin qu nhanh mt rt mau, sinh sn mt lng ht kh ln. Chng c kh nng tn bng ht hoc thn dinh dng. T trc n nay, con ngi s dng nhiu bin php nh canh tc k thut, ho hc... nhng u khng mang li hiu qu nh mong mun. phng chng c di mt cch hp l, chng ta phi bit phi hp cc bin php mt cch hi ho da trn s hiu bit h sinh thi ng rung, ly bin php u tranh sinh hc lm ct li trong qun l c di tng hp (IWM). Vic s dng bin php u tranh sinh hc phng chng c di c tin hnh nhiu nc c nn nng nghip php trin, thu c kt qu tt theo c hai hng. + Nhp ni k th t nhin (thin ch) ri thun ho, nhn nui hng lot phng chng c di t nhin c bit c di bn x mi i phng khc nhau. Thng thng con ngi s dng nhng tc nhn sinh hc thu thp c t nhng loi c di mang tnh t nhin. + Hng nhn th ch phm sinh hc ra ng rung ni m c di pht sinh pht trin nhanh, mnh cn phi c phng tr (theo Wapehere v ctv 1989). Nht ni nhng loi k th t nhin phng chng c di, ngi ta tp trung nghin cu s dng cc loi cn trng, mt s loi chn t khc c th n c di; mt vo loi nm v tuyn trng k sinh.
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Bin php u tranh sinh hc phng chng c di bng cch nhn th chng ra rung, ngi ta tp trung s dng cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh (ch yu l nm bnh). Mt s loi ng vt c xng sng nh c cng c nghin cu s dng tn cng c di sng trong cc ngun nc nh knh ti tiu, h, ao.. Nhng loi thin nh thng c s dng trong bin php sinh hc phng chng c di nh Cn trng, Nhn, Nm gy bnh, Tuyn trng, ng vt c xng sng. - Cn trng v Nhn s dng trong bin php sinh hc phng chng c di Julien (1992) a ra bng thnh phn cc loi khng xng sng c th c nhp ni, nhn th phng chng cc loi thc vt hoang di c bit c di c tin hnh nhiu nc. Khong 259 loi ng vt khng xng sng c s dng phng chng c di, trong c 254 loi cn trng v 5 loi nhn nh. Nhn th hng lot nhng i tng trn c ti 161 loi (60%) cho kt qu tt nhiu a phng p dng. S lng h, loi thin ch c s dng trong bin php sinh hc thuc cc b khc nhau c th hin bng 4.1, 4.2 v 4.3. Bng 4.1. Kt qu p dng cc loi thin ch phng chng c di (theo thng k ca Julien 1992) S lng loi S lng loi S lng h S lng loi c thch hp c p dng B c s dng c s dng p dng thnh cng Coleoptera 7 109 68 (61%) 33(30%) Lepidoptera 21 81 46 (56 %) 15(18%) Homoptera+ 8 19 15 (79%) 8(42%) Hemiptera Diptera 6 35 25(71%) 4(11%) Thysanoptera 2 4 2(50%) 1(25%) Hymenoptera 3 4 3(75%) 2(20%) Orthoptera 1 1 1(100%) 0(0%) Acarina 3 5 3(60%) 2(40%) Nm KS 4 8 8(100%) 5(63%) Tuyn trng KS 1 1 1(100%) 0(0%) Tng s 56 268 170 70 (26%) Bng 4.2. Kt p dng cc nhm loi thin nh theo h phng chng chng c di nhiu nhc (theo thng k ca Julien) B, h S loi p dng S lng loi S lng loi c p dng c p dng thnh cng Coleoptera 109 66 (61%) 33(30%) Chrysomelidae 39 21 12 Curculionidae 36 24 14 Cerambycidae 14 9 4 Apionidae 9 3 1 Bruchidae 7 6 1 Buprestidae 3 3 1
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Anthribidae Lepidoptera Pyralidae Noctuidae Totricidae Gelechiidae Arctiidae Gracillariidae Pterophoridae Lyonetidae Cochilidae Geometridae Sesiidae Aegeriidae Coleophoridae Oecophoridae Pterolonchidae Carposinidae Heliodinidae Sphingidae Lycaedae Dioptidae Hepialidae Homoptera+Hemiptera Dactylopiidae Tingidae Coreidae Pseudococcidae Miridae Aphidae Psyllidae Delphacidae Diptera Tephritidae Cecidomyiidae Agromyzidae Anthomyidae Ephydridae Syrphidae Thysanoptera Phlaeothipidae Thripidae Hymenoptera Tenthridinidae Eurytomidae Pteromalidae Orthoptera Paulinidae Acarina Eriophyidae

1 82 23 10 9 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 6 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 35 17 6 5 4 2 1 4 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 5 3

0 46(56%) 11 4 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 15 (79%) 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 25 (71%) 11 5 4 3 2 0 2 (50%) 2 0 3(75%) 1 1 1 1(100%) 1 3(60%) 2

0 15(18%) 3 1 2 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 8(42%) 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 4(11%) 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 (25%) 1 0 2 (50%) 0 1 1 0 (0%) 0 2 (40%) 1 57

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Tetranichidae Galumnidae N m Uredinales Hyphomicetes Ustylaginales Coelomicetes Nematodes Enguinidae Tng s

1 1 8 5 1 1 1 1 1 268

1 0 8(100%) 5 1 1 1 1(100%) 1 170 (63%)

1 0 5 (63%) 3 0 1 1 0 (0%) 0 70 (26%)

-Cc loi ng vt c xng sng, ch yu c c p dng thnh cng trong phng chng c di sng trong nc ao, rung... (bng 3) Bng 4.3. Thnh phn loi c c nhp ni vo mt s nc phng chng c di theo (Julien 1992) H Loi c p dng Aristicbthys nobitis Richardson (c u to) Cyprinidae Ctenopharyngodon idella Cuvier (Trm c) Hopophtbalmicbthys molitrix Cuvier (Trm c) Puntinus javanicus Bleeken Oreocbromis aureus Steinbachnen Cichlidae Oreocbromis mossambicus Peters Oreocbromis nilloticus Linnaeus Tilaphia maerobia Boulengen Tilaphia melanopleura Dumeril Tilaphia zillii Gervais Osphroncmus goramy Lacepedes Osphronemidae 5. NHNG LOI SN PHM SINH HC ANG S DNG TRONG BIN PHP U TRANH SINH HC 5.1. Nhn nui s lng ln cn trng k sinh, cn trng v nhn bt mi Bng 4.4. Cc loi cn trng k sinh, cn trng, nhn bt mi s dng trong u tranh sinh hc Tn loi thin ch Ong mt Trichogramma sp. Ong vng Habrobracon sp. Ong c Ichnemon sp. Diaderma sp. Ong kn nh Apanteles glomeratus L. Ong en kn n Cotesia sp. Ong en Opius pallipes Watanabe Ong en nh B ra Nhn Nhn Tn loi su hi c phng chng Trng cc loi su hi b Lepidoptera Helicovera armigera Hubner.

Plutella xylostella L. Pieris rapae L. Plutella xylostella L. - Liriomyza sativae B., L. bryoniae B - Dacus dorsalis Hendel Dacnosa sibirica Telenga Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, L. trifolii Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant Burgegg Amblyseius cucumeris Icerga parchasi M. Phytoseiulus persimilis Thrips tabaci Lindeman 58

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

Nhn B xt

Athias Amblyseius barkeri Orius sp. Ngun Robert Van Denbosch 1974

Thrips palmi Karny Thrips tabaci Lindeman Thrips palmi Karny

5.2. Ch phm vi sinh vt (nm, vi khun, virus) v tuyn trng Bng 4.5. Mt s vi sinh vt i khng c dng trong phng chng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trong t Vi sinh vt i khng 1. Bacillus subilis Tc nhn gy bnh Fusarium f.sp. Radicilycopersici Fusarium solani Phomopsis sclerotioides Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia solani Cy k ch Cy c chua u c ve Da chut Bng Ci xanh C chua Khoai ty Thuc l Khoai ty C chua Thu tin C chua C chua Cc cy khc nhau u c ve C chua da chut Cn ty Thuy tin Da chut C chua C chua Thu tin Da chut Tc gi Phae et al. (1992) Sarhan (1989) Bocshow et al. (1988) Ehesharmul-Haque et Ghaffar (1991) Parveen et. Ghaffar (1991) Duijff et al. (1991) Howell et Stipannovic (1980) Kloepper (1991) Zaveleta-Mejia at RojasMartinez (1989) Beat et Pit (1990) Parveen et. Ghaffar (1991) Parveen et. Ghaffar (1991) Lumsden et Papavizas (1988) Cardoso et Chandi (1990) Lewis et al. (1990) Chao et al. (1989) Budge et Whipps (1991) Beale et Pitt (1990) Mandeel et Barker (1991) Couteaudier et al. (1985) Louter et Edington (1990) Beale et Pitt (1990) Chao et al. (1998) 59

2. Bradyrhizobium japonicum 3. Pimelobracter sp. Psendomonas Fluorescents 4. Psendomonas cepacia

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici spp. Erwinia carotovora Thielaviopsis basi cola Vertillimum dasi dahliae Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici Fusarium oxysporum sp. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici Verticilium dahliae Rhizoctonia sp. Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumenum Sclerotina sclerotiorum Fusarium sp. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumenum Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radiicislycopersici Fusarium sp. Fusarium oxysporum f.

5. Streptomyces spp. 6. Peacilomyces lilacinus

7. Penicilium oxalicum 8. Trichoderma harzianum 9. Trichoderma harzianum 10. Trichoderma viride 11. Trichoderma spp. 12. Gliocladium viens

13. Glomus inrradices

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14. Glomus leptichum

sn phm. cucumerium Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radiicislycopersici

C chua C chua Bng C chua

Parveen et (1991) Lewis et al. (1990) Lewis et Papavizas Con et al. (1986)

Bng 4.6. Mt s ch phm s dng trong bin php sinh hc Tc nhn sinh hc Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium radiobacter Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus subtilis Dch hi c phng tr Agrobacterium tumifaciens Agrobacterium tumifaciens Agrobacterium tumifaciens Powdery mildews Tn thng Ni sn xut phm Galltrol-A AgBiochem, USA Nogall Norbac AQ10 Epic Kodiac Companion Rhizo-plus Serenade System 3 Aspire Koni Contans Fusaclean Biofox C Primastop Soil gard Phagus Rostop Spot-Less Intercept Bio-care, Australia New Bioproducts, USA Ecogene, USA Gustafson, USA Gustafson, USA Growth product, USA KFZB, Germany AgraQuest, USA Helena Chemicals, USA Ecogene, USA BIOVED, USA Prophyta, Germany Natural plant protection,France SIAPA, Italy Kemira, Finland Thermo Triology, USA Natural plant protection, France Kemira, Finland Eco Soil,USA Soil technologies, USA 60

Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria Bacillus subtilis Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus Bacillus subtilis Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Phythium Bacillus subtilis Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, Verticillium, Streptomyces Bacillus subtilis Powdery mildews, leaf blight, downy mildew Bacillus subtilis Seeding pathogens Candida oleophila Botrytis, Penicillium Coniothyrium minitans Sclerotinia Coniothyrium minitans Sclerotinia Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum (non pathenic) Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum, (non pathenic) F. moniliforme Gliocldium Pythium, Rhizoctonia, catenulatum Botrytis, Didymella Gliocldium virens Damping off, root rot Phagus Pseudomonas (bacteriophage) Phlebia gigantea Heterobasidium Pseudomonas Pythium, snow mold aureofaciens Pseudomonas capacia Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium

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Pseudomonas capacia Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium Pseudomonas Fusarium, Drechslera chloroaphis Pseudomonas syringae Botrytis, Penicillium, Mucor Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluorescens Pythium oligandrum Phytium Streptomyces griseoviridis Taralomyces flavus Trichoderma spp

Deny Cedomon

Stine, USA Bio Agri, Sweden

Bio-save 100 Ecoscience, USA Conquer Mauri Foods, Australia Blight Ban Plat health Techn. Institute,

Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum

Fusarium, Alternaria, Botrytis, Phytophthora Verticillium, Rhizoctonia Protus Sclerotinia, Phytophthora, Bifungus Pythium, Fusarium, Verticillium Wilt, root rot, decay fungi Binab T Various fungi

Polygandrum Plant Protection Slovak Rep. Mycostop Kemira, Fanland Pophyta, Germany DeCuester, Belgium Bioinnovation

Supresivit Root rot Rootshield Planter box Trichodex Trieco Trichopel

Borregaar BioPlant, Danmark Mycontrol, Isreael Biowork, USA Biowork, USA Makhteshim, Israel Ecosene, India Agrimm, New Zealand

Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Sclerotinia, Fusarium Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Sclerotinia, Fusarium Botrytis, Fulivi, Monilia, Pseudoperonospora, Sclerotinia Trichoderma viride Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium Trichoderma Armillaria, Fusarium, harzianum and T. Nectria, Phytophthora viride Trichoderma sp Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Sclerotinia, Fusarium

Trichoderma Mycocontrol, Israel 2000

Cu hi n tp 1. Thnh tu bin php sinh hc ca cc vng trn th gii: Qui m v c im? 2. c im v thnh tu ca bin php sinh hc phng chng c di? TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Hong c Nhun, 1979. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni. 2. Phm th Thu, 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong BVTV. NXB i hc quc gia
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H Ni. 3. Robert Van Den Bosch, P. S. Messengen, 1974. Biological control Great Britain by offset Lithography by Billing Sons Limited. Guildford and London. 4. Robin Bedding, Ray Akhurst, 1998. Nematods and the biological control of Insect pests. 5. Leif Sundhcim, 2000. Biocontrol of Plant pathogens. Proceeding of International Workshop on Biological control in IPM program Hanoi, Vietnam 2000. 6. P. H. Smith, J. Eilenberg, 1993-Natura/Nectar.93 Wageimgen. The Netherlands. 7. A. Ross Merrill, 1985. Applied Weed Science. Macmillan Publishing hompany. New York. 8. Keith Moody, 1981. Major weeds of rice in South and Southeast Asia. IRRI. Philippines. 9. W.H. Reissig, E.A. Heinrichs, J.A. Lisinger, 1985. Illustrated guide to Integrated Pest Management in Rice Tropical Asia, IRRI. Philippines. 10. L.G. Holm, D.L. Plucknett,1977. The worlds worst weeds distribution and biology, University Press. 1977. 11. James,L..,J,Evans,M,Ralphs and R, Child,editors,1991. Noxious Range Weeds. Westiew Press. 12. Sheley,R., J. Petroff, M. Borman,1999. Introduction to Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds, Covallis.

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Chng V. CC BIN PHP NNG HC V BIN PHP SINH HC A. BIN PHP CANH TC TRONG BO V THC VT I. GII THIU CHUNG V BIN PHP CANH TC BVTV Bin php canh tc (hay k thut canh tc) bao gm tt c cc hot ng ca con ngi c lin quan ti vic trng cy nng nghip, bt u t gieo ht ging n thu hoch ma mng. Tt c cc bin php canh tc u lm nh hng ti s pht sinh, pht trin, tc hi ca su bnh hi v c di. Nhng bin php canh tc c hnh thnh trong qu trnh thm canh trng trt (nh bn nhiu phn m, gieo trng ging nng sut cao, tng v, tng mt cy,...) gi l bin php canh tc thm canh (k thut thm canh). Bin php canh tc thm canh thng to iu kin thun li cho su bnh hi v c di pht sinh mnh, nhiu khi bng pht s lng thnh dch ln, gy thit hi nng sut nghim trng (P.V. Lm, 1998). C nhiu bin php canh tc trc tip hoc gin tip tiu dit dch hi. Mt s bin php canh tc to iu kin thun li cho cy trng sinh trng, pht trin tt, nng cao tnh chng chu ca cy trng i vi dch hi v khch l kh nng t n b ca cy trng khi b tc ng gy hi t pha dch hi. C bin php canh tc lm cho iu kin sinh thi tr nn bt li cho dch hi, nhng li thun li cho thin ch pht sinh v pht trin. Nhng bin php canh tc nh vy rt c ngha trong phng chng dch hi v c gi l bin php canh tc BVTV. Vy, bin php canh tc BVTV l nhng k thut canh tc nhm to ra iu kin sinh thi thun li cho sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng cng nh thin ch t nhin ca dch hi v khng thun li cho s pht sinh, pht trin, tch lu v ly lan ca dch hi (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Nhiu bin php canh tc BVTV l nhng k thut trng trt quen thuc vi nng dn, khng i hi chi ph ph thm hay dng c chuyn dng. Bin php canh tc BVTV d p dng trong sn xut. Cc bin php canh tc BVTV khng c nhng nh hng xu nh bin php ha hc. Bin php canh tc BVTV d dng kt hp c vi tt c cc bin php BVTV khc. Bin php canh tc BVTV mang tnh cht phng nga dch hi. Do phi tin hnh trc rt nhiu so vi s biu hin tc hi ca dch hi. Cng mt bin php canh tc khi thc hin c th lm gim loi su bnh hi ny, nhng li lm tng tnh trm trng ca loi dch hi khc. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, phi chn la hng no li hn th tin hnh. Khng phi mi lc, mi ni bin php canh tc BVTV u cho hiu qu k thut v hiu qu kinh t nh mong mun. Hiu bit ca nng dn hin nay v dch hi cha h thc hin cc k thut canh tc nh nhng bin php BVTV. khc phc nhc im ny cn nh s gip ca cn b BVTV. II. BIN PHP CANH TC BVTV C P DNG 1. K thut lm t t l mi trng sng v tn ti ca nhiu loi dch hi. Nhiu loi cn trng hi trong chu k vng i c pha pht trin lin quan n t. C loi sng hn trong t (d di,...). Mt s loi ha nhng trong t (su xm, su khoang, su xanh,...). Mt s loi khc c pha u trng sng trong t (su non cc loi b hung,...). Mt s loi trng trong t (chu chu,...). t l ni tch lu ht c di v nhng mm mng ca vt gy bnh (cc hch nm, bo t nm,...). K thut lm t t nhiu u c th trc tip hoc gin tip tiu dit nhng dch hi sng v tn ti trong t. Cy lt t s vi lp xung lp t di nhiu su
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non, nhng ca su hi, ht c di, tn d cy trng c cha ngun bnh. ng thi cy lt t cng a cc sinh vt hi t lp t pha di ln trn mt t. Trong iu kin nh vy, cc sinh vt hi ny hoc l b cht kh do nng hoc l d b cc thin ch tiu dit (su non, nhng ca cn trng hi bt ln mt t do cy lt t s b chim n su hay cc cn trng bt mi tn cng). Cy lt t sm, gt n u cy su n sau mi v la tiu dit trc tip nhiu su non, nhng ca su c thn la trong r v gc r, tiu dit tn d cy trng c ngun bnh, tiu dit la cht l ni c tr v ngun thc n ca nhiu loi su hi la nh su nn, ry nu, su cun l la,... (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Cy su, ba k lm cho lp t canh tc cng su thm, to iu kin thun li cho r cy trng pht trin tt, ht cc cht dinh dng t t d dng. Nh cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt, tng kh nng chng chu i vi s tn cng ca cc loi gy hi. Mt khc, cy su ba k lm cho lp t canh tc thong kh, to iu kin cho cc kh c c trong t (mtan, sunfuahyr,...) chng b phn gii v gim bt tc hi ca chng i vi cy trng. Tin hnh cc cng on lm t ng lc, ng k thut khng ch lm cho tng t canh tc p ng cc yu cu ca trng trt, m cn gp phn lm cho tng t canh tc tr nn sch mm mng dch hi hn. 2. Lun canh cy trng Lin tc ch trng mt loi cy trn mt khu t trong nhiu nm (c canh) thng dn ti s suy thoi ph ca t, thiu dinh dng vi lng. Canh tc theo kiu c canh cn c th gy nn s tch t cc cht c hi cho cy trng. Vi gc BVTV, c canh thng to iu kin sinh thi thun li cho dch hi tn ti, tch lu v pht trin. c bit, nhng loi dch hi c tnh chuyn ha cao, ch gy hi mt loi cy trng th pht sinh pht trin rt thun li trong iu kin c canh v ngun thc n ca n lun lun di do (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). khc phc nhng hu qu ca c canh, cn p dng h thng canh tc lun canh. Lun canh l mt h thng canh tc trng lun phin cc loi cy trng khc nhau theo th t vng trn nht nh trn cng mt mnh t nhm s dng hp l ngun nc, cc cht dinh dng c trong t v ngun phn bn a vo t to ra nng sut cy trng cao nht c th t c (P.V. Lm, 1998). V phng din BVTV, lun canh cy trng phi to c nhng iu kin sinh thi bt li cho dch hi. c bit phi to c s gin on v ngun thc n i vi dch hi cc v/nm tip theo trong vng lun canh. Cc su bnh chnh hi la khng gy hi c cc cy rau h hoa thp t, u . Lun canh cy la vi cc cy rau h hoa thp t hay u s lm gin on ngun thc n ca cc loi dch hi la. Lun canh nh vy l bin php c ngha phng chng su bnh hi la. Lun canh bng vi la nc, ma, u lm gim s lng su hi v bnh ho r trn cy bng rt r rng. Lun canh cy u tng vi cy la hoc vi cc cy khng phi h u l bin php hn ch nhng su bnh chnh trn u tng nh bnh g st, rui c thn,... Nm A. flavus gy bnh thi mm, cht cy con lc v thng sn sinh ra c t aflatoxin gy bnh ung th. Lun canh cy lc vi cy la nc s hn ch c s pht trin ca nm A. flavus. Nm ny s sinh trng pht trin rt tt khi lun canh lc vi cc cy ng, khoai lang v vng. Khng lun canh cy khoai ty vi cc cy h c hn ch bnh mc sng, bnh ho xanh, bnh virt. Bin php lun canh c bit rt c hiu qu trong phng tr tuyn trng thc vt, v tuyn trng hi cy tn ti ch yu trong t. Trn khu t trng lin tc khoai ty (ging nhim tuyn trng) th sau mi v mt tuyn trng hi khoai ty trong t tng ln 10-15 ln, nhng ngh mt v

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khng trng khoai ty m trng cy khc th s lng tuyn trng hi khoai ty trong t gim i khong 33% (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998). Nu tnh ton ng, lun canh cy trng l bin php rt hiu qu hn ch nhiu loi su bnh hi quan trng. H thng lun canh cy trng i hi phi b tr, sp xp cc cy trng v thi gian trn mt khu t v khng gian trong cng mt thi im ngn chn tc hi ca su bnh ngay trong v v cn tr s tn ti, tch lu, ly lan ca chng t v ny sang v khc. Nguyn tc ca lun canh l chn cc cy trng thch hp loi tr c cc su bnh gy hi chuyn tnh hoc hn ch tc hi ca chng mc thp nht. Lu chn v a nhng cy trng c kh nng tit ra khng sinh vo vng lun canh tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt c hi i vi cy trng tn ti trong t. Lun canh cy trng c th coi l mt k thut canh tc c tnh c truyn. Tuy nhin, k thut ny mang tnh cng ng, phi c p dng trn din tch qui m ln mi c hiu qu hn ch dch hi, ch p dng n l trn din tch nh s khng c hiu qu phng chng dch hi (P.V. Lm, 1998). 3. Xen canh cy trng Xen canh l h thng canh tc m khi thc hin ngi nng dn phi trng ng thi nhiu loi cy khc nhau trn cng mt l t. y l mt k thut canh tc kh ph bin nhiu nc. Xen canh cy trng l bin php tt nht ng thi s dng ti u cc iu kin t, nh sng, nc, cht dinh dng trong t, gp phn lm tng tng thu nhp cho nh nng. Th d, trng ng xen u (u tng, u xanh). Ng l loi cy trng c r n su, yu cu dinh dng cao; cn u l cy thp, c r n nng, t yu cu dinh dng, m li c kh nng cung cp thm m cho t. Khi trng ng xen u khng c s cnh tranh gia chng vi nhau v dinh dng v ng cn s dng c ngun m do u c nh c. V phng din BVTV, xen canh cy trng thng lm gim nhng thit hi do cc loi dch hi gy ra. Nhiu loi dch hi c tnh chuyn ha thc n, ngha l chng ch c th s dng nhng loi cy nht nh lm thc n. Khi trn ng c mt loi cy c trng vi din tch ln lin nhau s to nn ngun thc n di do thun li cho s pht sinh, ly lan ca nhng dnh hi chuyn tnh trn cy trng . Cnh ng la lin khonh cng rng th cng thun li cho su c thn la bm hai chm, ry nu pht sinh v ly lan. Trn ng c nhiu loi cy khc nhau trng xen canh s to nn mt ngun thc n khng thun li cho nhng dch hi chuyn tnh, cn tr s pht sinh, ly lan ca chng, nht l i vi nhng loi dch hi chuyn tnh khng c kh nng t pht tn i xa. Xen canh cy trng cn lm tng tnh a dng ca khu h cn trng, nhn v vi sinh vt trong cc sinh qun nng nghip, tc l lm tng tnh n nh ca h sinh thi nng nghip (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Vin Bo v thc vt, trng xen c chua vi bp ci theo t l c 2 lung bp ci xen 1 lung c chua v c chua trng trc bp ci 30 ngy th c th hn ch c s gia tng s lng su t. Kt qu nghin cu ca Vin Nghin cu v Pht trin cy bng cho thy mt su xanh, rp mui trn cy bng trng xen vi u xanh hoc u tng thp hn hn so vi trn cy bng trng thun. Trng bng xen vi u xanh hoc u & ng cn hn ch c s ly nhim ca bnh xanh ln bng. Trn ng bng trng xen ma thnh cc bng rng 5-10 m rt c ngha hn ch s lng su xanh. Su xanh trn bng trng xen ma c mt ch bng 35-70% mt trn ng bng khng xen ma (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). ng thi trng nhiu loi cy trn mt khu ng gi l canh tc nhiu loi. V bn cht, canh tc nhiu loi cng l xen canh. iu khc nhau gia xen canh v canh tc nhiu loi l quy m thc hin: Xen canh l ng thi trng nhiu loi cy trn mt l t; cn canh tc nhiu loi l ng thi trng nhiu loi cy trn mt khu
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ng, mi loi cy trng ring trn mt l t. Chn v b tr mt c cu cy trng hp l trn mt khu ng s to iu kin khng thun li cho s pht sinh pht trin v ly lan ca nhiu loi dch hi chuyn tnh. V vy, canh tc nhiu loi cng c ngha ln trong phng chng dch hi nh xen canh. Nhng canh tc nhiu loi mang tnh cng ng, tc l vic thc hin ny phi do nhiu h nng dn cng tin hnh trn mt qui m din tch ln mi mong c ngha trong phng chng dch hi (P.V. Lm, 1998). 4. Thi v gieo trng thch hp Thi v l thi gian gieo trng i vi mi loi cy trng. Thi v l mt yu cu rt quan trng trong trng trt. Thi v gieo trng thch hp l thi v thun tin cho vic gieo trng m m bo cho cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt, cho nng sut cao. Cy trng mn cm vi dch hi ch vo mt giai on pht trin nht nh v cc loi dch hi pht sinh pht trin mnh cng ch vo nhng khong thi gian nht nh trong nm. V phng din BVTV, thi v gieo trng thch hp i vi mi loi cy trng l thi v khng ch m bo cy trng t nng sut cao m cn m bo sao cho giai on sinh trng xung yu nht ca cy trng khng trng vi thi gian pht trin mnh nht ca dch hi. Vic iu chnh thi v gieo trng trnh nh cao pht sinh ca dch hi cng ch thc hin c trong nhng phm vi nht nh. Bi v mi loi cy trng ch c nhng khong thi gian nht nh thch hp gieo trng cho nng sut cao (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Trong mt v la, tr la cy thi v sm v cy thi v mun thng b b xt di Leptocorisa ph hi rt nng. Tr la thi v sm trnh c nh cao mt ca ry nu trong cc v la v thng b ry nu hi nh. Tr la mun thng c giai on xung yu ca cy la trng vi thi k pht sinh mnh nht ca ry nu trong v la, nn b ry nu gy hi nng hn. ng bng sng Hng, bnh o n gy hi nng cho la Xun sm, Ma mun. Do , nhng ni thng c dch bnh o n phi gim bt din tch Xun sm, Ma mun trnh tc hi ca bnh o n. Ti vng rau H Ni v Tp H Ch Minh, bp ci trng thi v sm b su t ph hi nh hn cc bp ci trng thi v mun. Trong iu kin vng ng bng sng Hng, u tng v Xun trng sm vo thng 1 thng b bnh g st, rui c thn gy nng hn so vi u tng trng mun vo thng 2. c bit, u tng Xun trng vo thng 3-4 rt t b bnh g st, v thi tit trong thi gian ny khng thun li cho nm bnh g st pht sinh, ly lan. Cc su hi bng bt u tch lu s lng trn bng trng thi v sm. Khi bng thi v sm tr nn gi th su hi chuyn sang bng thi v mun cn non hn, thch hp hn v chng pht trin, tch lu s lng nhanh hn. Do , bng thi v mun thng b su ph hi nng hn bng thi v sm (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). La chn, sp xp thi v gieo trng thch hp l mt bin php canh tc phng chng dch hi c hiu qu. xc nh c thi v thch hp cho tng loi cy trng mi a phng, cn phi da vo cc iu kin thi tit kh hu, c im pht sinh pht trin v ph hi ca cc dch hi chnh trn tng cy trng cng nh kinh nghim, tp qun trng trt ca nng dn a phng. Thi v gieo trng thch hp l bin php canh tc phng chng dch hi c hiu qu ch khi c p dng ng lot trn qui m ln, ngha l mang tnh cng ng (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). 5. Mt gieo trng hp l Mt gieo trng l s lng ht ging, hay s cy trn mt n v din tch. Mi loi cy trng hay ging cy trng ph thuc vo loi t m c mt mt thch hp cho nng sut cao. Gieo trng dy qu hay tha qu u nh hng n nng sut. Mt gieo trng cn nh hng n s pht sinh, pht trin ca su bnh hi
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v c di. Mt gieo trng hp l c tc dng ngn nga s pht trin v gy hi ca nhiu loi dch hi. Gieo trng tha qu, s to iu kin cho nhiu loi c di sinh trng v pht trin, ln t cy trng, phi mt nhiu cng lm c. Gieo trng dy qu s to nn iu kin sinh thi thch hp cho nhiu loi su bnh hi pht sinh pht trin (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Rung la cy dy c m khng kh cao, to iu kin thun li cho ry nu, bnh kh vn, bnh o n pht trin mnh. Ni cy dy thn la b vng, mm hn, thun li cho su non tui 1 ca su c thn d xm nhp hn v c t l sng st cao, nn t l nn ho cao hn. Cy dy cn cn tr nhng hot ng hu ch ca cc loi k sinh trng su c thn v k sinh trng ry nu. y cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gp phn to thun li cho su c thn v ry nu pht trin mnh ni cy dy. Cy ng trng cng dy th mc b bnh m l ln v bnh kh vn cng nng. Rung ng trng dy s to m trong rung ng cao, thch hp cho hai loi bnh trn pht trin mnh. Ging bng chn sm, trng dy trn c su hi cui v (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). 6. Gieo trng ging ngn ngy Mi loi cy trng c nhiu ging khc nhau vi thi gian sinh trng khc nhau. Nhng ging cy trng c thi gian sinh trng ngn gi l ging ngn ngy. Nhng ging cy trng c thi gian sinh trng di gi l ging di ngy. Gieo trng ging ngn ngy trong mt s trng hp rt c ngha hn ch tc hi ca dch hi. t c mt qun th gy hi c ngha kinh t, cc loi dch hi phi c mt thi gian nht nh tch ly s lng c th ca chng. Sau mi th h, s lng c th ca dch hi trong qun th c tng ln gp bi. Thi gian sinh trng ca cy trng cng di (ging di ngy) th dch hi hon thnh c cng nhiu th h trn ging cy trng . Do , s lng c th trong qun th ca chng cng tch ly c nhiu to nn qun th c mt cao, gy thit hi nng v nng sut i vi cy trng. Vi thi gian sinh trng ca cy trng ngn (ging ngn ngy) th dch hi hon thnh c t th h trn ging cy trng . V vy, dch hi khng tch ly c s lng c th trong qun th gy hi nng cho cy trng (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Dng ging ngn ngy trnh su bnh hi nng cui v c p dng rng ri vi nhiu loi cy trng. Ging la CR-203 (ngn ngy) c gieo cy thi v Ma sm c th trnh c tc hi ca su c thn, su cn gi. Ging IR-1820 c gieo cy v la Xun c th trnh c ry nu cui v. Ging la c thi gian sinh trng 80-90 ngy (cc ngn) c s dng nh mt bin php hu hiu tr ry nu. Ging bng chn sm c thi gian sinh trng ngn hn ging bng chn mun. Trng ging bng chn sm s rt ngn c thi gian ca mt v bng trn ng, trnh c tc hi ca ry xanh hai chm A. devastans cui v. Ti ng bng sng Hng, ging khoai ty ngn ngy nh ging Khoai a (thi gian sinh trng 85-95 ngy), ging KT2 (thi gian sinh trng 75-80 ngy) trng vo thi v sm c th trnh c bnh mc sng cui v (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). 7. S dng phn bn hp l Bn phn l cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho cy trng, do phn bn gy nh hng trc tip n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. ng thi bn phn cn lm nh hng ln n s pht sinh v gy hi ca dch hi. Vai tr ca tng loi phn bn c th rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo ging cy trng, i tng dch hi v iu kin mi trng. Phn m lm gim dy lp biu b ca thc vt, dn ti tng s mn cm ca cc cy trng h ho tho vi bnh g st, vi su c thn. Khi thiu phn kali cy trng b nhim nhiu loi bnh nng hn v qu trnh tng hp cht m trong cy b
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cn tr v tch lu cc cht khng phi m nhng cha nit. Phn kali lm gim tc hi ca cn trng (c bit rp mui) gy ra i vi cy trng. Phn kali lm cho cc m c sinh trng tt hn, c ch s to thnh cc cht hp dn cn trng. Phn kali gip cy ch tng sc chng bnh phng l do nm E. vexans, gip cy cao su nng cao tnh chng bnh phn trng do nm O. heveae (Bazelet, 1983; V.T. Mn, L. L. T, 1998). Phn ln lm cho lp biu b v m c cy pht trin. Phn ln v kali lm tng sinh trng ca la m v tng tnh chng bnh g st, bnh do nm Fusarium. Phn ln v kali lm lm gim bnh than en ng (Cheremisinov, 1973). Khi bn phn ha hc mt cn i, c bit ch ch trng bn phn m m khng bn phn ln, kali s gy nn hin tng tha m. Khi cy trng sinh trng nhanh, l cy pht trin qu mc (xanh v nhiu). Tha m ko di thi gian sinh trng ca cy, to nn ngun thc n thch hp cho nhiu loi sinh vt gy hi. Tha m lm cho cc m bo v km pht trin, cho nn thn cy non mm to iu kin cho sinh vt gy hi xm nhp vo trong cy mt cch d dng. Su c thn la, su cun l la, ry nu, bnh o n, bnh kh vn, bnh bc l la pht trin mnh khi rung la c bn nhiu phn m. Rung bng bn nhiu phn m cng lm tng tc hi ca nhiu loi su hi chnh trn bng. Liu lng phn m cao to iu kin thun li cho nhiu loi rp mui, b tr, b xt hi cy trng pht trin rt mnh. Khoai ty, c chua c bn nhiu phn m lm tng bnh mc sng. Bn phn khng cn i lm bnh sng mai trn hnh ti pht trin mnh,... Bn nhiu phn kali trong nhiu nm lin gy nn tnh trng thiu cht magi trong t trng da lm cho cy da b bnh ho l rt nng (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Bn phn cn i l cung cp y cc nguyn t dinh dng vi t l thch hp i vi tng ging cy trng, tng loi t v nng sut mun t. C nh vy mi pht huy c y tc dng ca tng loi phn bn, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho cy trng sinh trng, pht trin tt, trnh s khng hong v dinh dng ca cy trng, lm tng kh nng chng chu i vi s tn cng ca cc loi sinh vt gy hi, cng nh lm tng kh nng t n b ca cy trng khi b ph hi. Khi cy trng sinh trng v pht trin tt s ln t s pht trin ca c di. Bn phn cn i khng ch huy ng c tim nng nng sut ca cy trng m cn khng to iu kin thun li cho dch hi pht trin, gp phn gn gi nng sut cy trng. Nh vy, bit cch s dng phn bn s c ngha ln trong phng chng dch hi (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). 8. Ti tiu hp l Nc nh hng trc tip n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. Qua nh hng n s pht sinh, gy hi ca su bnh hi v c di. Ngoi ra, nc cng nh hng trc tip n s pht sinh, pht trin v gy hi ca dch hi (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). C nc trong rung la th cc hp cht ca silic d dng ho tan v cy la hp th c. Nh vy, qu trnh ha cng vch t bo biu b c thc y nhanh, dn ti lm tng sc chng chu ca cy la i vi mt s su bnh hi. Ch nc trong rung la c lin quan n s pht trin ca mt s su bnh hi nh bnh o n, bnh kh vn, su c thn la,... Trong thc t, bnh o n, bnh kh vn thng pht sinh v pht trin mnh, gy hi nng nhng rung la khng thng xuyn nc. Khi b nhim bnh o n, bnh kh vn hoc b tr m rung la b thiu nc th cc su bnh ny pht trin cng nhanh, cy la nhanh chng b li l v d dng dn n hin tng chy o n, chy kh vn..., lm nh hng ng k n nng sut la. Ngoi ra, rung la kh nc thng xuyn cn d b d di, b hung, chut ph hi nng v c di pht trin mnh (P.V. Lm, 1998,
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2005). hn ch s pht trin ca nhng dch hi ny cn gi rung la c mt lp nc 10 cm lin tc trong sut thi gian sinh trng ca cy la. Khi gi mc nc nh vy th li to iu kin thun li cho s pht sinh, pht trin ca bnh bc l la, su phao, cc loi ry hi la. Nu nh k tho nc rung kh 1-2 ngy th c hiu qu cao trong hn ch s pht trin ca b vi voi c gc la, su phao, cc loi ry hi la. i vi cy trng cn, ti nc qu nhiu hoc t b ng nc s gy nn tnh trng ym kh, cy trng sinh trng v pht trin km, gim kh nng chng chu su bnh hi, d b hi nng khi c su bnh hi pht sinh. Bnh ho xanh vi khun gy ra cho c chua, khoai ty u pht trin mnh trong iu kin t c m cao. Bnh thi nh qu c chua do vi khun li pht sinh pht trin trong iu kin rung c chua c m thp. Bnh thi thn cy lc pht trin mnh trong iu kin trng lc c ti nc. Trn t ct m ti nc thng xuyn cng lm tng bnh thi qu v r cy lc. Trong nhiu trng hp cy trng cn khng c ti nc, t khng m to iu kin cho mt s su hi pht trin mnh. Rau ci xanh, bp ci trng khng c ti nc y b rp mui pht sinh gy hi nng. Rung khoai lang kh d b b h gy hi nng (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). Ti nc ma kh v thot nc chng ng ma ma cho vn tiu gip cy tiu sinh trng tt, t b bnh hi. iu khin ch nc hp l cho tng loi cy trng s c ngha ln trong hn ch s pht sinh v pht trin ca nhiu loi su bnh hi v c di hi. 9. Trng cy by Cy by l nhng cy c trng vi mc ch thu ht cc loi dch hi sau tiu dit, nhm ngn chn s tn cng ca chng sang cy trng chnh. Cy by c th l cy trng khc (nhng c dch hi a thch hn) trng xen vo cy trng chnh hoc l chnh cy trng , nhng dng ging chn sm hay trng thi v sm trn mt din tch nh (mt vi phn trm so vi tng din tch chnh v ca cy trng ). Trng cy by l bin php canh tc c p dng ch yu tr su hi nhiu nc trn th gii v c nhiu trin vng trong phng chng su hi. Nng dn Hoa K, Brazil, Nigeria dng ging u tng chn sm hoc trng u tng thi v sm cnh rung u tng chnh v thu ht v sau tiu dit cc su hi chnh trn u tng (b xt xanh, b ra n l,...) v ngn cn c s ph hi ca nhng su hi ny trn u tng chnh v. Ti Hoa K v Nicaragua thnh cng trong phng chng b vi voi c qu bng nh trng cy by bng cy bng thi v sm vi din tch khong 5% tng din tch cy bng chnh v (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). K thut trng cy by tr su hi cng c p dng nc ta. Vo nm 1986-1988, Ngh An, H Tnh, Thanh Ha khuyn co trng rung by phng chng dch b xt di hi la. Trng xen cy hng dng vo mp lung lc thu ht trng thnh su xanh, su khoang n trng. Sau tiu dit su xanh, su khoang trn cy hng dng. Bin php ny c khuyn co trong IPM trn cy lc ti mt s ni trn th gii v Vit Nam. K thut trng cy by s khng c hiu qu, nu din tch trng cy by qu nh so vi tng din tch ca cy trng chnh. Trong phng chng chut hi la, Malaixia v Vit Nam tin hnh bin php by cy trng kt hp ro cn TBS l vic gieo cy sm 4-5 tun trong by, xung quanh by c hng ro nilon, c 10 m li t 1 by chut chui vo. Bin php by cy trng mang tnh cng ng, phi c tin hnh trn mt din tch ln mi c hiu qu (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). 10. V sinh ng rung

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y l mt nhm thao tc k thut khc nhau nhm tiu dit cc mm mng dch hi c trong t, trn tn d cy trng v trc v trn c di. i vi cy trng hng nm, sau mi v tin hnh dn sch v tiu hy tt c cc tn d thc vt c ngha ln trong hn ch ngun dch hi u v. Sau thu hoch ng, x l cy ng s tiu dit c ngun su non, nhng ca su c thn ng O. furnacalis, cc hch nm kh vn R. solani, gp phn hn ch cc su bnh ny v ng sau. Trc khi trng cy tiu, dn sch gc, r cy c, dn c trong vn em t. Lm nh vy hn ch c bnh hi r cy tiu. Dit cy k ch ph rt c ngha trong phng chng su hng c qu bng P. gossypiella, su loang Earias spp. trn bng. i vi cy n qu lu nm, thng xuyn thu dn cc qu b rng, cnh l kh rng em chn hoc t tiu dit cc ngun su bnh hi c trong (P.V. Lm, 1998, 2005). B. S DNG GING CY TRNG BIN I GEN I. Khi nim cy trng bin i gen (CMO) Tri qua nhiu nghn nm, bng phng php chn lc kinh in v lai to, con ngi tuyn chn c nhiu ging cy trng vi nhng c tnh nng hc qu. S lai to kinh in thc cht l kt hp gen (vt liu di truyn) ca hai c th. Gen ca mi c th c coi l mt hp en, trong ngoi c tnh mong mun bit, cn cha cc c tnh cha bit. S kt hp hai ging cy vi hai hp en c cha cc c tnh cha bit s khng cho php d on trc c c tnh ca ging lai mi. Cng ngh gen cho php ct, sp xp li cc gen ca ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt v em cy ngu nhin chng vo b nhim sc th ca cc c th sng to nn cc sinh vt bin i gen. Nh vy, sinh vt bin i gen l nhng sinh vt cha vt liu di truyn (gen) b thay i bng k thut ca cng ngh gen. Cng ngh ny cn gi l cng ngh sinh hc hin i. Cng ngh gen cho php tch gen mang c tnh mong mun t mt c th sinh vt ca ging ny v chuyn gen vo vt liu di truyn ca c th sinh vt thuc ging khc. V l thuyt, ging mi to ra s ch nhn c c tnh mong mun bit trc. Cc ging cy trng to c bng phng php chuyn gen nh th ny c gi l cy trng bin i gen hay cy chuyn gen. Nh vy, ngoi tnh chnh xc trong vic to ging theo c tnh mi mong mun bit trc, cng ngh gen xa b ranh gii ging v loi trong cng tc to ging cy trng. Theo Sharma et al.(2002), s pht trin v s dng cy chuyn gen vi tnh khng phng chng su hi s gim phun thuc tr su, lm tng hot ng ca thin ch v phng chng tng hp c vi su hi th yu. Trin khai cy trng chuyn gen khng su lin quan ti s gim 1 triu kg thuc ha hc BVTV Hoa K nm 1999 so vi 1998 (NRC, 2000). II. Thnh tu chnh trong to v dng ging cy trng bin i gen Cy chuyn gen cha gen Bt u tin c sn xut nm 1987. Gen Bt trong thuc l v c chua l nhng th d u tin v cy trng bin i gen chng su hi. Sau gen ny c chuyn vo cc cy bng, ng, la, c chua, khoai ty, lc. n nay, nhng gen to cho cy trng c tnh khng su hi c chuyn vo nhiu loi cy trng nh ng, la, la m, la min, ma, bng, khoai ty, thuc l, la, xu ho, bp ci, to ty, c ba l, u tng, u triu, u a (Barton et al., 1987; Mc. Laren 1998; Sharma et al., 2000; Vaeck et al. 1987). Bng Bt hiu qu chng su hng. Ging bng Coker 312 vi gen Cry1A(C) (cha 0,1% toxin) c tnh khng cao vi cc loi su hi nh T. ni, S. exigua, H. zea, H.virescens. u chuyn gen khng bnh virt m vng c trng Hawaii t 1996. Bnh la vng l di ng do virt kh phng chng vi quan im truyn thng, by gi c th phng chng

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c bng la chuyn gen (Gonsalaves, 1998; Sharma et al., 2002; Wilson et al., 1992). Nhiu cy trng chuyn gen hin ang c a ra sn xut hoc th nghim ng rung. Cy trng chuyn gen chng cn trng hi u tin c trng Hoa K nm 1994, trn trn din rng t nm 1996. T tr i, s gia tng nhanh v din tch vi cy trng chuyn gen Hoa K, Canada, Australia, Argentina v Trung Quc, Nam Phi, Romania, Mehico, Bungari, Spain, c, Php, Uraguay, Indonesia, Ukraina, Portugal, n . Cy trng chuyn gen hin nay c trng hn 12 nc trn th gii. Din tch trng cy bin i gen (bng 6.1) tng t ngt t di 1 triu ha nm 1995 ln 81 triu ha nm 2004 (Dunwell, 2000; Juma et al., 1999; Sharma et al., 2002, 2004). Bng 6.1. Din tch trng cy chuyn gen trn th gii n nm 2004 N m Din tch (triu ha) 1995 <1 triu ha 1996 1,7 1997 11,0 1998 27,8 1999 39,9 2000 44,2 2001 52,6 2002 58,7 2004 81,0 n nay c kh nhiu gen c nghin cu chuyn vo nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cy chuyn gen c gieo trng rng ri ch yu l cc ging cy trng mang gen khng thuc tr c. Nm 2001 v 2002, thng k (tng ng) c khong 40,6 v 44,2 triu ha trng cy mang gen khng thuc tr c (bng 6.2). Bng 6.2. Din tch trng cy chuyn gen trn th gii theo loi gen c chuyn Loi gen c chuyn vo cy trng Nm 2001 Din tch T l (triu ha) (%) Nm 2002 Din T l tch (%) (triu ha) 44,2 75,0 10,1 17,0 4,4 8,0

Khng thuc tr c 40,6 77,0 Khng su hi (Bt) 7,8 15,0 Khng thuc tr 4,2 8,0 c/Bt Khng virt/khc <0,1 <1,0 <0,1 <1,0 Tng cng 52,6 100 58,7 100 Hin nay mi c cy u tng, ng, bng v cy ci du chuyn gen c gieo trng vi din tch tnh bng n v triu ha.Trong cy u tng chuyn gen c gieo trng vi din tch ln nht. Nm 2002, din tch cy u tng mang gen khng thuc tr c t 36,5 triu ha, chim 62% tng din tch cy chuyn gen. ng th hai v din tch l cy ng mang gen khng su hi vi 7,7 triu ha hay 13% tng din tch cy chuyn gen. Cc cy bng v cy ci du c din tch t hn (bng 6.3).

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Bng 6.3. Din tch cy chuyn gen chnh c trng nm 2002 Loi cy chuyn gen Din tch (triu ha) T l (%) u tng khng thuc tr c 36,5 62 Ng khng su hi (Bt) 7,7 13 Ci du khng thuc tr c 3,0 5 Ng khng thuc tr c 2,5 4 Bng khng su hi (Bt) 2,4 4 Bng khng thuc tr c 2,2 4 Bng khng thuc tr c/Bt 2,2 4 Ng khng thuc tr c/Bt 2,2 4 Tng cng 58,7 100 Cho n nm 2002, din tch cy chuyn gen ca 4 loi cy (u tng, bng, ng, ci du) c trng rng ri nht cng mi ch t t l khong 22% tng din tch trng cc cy ny trn ton th gii. Trong , cy u tng mang gen khng thuc tr c t ti khong 51% tng din tch u tng trn th gii (bng 6.4). Bng 6.4. Din tch mt s cy chuyn gen so vi din tch chung trn th gii (2002) Loi cy Din tch chung Din tch trng cy T l chuyn gen (triu ha) chuyn gen (triu ha) (%) u tng 72 36,5 51 Bng 34 6,8 20 Ci du 25 3,0 12 Ng 140 12,4 9 Tng cng 271 58,7 22 C. GING CHNG CHU I. KHI NIM V TNH KHNG SU BNH CA CY TRNG Trong cng mt iu kin gieo trng, mc b nhim su bnh ca cc ging, cc cy trng khng ging nhau. Mi loi cy trng u c nhng ging khng b su hi v vi sinh vt gy bnh tn cng, hoc b mc rt nh. l nhng ging khng su bnh. T xa con ngi nhn bit c iu ny v chn to nhng ging cy trng khng su bnh. Ngy nay, ging khng su bnh c s dng rng ri v y l bin php BVTV rt hiu qu. Lampe (1994) nhn nh: Ging khng l hn tng phng tr su bnh c hiu qu. Kt hp ging khng vi bin php sinh hc v k thut canh tc l chin lc phng tr su bnh hi l tng i vi nhng nng dn ngho t vn. Tnh khng su hi l c tnh ca ging cy trng c kh nng chng li s tn cng ca mt loi su hi no hoc lm gim tc hi do su hi gy ra. Tnh khng bnh hi l kh nng ca cy trng chng i, ngn chn s xm nhp, ly lan ca vt gy bnh vo trong cy. Tnh khng bnh hi s biu hin cy trng khng b nhim bnh hay c th b nhim bnh mc rt thp, khng gy nh hng ti sinh trng, nng sut ca cy trng. Tnh khng su bnh ca cy trng cn gi l tnh min dch ca cy trng. Tnh min dch l kh nng khng ca cy trng i vi cc tc ng gy hi ca su hi v vt gy bnh. Tnh mn cm vi su hi (tnh nhim su hi) l c tnh ca cy trng hon ton khng c kh nng chng li s tn cng ca mt loi su hi no , biu hin c t l b hi v mt su hi cao. Tnh mn cm vi bnh hi (tnh nhim bnh hi) l c tnh ca cy trng hon ton khng c kh nng chng li s xm nhp, ly lan ca vt gy bnh trong m cy. Tnh khng v tnh nhim su bnh khng
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phi l nhng c tnh bt bin, chng c th thay i ph thuc vo iu kin gieo trng, thi tit v nhiu yu t ngoi cnh. Dng ging khng su bnh va cho hiu qu kinh t cao, t tn km chi ph, d p dng trong cc iu kin, cc hon cnh, mi trnh sn xut. S dng ging khng su bnh ph hp vi nguyn l IPM, gp phn lm gim ng k vic s dng thuc ha hc BVTV, trnh nhim mi trng, bo v thin ch, gp phn xy dng nng nghip bn vng v sn xut nng sn an ton. Tuy nhin, khng phi cy trng no cng c ging khng su bnh. Ging cy trng khng vi su bnh ny nhng khng khng vi su bnh khc. Cha c nhng ging cy trng cng khng nhiu loi su bnh. Ging la CR-203 khng ry nu, nhng nhim bnh kh vn, ry lng trng. Ging bng l nhn khng su xanh nhng li nhim nhn son, rp mui, ry xanh hai chm. Kh kt hp c tnh khng su bnh vi c tnh nng hc tt. Cc ging khng su bnh thng ch c nng sut mc kh. Vic dng ging khng su bnh th d, nhng to ra mt ging khng su bnh phi mt thi gian kh di. To ging la m khng su bnh phi mt 15-20 nm. S dng ging khng su bnh rng ri lm xut hin biotyp/ni mi ca su hi hoc ca vt gy bnh v dn ti ging cy trng b mt tnh khng. y l hn ch ln nht i vi bin php s dng ging khng su bnh. II. C CH V CC LOI TNH KHNG SU BNH CA CY TRNG 1. C ch khng su hi Theo Painter (1951), Thorteinson (1956), Shapiro (1985), Singh (1983) c ch khng su hi ca cy trng c th xp thnh 4 nhm sau: C ch khng a thch Tnh khng a thch c hnh thnh do mt hoc nhiu c im ca cy trng tc ng ln mc hp dn hay xua ui ca cy i vi su hi v tc ng c hi ln phn ng tp tnh ca su hi khi tm ni dinh dng, trng hoc tr ng. Th d, mu xanh ca l la l mu hp dn ry nu trng thnh. Mu ca ging la Crava khng hp dn ry nu. Ging bng nhiu lng t trn l c tnh khng cao i vi ry xanh hai chm (ging Bari 1007, DHY 286). Ging bng khng c lng t trn l b vi ry xanh hai chm nhim nng (ging Nimbkar 1, American). C ch khng sinh y l tc ng ca cht khng sinh trong cy trng i vi su hi. Cc tc ng ny ca cy cy trng biu hin s gy nh hng khng tt n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, t l sng st ca su hi khi chng s dng cy trng lm thc n hay ni trng. Th d, khng sinh Asparagine l yu t kch thch dinh dng. Cy trng c hm lng cht ny cao th nhim su hi hn. Cht -xintoxterol c ch dinh dng i vi su hi. Ging cy nhim su hi c hm lng -xintoxterol thp hn so vi ging khng. Ging la khng su c thn c hm lng silic cao trong cy. Axt benzoic v xalicilic km hm su c thn la. Maizin l mt glucozit t li ng c ch hot ng tiu ha thc n su xanh H. zea, dn n km hm sinh trng ca loi su hi ny. Ng khng su c thn tng hp c cht DIMBOA. C ch chu ng Ging cy trng c tnh chu ng l ging b mt su hi sng trn gy hi, nhng vn sinh trng pht trin v cho nng sut bnh thng. y l phn ng
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chc nng ca cy mc thp hn 2 c ch nu trn v ch bo v cy khng b ph hi nng nh ging nhim su hi. Tnh khng su hi c th do 1 trong 3 c ch, hoc cng c th do c 3 c ch trn quyt nh. Kh phn bit ging khng su hi do c ch no quyt nh. C ch trn trnh C mt s tc gi a thm c ch trn trnh. iu ny cng c th chp nhn c, nht l khi gii thch tnh khng sinh thi. Mt s ging cy trng c thi gian sinh trng ngn hoc thi k xung yu nht khng trng khp vi thi im su hi c nh pht sinh cao trong v hay trong nm. Do , cy trng trnh c tn tht do su hi gy ra. 2. C ch khng cc bnh hi Tnh khng bnh bm sinh ca cy trng c nhiu c ch khc nhau. Cc c ch khc nhau to ra nhng tnh min dch vi bnh khc nhau. Tnh min dch th ng ca cy trng c to nn bi 3 nhm c ch: C ch gii phu-hnh thi, c ch chc nng-sinh l v c ch ha hc. Tnh min dch ch ng ca cy trng c to nn bi 4 nhm c ch: vt hoi bo v, hot ha men, to thnh cht khng c t v cc th thc bo. C ch gii phu-hnh thi Nhiu c im ring ca cy trng v gii phu-hnh thi to tnh khng i vi s xm nhp ca vt gy bnh. y l nhm c ch quan trng ca min dch th ng. Cc c im gii phu-hnh thi c lin quan n tnh khng bnh ca cy l: dy ca lp biu b, lp sp, c im ph lng t l, cu to lp bn, s lng l kh khng v hnh dng l kh khng, c im n hoa, hnh dng chung bn ngoi,... Lp biu b l dy cc loi cy hong lin Berberis spp. lm cho chng c tnh khng bnh g st thn do nm P. graminis gy ra. Nhng ging la m khi phi mu m hoa n kn th b bnh than en ht nh hn ging hoa n m. Ging khoai ty c bi rm rp l b bnh mc sng do P. infestans nng hn ging c t l v l dng thng (Cheremisinov, 1973). C ch chc nng-sinh l Tnh khng bnh c hnh thnh y l do nhng c im ring v chc nng hoc sinh l ca cy trng. Trong nhm c ch ny, c ngha thc s l s hot ng m ca l kh khng, s to thnh so khi c vt thng c gii, c im trao i cht, c im ny mm ca ht ging,... Hot ng m ca l kh khng cc ging cy trng c ngha ln i vi mt s nm v vi khun ch xm nhim qua l kh khng ca l. L kh khng cc ging la m khng bnh g st do nm P. graminis f. tritici vo bui sng thng m chm nn nhng si nm mc t cc h bo t b kh khng th xm nhp vo trong l c. Tnh khng bnh thi vng do C. sepedonicum ca khoai ty lin quan ti s tch lu cht glucoza trong cy. Trong trao i cht, nhng ging cy trng c qu trnh tng hp mnh hn qu trnh phn gii th s biu hin tnh khng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cao hn (Cheremisinov, 1973). C ch ha hc Tnh khng bnh hi ca cy trng c hnh thnh do axt ca dch t bo v s to thnh cc cht nh anthxian, phenol, glucozit, fitonxit,... cn tr s ly lan ca vt gy bnh trong m cy trng. Tnh khng bnh sng mai do P. viticola ca cc ging nho lin quan ti axt ca dch t bo. Hm lng cc axt t do trong ging khng bnh (6,2-10,3%) cao hn trong cc ging nhim bnh (0,5-1,9%). Cht solanin trong c khoai ty lin quan ti tnh khng bnh mc sng do P. infestans.
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Cc loi khoai ty di v ging khoai ty khng bnh ny c hm lng cht solanin trong c cao hn nhiu so vi trong cc ging nhim bnh (Cheremisinov, 1973). Vt hoi t bo v Mt phn ng tch cc ca cy trng i vi s xm nhp ca vt gy bnh l s hnh thnh cc vt hoi t hay t cht tng phn m, s ha bn cc t bo m xung quanh vt thng. Trong phm vi vt hoi t, vt k sinh khng th tn ti c. Ging la m khng bnh g st thng to thnh vt hoi t ni cc si nm xm nhp vo m cy (Cheremisinov, 1973). Hnh thnh khng c t v hot ha men Nhiu nghin cu ha sinh ch ra rng cc qu trnh hot ng ca men oxi ha cng mnh th ging cy trng cng th hin tnh khng bnh cao hn. Di nh hng ca c t do nm B. cinerea tit ra, hot tnh ca men oxi ha trong ging bp ci khng bnh thi t biu hin rt r v lm t lit hot tnh ca c t do nm gy bnh tit ra. iu ny khng c c ging bp ci nhim bnh thi t do nm B. cinerea (Cheremisinov, 1973). Hin tng thc bo Cht nguyn sinh trong t bo thc vt sng c kh nng to ra cc th chng li vi khun gy bnh v tiu dit chng khi chng xm nhp vo t bo. Nhn t bo thc vt i khi cng tiu dit vi khun l trong t bo. y gi l hin tng thc bo (Iachevxkii, 1935). Mt s t bo trong cy k ch c kh nng tiu dit tng phn si nm gy bnh (ch vi nm k sinh trong). Nhng t bo thc vt c kh nng tiu dit vi khun hay mt phn si nm gy bnh gi l th thc bo (phagoxit). Th thc bo khng th loi tr c hon ton nm gy bnh, ch hn ch s pht trin ca chng. Cy k ch sau tr nn min dch i vi s xm nhp ln khc ca loi nm ny. 3. Cc loi tnh khng su bnh ca cy trng Tnh khng dch hi ca cy trng chia thnh tnh khng khng di truyn v tnh khng di truyn. Tnh khng khng di truyn y l tnh khng khng di truyn li c cho i sau. Bao gm tnh khng sinh thi v tnh khng to c. Tnh khng sinh thi cn gi l tnh khng gi (khng c tht). Tnh khng ny xut hin tm thi ging nhim do nh hng ca iu kin sinh thi. Bn cht ca hin tng ny l giai on mn cm ca cy trng vi dch hi khng trng vi thi k dch hi c mt qun th cao hoc giai on mn cm ca cy vi dch hi rt ngn v vo thi im dch hi c qun th thp nht. Ging la chn sm khng b su bnh hi cui v nh IR-1820. Thi v gieo trnh thi im c dch hi pht trin mnh nh ging la NN75-2 gieo vo tr Xun sm Bc B t b bnh bc l; ging la NN8 gieo mun trong tr Xun chnh v b bnh bc l nng. Tnh khng to c l tnh khng ca cy trng c c do s dng bin php nhn to lm tng sc chng li s gy hi ca dch hi. Thng s dng mt s ha cht nng cao tnh chng chu ca cy trng i vi dch hi. Cy la ch hp th c cht SiO2 dng v nh hnh, khng hp th c khi n dng tinh th. Tro thu c do t tru cha 81,0% cht SiO2 (dng v nh hnh). Bn tro tru vo t hn ch c bnh o n khi cy la giai on m. Kh nng khng nhim bnh o n giai on m ca cy la c bn tro tru l do tc dng ca cht SiO2 (IRRN, 9/1995). Cht Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) c tnh lu dn trong cy, c khng nh c tc dng hot ha tnh khng bnh to c. X l cht ny cho
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da chut lm tng kh nng t v chng li s xm nhim ca mt s nm gy bnh nh C. orbiculare, C. cucumerinum (Gen. Plant Path., 2001). Tnh khng di truyn L tnh khng do vt liu di truyn (gen) quyt nh. Loi tnh khng ny chia thnh tnh khng ngang v tnh khng dc Tnh khng ngang do cc gen th quyt nh. y l tnh khng a gen, c th khng vi nhiu ni hoc loi dch hi khc nhau. Tnh khng ngang n nh trong thi gian di hn, nhng mc khng khng t c cao, ch mc khng va hay ch biu hin tnh chu ng. Tnh khng dc do gen chnh quyt nh, c th do mt hoc vi gen quyt nh. Tc dng ca mi gen d b mt do s bin i thch ng ca dch hi. Tnh khng dc thng biu hin mc khng cao. III. S SP TNH KHNG SU BNH CA CY TRNG Mi quan h ca su hi v vt gy bnh hi (sinh vt gy hi) vi cy trng c hnh thnh t lu trong qu trnh cng tin ha. y l mi quan h qua li hai chiu gia sinh vt gy hi v cy trng. Mi quan h ny l mi quan h k sinh-k ch (i vi vt gy bnh) hay mi quan h loi n thc vt-cy thc n (i vi su hi). S xut hin, tn ti, pht trin ca cc mi quan h ny l cuc u tranh sinh tn gia hai loi sinh vt v chng to ra cp p sinh vt gm cy trng v sinh vt gy hi. Trong mi quan h ny c cy trng v sinh vt gy hi u t bin i u tranh sinh tn. Cy trng lun phn ng tr li t bo v chng li cc tc ng gy hi t pha dch hi. Theo thi gian, cy trng thng hnh thnh kiu di truyn mi thch ng vi sinh vt gy hi. Cc sinh vt gy hi lun t bin i thch nghi v ph hp hn vi nhng thay i ca cy trng. iu ny dn n hnh thnh cc kiu di truyn mi, thng c gi l biotyp, ni hay chng mi. Trong thc t sn xut, mt ging cy trng khng su bnh hi c s dng rng ri sau mt thi gian s lm xut hin biotyp hay ni mi ca su hi hoc ca vt gy bnh v dn ti ging cy trng b mt tnh khng. Mt tnh khng ry nu ca cc ging la l mt th d in hnh v gn gi vi chng ta. Ry nu hi la vo u thp nin 70 (th k 20) c gi l ry nu biotyp 1. Vin Nghin cu La Quc t lai to c nhiu ging la khng ry nu. Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc ging la IR26, IR28, IR30 khng ry nu biotyp 1 c a vo sn xut cc nc ng Nam . Sau vi nm gieo trng rng ri, qun th ry nu thch ng c trn cc ging khng ny v bin i thnh biotyp 2. Nhng ging la khng ry nu ny mt tnh khng v tr nn nhim ry nu Innxia, Philippine, ng bng sng Cu Long vo cc nm 1975-1977. Ging la vi kiu gen mi khng ry nu biotyp 2 nh IR32, IR36, IR42 c Vin Nghin cu La Quc t cung cp. Sau vi nm a vo sn xut i tr, cc ging la ny li b mt tnh khng, do ry nu bin i thnh biotyp mi. Cc ging la khng ry nu biotyp 2 tr nn nhim ry nu nng Indonesia nm 1980, Philippine nm 1984, ng bng sng Cu Long vo nm 1988. phng chng ry nu biotyp mi ti ng bng sng Cu Long, cc ging la mi khng ry nu li c tuyn chn phc v sn xut. o n l mt bnh d pht sinh pht trin mt qun th cy la c tnh di truyn ging nhau. Cc nh chn ging v nh bnh cy lai to c ging la nng sut cao c mang gen chnh khng nm gy bnh o n. Tnh a dng ca ni nm o n cho php nm o n d dng vt qua tnh khng ca cc ging la. Do , hin tng mt tnh khng ca ging la khng bnh o n xy ra thng xuyn. Cc ging la khng bnh o n nh IR1820 c gieo trng cc tnh Bc
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Trung B; IR38, IR42, IR17494 c trng cc tnh ven bin min Trung. Cc ging la ny hin nay tr nn mt tnh khng bnh o n nhng ni gieo cy chng. IV. CHIN LC S DNG GING KHNG SU BNH Nhm khc phc s nhanh chng sp tnh khng su bnh ca ging cy trng cn c chin lc s dng ging khng cho tng a phng. Chin lc ny nh sau: - S dng lun phin cc ging khng mang gen chnh. Khng gieo trng lin tc trn din rng mt ging khng su bnh mang gen chnh. Cn c 2-3 ging khng su bnh mang gen chnh thay th nhau trong cc v. - Kt hp cc gen chnh khng su bnh. Kt hp hai hoc nhiu gen chnh khng ry nu trong mt ging la s lu mt tnh khng ry nu. - S dng ging cy trng c tnh khng ngang. Nhng ging vi c ch khng a gen s c tnh khng su bnh n nh lu di trong sn xut. to cc ging cy trng khng a gen i hi nhiu thi gian, cng sc hn. - Dng ging khng su bnh nhiu dng. Chin lc ny nhm phi hp mt s gen chnh trn mt nn di truyn to c dng lai c c im nng hc ging nhau, nhng mang gen khng su bnh khc nhau. Ging khng nhiu dng c kh nng ngn cn s pht trin nhanh cc biotyp hay ni mi dch hi. C cu ging a dng v di truyn. H sinh thi c s phong ph v di truyn s n nh hn. V. S DNG GING KHNG SU BNH VIT NAM Vic s dng ging cy trng khng su bnh c p dng nc ta, c bit bin php ny c coi l then cht trong IPM trn cy la. i vi cy la nc ta tuyn chn, lai to c nhiu ging la khng nhng su bnh hi ch yu. dng cc ging la khng ry nu biotyp 1 (IR26, IR28, IR30), khng ry nu biotyp 2 (IR32, IR36, IR42, CR203), khng bnh o n (IR38, IR42, IR1820, IR17494), khng bnh bc l (NN273, IR22, IR579, X20, X21, OM90) Trong phng chng su bnh hi bng s dng cc ging bng khng ry xanh hai chm (VN20, L18, C118), khng su xanh (TH2, MCU9). Ging c ph Catimor, Arabusta c kh nng r rt khng nm H. vastatrix gy bnh g st. Cc ging ny c s dng nhng ni trng c ph b bnh g st nng. Bnh ho xanh do vi khun R. solanacearum gy ra cho nhiu loi cy trng. Mt s ging c chua c nng sut cao v khng bnh ny tuyn chn c nh ging qu n ti CLN-1462A v ging qu dng ch bin PT-4719A (L. L. T, 2004). Gn y tuyn chn c ging lc khng bnh ny l MD7 v MD9. D. NGHIN CU NG DNG CHT C HOT TNH SINH HC CAO (CHT IU HO SINH TRNG, CHT DN D SINH HC, V CC CHT KHC) I. Nghin cu cht dn d gii tnh cn trng 1. Gii thiu chung v cht dn d gii tnh Thut ng cht dn d (pheromone) c Karlson & Butenandt s dng ln u tin vo nm 1959. Cht dn d l nhm nhng hp cht ha hc c cc tuyn ngoi tit ca cn trng tit ra ngoi mi trng nhm gy nh hng ln tp tnh v sinh l nhng c th khc cng loi. y l sn phm ngoi tit thc hin nhiu chc nng c bit ca cn trng. Cn trng c nhiu loi cht dn d, trong cht dn d gii tnh c nghin cu nhiu hn v c ngha ng dng trong phng chng nhng loi cn trng hi. Cht dn d gii tnh l cht ha hc c cc c th cn trng ca mt gii tnh tit ra ngoi v gy phn ng kch thch sinh dc cc c th Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt

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gii tnh kia. Cht dn d gii tnh c cc tuyn ngoi tit c bit tit ra, cu to v v tr ca cc tuyn ny trong c th cn trng rt a dng. Nhng nghin cu mt cch khoa hc v bn cht, vai tr ca cht dn d ni chung v cht dn d gii tnh ni ring trong i sng cn trng ch c bt u t sau nm 1959. Sau 20 nm nghin cu, Butenandt v cng s l nhng ngi u tin xc nh, tng hp c cht dn d gii tnh ca trng thnh ci loi tm B. mori gi l bombicol (Sumakov, 1986). y l cht ha hc u tin c m t chnh xc c kh nng hp dn v gy kch thch sinh dc trng thnh c ca cn trng. n nm 1965, trn th gii xc nh c cht dn d gii tnh cn trng do trng thnh ci tit ra 159 loi (c 109 loi cnh vy) v do trng thnh c tit ra 53 loi. Hu ht thnh phn ha hc ca cc cht dn d gii tnh ny vn cha c xc nh v gii m. Trong c 3 cht dn d gii tnh c xc nh l bombicol t B. mori, diptol t P. dispar v propalup t P. gossypiella. Thc t ch c cht bombicol l xc nh ng. S tin b r rng trong nghin cu cht dn d gii tnh cn trng t c giai on 1965-1968. Vic dng phng php by trng thnh iu kin t nhin bng cc cht dn d gii tnh tng hp d nghin cu cht dn d gii tnh ca cc loi thuc h Tortricidae v su c qu phng ng G. molesta cho php gii quyt hng lot vn v phng php lun vo u thp nin 1970. Cht dn d gii tnh ca su c qu phng ng G. molesta c gii m v tng hp nh s hp tc nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc Hoa K & Thu S. Nm 1970, Lin X c tng hp c cht dn d gii tnh ca loi ny (Sumakov, 1986). n nm 1973, trn th gii gii m c 49 cht ha hc c trong thnh phn cht dn d gii tnh v cht dn d by n ca hn 50 loi thuc 4 b cn trng (Jacobson, 1965; Minjalo et al., 1973). n nm 1982 thng k c 672 loi thuc 12 b cn trng v nhn nh c cht dn d gii tnh xc nh c. Con s ny n nm 1990 t khong hn 900 loi. Phn ln chng thuc b cnh vy (475 loi). Cht dn d gii tnh ca 273 loi c nghin cu s dng trong thc tin. Cc loi c cht dn d gii tnh c s dng tp trung b cnh vy (189 loi); b cnh cng v b hai cnh tng ng c 47 v 12 loi c s dng cht dn d gii tnh (Inscoe et al., 1990; Klassen et al.,1982). Lin X c n thp nin 1980 nghin cu s dng cht dn d gii tnh trong phng chng hn 20 loi su hi va l i tng kim dch thc vt, va l su hi quan trng trn cy trng chnh (Smetnik, 1987). Nhng nghin cu c bn v chit xut, gii m v tng hp cht dn d gii tnh cng c tin hnh gn 20 loi cn trng hi n (Chandha et al., 1989; Rangaswamy, 1985; Sarode, 1987). Trung Quc nghin cu mt cch c h thng v cht dn d gii tnh ca cn trng t 1970. n thp nin 1990 nghin cu c cht dn d gii tnh hn 20 loi cn trng nh su t, su hng dc qu bng, su c thn la bm hai chm, su c thn bm c mo, su cn gi, su c thn ng, su c thn bm 5 vch u nu, su xanh, su c qu phng ng,... (Liu, 1989). Ti i Loan, nghin cu s dng cht dn d gii tnh ca cn trng trong phng chng su hi c tin hnh t 1977 vi i tng l su t, su khoang. n 1996, din tch p dng cht dn d gii tnh phng chng cn trng t 36.000 ha rau cc loi v 15.000 ha lc, u xanh.

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2. c trng ca cht dn d gii tnh ca cn trng Cht dn d gii tnh l phng tin hiu qu tp hp cc c th cng loi nhng khc gii tnh ang xa nhau. Chng c hot tnh sinh hc rt cao, biu hin tc ng ch mt lng rt nh. Cht dn d gii tnh ca cn trng do trng thnh ci tit ra c khong cch tc ng xa hn so vi cht do trng thnh c tit ra. Con c loi A. pernyi tm thy con ci cha giao phi cch 6 km. Ch c trng thnh ci cha giao phi mi tit cht dn d gii tnh, c bit i vi cc loi ch giao phi mt ln. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy cht dn d gii tnh ca phn ln cc loi cn trng khng phi gm mt thnh phn, m l gm nhiu thnh phn, ch mt s loi c cht dn d gii tnh gm 1-2 thnh phn. Th d, cht dn d gii tnh ca loi su c qu to ty C. pomonella gm 7 thnh phn. Mc d gm nhiu thnh phn, nhng trong cht dn d gii tnh ca bt k loi cn trng no cng ch c mt thnh phn lun lun chim u th v lng. Tng quan v lng ca cc thnh phn trong cht dn d gii tnh c ngha quan trng quyt nh tnh cht c trng cho loi. Nhng cc loi khc nhau c tng quan ny bin ng phm vi rt ln t 1:1 n 5000:1. Mt thay i bt k ca cc thnh phn u dn ti s mt hot tnh ca cht dn d gii tnh. Cht dn d gii tnh tng hp thng c tc dng hp dn vi loi, ngha l tnh c trng thp v trong c thnh phn chung cho mt vi loi. Ch phm cht dn d gii tnh ca su c qu phng ng do Cng ty Zoecon v Lin X c xn xut c th hp dn t nht trng thnh ca 10 loi cnh vy khc nhau (George et al., 1972; Sumakov, 1986). 3. Phng php s dng cht dn d gii tnh Cht dn d gii tnh ca cn trng c s dng iu tra pht hin, d bo tnh hnh pht sinh, pht trin ca su hi v s dng nh phng tin hn ch s lng su hi. a. iu tra pht hin v d bo v su hi S dng by c cht dn d gii tnh (1 microlit/by) cho php thu nhn nhng thng tin khc nhau v qun th su hi. S dng cc by kiu ny nhm mc ch: - pht hin sm nhng su hi l i tng kim dch thc vt, c bit trong nhng nm u mi nhp ni qun th ca chng cn mc thp. Trn c s xc nh vng ly nhim gim st s pht trin ca chng. Lin X c p dng i vi cc loi bm trng M, bm su c qu phng ng, bm su c c khoai ty, rui a Trung Hi, mt T. granarium, rp sp D. perniciosus, P. comstocki (Smetnik, 1987). - d bo thi gian xut hin, theo di din bin mt qun th ca bm loi su hi cn quan tm. Trn c s quyt nh vic p dng bin php x l thch hp i vi su hi. Ti Hoa K bin php ny p dng trong sn xut t 1973. Cc nc khc nh n , Bungaria, i Loan, Israel, Italy, Hoa K, Lin X c, Na-Uy, Thu in,... s dng rng ri ch phm cht dn d gii tnh trong d bo phng tr nhiu loi nh su c qu to ty C. pomonella, su xanh H. armigera, su hng hi bng P. gossypiella, su loang E. vittella, E. insulana, su xm bp ci M. brassicae, su xm ma ng A. segetum, su rm L. dispar, su khoang S. litura, su keo da lng S. exigua, su c c khoai ty Ph. operculella, su c thn la bm 2 chm S. incertulas, su cun l nh C. medinalis, b xt mui H. antonii, bore c ph X. quadripes, su c thn ma Ch. auricilius, Ch. infuscatellus, rui hi qu C. capitata, mt m ngn I. typographus, b cnh cng hi thng D. breviconus,...(Bakke, 1982; Bedard et al., 1974; Inscoe et al., 1990; Kovalev, 1979; Smetnik, 1987; Steiner et al., 1961; Tamhankar et al., 1989; Trematerra et al., 1996;...).
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Nh d bo cn trng hi bng by dn d gii tnh lm gim ng k s ln phun thuc. D bo su c qu to ty C. pomonella gim 50% s ln phun thuc ti Italy v Lin X c. Ti Hoa K, chi ph dng thuc gim t 312 la M/ha (khng d bo) xung 198 la M/ha (ni d bo bng by dn d gii tnh). Tit kim 2 ln phun thuc tr su c thn la bm hai chm Pakistan v 5 ln phun thuc trn bng n . i vi su t gim 50% s ln phun thuc (Hall et al., 1996; Ohbayashi et al., 1990; Smetnik, 1987; Trematerra et al., 1996). b. S dng nh phng tin hn ch s lng su hi S dng by c cht dn d gii tnh theo hng ny l hn ch s pht trin ca su hi. S hn ch s lng su hi thng qua cc phng thc sau: - S dng by c cht dn d gii tnh nh l bin php trc tip tiu dit su hi. C s ca bin php l by c cht dn d gii tnh s thu ht lng ln cc c th bm c. Mi by cn khong 1 microlit v khong 100 by/ha l ph hp i vi cc loi su hi nng nghip. nghin cu nhiu bin php dng by c cht dn d gii tnh thu v tiu dit c lng ln bm c. Trong cc by kiu ny, cht dn d gii tnh ch l mi nh cn trng ti. thu gi chng, cht dn d gii tnh c dng cng vi by dnh, by nc, by hp (ch vo m khng ra c), by c thuc tr su ha hc hay vi sinh vt gy bnh cho su hi (Coppel et al., 1977). Tuy nhin, bin php dng by c cht dn d gii tnh thu v tiu dit bm c s kh thnh cng i vi nhng loi cn trng m c th c giao phi nhiu ln. Th d, con c loi su rm P. dispar c th giao phi ti 8 ln, do dng by bt trng thnh c s khng em li hiu qu (Anichkova, 1971). - S dng cht dn d gii tnh gy mt kh nng nh hng, ph v mi lin h v cn tr s gp nhau gia bm c vi bm ci, dn n khng giao phi c vi nhau. Bin php ny gi l gy mt nh hng hay quy nhiu giao phi. Bn cht ca bin php l to cho khng kh trong vng hot ng ca bm su hi cha hm lng cao cht dn d gii tnh. Nh vy s c ch phn ng i tm bm ci giao phi ca bm c. iu ny ch xy ra khi cht dn d gii tnh c nng trong khng kh phi cao hn nng ngng bnh thng ca loi l 105 phn t/cm3 (Wright, 1965). Liu lng s dng cht dn d gii tnh quy nhiu giao phi tng gp 10-25 ln so vi liu lng trong by by dn d bnh thng. Bin php quy nhiu giao phi c nghin cu thnh cng i vi b vi voi c qu bng t 1974 ti Hoa K. n nay c ng dng nhiu nc trn th gii nh n , Canada, Hn Quc, Hoa K, Israel, Italy, Lin X c, New Zealand, Nht Bn, Pakistan, Trung Quc,... Bin php ny c nghin cu p dng phng chng nhiu loi nh su c qu to ty C. pomonella, su rm P. dispar, su c qu phng ng G. molesta, cc su cun l Adoxophyes sp., A. lineatella, E. postvittana, H. magnanima, R. naevana trn cy n qu; su hng c qu bng P. gosypiella, su loang E. vittella, E. insulana, su xanh H. armigera trn cy bng; su t P. xylostella, su khoang S. litura, su keo da lng S. exigua trn rau; su c thn la bm hai chm S. incertullas. (Fabi, 1996; Hall et al., 1996; Kehat et al., 1996; Smetnik, 1987; Suckling et al., 1996; Trematerra et al., 1996;...). Do tnh c trng ring cho loi, v l thuyt cht dn d gii tnh ch tiu dit loi c hi cn phng chng; khng gy nhim mi trng v k c trng hp trong by c dng thuc ho hc th lng thuc rt nh. t kh nng hnh thnh tnh quen vi by cht dn d gii tnh. Tuy nhin, chi ph cao, nhng b li liu lng d dng thp v by c thi gian hiu lc di. II. Nghin cu ng dng cht iu ho sinh trng cn trng 1. Gii thiu v cht iu ho sinh trng cn trng
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Hn 60 nm v trc hnh thnh mt lnh vc khoa hc mi nghin cu v cc tuyn v cc cht ni tit cn trng - Ni tit hc cn trng. Cc cht do tuyn ni tit sinh ra gi l hocmn. Hocmn c hiu l cc cht c hot tnh sinh l c bit do tuyn ni tit sinh ra, chuyn thng vo mu v tc ng ln cc c quan khc cng nh cc qu trnh sinh l trong c th tit ra cht . Wigglesworth l ngi u tin pht hin ra hocmn tr (hocmn juvelin) b xt Rhodnius v i u trong nghin cu hocmn cn trng. Hocmn tham gia iu ho chc nng c th, khng tc ng ln cc c th khc. n nay chng minh rng s thay i a dng trong qu trnh pht trin c th v bin thi xy ra cn trng c iu ho mt cch chnh xc bi 3 hocmn: hocmn no, hocmn lt xc (ekdixon) v hocmn tr (hocmn juvelin). Nm 1956, hocmn u tin cn trng c chit sut t phn bng con c loi bm H. cecropia c hot tnh rt cao ca hocmn tr. Nm 1961 t phn ca mt bt T. molitor tm thy cht farnesol c hot tnh ca hocmn tr. Nm 1965 tm thy trong phn g ca mt s cy l hnh kim cht juvabion. Nm 1966 pht hin ra cc cht steroid c cu trc ging hocmn lt xc b xt P. apterus. Ngy cng pht hin c nhiu hp cht t nhin v tng hp c hot tnh nh hocmn tr. Cc cht ny gi l cht tng t hocmn tr. Ngoi ra cn pht hin c nhng cht chng tc ng ca hocmn tr (precocene) hay ca cc hp cht sinh l khc. Tt c cc cht ny gi l nhm cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng. Nh vy, cht iu ho sinh trng cn trng l cc hp cht t nhin hoc tng hp tham gia vo iu ho cc qu trnh sinh trng & bin thi cn trng. Williams, khi chit sut c hocmn u tin (1956), xut s dng hocmn nh mt loi thuc tr su, ng vit: Hon ton c th tin tng rng sau khi xc nh c cu trc ho hc v tng hp c hocmn th c th s dng n rng ri nh mt th thuc tr su. Tuy nhin, iu ny mi ti nm 1966 mi c chng minh trn b xt P. apterus. Nm 1967, cng chnh Williams a ra thut ng thuc tr su th h th 3 ch nhng ch phm t hocmn tr hay hocmn khc ca cn trng v cc cht t nhin hay tng hp c tc dng nh hocmn tr dng tr cn trng hi (Coppel et al., 1877; Slama et al., 1966; Williams, 1967). Tuy vy, kh nng thc hin iu ha sinh trng cn trng da vo tc ng ha hc nh hng ln h ni tit ch c h m sau khi tm thy nhng c ch t bo v ca cy chng li su hi. Mt s cy khng b cn trng ph hi v c cha nhiu cht c hot tnh nh hocmn tr, hocmn lt xc (Slama et al., 1966; Takemoto et al., 1967). T nhng mu hnh ny chit sut, to c cc ch phm khc cu trc ha hc vi hocmn cn trng nhng c hot tnh ca hocmn. Nhng cht ny gi l cht tng t hocmn. C 3 nhm cht tng t hocmn cn trng: cht tng t hocmn tr (juvenoid) cht tng t hocmn lt xc (ekdizoid) v cht chng tc ng ca hocmn tr (precocene). Cc cht tng t hocmn cn trng c liu lng (nng ) s dng rt thp. Cc ch phm t cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng c tnh an ton cao. Cho n by gi, cc ti liu cng b u khng nh cc cht tng t hocmn tr ni chung khng c cp tnh, khng c mn tnh i vi ng vt, cc sinh vt khng phi l i tng tc ng. Cc ch phm ny phn hy rt nhanh trong mi trng. Tuy nhin, khi s dng nhm ha cht ny phng chng cn trng cng gp kh nhiu kh khn. Mt kh khn ln l thi gian mn cm vi cht iu ha sinh trng ca cn trng rt ngn, ch 2-3 ngy. X l ch phm khng ng vo thi gian ny th hon ton khng c hiu qu. Khng th dng cc ch phm t cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng dp dch c. Gi thnh sn xut cc ch phm ny cn cao nn khng kinh t. Sau mt thi gian s dng, nhanh chng hnh thnh
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tnh chng cc cht iu ho sinh trng mt s loi cn trng. Tnh chng cho i vi cc cht tng t hocmn tr ghi nhn c mt T. castaneum, su xanh H. virescens. Su t cng nhanh chng xut hin tnh chng vi cc ch phm t cht iu ha sinh trng nh Atabron, Dimilin, Nomolt, Hexaflumron,... (Fahmy et al., 1990; Fauziah et al.,1990; Kobayashi et al., 1990; Rao, 1983). 2. Nguyn l tc ng ca cc cht tng t hocmn cn trng S dng cc cht ny phng tr cn trng hi da trn nguyn l gy ph v cn bng hocmn bng cch x l cc ch phm vo giai on m nng hocmn ring chnh cn trng hi ang mc thp cc tiu. T dn n nhng ph v tng ng ca cc qu trnh bin thi, lt xc, nh dc hoc pht trin h sinh sn. Cui cng dn n s cht hay bt dc. Bt c nhm no trong cc cht tng t hocmn cng u c th dng tr su hi c. Nhng trin vng hn ng dng trong thc t cho n nay th u thuc nhm cht tng t hocmn tr. V nhm ny c cng thc cu to ha hc tng i n gin, qu trnh tng hp khng phc tp, c tnh a m to iu kin d dng xm nhp qua tng cutin vo c th cn trng. Cc cht tng t hocmn tr c hot tnh sinh hc cao, c kh nng ph hu, lm gin on s pht trin ca cn trng vi liu lng s dng l phn mi, phn trm microgram/1 c th cn trng hoc nng s dng l vi phn triu cho trong mi trng thc n nui su. Cht farnesol nng 0,0001% gy cht u trng mui Culex. Liu lng km hm ID50 ca ch phm altozar i vi su non bm trng M H. cunea ch l 0,0001 microgram/1 c th (Lewallen, 1964; Sazonov et al., 1979). Cc cht tng hp tng t hocmn tr c tnh chn lc rt cao i vi tng nhm cn trng. Cn trng b cnh vy Lepidoptera mn cm cao vi cc cht kiu hocmn cecropia; cn trng h Pyrrhocoridae mn cm vi cc cht tng t hocmn thuc nhm peptid hay juvabion. 3. Kt qu ng dng Nhng th nghim u tin dng cc cht tng t hocmn tr c Williams tin hnh nm 1960 trn u trng mui Culex khng thnh cng. Sau kh nhiu th nghim i vi u trng mui c tin hnh. Retnakaran v nnk (1974) l nhng ngi u tin tin hnh dng Metopen trong phng chng su hi cy rng. Ti Lin X c tin hnh th nghim dng cht tng t hocmn vi b xt E. integriceps. Sau 7-8 thng sau x l mi thy c du hiu nh hng ln u trng. Sau 5 nm, nhng c th c s ph v hnh thi k c hiu qu chm mi t t l 93-95%. Th nghim bng ch phm altozar vi bm trng M cho kt qu tng t nh vi b xt E. integriceps. th 20 cht tng t hocmn tr i vi b cnh cng sc L. decemlineata hi khoai ty. Trong , ng ch l ch phm altozar v altocid. Th h sau b trng thnh gim 93,1% so i chng (Sazonov et al., 1979). Cc cht tng t hocmn tr nhm peptidic cho hiu qu 100% i vi b xt D. cingulatus, mt B. chinensis, T. castaneum, P. interpunctella. Ch phm hydroprene c nhiu trin vng phng chng b h C. formicarinus n . Mt s ch phm thng mi nh altosid (methopren), kinoprene, altozar (Rao, 1983). Trong cc cht cht iu ho sinh trng c s dng, dimilin l cht c kh nng tc ng i vi tt c cc giai on pht trin c th ca cn trng. y l u th ca dimilin so vi cc cht tng t hocmn tr khc. Dimilin c ch qu trnh sinh tng hp kitin c hiu qu cao i vi su non tui nh. Dimilin c hiu qu cao vi su xanh bm trng P. brassicae, su xm bp ci M. brassicae, su xanh H. armigera. Dimilin c tc dng dit trng cc loi su hi rng nh O. brumata, D. pini, P. dispar, L. monacha, S. littoralis. Dimilin x l nhng lm xut hin nhng
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trng thnh ci cc km sc sng. Tc ng n trng thnh c th ph v cc chc nng sinh sn (gim kh nng trng, bt dc mt phn hoc bt dc hon ton). Vi liu lng s dng l 350 g/ha, ch phm dimilin hon ton khng ch c s pht trin qun th su c qu to ty C. pomonella (Sazonov et al., 1979).

CU HI N TP 1. Gi tn cc bin php canh tc c ngha phng chng dch hi v phn tch vai tr ca nhng bin php y i vi ng dng BPSH 2. Cy chuyn gen l g ? Vai tr ca cy chuyn gen i vi BPSH 3. Vai tr ca ging chng chu su bnh vi bin php sinh hc? 4. Nu cc thnh tu chnh trong nghin cu ng dng cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao (cht iu ho sinh trng, cht dn d sinh hc) phng chng su hi? Ti liu tham kho chnh 1. Barton K., Whiteley H., Yang N.S. Bacillus thuringiensis -endotoxin in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum provides resistance to lepidopteran insects. Plant Physio. 85, 1103-1109. 1987. 2. Cheremisinov N.A. Obschaia patologia rastenii. Izdatelstvo Vshaia shkola, Moskva. 1973. 3. Coppel H.C., J.W. Mertins. Biological Insect Pest Suppression. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York. 1977. 4. Dunwell J.M. Transgenic approaches to crop improvement. J. Exp.Bot., 51,487496. 2000. 5. George D.A., Mc Donough L.M. Multiple sex pheromones of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). Nature, No 5367, 109. 1972. 6. Gonsalaves D. Control of papaya ringspot virus in papaya: a case study. Ann.Rev.Phytopath., 36,415-437. 1998. 7. Inscoe M. N., Leonhardt B. A., Ridgway R. L. Commercial availability of insect pheromones and other attractants. In: Behaviour modifying chemicals for insect pests management (ed. Ridgway et al.). New York, pp. 631-715. 1990. 8. Juma C., Gupta A. Safe use of biotechnology. In: Biotechnology for developing country agriculture: Problem and Opportunities, 2020 Vision, Focus 2 (ed. by G.J. Persley). 1999. 9. Klassen W., Ridway R. L., Inscoe M. Chemical attactants in integrated pest management programs. In:Insect suppression with controlled release pheromone systems.Vol.1,13-130pp. 1982. 10. Kovalev B.G. Isslegovanie polovykh pheromonov nasecomykh vo VNIIBMZR. In: Nauchnye trudy VASKHNIL Biologicheski activnye vechestva v zaschite rastenii, 18-23 str. 1979. 11. McLaren J.S. The success of transgenic crops in the USA. Pesticde Outlook, 9, 36-41. 1998. 12. Phm Vn Lm. Bin php canh tc phng chng su bnh v c di trong nng nghip. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni, 80 tr.1998, 2003 (ti bn ln 2).
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13. Phm Vn Lm. K thut bo v thc vt. Nxb Lao ng, H Ni. 2005. 14. Liu M. Y. Insect pheromone research and its application in China. Abstracts of the 1st Asia-Pacific Conf. of Entom., Nov.8-13, 1989, Chiang Mai, ThaiLand, p. 48. 1989. 15. V Triu Mn, L Lng T. Gio trnh bnh cy nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip. 1998. 16. National Research Council (NRC). Genetically modified pest-protected plants: Science and Regulation. National Academy Press, Washington, p. 33-35. 2000. 17. Ohbayashi N., Shimizu K., Nagata K. Control of diamondback moth using synthetic sex pheromones. In: Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceed. Of the 2nd Inter. Workshop Tainan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, Taiwan, p. 99104. 1990. 18. Rao P.J. Insect growth regulators in pest management. In: Principles and concepts of integrated pest management (ed. Agarwal et al.). New Delhi, p.42-47. 1983. 19. Sarode S.V. Status of pheromone use for agricultural pest control in India. In: 11th Internat. Congr. Plant Protec. Manila, Lhilippin, pp. 267-271. 1987. 20. Sazonov A.P., Pralia I.I. Rezultaty polevykh ispytanii gormonalnykh preparatov protiv vregnoi cherepashki i americanskoi beloi babochki. In: Biologicheski activnye veschestva v zaschite rastenii. Nauchnye trudy VASKHNIL. Str. 92-96. 1979. 21. Sharma H.C., Sharma K.K., Seetharama N., Ortiz R. Prospects for using transgenic resistance to insects in crop improvement. Elec.J.Biotechnol. Vol. 3, no 2. http://www.ejb.org/ content/vol3/issue 2/full/20. 2000. 22. Sharma H.C., J.H. Crouch, K.K. Sharma, N. Seetharama, C.T. Hash. Application of biotechnology for crop improvement: prospects and constraints. Plant Science, 163: 381-395. 2002. 23. Sharma H.C., K.K. Sharma, N. Seetharama, R. Ortiz. Genetic transformation of crop plants: Risks and opportunities for the rural poor. Current Science, 80(12): 1495-1580. 2001. 24. Sharma H.C., Sharma K.K., et al., Crouch, J.H. Genetic transformation of crops for insect resistance: Potential and Limitations. Critical Review in Plant Sciences 23 (1), 47-72. 2004. 25. Slama K., Williams C.M. Juvenile hormone. V. The sensitivity of the bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, to a hormonally active factor in american paperpulp. Biol. Bull., 130, p.235-246. 1966. 26. Smetnik A. I. Sastoianie i perspectivy ispolzovania pheromonov b borbe s karantinnymi vrediteliami v SSSR. In: Biologicheski activnye veschestva v zaschite rastenii. Nauchnye trudy VASKHNIL. Str. 72-33. 1979. 27. Smetnik A.I. The application of insect pheromones in the USSR. Abstracts, 11th Inter.Congr of Plant Protection, Oct. 5-9, 1987. Manila, Philippines. P.114. 1987. 28. Sumakov E. M. 25 let nauki o pheromonakh nasecomykh. Entomol. Oboz., LXV, 4, 859-874. 1986. 29. Tamhankar A. J., Gothi K.K., Rahalkar G.W. Responsiveness of Earias vittella and Earias insulana males to their female sex pheromone. Ins. Sci. Applica. 10, pp.625-630. 1989. 30. Vaeck M., Reynaerts A., Hofte H., Jansens S., DeBeuckleer M., Dean C., Zabeau M., Van Montagu M., Leemans J. Transgenic plants protected from insect attack. Nature, 327, 33-37. 1987. 31. Williams C.M. Third-generation pesticides.Sci. America, 217(1), p13-17. 1967.
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32. Wilson W.D., Flint, H.M., Daeton, R.W., Fuschhoff, D.A., Perlak, E.J., Armstrong, T.A. Resistance of cotton lines vonatining Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) abd other insects. Journal of Entomological Science 34, 415-425.1992. 33. Wright R. H. Metarchons: Insect control through recognition signals. Bull. Atomic Sci., 21(3), p.28-30. 1965

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Phn C. K TH T NHIN CA DCH HI: VAI TR V C IM NG DNG Chng VI CC TC NHN GY BNH CN TRNG Cn trng thng b cht bi cc loi bnh khc nhau do nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy nn nh vi khun, nm, virus, nguyn sinh ng vt, tuyn trng,...Trong th bnh do cc vi sinh vt gy ra l ch yu, chim khong 80 90%. V th khi ni v bnh cn trng th ngi ta thng hiu ngay l do cc vi khun, nm v virus. Bnh cn trng thng th hin hng loi nhng c tnh khc nhau, c im chung nht ca bnh cn trng l n lm cht rt nhiu c th trong mt t, lm chm dt s sinh sn hng lot, iu hn ch c s ly lan ca cc la su hi tip theo trong t nhin. Khoa hc nghin cu bnh cn trng gi l bnh l hc cn trng. Bnh l hc cn trng khng ch n thun miu t nhng bin i bnh l bn trong c th cn trng m cn nghin cu tc nhn gy dch bnh, cng nh nghin cu cc c im c bn v nhng din bin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh bn trong v c pha ngoi c th k ch. Triu chng bnh cn trng: C th cn trng b bnh thng khc vi c th kho bi hng lot triu chng bn ngoi l do cn trng c nhng thay i v mt sinh l v bnh l ca cc m. Nhng thay i bn ngoi c th nhn thy c gi l triu chng bnh. Triu chng c trng nht l thay i v s vn ng ca cn trng. S vn ng ca chng cn tu theo mc pht trin ca bnh. Khi cn trng b bnh do cc vi sinh vt gy ra th trong c th ca n dn dn b ph hu tng phn, lc u chng vn ng chm chp, v sau ngng hn v nm im mt ch cho n khi cht. Qu trnh ly nhim v nguyn nhn gy bnh ca vi sinh vt trn cn trng: Thng thng vi cc loi bnh truyn nhim do vi khun th chng lan truyn bng ng rut thng qua con ng thc n. Nhng i vi ngun bnh do nm th ch yu li l do s tip xc trc tip vi nhau hay qua trung gian truyn bnh. Trung gian c th l nhng loi k sinh hay cn trng n tht hoc khng kh. Nguyn nhn gy bnh vi sinh vt trn cn trng: - Vi sinh vt phi c mt trong mi trng hp ca bnh cn trng v c th phn lp dng thun chng cc vi sinh vt trn mi trng nhn to. - Khi dng dng vi sinh vt thun khit gy bnh nhn to th c th gy c loi bnh tng t. - Phi chng minh c s c mt ca vi sinh vt trong c th cn trng th nghim ngha l khi th li hot lc sinh hc ca vi sinh vt trn cn trng trong iu kin thch hp th vi sinh vt ti xut hin tr li. - Mun cho vi sinh vt xm nhp vo c th k ch tr thnh vi sinh vt gy bnh th chng phi c tc ng v mt ho hc hay c hc ln k ch v gy bnh cho k ch. Trong cc tc ng ho hc c hot tnh thp nht l nhng qu trnh m vi sinh vt ch ly mt phn thc n ca k ch (c th cn trng) v chng tit ra cc sn phm trao i cht vi mt lng nht nh i vi cn trng. nh hng ca cc sn phm trao i cht thng c th hin rt r i vi nm cui giai on hnh thnh bo t.

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I. NHM VIRT CN TRNG 1. Khi qut chung v virt cn trng Virt gy bnh cn trng l mt nhm tc nhn sinh hc c nhiu trin vng trong phng chng cn trng hi cy trng. Bnh virt hi cn trng c m t sm hn bnh virt hi thc vt. Bnh virt hi cn trng u tin do Cornalia v Maestri m t vo nm 1856 chnh l bnh tm ngh (mc d bnh ny c bit t trc rt lu). Cc tc gi ny l nhng ngi u tin pht hin thy cc th a din trong c th tm b bnh, cn Bolle vo nm 1898 l ngi u tin pht hin thy khi ho tan th vi trong rut tm s gii phng ra cc th nh. Komarek & Breindl vo nm 1923 khng nh bn cht virt ca bnh tm ngh v bnh thi nhn su rm Lymantria monacha. Tuy nhin, ngi u tin nhn thy cc virt gy bnh cn trng li l Bergold vi cc nghin cu cng b t nm 1943 n nm 1947. Sau trn th gii xut hin hng lot cc cng trnh nghin cu v virt gy bnh cho cn trng, c bit sau khi c knh hin vi in t (dn theo P.V. Lm 1995). Virt gy bnh cho cn trng (hay virt cn trng) ch c kh nng sng, sinh sn trong cc m, t bo sng, khng th nui cy trn cc mi trng dinh dng nhn to. Virt cn trng c c im ni bt l tnh chuyn ha hp, ch gy bnh cho cn trng v ch xm nhim nhng m nht nh ca vt ch. Virt cn trng c th to thnh th vi nh NPV, CPV, GV, EPV hoc khng to thnh th vi nh Iridovirus, Densovirus, Baculovirus trn (Jayaraj,1985; Ramakrishnan,1985). Cho ti gia thp k 1980, ngi ta phn lp v m t c hn 700 bnh virt t hn 800 loi cn trng thuc nhiu b khc nhau. Hin nay cc virt cn trng c xp thnh 7 h sau: Baculoviridae, Reoviridae, Iridoviridae, Poxviridae, Parvoviridae, Picaviridae v Rhabdoviridae (Chukhrij 1988; Jayaraj 1985). Hai h Baculoviridae v Reoviridae c nhiu loi l nhng tc nhn rt trin vng ca BPSH. Tuy nhin, cc virt cn trng c nghin cu ng dng ch yu thuc cc nhm Nuclear Polyheadrosis Virus/NPV, Grannulosis Virus/GV, Cytoplasmis Polyheadrosis Virus/CPV. + Nhm NPV: nhm virt cn trng ny thuc h Baculoviridae, c th vi l khi a din v chng k sinh trong nhn t bo vt ch. V vy nn gi nhm NPV l virt a din nhn. Th vi ca virt l v protein bao bc cc phn th virt gi l virion. Cc virion ca NPV c hnh que. Trong th vi a din cha nhiu virion hnh que (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Su b bnh do NPV tr nn t hot ng, ngng n. C th c mu sc sng hn su kho. C th su b bnh tr nn cng phng, trng ph, cha ton nc. Khi c tc ng c gii ln b mt c th th chng d b v, gii phng dch virt. Cc su b bnh do NPV khi cht u treo ngc trn cy (tr khi b cht do NPV xm nhim t bo thnh rut). Nhm NPV k sinh trong t bo h b, th m, kh qun, huyt tng v biu m rut gia. Nhm NPV c tnh chuyn ha cao, sau nhm GV. Thng NPV ca loi cn trng no th ch gy bnh cho loi . Ring loi Baculovirus heliothis c th gy bnh cho 7 loi su xanh thuc ging Helicoverpa (Ignoffo et al., 1981- dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). n cui th k 20 ghi nhn c bnh do NPV cn trng thuc 7 b nh b cnh cng Coleoptera, hai cnh Diptera, cnh mng Hymenoptera, cnh vy Lepidoptera, cnh mch Neuroptera, cnh thng Orthoptera v cnh na Hemiptera (Chukhrij, 1988).

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+ Nhm GV: gm cc virt cn trng thuc h Baculoviridae, c th vi l dng ht. V vy nn gi nhm NPV l virt ht. Mi th vi ch cha mt virion hnh que (t khi cha 2 virion). Su b bnh do GV thng biu hin ci, chm ln, c th phn t r rng, tng biu b c th tr nn sng mu, i khi c pht mu hng, huyt tng mu trng sa. Virt ht thng xm nhim m m, t bo lp h b v huyt tng. Virt ht c tnh chuyn ha cao nht trong cc virt cn trng. Virt ht phn lp t su hi no ch gy bnh cho loi su hi . n cui th k 20, mi ghi nhn c virt ht ch gy bnh cho cn trng b cnh vy Lepidoptera, cha thy cn trng thuc cc b khc b bnh do GV. + Nhm CPV: virt cn trng nhm ny thuc h Reoviridae, c th vi l khi a din v chng k sinh trong cht dch t bo biu m rut gia ca cn trng. V vy nn gi nhm CPV l virt a din dch t bo. Trong th vi ca CPV cha cc virion hnh cu (Bergold, 1947- dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Su b bnh do CPV thng biu hin chm ln, i khi u qu to so vi c th. Mu sc c th su b bnh vo giai on cui ca s pht trin bnh l tr nn c mu sng ging nh phn trng, c bit mt bng c th. Su b bnh thng to thnh khi u trn c th. Nhm CPV k sinh trong cht dch t bo cc t bo biu m rut gia ca cn trng. Virt a din dch t bo c ph k ch rng. S ly lan ca bnh tng ln do s ly truyn qua k ch khc loi. ghi nhn c bnh do CPV cc loi cn trng thuc cc b cnh cng Coleoptera, hai cnh Diptera, cnh mng Hymenoptera, cnh vy Lepidoptera v cnh mch Neuroptera. 2. Danh lc virt cn trng c s dng Cho ti gia thp nin 1980, trn th gii phn lp v m t c hn 1270 bnh virt t cc loi cn trng thuc nhiu b khc nhau. Hu ht (70%) cc cn trng b bnh virt ghi nhn c l thuc b cnh vy. Ti Vit Nam m t, chp nh phn bit c 4 loi virus nhn a din v mt loi virus ht (N.V. Cm v CTV, 1996; Chukhrij,1988; Coppel et al., 1977; Faulkner et al., 1985; Jayaraj,1985; Van Driesche et al., 1996). Di y l mt s virt cn trng c nghin cu s dng nhiu nc trn th gii (bng 6.1). Bng 6.1. Nhng virt cn trng c nghin cu s dng tr su hi TT Tn virt Tn su hi l vt ch Loi cy trng 1 NPV-Ha Helicoverpa armigera (7 loi su xanh) Bng, rau, u 2 CPV-Ha Helicoverpa armigera Bng, rau, u 3 NPV-As Agrotis (=Scotia) segetum Bng, rau, u 4 GV-As Agrotis (=Scotia) segetum Bng, rau, u 5 NPV-Od Ocneria dispar Cy n qu 6 GV-Pr Pieris rapae Rau h hoa thp t 7 NPV-Op Orgyia pseudosugata Cy n qu 8 NPV-Tn Trichoplusia ni Rau, u 9 NPV-Hc Hyphantria cunea Cy n qu 10 NPV-Ms Mythimna separata La, ng 11 NPV-Sl Spodoptera litura Rau, u 12 NPV-Se Spodoptera exigua Bng, rau, u 13 NPV- Sf Spodoptera frugiperda Bng, rau, u
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14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

NPV-Ac GV-Lp GV-Po CPV-Dp GV-Of GV-Ab NPV-Ns NPV-Gh

Autographa california Laspeyresia pomonella Phthorimea operculella Dendrolimus punctatus Ostrinia furnacalis Andraca bipunctata Neodiprion sertifer Gilpinia (=Diprion) hercyniae

Rau, u Cy to Khoai ty Cy thng Ng Ch Thng Thng

3. Vai tr ca virt cn trng Kt qu nghin cu Thi Lan cho thy NPV l nguyn nhn gy cht t nhin ch yu ca su o xanh Trichoplusia ni trn ci bp. Ti n , su xanh H. armigera trn bng thng b cht bnh do NPV vi t l 6,9-24,5%. NPV c nh gi l tc nhn sinh hc quan trng trong km hm s lng su xanh H. armigera Trung Quc, Hoa K, Philippine (Bilapate, 1988; Coppel et al., 1977; Navasero v nnk, 1993; Tipvadee, 1983). Kt qu iu tra cho thy cc virt nu trn c mt thng xuyn trong qun th cc loi su hi. iu kin min Bc Vit Nam chng pht sinh gy bnh cho cn trng t thng 4 - 9 hng nm. Su o xanh Anomis flava hi ay thng b nhim bnh do NPV kh cao vo thng 6 - 7 hng nm. T l cht do NPV ca su o xanh t khong 11-54% v 8-68% tng ng ti Th An (H Ty) v Chu Giang (Hng Yn). Su khoang Spodoptera litura trn lc b cht bnh do NPV kh cao, c khi ti 50-60%. Trn bng pha Nam (Ninh Thun, ng Nai) virt NPV l yu t gy cht t nhin trn su xanh kh quan trng. T l su xanh b cht bnh t nhin do NPV t 9-10%. Ti c Lc, nhiu khi su xanh b cht t nhin do NPV t ti 16%. Su keo da lng Spodoptera exigua trn hnh ty Ninh Thun b bnh do NPV, cht vi t l khng cao thng ch khong 0,4-16,6% (N. V. Cm v CTV,1991; N. T. Hai, 1996; N. T. Hng,1995; P.H. Nhng, 1996; N. T. Sn,1998). 4. c im ng dng c im s dng ch phm sinh hc ph thuc vo c ch tc ng ca ch phm v nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n hot tnh ca cc sinh vt trong ch phm. Ch phm sinh hc t virt cn trng ni chung v t NPV, CPV, GV ni ring u c c ch tc ng ng rut. Cc th virt trn hoc th vi ca virt cng thc n xm nhp qua ming vo rut cn trng. Ti rut, di tc ng ca dch tiu ho, th vi b ho tan v gii phng cc virion. Qua biu m rut gia virion xm nhp vo dch mu, i ti cc t bo. Khi tip xc vi cc t bo, chng xm nhp vo bn trong cc t bo sinh sn v gy bnh cho su hi. Phn ln cc virt nhm NPV, GV c tnh chuyn ha cao, do ch phm sinh hc t cc virt ny thng c ph tc ng hp n rt hp. Mt khc, cc ch phm virt cn trng ni chung, ch phm NPV b mt hot tnh di tc ng ca sng ngn v tia cc tm. Nh vy, s dng ch phm sinh hc t virt c hiu qu cao trong phng chng cn trng hi cn lu mt s im sau y: - Phun u ch phm virt cn trng ln b phn cy l thc n a thch ca loi cn trng hi cn phng tr, to iu kin cho chng c th n c thc n nhim virt cng nhiu cng tt. Khi cn trng hi n c nhiu thc n nhim virt vo trong rut th kh nng b nhim bnh s cng cao. - hn ch n mc ti thiu tc ng khng tt do bc sng ngn v tia cc tm ca mt tri gy ra th cn phun cc ch phm sinh hc t virt cn trng vo
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bui chiu mt. Ngay chiu ti hm phun hoc sng hm sau, su hi n thc n c phun ch phm virt cn trng cha b tc ng ca mt tri. - ng thi, khi s dng ch phm virt cn trng c th trn thm mt s ph gia nh sa bt, sa lc bo, nc r ng, du thc vt sau v than hot tnh nhm lm gim tc ng xu ca nh nng mt tri i vi ch phm virt cn trng. - Nn s dng nhng chng virt a phng sn xut ch phm sinh hc tr su hi. Trong trng hp nh vy s lm tng kh nng thch ng ca virt vi iu kin ngoi cnh ni ng dng. - khc phc ph tc ng hp ca ch phm t NPV v GV, c th hn hp vi loi virt vi nhau hoc hn hp vi Bt nhm lm tng ph tc ng ca ch phm (cng lc tr c nhiu loi su hi). - C th s dng ch phm virt cn trng tr cn trng hi theo hai cch: + Phun ch phm virt cn trng nhm cung cp ngun bnh ban u t tch lu trn ng rung. Theo cch ny, vo u v gieo trng, ch phm virt cn trng c phun vi ln vi lng khng nhiu khi mt loi cn trng hi cn phng tr t mc thp chng c th t ly nhim c bnh. Theo thi gian trong v, ngun virt cn trng s tng ln v t l su hi b nhim bnh virt cng gia tng theo s gia tng s lng ca loi hi. + Phun trn ngp ch phm virt cn trng nh dng thuc ha hc tr su. Theo cch ny, khi loi cn trng hi t mt qun th cao, c kh nng gy hi ln th tin hnh phun ch phm virt cn trng. Khi phun vi liu lng ln hn lng cn thit nhm cung cp ngun bnh ti a, to iu kin cho su hi b nhim bnh nhanh nht vi t l cao nht p o su hi. Do , sau khi phun ch phm vi ngy s t c hiu qu nht nh trong tiu dit loi su hi cn phng tr. Tu theo i tng su hi v ngha kinh t ca chng m chn mt trong hai cch s dng ch phm nu trn sao cho hp l m vn cho hiu qu cao. - Khng s dng ch phm virt cn trng trong iu kin nhit thp. Khi nhit thp thi gian bnh ca su hi s ko di, su hi vn c th tip tc gy hi c. CU HI N TP 1. Anh ch hiu g v vi rt cn trng ? 2. Nu vai tr v c im ng dng virt cn trng phng chng su hi cy trng ? TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 1. Nguyn Vn Cm, Hong Th Vit. Bnh thi nhn ca su o xanh v hiu qu s dng chng trong phng tr sinh hc su o xanh ha ay. Tp ch BVTV, 5:31-37. 1991. 2. Nguyn Vn Cm, Hong Th Vit. Huger A.M. Mt s Baculovirus gy bnh trn su hi thuc b Lepidoptera Vit Nam. Sach: Tuyn tp cng trnh nghin cu bin php sinh hc phng tr dch hi cy trng, Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, tr. 17-23. 1996.

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3. Chukhrij M.G. Biologia Baculovirusov i vius txitoplazmatichexkovo poliedroza. Kishinhev. 1988. 4. Coppel H.C., J.W. Mertins. Biological Insect Pest Suppression. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York. 1977. 5. Faulkner P., Boucias D.G. Genetic improvement of insect pathogens: emphasis on the use of Baculoviruses. In: Biological control in agricultural IPM systems (ed. by Hoy et al.). Academic Press, Inc. pp.263-281. 1985. 6. Nguyn Th Hai. Nghin cu c im sinh hc, sinh thi ca mt s loi su hi chnh v thin ch trn cy bng ng Nai v Ninh Thun. Tm tt lun n Tin s nng nghip, H Ni , 24 tr. 1996. 7. Nguyn Th Hng . Su keo da lng v bnh thi nhn ca chng vng Ninh Thun. Tp ch BVTV, 4: 36-38.1995. 8. Jayaraj S. History and development of microbial control. In: Microbial control and pest management. TNAU, p. 16-21. 1985. 9. Phm Vn Lm. Bin Php sinh hc phng chng dch hi Nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 1995. 10. Phm Hu Nhng. Nghin cu s dng bin php sinh hc trong phng tr su hi bng. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc (1976-1996). Nxb Nng nghip, Tp HCM, tr.88-107. 1996. 11. Ramakrishnan N. The use of Baculoviruses and cytoplasmic viruses for pest suppression. In: Microbial control and pest management. TNAU, p. 60-75. 1985. 12. Ng Trung Sn. Nghin cu s dng HaNPV trong phng tr tng hp su xanh hi bng ti Ninh Thun. Tm tt lun n Tin s nng nghip, H Ni , 24 tr. 1998. 13. Van Driesche R.G. and Bellows T.S.J. Biological control. Chapman & Hall. New York. 1996.

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II/ NHM VI KHUN 1. Vi khun gy bnh cn trng Gia th k XIX, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) nghin cu thc nghim thnh cng trong phng chng bnh tm gai. Trong qu trnh nghin cu bnh gai trn tm L. Pasteur (1870) pht hin ra vi khun c t tn l Bacillus bombyces c nhn sng trong t bo. y chnh l cc tinh th c c bn cht protein ca loi vi khun ny vi tn gi chnh xc l Bacillus thuringiensis. Sau ny cc nh khoa hc xc nh c vi khun gy bnh thi u trng ong chu u l Bacillus alvei (nm 1885), trn tm Nht Bn Bacillus sotto (nm 1901)... 1. c im chung vi khun gy bnh cn trng L cc ging hnh thnh bo t (sporeformers) nh Bacillus, Clostridium v cc ging khng thnh bo t (nonsporeformers) nh Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Serratia, Xenorhabdus v Photorhabdus. Kch thc 1-2 m (micromet hay 1 phn nghn milimet), nng khong 1-2 pg (picogam hay 1 phn triu gam), ch c th nhn thy bng knh hin vi. Hnh dng: Bacillus: Trc khun hnh que sinh bo t, hiu kh hoc hiu kh khng bt buc, sn sinh catalaza Clostridium: Trc khun hnh que sinh bo t, phn ln k kh, khng sn sinh catalaza Pseudomonas: Vi khun hnh que vi 1 hay 1 chm lng roi 1 u, c kh nng sinh oxidaza, khng ln men mi trng Hugh v Leifson Serratia: Vi khun hnh que ngn, to sc t mu t ta sm khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong cn 2. Bacillus thuringiensis Trong cc loi vi khun th loi Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) c s dng nhiu nht. Hnh thi bo t: hnh que, 3-6 X 0,8-0,9 m, gram dng (khng mt mu nhum khi ty bng i t hay cn), ng ring r hay thnh chui, xung quanh c th c tim mao di 6-8 m. Trng thnh mi t bo c 1 bo t hnh trng v 1 tinh th c hnh qu trm. Cn c vo kh nng hnh thnh loxitinaza, cu trc tinh th, kh nng gy bnh cho cc loi cn trng v c tnh huyt thanh hc ngi ta chia Bt thnh cc chng (varieties) khc nhau. Cc chng quan trng: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) s dng phng chng (Culex and Aedes). Loi Bacillus sphaericus c s dng trong phng chng mui sng trong nc nhim (Culex, Anopheles, Aedes) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis phng chng (B cnh cng khoai ty) 3. c t ca vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis: Da vo c ch tc ng dit cn trng ngi ta xc nh c 4 loi c t ca Bt: a/ Ni c t endotoxin, cn gi l tinh th c/Crystal - cry I, cry II, cry III, cry IV. Cc loi tinh th ny chuyn tnh cho cc b cn trng khc nhau: cryI Chuyn tnh b Cnh vy Lepidoptera cryII - Chuyn tnh b Lepidoptera v b Hai cnh Diptera cryIII - Chuyn tnh b Cnh cng Coleoptera cryIV - Chuyn tnh b Hai cnh Diptera Nm 1955, C.L. Hannay v P. C. Fitz James xc nh c bn cht protein c lin quan n c tnh ca vi khun. Tinh th c c kch thc ln 1 m x 0,5 m chim 30% khi lng kh ca vi khun. Tinh th d thy khi nhum bng
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dung dch Fuchsin cacbonic c, xanh Victoria, khi c mu sm cn bo t khng c mu nhng c mp sng. Quan st tt hn nu s dng kinh hin vi i pha (Phase-contrast microscope). Tinh th c hnh qu trm nh 2 kim t thp p vo nhau, trn b mt c cc lung ni ln cch nhau 29 nm. Bn cht ha hc ca tinh th: Trong tinh th c c trn 1 180 loi axit amin, trong c 2 loi chim t l cao nht l axits glutamic, v axit asparaginic. Trong tinh th c cha lng kh ln 5 nguyn t nh C, N, H, O, S. Ngoi ra cn cha lng nh 19 nguyn t khc nhng khng c P. Cc phn t c khi lng ln (>800.000) c c tnh cn loi c khi lng nh (10.000<) th khng c c tnh. Tinh th c c coi l 1 loi tin c t (Protoxin), c hot ha trong rut cn trng hnh thnh nn cc phn t c t vi khi lng 50.000. Tinh th bn vng vi nhit cao so vi c t dng ha tan. Chng hn tinh th B. thuringiensis var. Sotto 650C sau 1 gi vn cn hat tnh trong khi dng khc s mt han ton c tnh. Khng tan trong dung mi hu c. Gn y cc nh khoa hc M phn lp c 72 chng Bt tr su non b cnh vy, trong c nhng chng c c lc cao hn 20 ln thuc tr su (dn theo Phm Th Thy, 2004). Trong sn xut, thu c nhiu tinh th ngi ta s dng cc nguyn liu cha protein nh kh u tng, bt c ... a vo mi trng nui cy vi khun. Vi khun hot ng tt nht nhit 300C vi lng thng kh ln. Nhit 150C tr xung khng hnh thnh bo t. Khi bo t v tinh th hnh thnh th thnh t bo s b phn gii. Tc ng ca tinh th ln cn trng l rt phc tp. Tc ng in hnh l lm lit ng rut v xoang ming. Sau khi n tinh th 1-7 gi tm du (Bombyx mori) b lit ton thn. Cc t bo thng b bin i. Sau n 1 pht, tinh th xut hin ti thng b rut gia su xanh bm ci (P. brassicae). Mt s t bo b tch ri, bin hnh, cc cht bn trong chy ra ngoi mng (nh trn su c thn ng, Ostrinia nubinalis v nhiu loi khc). Lm tng tnh thm thu Kali v chng minh tng K+ trong mu v bch huyt l nguyn nhn t lit ng rut v ton thn tm du. Liu gy cht 50% (LD 50) i vi tm du v bm ci t 0,60 5 g/g su. S thay i tc ng ca tinh th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Chng hn, bnh thng, khi vo rut trc v rut gia, nu pH cao (>7.0) v c th khng c c ch gii c, tinh th s v ra lm nhim c mu. Hin tng thy ph bin trn tm, su rm, bm ci.... Tuy vy trong nhiu trng hp khi tinh th c v ra, mt s loi su c c ch t gii c, ngng n, pH ng rut gim xung, sau mt thi gian nht nh ng tiu ha c hi phc. Trong khi , nhiu loi cn trng sn sinh ra men chuyn Protoxin ca tinh th thnh c t. ghi nhn trn 200 loi cnh vy b tinh th c tn cng mnh. Cch t tn gene tinh th ca Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) v ph tc ng trn cn trng ca chng nh sau: Gene + Protein ca chng Bt nh: cryI CryI kurstaki (HD-1) aizawai sotto Lepidoptera cryII CryII kurstaki (HD-1) kurstaki (HD-263) Lepidoptera and Diptera (mui) cry IIIA CryIIIA tenebrionis Coleoptera (chrysomelids) cryIIIB CryIIIB japonensis Coleoptera (scarabaeids) cry IV CryIV israelensis Diptera (mui v rui en)

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Ph tc ng ln k ch chnh c ghi thm bng ch La m. Chng hn, CryI v CryII ch protein chuyn cho Lepidoptera v Diptera/Lepidoptera. Cn gene hoc protein c th phn bit bi ch ci (cryIA hoc CryIA) ch s khc bit trnh t ca amino acid. S khc bit nh c ghi theo cc ch thng, nh cryIA(a) hoc CryIA(a). Cc ng vt c v khng b ng c khi n phi tinh th l do cht Pepsin trong rut ng vt (hot ng thch hp khi pH = 2) lm mt tnh c ca tinh th vi khun. ghi nhn c lc ca Bt i vi kin v tuyn trng. b/ Ngoi c t exotoxin, cn c gi l phospholipaza. Thc cht y l 1 loi men lin quan n s phn hy phospholipit dn n cn trng cht. Cho n nay, tc ng ca c t ny l t i, ngoi nhm ong Tenthredinidae do c pH ca rut ph hp. c/ Ngoi c t exotoxin, cn gi l ngoi c t bn nhit. Chng c khi lng phn t thp (707-850). Sau 15 pht nhit 1200C vn cn hot tnh. Chng tc ng ln cn trng lm cn tr vic tng hp ARN thng tin. Chng cn c tc ng cng hng vi ni c t, sau khi ni c t ph hy biu b rut gia, chng nhanh chng xm nhim vo huyt tng v mu i n cc c quan lm thay i qu trnh trao i cht v lm cho cn trng chng cht. Pu Zhelong (1994) ghi nhn kh nng mn cm ca 34 loi cn trng i vi exotoxin. d/ Ngoi c t exotoxin, cn gi l c t tan trong nc. Chng c khi lng phn t thp t 200-2000, c mt s axit amin t do, tan trong nc, mn cm vi nh sng v c bit mt hot lc trong 15 pht nhit 600C tr ln. Cho ti nay Bt c s dng rt rng ri phng chng su hi do nhng u im nh hot tnh tr su cao, d s dng v c bit l an ton nng sn. Tuy vy, Bt cng b l mt s im yu nh: - Km bn vng so vi thuc tr su ha hc di tc ng ca mi trng - Gim hot tnh trong nc v trong mi trng hu c do b hp ph - S gia tng ng k tnh khng Bt ca cn trng hi. T nm 1983 chng minh nhiu loi cn trng khng c Bt. Kh nng khng tng nhanh nu s dng Bt lin tc. 4. Sn xut ch phm Bt C 2 phng php sn xut ch phm Bt l ln men xp v ln men chm (Phm Th Thy, 2004). a/ Ln men xp y l cng ngh t c s dng hin nay do hiu qu thp v trong qu trnh sn xut hay gp s nhim tp. Trong cng ngh cn s dng cc ht rn vi yu cu khng hp th dinh dng. Ngi ta cng c th s dng cc loi ht lm ngun dinh dng cho vi khun nh cm la m, bt ng b/ Ln men chm Hiu qu cao v c th sn xut lng sinh khi ln theo yu cu. Cc yu t quan trong trong cng ngh bao gm: - Chn lc chng Bt chun c cc protein c t c chng c hot tnh cao nhn, cn c vo tp huyt thanh - Chn mi trng ph hp to ra nhiu bo t v tinh th c nht. gim gi thnh, ngi ta thng s dng cc ph phm nng nghip, cng nghip ch bin. Vic nghin cu s ph hp ca tng mi trng ln men vi tng chng
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vi khun c tin hnh cht ch. Thnh phn cc mi trng ln men ca mt s nc c trnh by ti bng 6.2. Bng 6.2. Thnh phn mi trng ln men c s dng sn xut Bt ca mt s nc ((dn theo Phm Th Thy, 2004) Tn nc Thnh phn mi trng Tc gi Mhic R ng, bt u tng, b ng, CaC03 + Roldan v CS, 1988 H20 Hn Quc Bt c, bt u tng, cm , b vng, go, Yoon v CS, 1987 cm Trung Cm la m, tru, bt chanh, bnh u Husey v Tnley, Quc tngloi du hoc bnh ht bng loi du, 1981; angta0, 1988 cm la m hot bt ng Nigiria Bt sn ln men, ng, u a Ejiofa v Okager, 1989 Brazin Ph phm ca cng nghip giy v g thm Moscardi, 1988 tinh bt tan n Bt chanh hoc bt u tng thm tinh bt Mumgatti va tan hoc r ng Raghunathan, 1990 Vit Nam sn xut Bt c thc hin ti mt s c s nh Vin Cng nghip thc phm, Cng ty Vi sinh tp H ch Minh t nhng nm 1989-1996 theo phng php ln men chm, phn ln cc chng sn xut l t nc ngoi (Phm Th Thy, 2004). Trong qu trnh sn xut, ngoi vic chn cc chng c c tnh cao, kh nng to sinh khi ln, cc yu t sau y cn c s quan tm thch ng: - Ch thng gi: 0,5-0,6 m3 mi trng/1 m3 khng kh - Nhit : 29-300C - Trnh tha ha ging: Sau khi ln men 10-15 ln cn thay chng Bt mi m bo cht lng - Ch trnh nhim thc khun th - nh gi kt qu thng qua: + Mt bo t, s lng tinh th c endotoxin biu th bng n v quc t (IU) theo tiu chun E-61 ca Vin Pastuer (Php), t 16000 IU hoc 32000 IU, hoc Tiu chun Vit Nam 3-10 t bo t/1 gam ch phm; + Cht kh 7-10% + pH 7-7,5 + Hiu lc dit su 70-90% sau 7 ngy + Bo qun c trong 12 thng i vi dng lng: khi kt thc qu trnh ln men, em hn hp vi cc cht ph gia, cht bm dnh, cht chng thi to ch phm. Ch phm sau khi tch c m 85% v hiu sut 100 kg/m3 dch nui cy vi lng bo t 20.109/g. i vi dng kh: sn phm c tch nh my ly tm, lm kh bng ng lnh hoc xy kh trong my sy phun hoc l tm vt sau trn vi cc ph gia nh bt, lactoza, thch tn, cao lanh Khi ng gi, hm lng cht kh tiu chun t 7-10%.

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III/ NM K SINH CN TRNG Nm k sinh cn trng ng vai tr to ln trong vic khng ch cn trng hi. Tuy vy v d u tin phi k n khng phi l i vi con trng hi m l cn trng vt nui. Vo th k XVI, XVII, ngh tm t rt pht trin Php v . Nhng cng trong thi k ny, ngh tm t b thit hi nng n do bnh tm vi (Muscardine) hay cn gi l nm bch cng. Mi ti nm 1835, cng trnh u tin v c im gy bnh v bin php phng tr bnh ny ca nh khoa hc, cha bnh l hc cn trng Agistino Bassi c cng b. Sau ny, ghi nhn cng lao ca ngi pht hin ra n, loi nm c mang tn Beauveria bassiana. Nm gy bnh cho cn trng v nhn nh hi cy c quan tm nghin cu nhiu gm cc chi nm bch cng Beauveria, lc cng Metarhizium, nm bt Nomuraea. Mt s loi in hnh bao gm: - Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill; B. brongniartii Sacc. (B. tenella) - Metarhizium anisopliae Sorok ; M. flavoviride Gams - Nomuraea rileyi - Cephalosporium sp. - Hirsutella sp. - .. Hai loi nm c nghin cu v sn xut ch phm s dng nhiu nht hin nay l Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill v Metarhizium anisopliae Sorok. 1. c im hnh thi v c ch tc ng ln cn trng + Bch cng, Beauveria bassiana (Bb) Bo t trn, hnh cu hoc hnh trng (1-5,5 x 3-3,5 m). T bo sinh bo t trn n pht sinh t si dinh dng c cung phnh to (Hnh 6.1).

Hnh 6.1. Bo t phn sinh nm bch cng Beauveria bassiana (Theo Mathias de Kouassi)
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Cnh bo t phn sinh v bo t phn sinh nm bch cng Beauveria bassiana Trong qu trnh pht trin, nm tit ra c t gi Beauvericin. Chnh c tc ny l cho cn trng b cht. c t (Beauvericin) c tng hp vo nm 1969. Cng thc C45H37O9N3 (N-metyl L-phenylalanin-D- hydroxy-izovaleryl), l loi depxipeptid vng c im si 93-940C. C ch tc ng: Khi bo t gp phi c th cn trng chng s ny mm, mc thnh si nm xuyn qua v kitin v pht trin trong c th lm tiu hao cc t bo bch huyt v cui cng cn trng b cht, trn c th ph kn lp phn trng. Khi b cht c th cn trng cng li, cc bo t tip tc pht tn trong khng kh. Trn cc ngun thc n khc nhau nm sinh ra cc men thy phn thnh cc cht n phn t ri ng ha. Vic phn gii v kitin c tin hnh ngay khi nm xm nhp trn c th cn trng, sau l vic phn gii protein v lipit cc m bn trong. Trong nui cy nm th t l C:N cn c xc nh. Ngoi ra mt lng kitin nht nh l cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin bo t nh (conidiospore) v bo t chi (blastospore). Khng ch c vy, cc nguyn t vi lng, vitatmin u cn thit cho vic pht trin ca nm. Phng php ln nui cy chm c coi l phng php u vit hin nay. Nhit thch hp 25-300C, m tng i l 80-90%, nh sng yu, cn lng oxy thch hp, pH t 5,5-6. Cc loi thuc tr bnh nh hng n s pht trin ca nm. Ngoi cn trng, Bb cn tn cng trn nhiu loi nhn nh hi cy trng thuc cc ging Tetranychus, Tarsonemus, Bryobia. + Lc cng Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) Loi nm ny do Metchnikov pht hin nm 1878. Chnh ng l ngi dng mi trng b bia nui nhn Ma s dng trong phng chng Anislopia austriaca hi la m. Bo t trn hnh que 3,5 x 6,4 x 7,2 m (Hnh 6.2) mu lc xm n xanh lc. Khun lc c mu xnh i ch c mu hi hng. C 2 dng bo t l bo t ln Metarhizium anisopliae var. major c kch thc 10-14 m v bo t nh Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae kch thc 3,5-5,0 m. C khong trn 200 loi cn trng, c bit l b Coleoptera mn cm vi loi nm ny. c t ca nm l Destuxin A, B, C v D. c t destruxin A (C29H4707N5), B (C30H51O7N5), c tch tng ng t nm 1961 v 1971. Chng c im si tng ng l 1880C v 2340C.

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Hinh 6.2. Cnh bo t phn sinh v bo t phn sinh nm lc cng Metarhizium anisopliae (Theo Svetlana Y Gouli) Sau khi ri trn b mt c th cn trng, trong 24 gi nm s mc si nm xuyn qua v cn trng, pht trin thnh cc nhnh chng cht trong c th. Trong qu trnh pht trin chng tit ra c t A v B l cc cht c lm cho cn trng cht. Ma c mt trong mi trng sng: khng kh, t, trn cc ph phm... Mi trng ph hp: nhit 24-250C, pH (6,-7,4). C th phn lp Ma t cn trng cht vi triu chng in hnh l c lp nm mu xanh trn b mt c th, trong t... 2. Nghin cu ng dng Vic nghin cu ng dng nm cn trng c tin hnh t hn 100 nm nay. T nm 1892 F. Tangl nhn nui Bb tr su rm Porthetria dispa. Bc M pht hin c 175 loi cn trng b nm Bb tn cng. Cc b cn trng c nhiu loi mn cm gm Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Ve bt Acarina Ti cc nc nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Thi Lan, cmt hng s dng nhiu nm cn trng l i vi su hi trong t (rui hi r bt ci, b h khoai ty, ). Hiu qu phng tr thng t khong trn 70%. Vit Nam, t nhung nm 1990, Vin BVTV, i hc Lm nghip tin hnh nghin cu thu thp, tuyn chn, nhn v bo qun cc chng nm cn trng sn xut thuc tr su. Trong cc loi cn trng hi la, ng, ma, thng c 31 c ghi nhn b nm Bt tn cng v trn 40 loi b M.a. tn cng nh lit k di y (Phm Th Thy, 2004). + Cc loi b nm Bb tn cng:
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- Su khoang : Spodoptera litura - Su keo da lng : Spodoptera exgua - Su xanh bng : Helicoverpa armigera - Su xanh thuc l : Helicoverpa assulta - Su xanh bm trng : Pieris rapae - Su t : Plutella xylostella - Su c thn ng : Ostrinia nubilalis - Su c qu u : Etiella sp - Su rm thng : Dendrolimus punctatus - B xt hi : Leptinotasa acuta - Ry nu : Nilaparvata lugens - Su cn gi : Leucania separata - B xt en : Scotinophora lurida - B xt xanh : Neraza viridula - B h khoai lang : Cylas formicarius - Su o xanh : Anomis flava - Cu cu : Hypomesces squamosus - Chu chu : Locusta sp. - Chu chu ma : Hieroglyphus tonkinensis - Chu chu sng lng vng : Pantaga sucincta - B hi da : Brontispa longissima - Su kn hi keo tai tng : Amasstisa sp - Su o hi qu : Culculla paterianria - Su xanh n l b : Fentonia sp - Rp : Aphis sp - Mi t: Coptotermes sp. - Mt bt : Tribolium sp. - Mt go : Sitotroga sp - Rp nu mm hi c ph : Parasaisetia nigra... + Cc loi cn trng b nm Ma tn cng: - Chu chu sng lng vng : Patanga sucincta - Chu chu ma : Hieroglyphus banian - Chu chu ma : Hieroglyphus tonkinensis - Chu chu la : Oxya chinensis - Chu chu la : Oxya dominuta - Chu chu: Locusta sp. - B hi da : Brontispa sp. - B hi da : Brontispa longissima - Mi t : Coptotermes sp. - Mi t : Coptotermes squamosus - Su kn hi keo tai tng : Amasstisa sp - Su o hi qu : Culculla paterianria - Su xanh thuc l : Helicoverpa assulta - Su xanh bng : Helicoverpa armigera - Su xanh bm trng : Pieris rapae - Su khoang : Spodoptera litura - Su c qu u : Maruca testulalis - Su c thn ng : Pyrausta nubilalis - Su n l u : Etiella sp - B xt hi : Leptinotasa acuta
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B xt en: Scotinophora lurida B xt xanh : Neraza viridulla Su cn gi : Leucania separata Ry nu : Nilaparvata lugens Ry xanh ui en : Nephotetix bipunctatus B h khoai lang : Cylas formicarius Su o xanh : Anomis flava Cu cu : Hypomeces squamosus Su xanh n l b : Fentonia sp. Mt go : Sitotroga sp. Su rm thng : Dendrrolomus punctatus B hung en hi ma : Alissonotum impressicole Cnh cam : Anomala cupripes Su rm qu : Malacosoma dentata Su c cnh qu : Arbela bailbarana B hung nu : Exolontha sp B hung nu nh : Maladera orientalis Xn tc : Bacchisa atritaric B xt vi : Tessaratoma papillosa

hon thin cng ngh sn xut qui m 20-30 kg/ngy. Hai sn phm l Boverin v Mat c s dng tr cc loi cn trng hi nh Su o xanh, Chu chu, Su rm thng, B hi da, B hung hi ma, Su xanh bng, Mi hi c ph Loi Bb cn c th nhn theo phng php n gin p dng ti h gia nh trn mi trng c cm + tru + ng s dng trong phng chng b h Cylas formicarius t kt qu kh tt (Nguyn Vn nh v Nguyn Th Kim Oanh, 2001). Bb c kh nng s dng hiu qu trong phng tr su rm thng (Nguyn Thanh Hi v Nguyn Vn nh, 2002). Ngoi 2 loi nm ph bin trn cn c cc loi nm khc c tc dng trong phng tr t nhin su v nhn hi cy trng. Trong s ny phi k n Enthomophthora acaricida k sinh trn nhn hi cam Panonychus citri v Eutetranychus sexmaculatus. Nm E. fresenu k sinh ph bin trn t hp nhn son v nhn hai chm Tetranychus urticae. Nm Hirsutell thompsonu k sinh trn nhn rm vng Phyllocoptruta oleivera ve bt hi cam qut. TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 1. Burges, H. D. (ed).1981. Microbial control of pests and plant diseases 19701980. Academic Press. New York. Chap 10 and 11. 2. de Barjac, H. and Sutherland, D. J.1990. Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes and Black Flies. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. 349 pp 3. Nguyn Ln Dng, 1981. S dng vi sinh vt phng tr su hi cy trng, NXB Khoa hc v k thut. 4. Nguyen Van Dinh and Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh. 2001. Preliminary results of using Beauveria bassiana for control of sweet Potato Weevil (Cylas formicarius) in Vietnam. In Development of New Bio-Agents for alternative Farming Systems. Tokyo University of Agriculture: 76-84. 5. Gill, S. S., Cowles, E. A. and Pietrantonio, P. V.1992. The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37:615-636. 6. Nguyn Thanh Hi v Nguyn Vn nh. 2002.Nghin cu c tnh sinh hc ca su rm thng Dendrolimus punctatus Walker v s dng mt s ch
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phm sinh hc phng chng chng c Thanh Ha. Hi ngh Cn trng hc ton quc IV: 159-162. 7. Hofte, H. and Whitely, H. R.1989. Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiol. Rev. 53: 242-255. 8. H Quang Hng, 2000. Gio trnh qun l dch hi tng hp, NXB Nng nghip. 9. Phm Vn Lm, 1996. Bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi, NXB Nng nghip. 10. Rombach, M. C, 1989. Production of Beauveria bassiana (Deteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) sympoduloconidia in submerged culture. Entomophaga 34, 45-52. 11. Nguyn Cng Thut, 1996. Phng tr tng hp su bnh hi cy trng, nghin cu v ng dng, NXB Nng nghip. 12. Phm Th Thu v CTV, 1993. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v sn xut th nghim nm Beauveria bassiana v Metarhizium trn ry nu hi la v trn su o hi ay. Tp ch Nng nghip v cng nghip thc phm s 5/1993. 13. Phm Th Thu, 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong bo v thc vt, NXB i hc quc gia H Ni. 14. Tabashnik, B. E.1994. Evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annu Rev. Entomol. 39: 47-79. 15. Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H. K.1993. Insect Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego. Chapter 4. pages 83-112. IV/ VI KHUN V NM I KHNG 1. Nhm vi khun Trong sn xut nng nghip hin nay, vic tng cng gieo trng, nhiu v cy trng trn mt n v din tch, vic lun canh cy trng t c ch trng bi din tch t nng nghip hn hp, v.v. l nguyn nhn dn n nhng vn ln v ngun bnh tn ti lu di trong t. C nhiu loi bnh hi cy trng rt kh phng tr (Messian et al., 1991; Dfago, G. 1996,...). Trong khi vic s dng bin php ha hc phng tr bnh hi hiu qu thng thp, bp bnh, gi thnh t, nh hng khng nh n mi trng sinh thi, n h vi sinh vt i khng v cn trng c ch. Qu trnh tng cng s dng thuc ha hc v s to ra nhng chng, ni vi sinh vt khng thuc. Mt khc c nhiu tc nhn gy bnh c nhiu chng sinh l v ni gy bnh khc nhau v c th lm gim kh nng chng chu bnh ca cc ging cy trng,... Trn th gii nhng kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi tch ly vi mt khi lng kh ln nhng kt qu th nghim v thc nghim v vic s dng cc vi sinh vt i khng (nm, vi khun,...) trong phng chng bnh hi cy trng, nht l nhm bnh hi c ngun gc trong t (nm, vi khun, tuyn trng,v.v.). Vic ng dng bin php sinh hc phng chng bnh hi cy trng y l hng chin lc, gi vai tr c bit quan trng trong chin lc phng tr tng hp bnh hi cy trong hin ti v tng lai. 1.1. Danh lc vi khun s dng 1. Bacillus subtilis 2. Bacillus mycoides
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3. Pseudomonas spp. fluorescents 4. Pseudomonas cepacia 5. Pseudomonas stutzeri 6. Pimelobacter sp. 7. Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 (khng gy bnh) v mt s loi vi khun i khng khc v ang c s dng trong phng tr bnh hi cy trng. 1.2. Vai tr ca vi khun i khng Cc loi vi khun i khng (VKK) u thuc h vi sinh vt sng vng r cy trng v sng hoi sinh trong t (Schlegel, 1981). Trn th gii c nhiu tc gi nghin cu v hiu lc ca vi khun i khng vi cc tc nhn gy bnh cy (do vi khun v nm). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy cc loi vi khun i khng c th bo v cy trng, chng li cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, ng thi to iu kin cho cy trng sinh trng v pht trin tt (Weller, 1988; Dfago et Haas, 1990; Kloepper, 1993). C ch tc ng ca vi khun i khng th hin : - Vi khun i khng c kh nng cnh tranh vi nguyn t dinh dng st (Fe) (Scher, 1986). - Vi khun i khng c th sn sinh ra cyanide, quy np (lm tng) tnh chng chu ca cy, sn sinh ra cht kch thch sinh trng v c kh nng phn gii c t do vi sinh vt gy bnh tit ra (Utsumi et al., 1988; Toyoda et al., 1988). - Vi khun i khng c kh nng cnh tranh, chim ch rt thun li vng r ca cy trng (Bull et al., 1991; Lugtenberg et al., 1991; Parke, 1990; Schroth et Hancock, 1982; Weller, 1988). Vi khun i khng c kh nng phng chng li nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh cy ch yu, ngoi ra n c cn tm quan trng chng li nhng vi sinh vt th yu hi cy, ngha l bn thn n c kh nng chng li nhng loi vi sinh vt gy bnh m nhng vi sinh vt thng lm gim s sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng (Dfago et Haas, 1990; Gamliel et Katan, 1993). 1.3. c im ng dng Nhn nui vi khun v sn xut ch phm vi khun i khng * Nhn nui vi khun Cc loi vi khun i khng thun khit c nhn nui trn mi trng nhn to tng sinh khi. C rt nhiu loi mi trng nhn to nui cy vi khun i khng, trong ngi ta thng dng 2 loi mi trng thng dng v ch yu sau : Mi trng PSA (Pepton-saccaro-agar) Pepton 10g Saccarose 10g Glutamat natri 1g Agar 17-20g Nc ct 1000 ml pH 7,2 Mi trng chn lc Kings B Glycerin 15,0 ml 1,5g K2HPO4 1,5g MgSO4.7H2O Bacto peptone 20g Agar 17g Nc ct 1000 ml pH 7,2
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Vi khun nui cy trn mi trng nhn to, trong thi gian 24 48 gi, iu kin nhit thch hp 30 320C, vi khun s pht trin vi tc nhanh v to ra mt lng sinh khi ln vi khun thun khit, mt c th t ti khong 109 t bo vi khun (cfu) /ml dung dch. * Sn xut v bo qun ch phm vi khun i khng Vi khun sau khi nhn nui c sinh khi ln (trn mi trng chn lc Kings B, c th trn vi bt tan (loi bt c pH trung tnh, pH = 7) theo mt t l thch hp, ri hong kh t nhin hoc phi kh di nh sng tn x hoc sy nhit thp (30 350C) to thnh ch phm vi khun i khng c mt vi khun t 106 107cfu/gam c cht. Sau ng gi, bo qun ch phm vi khun i khng trong iu kin kh thong, nhit thp (15 200C) s dng phng chng cc tc nhn gy bnh c ngun gc trong t (Soilborne pathogens). ng dng phng tr bnh hi cy trng Vic s dng VKK phng tr bnh hi cy trng cn phi c tin hnh x l sm, kp thi, ch ng nhm mang li hiu qu phng chng cao. Cc loi VKK thng c s dng phng chng nhm bnh hi trong t do nm, vi khun gy ra. * Phng tr bnh ho xanh vi khun (HXVK) (Ralstonia solanacearum Smith) hi mt s cy trng cn h c, h u (c chua, khoai ty, lc, thuc l, cy c, t,v.v.). - ng dng phng tr bnh HXVK bng cch ngm ht (c) trong dch ch phm VKK (mt : 106 -107 cfu/ ml nc dch ch phm VKK) trc khi gieo trng, thi gian x l tu thuc vo c im ca cc loi ht, c ging. V d : i vi c ging khoai ty, ht c chua, thuc l, cy c, t,...th tin hnh ngm trong thi gian 25 30 pht, sau gieo v dng dch VKK ti u cho m, nhm s dng trit lng VKK trn mt n v din tch. Ring vi ht lc ging th cch ngm ht vn tin hnh tng nh trn nhng thi gian x l ngn hn, thng ngm ht trong dch VKK khong t 10 15 pht, sau em gieo trng. - ng dng phng tr bnh HXVK bng cch ngm r cy ging trc khi trng. Phng php ny thng p dng i vi cc loi cy trng cn thuc h c, h u,...(c chua, thuc l, cy c, t, v.v...) c tri qua giai on vn m nhng cha kp x l VKK trc khi gieo. Qu trnh p dng bin php s dng VKK phng tr bnh ho xanh vi khun hi c chua, khoai ty, lc, thuc l,... mt s vng cho hiu qu phng tr bnh kh cao, t l cy ho gim r rt so vi i chng hoc so vi cc bin php phng tr khc (canh tc, ha hc,v.v.). * Phng tr nhm bnh hi vng r hi nhiu loi cy trng cn khc nhau do nm, vi khun gy ra (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp, Phomopsis sclerotiodes, Macrophomina phaseolina, Erwinia carotovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, v.v.). - S dng mt s loi VKK phng tr nhm bnh nm hi vng r cc loi cy trng nng nghip ph bin nh bnh l c r, bnh kh vn, bnh ho vng, bnh thi en r,v.v...cy trng (la, ng, bng, u , bu b, da chut, rau cc loi, hoa cm chng, hoa cc,v.v.). - S dng mt s loi VKK phng tr mt s bnh vi khun hi gy bnh thi t, thi ln r, c trn mt s loi cy trng nh bnh thi ln ci bp, ci c, bnh thi t c khoai ty, hnh ty, bnh u sng r cy n qu, cy hoa, cy cnh, v.v...(cy rau h ch thp, khoai ty, hnh ty, c rt, c ci ng, cy nho, cy l, cy hoa hng,...).

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2. Nhm nm 2.1. Danh lc nm s dng 1. Acremonium kiliense 2. Chaetomium globosum 3. Coniothyrium minitans 4. Fusarium oxysporum no pathogens (khng gy bnh) 5. Gliocladium virens 6. Paecilomyces lilacinus 7. Penecillium oxalicum 8. Penicillium rubrum 9. Trichoderma spp. 10. Verticillium chlamydosporium v mt s loi nm i khng khc cng c s dng trong phng tr bnh hi cy trng nng nghip. 2.2. Vai tr ca nm i khng Cc loi nm i khng (NK) c s dng trong phng tr bnh hi cy u l nhng loi c ngun gc trong t, l cc loi vi sinh vt sng hoi sinh trong t, sng vng r cy trng, trong qu trnh sng n sn sinh ra cht khng sinh c tc dng c ch, km hm cnh tranh v tiu dit nm gy bnh (Soilborne fungal diseases pathogens). Khi nm i khng c mt vng r cy trng (Rhizosphere) trc nm gy bnh, bn thn n sinh trng pht trin, sinh sn tng ln v mt s lng. N s chim ch trc khi nm gy bnh xm nhim vo m cy trng. C ch k sinh, i khng ca cc loi nm i khng th hin : - Hin tng giao thoa si nm vng tip xc gia nm i khng vi nm gy bnh xut hin s qun cht ca si nm i khng quanh si nm gy bnh, sau xy ra hin tng thy phn thnh vch si nm bnh, nh m nm i khng xm nhp vo bn trong si nm, ph v t bo si nm v tiu dit nm gy bnh. - C ch tc ng ca cc loi nm i khng da trn c s cc loi nm i khng c kh nng sn sinh ra mt s cht khng sinh (thc cht l cc c t do nm i khng sn sinh ra nhng khng lm tn hi n s sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng v khng nh hng n h vi sinh vt i khng trong t v vng r cy trng) : Gliotoxin, Trichodermaviridin, Dermadin, Cyclosporin, Alamethicin, v.v... Cht khng sinh do nm i khng sn sinh ra c kh nng km hm, c ch qu trnh s sinh trng ca si nm, n qu trnh xm nhim k sinh ca nm gy bnh v c th tiu dit nm gy bnh. 2.3.c im ng dng Nhn nui v sn xut ch phm nm i khng * Nhn nui nm i khng Cc loi nm i khng cn c nui cy thun trn mi trng nhn to : mt trng thng dng nui cy l mi trng PGA, PDA. - Mi trng PGA (Khoai ty gluco agar) - Khoai ty : 200 gram (gt v sch) - Gluco : 20 gram - Agar : 20 gram - Nc ct : 1000ml - Mi trng PDA (Khoai ty Detrose agar) - Khoai ty : 200 gram (gt v sch) - Dextrose : 20 gram
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- Agar : 20 gram - Nc ct : 1000ml Nui cy nm i khng trn mi trng nhn to, phi m bo thun chng, t mi trng trong iu kin nhit thch hp 28 300C v v trng. Sau 5 7 ngy nui cy, nm c th pht trin tt v c th dng lm ngun nhn nui to sinh khi trong mi trng t nhin. * Nhn nui sn xut ch phm nm i khng - Mi trng t nhin nhn nui nm i khng : ngi ta thng dng mi trng tru cm (cm go, bt ng,...). Mi trng nui cy c kh trng trong iu kin 1,5 atm, 1210C trong thi gian 40 45 pht. - Dng nm i khng nui cy thun trn mi trng nhn to lm ngun nui cy trn mi trng t nhin. C th nui cy trong khay tn (nha) hoc trong ti ni lng. Sau t mi trng nui cy trong iu kin nhit thch hp 28 30oC. Vi iu kin nui cy trn, sau 5 7 ngy nui cy, nm i khng s pht trin tt, cho lng bo t t ti a, mt c th t ti 1 2 x 109 bo t/ gam c cht. - Sn xut ch phm nm i khng : Nm c nhn nui to sinh khi trong mi trng t nhin, em trn vi bt tan (bt c pH = 7) vi t l thch hp, t mt 10 6 107 bo t/ gam c cht. Ch phm nm i khng c hong kh trong iu kin t nhin, nhit thch hp khong 30 350 C. Tin hnh ng gi v bo qun ch phm nm i khng trong iu kin kh, thong v nhit trung bnh thp (20 250C). ng dng phng tr bnh nm hi cy trng c ngun gc trong t Nguyn l s dng ch phm sinh hc nm i khng phng tr bnh nm hi vng r cy trng cn (mt : 105 106 bo t nm/ ml dch bo t) l phi a vo vng r sm trc khi gieo trng. C th s dng ch phm nm i khng phng tr cc loi bnh hi ph bin nh : bnh l c r, thi r, ho vng, ho r gc mc trng, tim hch, thi hch, v.v...hi cy c chua, khoai ty, thuc l, lc, bu b, da chut, u , rau, hoa cy cnh, la, ng v nhiu loi cy trng nng nghip khc (do nm Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp, Fusarium spp, Cercospora sp, Sclerotium rolfsii,...gy ra). Mt s phng php x l c p dng nh sau : - X l ht ging (c ging) bng ch phm nm i khng trc khi gieo trng : - Ngm ht (c ging) trong ch phm nm i khng vi thi gian 25 30 pht (hoc nhng r cy con (c chua, thuc l, cy c, t,...) trc khi trng, sau em gieo trng, dng dch nm i khng ti vo ht (c) gieo. y l phng php s dng ch phm nm i khng phng tr nhm bnh nm hi vng r cy trng cn c hiu qu cao nht. - Bn sm vo t trc khi gieo trng: bn ch phm nm i khng vo t vi liu lng thch hp, nm i khng s c mt vng r sm n c th chim ch, cnh tranh, k sinh v c ch vi nm gy bnh khi xm nhim vo vng r cy trng. Nm i khng c th sn sinh ra cht khng sinh, cht ny c kh nng km hm s pht trin ca si nm gy bnh, s ny mm ca bo t, hoc km hm c ch vic hnh thnh hch nm Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii,... - Phun ch phm ln cy: phng php ny t c dng trong vic s dng nm i khng phng tr bnh hi cy trng. Tuy nhin phng tr bnh kh vn hi la, ng,...th bin php phun ch phm ln cy thng mang li hiu qu phng tr bnh cao hn.

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Trong sn xut nng nghip, ngi ta s dng ch phm sinh hc nm i khng phng tr nhm bnh nm hi vng r, bnh kh vn hi la, ng,... Hiu qu phng tr bnh c khi t ti 80 90% trn din tch hp. iu cho thy kh nng v trin vng ca vic s dng ch phm sinh hc nm i khng trong phng tr nhm bnh nm hi cy trng c ngun gc trong t trong mt tng lai gn. Bng 6.3. Danh lc cc vi sinh vt i khng c nghin cu s dng trn th gii a. Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy la Tc nhn vi sinh vt Tn bnh hi Nguyn nhn gy bnh phng tr sinh hc Bnh o n Pyricularia oryzae Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bnh tim la Helminthosporium oryzae Bacillus sp.; Bacillus subtilis Bnh bc l Xanthomonas oryzae Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus pumilis; Pseudomonas glumae. Bnh tim hch Sclerotium oryzae Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus pumilis. Bnh kh vn Rhizoctonia solani Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus pumilis; P. putida; Bacillus laterosporus; Trichoderma spp. Bnh thi b l Sarocladium oryzae Pseudomonas fluorescens; Bacillus ng subtilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa. b. Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy bng Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Bnh gic ban Xanthomonas campestris pv. Pseudomonas fluorescens Malvacearum CRb26 fluorescens; Bnh cht rp Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp. Pseudomonas Gliocladium virens; Bacillus cy con (l c r, thi c r cy cereus; Pseudomonas cepacia. con) Bnh thi r Macrophomina phaseolina; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhizoctonia solani; Fusarium Paecilomyces lilacinus; solani Trichoderma viride; Trichoderma koningii. Bnh ho vng Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Pseudomonas fluorescens; cy bng vasinfectum Gliocladium virens; Trichoderma hamatum. Tn bnh hi Nguyn nhn gy bnh

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c. Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy thuc l Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Bnh thi en r Thielaviopsis basicola P. fluorescens CHAO Bnh ho r gc mc Sclerotium rolfsii Trichoderma harzianum; trng Trichoderma hamatum v T. aureoviridae. Bnh en thn Phytophthora parasitica var. Trichoderma harzianum; Aspergillus carbonarium; nicotianae Aspergillus terreus; Penecillium steckii; Bacillus cereus UW85 v Pseudomonas putida. Bnh thi gc Pythium ultimum; P. Trichoderma harzianum; aphanidermatum; P. Bacillus cereus UW85. meriotylum. Bnh l c r Rhizoctonia solani Trichoderma viride; Trichoderma harzianum; Verticillium biguttatum; Bacillus cereus BA55. Bnh m nu Alternaria alternata Bacillus mycoides Bnh mc xm Botrytis cinerea Trichoderma harzianum T39 Bnh ho xanh vi Ralstonia solanacearum Pseudomonas fluorescens; khun Bacillus subtilis. Bnh tuyn trng nt Meloidogyne incognita Pasteuria penetrans; sng Paecilomyces lilacinus Tn bnh hi Nguyn nhn gy bnh d/. Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy lc Tn bnh hi Bnh m nu Nguyn nhn gy bnh Cercospora arachidicola Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Penecillium spp; Verticillium lecanii; Fusarium spp; Bacillus cereus var. mycoides (0x-3); Pseudomonas cepacia (Pc 742). Penecillium spp; Verticillium lecanii; Fusarium spp; Bacillus cereus var. mycoides (0x-3); Pseudomonas cepacia (Pc 742). Verticillium lecanii; Penecillium islandicum; Acremonium obclavatum; Trichoderma harzianum v Bacillus subtilis AF1. Trichoderma viride; Trichoderma harzianum; Pseudomonas fluorescens FPC32; FPO4; 107

Bnh m en

Cercospora personata

Bnh g st

Puccinia arachidis

Bnh ho r gc mc Aspergillus niger en

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Rhizoctonia solani

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Bnh ho r gc mc Sclerotium rolfsii trng

Bnh thi hch

Bacillus subtilis AF1. Trichoderma spp; Gliocladium catenulatum P. fluorescens 2-79; Pseudomonas aeruginosa EP7 v Bacillus subtilis AF1 Gliocladium virens; Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma spp; Talaromyces flavus; P. fluorescens 2-79; Pseudomonas aeruginosa EP7; Bacillus subtilis AF1.

e/ Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy ma Tn bnh hi Bnh thi ma Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Colletotricum falcatum Aspergillus spp; Trichoderma harzianum; Chaetomium globosum; Acremonium spp; Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO, Pf1, ARR1. Ceratocystis paradoxa Trichoderma viride v Trichoderma harzianum. Fusarium moniliforme v Trichoderma spp v Cephalosporium sacchari Pseudomonas fluorescens. Pythium graminicolum Trichoderma viride; Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO v VPT14. Xanthomonas albilineans Pantoea dispersa Nguyn nhn gy bnh

Bnh thi t ma Bnh ho cy ma Bnh thi r Bnh m l vi khun

f/ Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy khoai ty Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Bnh thi t Erwinia carotovora Pseudomonas fluorescens v Bacillus subtilis 107. Bnh ho xanh vi khun Ralstonia solanacearum Pseudomonas fluorescens v Bacillus polymyxa FU6. Bnh l c r Rhizoctonia solani Trichoderma spp; Verticillium biguttatum; Gliocladium virens. Bnh thi kh c Fusarium sambucinum Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pantoea agglomerans v Bacillus sp. Bnh ho Verticillium Verticillium dahliae; Talaromyces flavus v Verticillium albo-atrum Gliocladium roseum. Bnh tuyn trng nt Meloidogyne incognita Arthobotrys irregularis; sng Paecilomyces lilacinus;
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Bacillus penetrans; Verticillium chlamydosporium g/ Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy u tng Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Bnh tuyn trng bo Heterodera glycines Verticillium lecanii; nang Ichinohe Verticillium chlamydosporium; Pyrenochaeta terrestris; Gliocladium sp. Bnh thi hch Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Trichoderma harzianum; Trichoderma spp; Gliocladium virens; Coliothyrium minitans; Trichothecium roseum v Erwinia herbicola. Bnh m ht v thn Diaporthe phaseolorum v Chaetomium globosum v cy Phomopsis longicolla Trichoderma spp. Tn bnh hi Nguyn nhn gy bnh h. Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy c chua Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Bnh thn th Colletotrichum spp Trichoderrma spp; Trichoderma harzianum; Bnh m vng Alternaria solani Trichoderrma spp; Trichoderma harzianum; Bnh mc xm Botrytis cinerea Aureobasidium pullulans v Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bnh m en vi Xanthomonas campestris Pseudomonas fluorescens khun pv. vesicatoria Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391; Bnh m l vi khun Pseudomonas syringae pv. Trichoderma spp. Tomato Bnh thi rng thn Erwinia carotovora pv. Pseudomonas fluorescens carotovora WCS365; Pythium oligandrum; Trichoderma spp; Pseudomonas cepacia Bnh thi c r Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Pseudomonas fluorescens radicis lycopersici WCS365; Pythium oligandrum; Trichoderma spp; Pseudomonas cepacia Bnh ho vng Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Trichoderma spp; Bacillus subtilis RB14; lycopersici Bacillus cereus. Bnh l c r Rhizoctonia solani Gliocladium virens
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subtilis RB14; Bnh thi r, thi thn Pythium debaryanum; Bacillus Pseudomonas fluorescens Pythium ultimum Pseudomonas cepacia v Trichoderma spp. Bnh ho r gc mc Sclerotium rolfsii Trichoderma spp. trng Bnh ho xanh vi Ralstonia solanacerarum Pasteuria penetrans; Bacillus khun Smith subtilis; Pseudomonas fluorescens Bnh tuyn trng nt Meloidogyne incognita Verticillium lecanii; sng Arthobotrys dactyloides. i/. Bin php sinh hc phng tr bnh hi qu cam qut sau thu hoch Tn bnh hi Bnh thn th Bnh mc xm qu Bnh thi rm qu Bnh thi qu Bnh m vng Bnh mc xanh Bnh mc lc Nguyn nhn gy bnh Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes Botrytis cinerea Phytophthora spp. Diplodia natalensis; Phomopsis citri Alternaria citri Penicillium digitatum Penicillium italicum Tc nhn vi sinh vt phng tr sinh hc Trichoderma spp; Debaryomyces hansenii; Pichia guilliermondii; Aureobasidium pullulans; Myrothecium rorodum; Pseudomonas cepacia,...

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 1. Chao, C.T et al, 1989. Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerium causing cucumber wilt by Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma harzianum. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology 5: 239-249. 2. Chung, H.S., & Choi, K.S, 1991. Biological control of sesame damping off in the field by coating seed with antagonistic Trichoderma viride. Seed science and Technology 18: 451-460. 3. Tn Dng, 1993. Kh nng v hn ch ca vic s dng cht i khng trong bin php sinh hc phng chng bnh hi cy trng, Tp ch BVTV s 131. 4. Tn Dng, 2005. Nghin cu bnh ho xanh vi khun (Ralstonia solanacearum Smith) gy hi mt s cy trng vng H Ni v ph cn, 1998 2003. Hi tho quc gia Bnh cy v sinh hc phn t Bnh hi cy c ngun gc trong t, Ln th 4 - i hc Cn Th, 29/10/2004, NXB Nng nghip 2005, tr. 49 56.

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5. Genvieve Dfago et al, 1996. Fate of introduced Biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO in soil : Biosafety considerations, China Agricultural University Press. 6. Phae, C. G et al, 1990. Characteristics of Bacillus subtilis isolated from compost suppressing phytopathogenic micoorganisms. Soil science and Plant nutrition 36 : 575-586. 7. Postma, J., & Rattting, H. 1992. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation with a non pathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum. Canadian Journal of Batany 70: 1199-1205. 8. Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, 2002. Biological control of crop diseases 9. Tang Wenhua et al, 1996. Advances in Biological control of Plant diseases, China Agricultural University Press. 10. Trigalet, A et al, 1998. Element of Biocontrol of Tomato bacterial wilt. Bacterial wilt disease, p. 325 332. 11. L Lng T v CTV, 1997. Nghin cu hot tnh i khng v kh nng ng dng ch phm sinh hc nm TV-96 phng tr bnh cy, Tp ch BVTV s 160. 12. Wang Wei et al, 1996. Antagonism of Trichoderma viride T2 against soilborne fusarium pathogens, Advance in Biological control of plant diseases, China Agricultural University Press. Mt s hnh nh nghin cu phng tr bnh l c r v bnh ho r gc mc trng bng nm i khng Trichoderma viride ti Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.

Hnh 6.4. Triu chng bnh l c r do nm Rhizoctonia solani trn cy da chut

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Hnh 6.5. Tc dng ca nm i khng Trichoderma viride i vi nm Rhizoctonia solani trn mi trng PGA (1 Cy nm Trichoderma viride ring r, 2- Cy nm Rhizoctonia solani ring r, 3- Cy nm Trichoderma viride sau nm Rhizoctonia solani, 4- Cy nm Trichoderma viride cng vi nm Rhizoctonia solani, 5- Cy nm Trichoderma viride trc nm Rhizoctonia solani)

Hnh 6.6. Th nghim phng tr bnh l c r bng nm i khng Trichoderma viride (1- Ngm ht c chua bng nm Rhizoctonia solani sau em gieo, 2- Ngm ht c chua bng nm Rhizoctonia solani sau em gieo, n khi cy c 2 l mm x l bng nm Trichoderma viride, 3- Ngm ht c chua cng vi nm Trichoderma viride v nm Rhizoctonia solani, 4- Ngm ht c chua vi nm Trichoderma viride trc, ri em gieo, cho n khi cy c 2 l mm th x l bng nm Rhizoctonia solani).

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Hnh 6.7. Triu chng bnh ho r gc mc trng c chua

Hnh 6.8. Hiu lc ca nm Trichoderma viride i vi nm Sclerotium rolfsi (1Cy nm i khng Trichoderma viride ring r, 2- Cy nm Sclerotium rolfsii ring r, 3- Cy nm Trichoderma viride trc nm Sclerotium rolfsii 24 gi, 4- Cy nm Trichoderma viride cng vi nm Sclerotium rolfsii, 5- Cy nm Sclerotium rolfsii trc nm Trichoderma viride 24 gi)

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Hnh 6.9. Th nghim phng tr bnh ho r gc mc trng bng Trichoderma viride (1- Ngm ht lc bng nm Sclerotium rolfsii sau em gieo, 2- Ngm ht lc bng nm Sclerotium rolfsii sau em gieo, n khi cy c 2 l mm x l bng nm Trichoderma viride, 3- Ngm ht lc cng vi nm Trichoderma viride v nm Sclerotium rolfsii sau mang gieo, 4- Ngm ht lc vi nm Trichoderma viride trc ri em gieo, cho n khi cy c 2 l mm th x l bng nm Sclerotium rolfsii).

Hnh 6.10. S pht trin ca nm i khng Trichoderma viride trn mi trng PGA (Bn tri: sau 1 ngy v bn phi: sau 3 ngy)

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V/ NHM TUYN TRNG 1. Vai tr ca tuyn trng trong u tranh sinh hc S dng tuyn trng n tht, tuyn trng k sinh trong phng chng sinh hc dch hi cy trng v ngn chn s pht trin ca chng trong t nhin l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng. Bin php ny c xu hng chung l to nn s i khng trc tip gia cc loi tuyn trng n tht hoc k sinh (su hi cy hoc tuyn trng hi cy) lm gim bt nhng thit hi do chng gy ra. Gia tuyn trng v su hi c mt mi quan h thch ng vi nhau, chng thng xuyn tc ng ln nhau thng qua mi quan h s dng thc n (dinh dng), thng qua mi tc ng ca h sinh thi trong t nhin v tc ng sinh hc khc pht trin v sinh tn. Mc tiu ca vic iu chnh sinh hc gia tuyn trng i khng v cn trng hoc tuyn trng k sinh thc vt l lm gim s lng tuyn trng hoc cn trng hi cy trng n mc chng khng c kh nng gy hi kinh t. Trong thc t, nghin cu s dng cc loi tuyn trng hoc cc sn phm ca chng trong bo v cy trng l mt cng vic rt phc tp. Nu chng ta khng nghin cu k v mi quan h tc ng qua li gia cc yu t t nhin theo tng vng th cc loi tuyn trng k sinh, n tht s dng trong u tranh sinh hc khng nhng khng lm gim c s lng chng qun vt hi m s iu chnh sinh hc cng khng th t c s mong mun. Khi s dng tuyn trng trong phng chng sinh hc iu cn ch nht l hin tng cnh tranh, k sinh, n tht v din bin mt ca chng trong t nhin. Mt tuyn trng cng cao th s tc ng cng mnh v vic nhn sinh khi chng qun tuyn trng c th thc hin ngay trong t nhin hoc do con ngi thc hin. Nu chng qun t n mc qu cao (bo ha v mt ) th chng ngng sinh trng, ng thi chng tc ng lm cn bng t l sinh sn v t l cht. Cng tc ng ca cc nhn t iu chnh cng tng ln theo mt ca chng qun v ngc li. c rt nhiu nghin cu thnh cng trong vic s dng tuyn trng k sinh, gy bnh v tiu dit cn trng c ng dng trong phng tr sinh hc trn nhiu loi cy trng nhiu nc trn th gii cng nh nc ta. 2. Tuyn trng k sinh cn trng-Entomopathogenic Nematodes Tuyn trng thng t gy c cho u trng nhng li gy c mnh cho cn trng trng thnh (Shapiro, 2005) Loi tuyn trng H. mexicana (chng MX4) l loi mi c xc nh tr cn trng nh Tenebrio monitor, b c qu h o-Pecan weevils Curculio caryae (B Cnh cng Coleoptera: h Curculionidae) c th tiu dit cn trng c hiu qu trong thc t nhiu nghin cu cho thy khi s dng hn hp tuyn trng Heterorhabditis indica hoc loi Steinernema carpocapsae cng vi 2 loi nm Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, hoc kt hp vi nm Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, hoc vi vi khun Bacterium serratia marcescens s dng cho k sinh u trng loi b c qu h o (Pecan weevil)-Curculio caryae Horn. C th s dng nm Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae cng vi tuyn trng Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. glaseri (Steiner) v S. rarum (Doucet) phng tr loi b ny. Mt vi loi tuyn trng thuc cc ging Steinernema & Heterorhabditis s dng trong phng chng sinh hc loi C. caryae nhng cc loi tuyn trng ny gy

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c chm cho u trng C. caryae, cn mt vi loi khc (S. carpocapsae) c th gy c mnh cho cn trng trng thnh. Ngi ta s dng 4 loi tuyn trng ngay trn t trng cam chanh phng tr cc loi cnh cng (Diaprepes abbreviatus & Pachnaeus spp.) gy hi chnh trn cam chanh Florida. Cc ging Heterorhabditis, Steinernema v Neosteinernema xm nhp vo c th vt ch qua v thn ca cn trng (nhng loi c cu to lp cutin mng), qua xoang ming, l hu mn, l th hoc tuyn t ri gy bnh cho cn trng. Tuyn trng c th kt hp cng sinh vi vi khun k sinh dit cn trng hi cy trng sng trong t nh ging Xenorhabdus. Tuyn trng c th nhn sinh khi trong iu kin in-vitro v in-vivo song hiu qu phng tr ca cc loi ch phm sinh hc tr cn trng cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo loi tuyn trng, k ch v cc iu kin sinh thi khc (nhit , m ,...). Danh lc tuyn trng c s dng phng chng cn trng: + Tuyn trng k sinh cn trng (Entomopathogenic nematodes) thuc ngnh Giun trn (Nemathelminthes)-Nemata, B Rhabditida. C 2 h Steinernematidae v Heterorhabtidae. H Steinernematidae c 2 ging: Ging Steinernema Travassos, 1927. Trong ging ny c 18 loi 1. Steinernema intermedia (Poinar, 1985) Poinar, 1990 2. S. anomali (Kozodoi, 1984) Poinar and Kozodoi, 1988 3. S. kraussei (Steiner, 1923) Travassos, 1927 4. S. scapterisci Nguyen & Smart, 1990 5. S. puertoricensis Roman & Figueroa, 1994 6. S. glaseri (Steiner, 1929) Wouts et al. 1982 7. S. longicaudum Shen & Wang, 1991 8. S. affmiss (Bovien, 1937) Poinar, 1990 9. S. feltiae (=bibionis) (Filipjev, 1934) Poinar, 1990 10. S. ritteri Daucet & Daucet, 1990 11. S. riobravis Cabanillas et al. 1994 12. S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) Poinar, 1990 13. S. biconutum Tallosi et al.1995 14. S. kushidai Mamiya, 1988 15. S. cubana Mracek et al., 1994 16. S. neocurtillis Nguyen & Smart, 1992 17. S. rara (Doucet, 1986) Poinar, 1990 18. S. caudatum Xu & Wang, 1991 Ging Neosteinernema Nguyen & Smart, 1994. Trong h ny c 1 loi. 1. Neosteinernema longicurvicauda Nguyen & Smart, 1994 H Heterorhabtidae c 1 ging Ging Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976: gm 8 loi 1. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 2. H. megidis Poinar et al. 1987 3. H. indicus n. sp. Poinar, 1990 4. H. marelatus n. sp. Liu & Berry, 1996 5. H. hawaiiensis Gardner et al. 1994 6. H. brevicaudis Lui, 1994 7. H. zealandica (Wouts, 1979) Poinar, 1990 8. H. argentinensis Stock, 1993
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Kt qu nghin cu ca Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn sinh vt cho thy c 44 chng thuc 16 loi trong 2 ging Heterorhabditis (H. indica; H. baujardi; H. sangi; H. soci; H. thanhhi) v Steinernema (Steinernema sp1; sp2; sp3; sp4; sp5; sp6; sp7; sp8; sp9; sp10; sp11) c phn lp t mu t thuc 25 tnh thnh Vit Nam. Cc chng trong 2 loi thuc ging Heterorhabditis (H. baujardi v H. MP11) v 5 loi thuc ging Steinernema: S. tami; S. sangi (chng S-TX1); S. loci (chng S-TK10); S. thanhi (chng S-TG10). Chng S-TK10 v TK3 phn lp ti Vit Nam s dng trong BPSH trn mt s loi su hi cy trng (Nguyn Ngc Chu, 2003). Ch phm sinh hc tuyn trng nhn sinh khi thc hin trong iu kin s dng bm sp ln (Galleria mellomella), cng c th dng u trng ca loi ny nhim tuyn trng a vo t s dng cho rau mu, cy n qu. Nhn nui trn mi trng nhn to nh m ng vt dng c, dng lng. Ch phm ng gi dng bt, nc phun ti vo gc cy kt hp vi cc cht bm dnh tr cc loi su hi trn thn, l. Ngoi ra cn phun kt hp vi cc loi thuc ha hc nhm organophosphate, chlorinated hydrocarbon, c bit nhm thuc carbamate va c hiu qu tr su hi li va dit tr c tuyn trng gy hi cy trng. Ch phm sinh hc tuyn trng c tc dng phng tr su hi khi a vo trc hoc sau khi xut hin su. Cc chng TK10, TK3, A11 c hiu qu hn ch tt cc loi su hi nh su khoang (Spodoptera litura); su keo da lng (S. exigua); su keo (S. mauritia); su xm (Agrotis ypsilon); su o xanh (Plusia sp.); su cun l u tng (Lamprosema indicata); su xanh bng (Helicoverpa armigera); su cun l bng (Sylepta flava); su xanh bm trng (Pieris rapae); su cun l ln (Parnara guttata); su t (Plutella xylostella); d di (Gryllotalpa orientalis); d mn (Gryllus sp.); b hung en (Catharsius molour); b hung nu (Adoretus sp.). Cc loi tuyn trng thuc ging Heterorhabditis v Steinernema k sinh cn trng hi cy trng sng trong t hoc mt phn vng i ca chng phi thc hin trong t. Phn ln s loi thuc h Mermithidae phn b ngay gn b mt t, cn mt s loi th nm su 10 cm, chng k sinh bn trong c th ca b cnh cng (Colorado beetle-Leptinolarsa decemlimeata) nhng khng gy hi trn cy trng. Cc loi ny c mu trng sa trng ging giun ch, thng cun trn li nh qu bng, c th bt gp chng ring r tng con hoc thnh tng m mt. + Tuyn trng bt mi Chng t do trong t, hu ht nm trong h Mononchidae. Loi Mononchus papillatus sn sinh 21-41 trng, trong mt ngy c th dit c 83 tuyn trng nt sng Meloidogyne v n ht 1332 u trng hi trong 12 tun. Cc ging tuyn trng: Sectonema, Nygolaimus, Mononchus, Mylonchulus & Seimura c kh nng dit tr, lm gim s lng tuyn trng hi cy. Tuyn trng bt mi Eudorylaimus obtisicaudatus (Bastian, 1865) Andrassy, 1959 c kh nng n trng ca tuyn trng Heterodera schachtii Schmitdt, 1871. Trong iu kin ngoi cnh bt li mt vi loi tuyn trng thay i tnh n v tr thnh nhng loi bt mi. 10 loi thuc ging Dorylaimus , 2 loi thuc ging Discolaimus, 1 loi thuc ging Actinolaimus cng biu hin c tnh ny. Chng tn cng tuyn trng ci v u trng ca tuyn trng nt sng Meloidogyne. Cc loi Nygolaimus spp. v Sectonema n tuyn trng bo nang Heterodera schachtii hi c ci ng, lm gim thit hi ng k. Cc kt qu nghin cu ca Steiner & Heinly, 1922; Thorne, 1927; Linford, 1937: Hollis, 1957; Hechler, 1963; Boosalis & Mankau, 1965; Taylor, 1966: Linford, 1973 cho thy Aphelenchoides, Pratylenchus, tuyn trng non ca loi M. hapla; 117

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Ditylenchus dipsaci v Heterodera trifolii rt kh xm nhp qua lp v cutin ca cc loi Xiphinema v Hoplolaimus galeatus, Tylenchulus semipenetrans hi cam chanh. Tuyn trng hoi sinh c ngha ln trong u tranh sinh hc: tuyn trng tr tuyn trng (Tripula v Monhystera) lm tn thng h thn kinh v trch ht ni cht ca tuyn trng k sinh (Diplogaster, Butlerius, Mononchus, Aphelenchoides, Seinura, Aphelenchus v Dorylaimus). 3. Bin php sinh hc i vi tuyn trng thc vt Kh nng phng chng tuyn trng bng bin php sinh hc c p dng t rt nhiu nm trc y nhm mc ch s dng cc thin ch (k sinh v bt mi) gi vng v thit lp s lng cn bng nm di ngng gy hi kinh t; s dng cc loi vi sinh vt (nm, virus, vikhun), to, amip, ve bt, cn trng, tuyn trng k sinh v tuyn trng n tht trong phng chng sinh hc c ngha ln trong sn xut nng nghip trn th gii. Tuy nhin, trong thc t nu cy trng xut hin nhiu tc nhn gy bnh cng mt thi im hay cn gi l bnh hn hp (tuyn trng v nm, tuyn trng v bnh vi khun hoc virus,) th bin php phng tr sinh hc gp rt nhiu kh khn. 3.1. Nm-trong bin php sinh hc tr tuyn trng: Thnh phn nm s dng trong phng chng sinh hc vi tuyn trng rt phong ph, c hng trm loi nm k sinh v tiu dit tuyn trng khc nhau, nh nm ni k sinh (nm xm nhp qua ming ca tuyn trng v k sinh bn trong c th ca chng) hoc nm by tuyn trng (nm li v nm lim-ba vy, bt tuyn trng trc ri mi k sinh) Nm k sinh tiu dit tuyn trng c s dng trong nghin cu phng chng sinh hc trn c chua, cy dc liu nhiu nc trn th gii (Anh, c, H Lan, Php, c, B, M,...). Danh lc cc loi nm i khng ln ti hng trm loi v chng k sinh, tiu dit tuyn trng k sinh cy trng bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Chng k sinh tiu dit cc pha sinh trng v pht trin t trng, ti trng, tuyn trng non cc tui khc nhau v tuyn trng trng thnh. Si nm pht trin nhanh sau xm nhim ch 1-3 ngy, nhiu loi nm sinh cnh bo t phn sinh v bo t phn sinh vi s lng ln v mt s loi cn c kh nng tit c t tiu dit tuyn trng. Ngoi kh nng tiu dit tuyn trng vi c ch bt mi v k sinh, mt s loi nm cn c kh nng i khng vi nhiu loi nm hoc vi khun t hi cy trng phn no hn ch gy bnh hn hp ang rt ph bin nc ta. Danh lc 14 loi nm kho st cho kt qu tt lm gim >50% s ti trng v tuyn trng tui 2 trong t gy hin tng nt sng trn cy h c v cy dc liu Vit Nam (Ng Th Xuyn. 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003), 4 loi khc cng c nghin cu nhiu nc khc trn th gii cng vi 14 loi ny. Danh lc cc loi nm hi tuyn trng 1. Hirsutella rhossiliensis (dit tuyn trng Criconemella xenoplax) 2. Dactylella oviparasitica (Meloidogyne-k sinh ti trng tuyn trng Meloidogyne v Heterodera)) 3. Paecilomyces lillacinus (Meloidogyne-k sinh ti trng, tui 2) 4. Verticillium chlamydosporium (k sinh bng si nm lan trong c th tuyn trng tui 2, ti trng, trng tuyn trng Meloidogyne) 5. Trichoderma viride 6. Monacrosporium gephyropagum 7. M. eudermatum 8. M. ellipsosporum 9. Arthrobotrys oligosporium
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10. A. conoides 11. A. dactyloides 12. A. arthrobotroides 13. A. ellipsospora 14. Gliocladium sp. 15. Nematoctonus concurrens 16. N. haptocladus 17. Meria coniospora 18. Catenaria anguillulae (tuyn trng Panagrellus redivivus & Ditylenchus dipsaci) Cc loi nm trn u c tc dng phng chng sinh hc vi mt s loi tuyn trng nh Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Nm k sinh tuyn trng l k th t nhin ca mt s loi tuyn trng, nm tn cng tuyn trng tt c cc pha pht trin khc nhau (trng, tui 1,2,3,4, con ci v con c trng thnh), trong qu trnh k sinh chng s dng tuyn trng nh mt ngun dinh dng. C nhiu loi nm k sinh tuyn trng nh: nm bt mi (nm li: nematodes-trapping), nm ni k sinh tuyn trng (endoparasite). Nm pht trin hnh thnh tn nm c cu trc nh nhng mt li n bt cc dng u trng khc nhau v tuyn trng trng thnh. Ngoi ra, nm cn k sinh trng, tuyn trng ci ca cc loi tuyn trng nt sng nh tuyn trng bo nang (cyst nematodes) v tuyn trng to nt sng trn r (root-knot nematodes) , nm bt mi thng c kh nng sng hoi sinh cn nm ni k sinh tuyn trng li l nhng nm c tnh k sinh bt buc. Nm bt mi v nm ni k sinh c vai tr quan trng trong phng chng sinh hc i vi tuyn trng gy hi cy. Nm bt mi Arthrobotrys oligospore c tm ra sm nht t gia th k th 19 (Zopf, 1888). Nm A. irregullaris c s dng vi tn thng mi Royal 350 (1,4t/ha) hn ch tc hi ca tuyn trng nt sng trn c chua (Meloidogyne), c th kt hp vi thuc ha hc dng ht (carbofuran) phng chng hiu qu tuyn trng nt sng trn da chut. Loi thng phm Royal 300 ca nm A. robusta dng phng tr Ditylenchus myceliophagus c tc dng gim 40% mt tuyn trng ban u v tng 20% sn lng thu hoch la m en. Nm Arthrobotrys oligospora l loi nm bt tuyn trng theo kiu ba vy li dnh, tri u kho ui. Tuyn trng b bt cng dy da kh mnh t gii phng khi nm bt mi. Sau 2 n 3 gi quy ln, cui cng tuyn trng nm im chu cht. Nm bt u n tuyn trng xuyn qua thnh c th, u chi phnh ra thnh mt bu c hnh, t ta i nhng si nm dinh dng lan khp c th. Nm tit ra cht tiu ha lm cho ni quan ca tuyn trng b tan thnh dch, si nm s dng ngay cht dch pht trin, sinh si ny n v ch khong 24 gi sau khi b nm k sinh c th tuyn trng th chng ch cn li v cutin (Hong c Nhun, 1979). Nm Paecilomyces lilacinus l nm k sinh trng ca tuyn trng, khi nm Paecilomyces lilacinus k sinh bc trng, qu trnh k sinh c tin hnh nh sau: nm xm nhp vo v trng qua cc l hng vo cc no n hon sau m thng v kitin v nhanh chng pht trin trong bc trng lan to khp bc v ph v cutin cn non ca tuyn trng tui 1 Nm by tuyn trng dng to li dnh, chng bt tuyn trng v s dng lm thc n. Cc loi nm ny phtt trin chm trong t nhin, ngay c trong mi trng nhn to (PDA, CMA, WA,), kh nng phtt tn chm song nu s dng nm i khng kt hp ngun phn bn hu c hoc carbohydrate th nm pht trin nhanh hn, chng bt dnh tuyn trng nhng cng ng thi c th bt lun c nhng loi tuyn trng sng t do v nhiu loi tuyn trng khc trong t. V vy, vic xc nh thnh phn v mt tuyn trng trong t trc khi s dng bin php
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phng chng sinh hc l ht sc cn thit trnh s mt cn bng gia cc loi c ch vi nhau trong t nhin Nm ni k sinh tiu dit tuyn trng: y l nhng loi nm k sinh bn trong c th v trng ca tuyn trng. Chng xm nhp vo trong tuyn trng qua lp v cutin bng bo t nh loi Hirsutella rhossiliensis, H. peru k sinh dit tuyn trng Criconemella xenoplax. Nm Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, Dactylella oviparasitica, Monacrosporium gephyropagum, M. eudermatum, M. ellipsosporum, Gliocladium sp. k sinh tuyn trng bo nang, tuyn trng nt sng, chng pht trin tt dng si nm, c quan sinh sn cnh bo t phn sinh v bo t phn sinh trn mi trng CMA (mi trng bt ng-agar) v kh nng nhn sinh khi nhanh hn hn cc loi nm by dnh tuyn trng. Khi a ch phm nhn sinh khi vo trong t cng ch phm hu c th c hiu qu r, tc dng phng tr cao v khng c hi cho cy trng. Nm Trichoderma viride c kh nng hn ch tuyn trng trong t nhin vi c ch cnh tranh thc n v v tr ni chng sinh sng. Kt qu kho st phng chng tuyn trng nt sng bng bin php sinh hc s dng mt s nm i khng tr tuyn trng trn y ti Vit Nam trn cy ngu tt cho thy kt qu l s u sng v ti trng trn cy gim trn 50% cn s lng tuyn trng nt sng trong t gim trn 30% so vi cng thc i chng c th nghim trong chu vi v th nghim nh li (bng 6.4.)(Ng Th Xuyn, 2000). Bng 6.4. Kt qu kho st phng chng TTNS M. incognita bng bin php sinh hc trn cy dc liu-ngu tt 1999 (Trng HNN I) Khi S ti S lng S lng S u Cng S u/cy S ti lng r trng/cy TT/100g TT/t sng/cy gim (%) trng/cy thc (g) (%) t Gim (%) Th nghim chu vi 1 10,2 246,9 178,6 187 2 11,6 90,5 63,3 68,9 61,4 125 33,2 3 12,5 87,8 64,4 74,7 58,2 114 39,0 4 10,9 94,8 61,6 76,8 57,0 108 32,2 5 11,5 89,4 63,8 70,8 60,4 112 40,2 6 10,7 99,6 59,7 69,0 61,4 123 44,2 Th nghim xi mng 1 11,6 271,8 201,5 216 2 13,2 123,7 54,5 118,7 41,1 159 32,4 3 11,8 104,5 62,6 95,6 52,6 145 32,9 4 13,1 132,6 51,2 102,7 49,0 154 38,7 5 11,4 111,5 59,0 112,8 44,0 139 35,6 6 11,7 121,3 55,4 131,3 35,8 143 33,8 Cng thc 1: Meloidogyne incognita (i chng) Cng thc 2: M. incognita+Paecilomyces lilacinus Cng thc 3: M. incognita+Arthrobotrys oligospore Cng thc 4: M. incognita+Dactylella oviparasitica Cng thc 5: Mi+Monacrosporium gephyropagum Cng thc 6: Mi+Verticillium chlamydosporim

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a.

b.

Hnh 6.11. Nm Trichoderma viride (a) v nm Monacrosporium gephyropagum (b) tiu dit tuyn trng tui 2 Meloidogyne incognita

d e Nm Paecilomyces lilacinus k sinh tiu dit tuyn trng (c,d) v Nm li Arthrobptrys oligospore (e)

Hnh 6.12. Hnh nh t website (Biological control) v kh nng phng chng sinh hc tuyn trng thc vt Ghi ch: Adheshyphae-si k sinh tuyn trng Knobs: by bt tuyn trng Females root-knot nematodes & -Pasteuria penetrans Con ci ca TTNS & vi khun tiu dit Pasteuria penetrans
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Pasteuria penetrans: vi khun tiu dit tuyn trng (c kh nng sinh bo t xm nhim qua v cutin da ca tuyn trng) Nematoct. Nm sinh bo t k sinh tuyn trng Trapping rings: Nm li ba vy tuyn trng Hirsutelle: nm xm nhim qua ming ca tuyn trng 3.2. Vi khun dit tuyn trng: Vi khun Pseudomonas denitrificans tiu dit Xiphinema americanum bng cch xm nhim vo c th tuyn trng. Vi khun nm bn trong thc qun ca con non, ng rut v ng dn trng ca con ci trng thnh loi tuyn trng ny cn c ngha quan trng trong vic mang truyn lan vi khun trong t nhin. Vi khun Pseudomonas denitrificans n tuyn trng Caenorhabditis bringgsae, Rhabditis oxycerca & Panagrellus sp.. khi nui cy vi khun ny trong mi trng agar v mi trng lng chng phn hy tuyn trng ch sau 6 gi. Vi khun Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens c s dng trong phng chng sinh hc tuyn trng l nhng loi i khng tuyn trng hi cy trng ng thi c tc dng hn ch mt s bnh nm v vi khun c ngun gc t t. Loi vi khun Pasteuria penetrans k sinh tuyn trng bt buc trn mt s cy trng (Tzoprtzakakis, 1995). Vi khun xm nhim bng bo t v dnh cht vo v thn cutin tuyn trng. S lng loi tuyn trng nhim vi khun P. penetrans ln ti 300 loi. Tuyn trng Meloidogyne spp. tui 2 xm nhim vo r, thc hin dinh dng trong trc khi bo t ny mm (20-30%), vi khun Pasteuria penetrans xm nhim vo tuyn trng lm nh hnh chp v thn ln, v cutin b v lm nhiu mnh. Con ci b vi khun xm nhim b ph y bo t ca vi khun c tc dng ngn chn qu trnh sinh sn, qu trnh pht trin ca trng. Vi khun Pasteuria penetrans l mt loi vi khun rt c v sinh sn rt nhanh v sinh ra nhiu bo t (loi sinh bo t), nm tn ti t kh mt vi nm. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy t v thuc ha hc t nh hng n kh nng tn ti ca loi vi khun ny. Vi khun c kh nng lan truyn trong t, qua cc khu canh tc nh lm t, vun xi v chm sc ca con ngi. Vi khun k sinh tuyn trng Pratylenchus cribneri lm gim s lng mt tuyn trng trong t, gim 63% trn r u tng. Cc loi tuyn trng trong mt s nhm sng t do trong t cng b vi khun P. penetrans k sinh. 2 loi tuyn trng Belonolaimus longicaudatus v Meloidogyne spp. thng gy hi trn c cc sn Golf cng b vi khun P. penetrans tiu dit.

Hnh 6.13. Kt qu nghin cu kh nng tiu dit tuyn trng nt sng tui 2 (M. incognita) bng bo t vi khun P. penetrans (Ng Th Xuyn, Becker, Bo t vi khun P. penetrans c chp nhn nh l mt tc nhn sinh hc rt c hiu qu trong phng tr tuyn trng nhiu nc trn th gii nh Anh, B,
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H Lan, Php, Nht, M. Vic nhn nhanh sinh khi vi khun P. penetrans s dng trong phng tr cn gp nhiu cng on cha gii quyt ht. Kt qu th nghim kt hp nm i khng Dactyllella oviparasitica; A. oligospore; Verticillium chlamydosporium; Monacrosporium gephyropagum v vi khun P. penetrans ca Ng Th Xuyn v Becker, 2002 ta trng i hc California, Riverside cho thy vi khun P. penetrans lm gim phn trm s trng n ca loi tuyn trng nt sng M. incognita. S bo t ca vi khun k sinh trn tuyn trng tui 2 ca loi M. incognita t cao nht ti 58,4 bo t, thp nht cng t ti 16 bo t (trung bnh ca 10 tuyn trng tui 2). Vi tc dng phng tr tuyn trng cao ch cn 1 bo t vi khun P. penetrans k sinh lm ph v cu trc lp v cutin ca tuyn trng M. incognita tui 2. y l loi v ang c s dng rng r i trong vic phng tr sinh hc tuyn trng rt c trin vng nhiu nc trn th gii nh M, H Lan, Anh. Mi trng nhn: Bt cm-10g+Bt ng-10g+Tru-10g nc ct-25ml. Cho 4 thnh phn trn vo ti nilng, trn u, bt ming ti bng giy bc, sau em hp trong ni hp in hai ln nhit 1210C; 1,5 atm trong 45 pht. Nhn nhanh nm v vi khun k sinh tuyn trng trong phng chng sinh hc c thc hin nhiu ni, kt hp s dng phn hu c. 3.3. ng vt k sinh tuyn trng Amip n tuyn trng Theratromyxa weberi, c th tiu dit tuyn trng trong 20 pht n 2 gi. Trong thc t khi nghin cu v Amip s dng tr tuyn trng c nhng kt qu. Amip di ng chm v khng chuyn ha v vy nn chng t c s dng trong phng tr tuyn trng. 3.4. To k sinh tuyn trng To k sinh trn tuyn trng ch yu trn tuyn trng ming rng (mm gu) v loi tuyn trng k sinh cy trng to bo nang Trilobus, Dorylaimus, D. carteri. 3.5. Nhm bt mi (Tardigrad). Tardigrad c tm thy trong mu r v mu t, l loi s dng tuyn trng lm thc n khng chn lc, ch yu biu hin kh nng to c t c lin quan n tuyn trng. Tardigrad c th n tuyn trng: Trichodorus aequalis v Tylenchus sp. Cn loi bt mi Hypsibius myops lm gim s lng ca loi M. incognita, Ditylenchus dipsaci v Panagrellus redivivus khi Tardigrad s dng bt mi ch sau 7 ngy. 3.6. Nhn nh n tuyn trng T nm 1957 c nhng thng bo v nhn nh n tuyn trng Meloidogyne v Heterodera ca Murphy & Docater. C 3 nhn s dng tuyn trng lm thc n trong t nhin. Nhn Enchytraids l loi k sinh tuyn trng Heterodera schachtii r, chng n tuyn trng non. C nhiu nghin cu cho rng ch l loi hoi sinh bnh thng. Nu c loi bt mi Turbellaria v tuyn trng non tui 2 xut hin trn c chua th tuyn trng non b tiu dit trc khi xm nhp vo r cy. 3.7. Cn trng n tuyn trng Cobb (1924); Esser (1963) quan st mt loi su thuc b 2 cnh (Dipterous) n tuyn trng Belonglolaimus. Brown (1954) c cng b v loi Isotoma n ht 1 tuyn trng trong 2-3 pht. Hai loi Collembola onychiurus v C. armatus th trn tuyn trng Heterodera cruciferae kt qu cho thy c 7% bo nang b tiu dit bi loi cn trng ny.
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3.8. Virus vi tuyn trng: Virus tn cng tuyn trng khng biu hin r nh nm v vi khun v c rt t nhng nghin cu v chng trong phng chng sinh hc. Virus xm nhim vo tuyn trng lm cho tuyn trng tui 2 ca loi TTNS Meloidogyne incognita di chuyn chm chp, th ng v khng hnh thnh cc nt sng. Trong thc t mt s loi tuyn trng Trichodorus, Paratrichodorus, Xiphinema, Longidorus c kh nng mang truyn vius ang l mi quan tm trong sn xut nng nghip ca nhiu nc trn th gii hin nay. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Phan K Long, Nguyn Ngc Chu v M. Moens. 2003. S phn b ca tuyn trng k sinh gy bnh cn trng (Rhabditida: Steinernema v Heterorhabditis) Vit Nam. Bo co khoa hc Hi ngh ton quc ln th 2, nghin cu c bn trong sinh hc, nng nghip, y hc. Hu 25-26/7, tr.: 670-673. 2. Phm Th Thy. 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong bo v thc vt. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni. tr. 147-148. 3. Shapiro Ilan, D.I., Jackson, M.A., Reilly, C.C., Hotchkiss, M.W. 2004. Mixing Insect Diseases to kill Pecan weevils. Pecan Grower. 15 (3): 10-13 4. Shapiro Ilan, D.I., Stuart, R.J., Mccoy, C.W. 2005. Characterization of Biocontrol Traits in the Entomopahogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis mexicana (Mx4). Biological Control, 32: 97-103. 5. Shapiro Ilan, D.I. 2004. Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Encyclopedia Of Entomology. P.781-784. 6. Ng Th Xuyn. 2000. Nematode Problem of Medicinal Crops in North Vietnam. XXXII Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologyists of Tropical America (ONTA). Auburn, Alabama. April 16-20, 2000- USA. 0-37 7. Ng Th Xuyn. 2000. Nematode Problems of Medicinal Crops in North Vietnam. Nematropica. Menuscript review MS. No. 630 8. Ng Th Xuyn. Van Gundy S.D. & M.C. Menuel. 2001. Vn tuyn trng trn cy dc liu v bin php sinh hc phng chng tuyn trng nt sng (M. incognita). Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc 1997-2001. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, tr. 34-40. 9. Ng Th Xuyn & J.O. Becker. 2002. Kim sot Meloidogyne incognita bng phng php sinh hc (Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by nematophagous, Nematode-trapping fungi and Pasteuria penetrans). The 1st National Conference on Plant Pathology and Molecular Biology UAF, June 21, 2002. pp. 113-119. 10. Xuyen, T.N. 2003. Root-knot nematode problems in Vietnam and biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by nematophagous, nematode trapping fungi and Pasteuria penetrans. Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Vegetables in Vietnam. Proceedings Vietnamese Norwegian Workshop. Hanoi 17-18 October, 2003. Gronn Kunnskap Vol. 7 (17): 70-80

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Chng VII. NHM CN TRNG 1. Khi qut chung v cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi Cn trng k sinh K sinh c dng ch cc loi cn trng (hoc chn t khc) k sinh trn su hi. Hin tng k sinh l mt dng quan h qua li gia cc sinh vt rt phc tp v c trng. Hin tng cn trng k sinh su hi rt ph bin trong t nhin. y l mt dng quan h qua li li mt chiu, trong loi c li (loi k sinh) s dng loi sinh vt sng khc (vt ch) lm thc n v ni cho mt phn no trong chu k vng i ca n. K sinh trong bo v thc vt l mt dng c bit ca hin tng k sinh, thng thng vt k sinh s dng ht hon ton cc m ca c th vt ch, v vt k sinh thng gy cht vt ch ngay sau khi chng hon thnh pht dc. Loi k sinh trong BVTV c cc c im sau: Trng thnh ci ca loi k sinh tm vt ch trng, u trng k sinh khng t tm vt ch; Trong qu trnh pht dc, mi mt c th k sinh thng ch lin quan n mt c th vt ch; Hu ht cc cn trng k sinh su hi c bin thi hon ton, ch pha u trng ca chng c kiu sng k sinh, cn khi pha trng thnh th chng sng t do. Cn trng k sinh trong BVTV rt a dng. Tu theo tnh chuyn ha vi vt ch, tp tnh hay v tr trong chui thc n m c th phn bit thnh nhiu nhm k sinh khc nhau. Phm Vn Lm (1994, 1995) phn bit cc nhm cn trng k sinh theo cc tiu ch va nu nh sau: Theo v tr sinh sng ca cc k sinh bn trong hay bn ngoi c th vt ch m phn bit k sinh trong v k sinh ngoi. K sinh trong (hay ni k sinh) gm cc loi k sinh m qu trnh pht trin ca chng xy ra bn trong c th vt ch. Th d, cc loi ong en kn trng Apanteles, Cotesia, cc ong k sinh nhng,... K sinh ngoi (hay ngoi k sinh) gm cc k sinh m qu trnh pht trin ca chng xy ra trn b mt c th vt ch. Th d, cc loi ong Bracon k sinh su non cn trng cnh vy, ong kin Dryinidae k sinh trn lng ry nu, ry lng trng,... Mi mt loi cn trng k sinh, thng thng ch lin quan vi mt pha pht dc no ca vt ch. Theo mi quan h ca loi cn trng k sinh vi pha pht dc ca su hi m phn bit thnh cc nhm k sinh nh k sinh trng, k sinh su non (k sinh u trng), k sinh nhng v k sinh trng thnh. K sinh trng l cc k sinh m c th trng thnh ci ca chng trng vo trong trng su hi. Cc pha pht dc trc trng thnh ca loi k sinh u xy ra bn trong trng su hi. Trng thnh ca k sinh v ho v chui ra ngoi t trng ca su hi. Cc loi k sinh trng thng gp trong cc h Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae, Scelionidae,... K sinh su non (hay k sinh u trng) l nhng k sinh m c th trng thnh ci trng ca n ln pha su non (hay pha u trng) ca vt ch v k sinh hon thnh pht dc khi vt ch pha su non (hay pha u trng). K sinh su non c th gp trong cc h Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Elasmidae,... K sinh nhng l cc k sinh m c th trng thnh ci ca chng trng ln pha nhng ca su hi, k sinh hon thnh pht dc khi vt ch pha nhng. Mt s k sinh nhng c trong cc h Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Tachinidae,... K sinh trng thnh l nhng loi k sinh m c th 125

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trng thnh ci ca chng trng ln pha trng thnh ca su hi v k sinh hon thnh pht dc khi su hi pha trng thnh (khng nn nhm vi thut ng trng thnh ca k sinh). Nhng k sinh trng thnh khng nhiu, in hnh l ong thuc ging Dinocampus (Braconidae) v h Dryinidae. Theo s lng c th ca mt loi k sinh v s lng loi k sinh hon thnh pht dc trong mt cc th vt ch m phn bit k sinh n, k sinh tp th, a k sinh v k sinh a phi. K sinh n l khi ch c mt c th k sinh hon thnh pht dc c trong mt c th vt ch (nh ong kn n lng, ong kn trng n). Mt s k sinh n nh: Apanteles cypris, Bracon hispae, Charops bicolor, Cotesia plutellae,... K sinh tp th l khi c nhiu c th k sinh ca cng mt loi hon thnh pht dc trong mt c th vt ch. Th d nh ong Goniozus hanoiensis, Cotesia ruficrus,... a k sinh l khi ng thi c nhiu c th k sinh cng hon thnh pht dc trong mt c th vt ch, nhng chng thuc cc loi k sinh khc nhau. Th d, trong mt trng cun l ln c th c ong en Telenomus v ong mt Trichogramma cng k sinh. Hin tng ny him gp ngoi t nhin. K sinh a phi khi s pht trin thnh nhiu c th k sinh t mt trng ban u. y l sinh sn pha trng gp mt s loi thuc b Hymenoptera & Strepsiptera. Mt s loi thng gp Vit Nam nh ong Copisomopsis coni, Copidosoma sp., Ageniaspis citricola. Theo mi quan h i vi vt ch v gia cc loi k sinh vi nhau, c th phn bit cc k sinh thnh nhng nhm k sinh bc 1, k sinh bc 2, k sinh bc 3. K sinh bc 1 l cc loi k sinh tho mn ng v y khi nim v k sinh, khng phn bit vt ch ca chng l loi n thc vt, n ng vt, hay loi hoi sinh. Th d nh cc ong Telenomus dignus, Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma japonicum, Apanteles cypris, Bracon hispae, Charops bicolor, Cotesia plutellae,... K sinh bc 2 l nhng loi k sinh trn cc loi k sinh bc 1. Th d nh ong T. apanteloctena k sinh ong Apanteles cypris, Cotesia ruficrus, C. kariyai, C. plutella,... K sinh bc 3 l nhng loi k sinh trn cc loi k sinh bc 2. Th d ong Tetrastichus coerulescens k sinh ong Habrocytus thyridopterigis, ong H. thyridopterigis li k sinh trn ong Itoplectis conquisitor v ong ny mi l ong k sinh trn su hi Diprion similis.

Cn trng bt mi Ni ti loi bt mi l ni ti quan h bt mi/vt mi. y l mt dng quan h qua li, trong mt loi (gi l loi bt mi) sn bt mt loi khc (gi l con mi hay vt mi) lm thc n v thng dn ti ci cht ca vt mi trong mt thi gian ngn. Loi bt mi trong BVTV cng c nhng nt ring bit. l, cc loi bt mi trong BVTV khng ch c ph ming nhai, m c c ph ming chch ht. Loi bt mi trong BVTV l nhng ng vt nh cn trng, nhn... c cc c im sau: - Phi t tm kim, sn bt con mi lm thc n; - Gy ra ci cht cho con mi trong mt thi gian ngn (con mi thng b git cht ngay); - hon thnh pht dc, mi c th bt mi phi cn tiu dit nhiu con mi. - Cc loi cn trng bt mi c hai kiu n mi l: nhai nghin con mi nh kiu ming nhai (nh chun chun, b nga, b ra, nhn ln,...) v ht dch dinh dng t con mi nh kiu ming chch ht (nh b xt, u trng b mt vng,...).

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Theo s thch nghi ca cc pha pht dc vi kiu sng bt mi, Phm Vn Lm (1994, 1995) phn bit tt c cc loi cn trng bt mi thnh nhng nhm sau: Nhm 1: gm cc loi c kiu sng bt mi c pha trng thnh v pha u trng. Nhm ny gm rt nhiu loi nh b ra, b xt n su, nhn ln bt mi, nhn nh bt mi,... Nhm 2: gm cc loi c kiu sng bt mi ch pha u trng, nh h rui n rp mui Syrphidae, h rui bc Chamaemyiidae hay h mui nn Cecidomyiidae. Nhm 3: gm cc loi c kiu sng bt mi ch khi pha trng thnh. Nhm ny c s lng loi khng nhiu. h kin Formicidae, ong kin Dryinidae, mt s loi cnh cng ngn h Staphylinidae

2. Danh lc cn trng k sinh c s dng Cn trng k sinh c hn 80 h ca 5 b cn trng, c ngha thc tin trong nghin cu pht trin TSH ch l cc loi thuc b cnh mng v b hai cnh. Di y l mt s loi c nghin cu s dng nhiu nc trn th gii (bng 7.1). Bng 7.1. Nhng cn trng k sinh c nghin cu s dng tr su hi TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Tn cn trng k sinh Aphidius matricariae Amyosoma chilonis Anagrus optabilis Anicetus beneficus Apanteles erionotae Aphelinus mali Aphidius smithi Aphytis lingnamensis Aphytis melinus Aphytis yanonensis Chaetexorista javana Coccobius fulvus Cotesia flavipes Cotesia glomeratus Cotesia plutellae Cryptochaetum iceryae Dacnusa sibirica Diadegma eucerophaga Diadegma semiclausum Diglyphus isaea Loi cy trng Cy trong nh knh La Ma Cy n qu c mi Chui To ty C ba l, u H lan Aonidiella aurantii, A. Cy n qu c mi orientalis, Aspidiotus nerii Aonidiella aurantii, A. Cy n qu c mi orientalis, Aspidiotus nerii Unaspis yanonensis Cy n qu c mi Cnidocampa flavescens Cy che bng Unaspis yanonensis Cy n qu c mi Diatraea saccharalis Ma Pieris rapae Rau h hoa thp t Plutella xylostella Rau h hoa thp t Icerya purchasi Cy n qu c mi Liriomyza bryoniae, L. Rau, hoa trong nh trifolii, knh Plutella xylostella Rau h hoa thp t Plutella xylostella Rau h hoa thp t Liriomyza bryoniae, L. Nhiu cy trong trifolii, nh knh L. hudobrensis Trialeurodes Cy trong nh knh vaporariorum, Bemisia 127 Tn su hi l vt ch Myzus persicae Chilo suppressalis Perrkinsiella saccharicida Ceroplastes rubens Erionota thrax Eriosoma lanigerum Acyrthosiphon pisum

Encarsia formosana

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Habrobracon hebetor Leptomastix dactylopii Lixophaga diatraeae

tabaci Helicoverpa armigera Planococcus citri Diatraea saccharalis, Etiella zinckenella, Chilo infuscatellus Rhabdoscelus obcurus Erionota thrax Ceratitis capitata Liriomyza bryoniae Ceratitis capitata Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Aonidiella aurantii Aleurocanthus spiniferus Pieris rapae Diaphorrina citri Brontispa longissima Brontispa mariana Helicoverpa armigera, Ostrinia nubilalis, Mamestra brassicae, Laspeyresia pomonella,... Helicoverpa armigera, Ostrinia furnacalis, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Chilo infuscatellus,... Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Tryporyza incertulas, Dendrolimus punctatus, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Tryporyza incertulas, Trichoplusia ni Hubn., Manduca spp., Helicoverpa zea,... Helicoverpa zea,... Plutella xylostella Nezara viridula

Bng Cy n qu c mi, c ph, Ma, u tng Ma Chui Cy n qu Rau, hoa trong nh knh Cy n qu Cy du tm,... Cy n qu c mi Cy n qu c mi Rau h hoa thp t Cy n qu c mi Da Nhiu trng Nhiu trng La La, thng Rau, bng, rau Bng Rau h hoa thp t Rau, nh cc,... loi cy

Lixophaga sphenophori Ooencyrtus erionotae Opius fullawayi Opius pallipes Opius tryoni Prospaltella berlesei Prospaltella perniciosi Prospaltella smithi Pteromalus puparum Tamarixia radiata Tetrastichus brontispae Trichogramma evanescens

37

Trichogramma chilonis

loi

cy

38 39 40 41 42 43

Trichogramma japonicum Trichogramma dendrolimi Trichogramma pretiosum Trichogramma minutum Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Trissolcus basalis

3. Danh lc cn trng bt mi c s dng Cn trng bt mi c trong khong 189 h thuc 16 b cn trng. C b cn trng vi tt c cc loi trong b u sng kiu bt mi nh b b nga, chun chun, cnh mch. Mt s h c tt c cc loi trong h u l loi bt mi nh h Reduviidae, Asilidae, Anthocoridae... Tuy nhin, quan trng v c ngha trong pht trin bin php TSH l cc loi bt mi thuc b cnh na, cnh cng, cnh mch,

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hai cnh. Mt s loi cn trng bt mi c nghin cu s dng trong TSH nhiu nc trn th gii c ghi trong bng 7.2. Bng 7.2. Nhng loi bt mi c nghin cu s dng tr su hi TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn loi bt mi Adalia bipunctata Aphidoletes aphidimyza Calvia punctata Chilocorus circumdatus Chilocorus baileyi Chilocorus cacti Chilocorus distigma Chilocorus nigritus Tn su hi l vt mi Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aonidiella aurantii, A. orientalis, Aspidiotus nerii, Unaspis citri Aonidiella aurantii, A. orientalis, Aspidiotus nerii, Unaspis citri Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Asterolecanium bambusae Ischnaspis longirostris Pinnaspis buxi, Ischnaspis longirostris, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Aspidiotus destructor Aspidiotus destructor Panonychus citri, Tetranychus spp. Aphididae, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Tetranychus urticae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Aphididae Porthetria dispar Aspidiotus destructor Pseudococcidae, Coccidae Heteropsylla cubana Tarophagus proserpina Trialeurodes vaporariorum Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua,... (su non cnh vy) Pseudococcidae Aphididae Aphididae Loi cy trng Rau, u Rau trong nh knh Cy n qu n i Cy n qu c mi Cy n qu c mi Cy du tm, u , tre trc Da, c du Da, c du, cy n qu c mi Da, c du Nhiu loi cy n qu Nhiu cy trng

9 10 11

Chilocorus politus Chrysopa boninensis Chrysoperla carnea

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Coccinella septempunctata Colosoma sycophanta Cryptognatha nodiceps Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Curinus coeruleus Cyrtorhinus fulvus Encasia formosa Eocanthecona furcellata

Khoai ty Bch dng Da, c du Rau trong nh knh Cy keo du Khoai s C chua, da chut Rau, u , bng

Exochormus undulatus Harmonia axyridis Hippodamia convergens Oecophylla smaragdina

Orius tristicolor Picromeris bidens Plaesius javanus Rodolia cardinalis

Cy n qu n i Da chut nh knh Rau, hoa trong nh knh Nhiu loi su hi trn cy lu mCay n qu c mi, nm cy iu, cy xoi, nhn Frankniella occidentalis Rau, hoa trong nh knh Cimex lectularius Nh Cosmopolites sordidus Chui Icerya purchasi, Icerya palmeri Cy n qu c mi 129

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Reduvius personatus Rodolia pumila Stethorus japonica Telsimia nitida Tytthus mundulus

Cimex lectularius Steatococcus samaraius Icerya seychellarum, I. aegyptiaca Panonychys citri Pinnaspis buxi Perkinsiella saccharicida

Nh Cy n qu Cy n qu c mi Da, c du Ma

4. Vai tr ca cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi Vai tr ca cn trng k sinh Ong k sinh Anagrus spp. chim 93% k sinh trng ry nu i Bc. T l trng ry nu b cc ong ny k sinh khng cao, ch l 11,3-29,6% v 1 v 3,338,1% v 2. Ti Fukuoka (Nht Bn), t l ny trn ry xm nh Laodelphax striatellus ch l 10-15%, trong khi Zentus v Kagawa trn ry nu t l ny t ti 44,5-66,9%. Thi Lan, trung bnh c 61% trng ry nu b k sinh, ch yu do ong Anagrus spp. v Oligosita sp. Ti IRRI, t l trng ry nu, ry lng trng, ry xanh ui en b tp hp k sinh tng tn cng t 15-90% trn la nc v 7-47% trn la nng (Chandra, 1980, Chang, 1982; Chiu, 1979; Katanyukul et al., 1982). Cc loi Anagrus l k sinh trng ry nu ph bin nht. T l k sinh ca ring tng loi th khng cao, song t l k sinh ca c tp hp k sinh trn trng ry nu th i khi c ngha trong vic hn ch s lng ry nu trn ng. T l trng ry nu b k sinh bi tp hp k sinh trng bin ng t 1,4-16,8% vng Hng Yn n 20,3-67,8% vng Cn Th. B xt m xanh c kh nng n mi rt ln. Th nghim ti Vin BVTV cho thy kh nng n mi ca b xt trng thnh ln hn so vi kh nng n mi ca b xt non tui cui. Trong 24 gi, mi b xt trng thnh tiu dit trung bnh t 8,9 n 24,9 trng ry nu. i vi b xt non tui cui, ch tiu ny ch l 2,7-15,7 trng ry nu (.T. nh, 1984; .T. Bnh v nnk, 1992; L.M. Chu, 1989; P.V. Lm, 1985; P.V. Lm v nnk, 1993). n , ong Temelucha philippinensis c th tiu dit c 21,7% su non cun l nh vo thng 4-5 hng nm. Ti trang tri ca IRRI, su cun l nh b k sinh vi t l khong 40%. Ong mt Trichogramma sp. c th tiu dit khong 20% trng su cun l nh. Trung Quc ong Trichogramma confusum, T. japonicum, Telenomus sp. l nhng k sinh ch yu trn trng su cun l ln. Vo thng 8-9 hng nm, t l trng su cun l ln b k sinh trung bnh l 10,4%. T l ny tng ln 26,6% vo thng 10-12. Nht Bn, su cun l ln P. guttata b cht do cc k sinh vi t l kh cao, c bit do Apanteles baoris v Pediobius mitsukurii (Arida et al., 1990; Nakasuji, 1982; Pati et al., 1982; Xie Minh, 1993). Tp hp k sinh trn trng nhm su cun l i khi rt cao v c vai tr ng k trong hn ch s lng su cun l nh (C. medinalis) v su cun l ln (P. guttata). Cc loi k sinh trng c th k sinh c 2,9-77,3% trng cun l nh v 25,2-85,0% trng cun l ln. Ong kn trng n Apanteles cypris ng vai tr rt quan trng trong hn ch su non cun l nh, c th k sinh c ti 50% su non cun l nh. Ong a phi C. coni c th tiu dit c hn 60% su non cun l nh. Ong ngoi k sinh G. hanoiensis c th tiu dit c khong 20-26,2% su non cun l nh. Ong en Cardiochiles c th tiu dit 6,9-28,6% su non cun l nh (V. Q. Cn, 1989, 1999; H. Q. Hng v nnk, 1990; P. V. Lm v nnk, 1989). Philippine, t l trng su c thn la bm hai chm b k sinh t trn 60%. Ti IRRI, t l trng su c thn la bm hai chm b k sinh bi cc ong Tetrastichus, Telenomus v Trichogramma t tng ng l 84, 42 v 24%. Bangladesh, trng su c thn la bm hai chm b k sinh bi ong T. rowani v T. schoenobii tng ng t 64 v 98%. n , ong k sinh trng Telenomus
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dignus c th tiu dit c t 3,7-43,2% qu trng su c thn la bm hai chm. Tp hp k sinh trng (Tetrastichus, Telenomus v Trichogramma) c th tiu dit c 77% trng c thn la bm hai chm. Sau cy 40-50 ngy, su c thn la bm hai chm b cht do k sinh khong 56%. Hot ng ca cc k sinh nhng, k sinh su non v vt gy bnh c th gy cht ti 58% su c thn la vng Warangal ca n (Kim et al., 1986; Shepard et al., 1986; Subba Rao et al., 1983). Ti Vit Nam, cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy trng c thn la bm hai chm b tp hp k sinh tn cng tt c cc la trong nm. T l qu trng c thn la bm hai chm b k sinh tng dn t 17,4% la 1 (thng 3) n 72,5% la 6 (thng 10-11). c bit ong T. schoenobii ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic tiu dit trng c thn la bm hai chm v ma ti pha Bc. T l qu trng c thn b ong T. schoenobii tiu dit t n hn 90%. Loi ong ny c vai tr ln trong iu ho s lng su c thn la bm hai chm la 5 v la 6. Ong kn trng Exoryza schoenobii k sinh su non c thn la, su cun l nh. Su non ca su c thn la bm hai chm v c thn nm vch u nu b ong kn trng E. schoenobii k sinh vi t l trung bnh 25-30%, c khi t hn 40% (V. Q. Cn, 1999; V. Q. Cn v nnk, 1987; H.Q. Hng, 1986; P.V. Lm v nnk, 1983; P.B. Quyn, 1972; P.B. Quyn v nnk, 1973). Ti Philippine, ong Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis ng vai tr quan trng trong hn ch s lng ry chng cnh Diaphorina citri. T l ry chng cnh Mindanao b ong ny k sinh t kh cao, bin ng trong phm vi 34,6-62,2% (nm 1989) v 10-60% (nm 1990). Luzon, nm 1989, ch tiu ny t 8,5-31,0% (Gavarra et al., 1990). Ti ngoi thnh H Ni, cc ong Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis, Tamarixia radiata c th tiu dit c 10-40% u trng ry chng cnh trn cam (N.T. Vnh v nnk, 2005). n nm 1975, De Bach ghi nhn c 16 loi su hi cy n qu c mi nhiu nc v khu vc trn th gii c duy tr trng thi cn bng t nhin bi cc loi k sinh v bt mi n tht. Cc loi k sinh Aphytis chrysomphali v Aphytis lingnanensis rt c hiu qu trong khng ch rp vy A. aurantii (De Bach, 1975). Trn cy bng ng Nai, ong mt Trichogramma thng k sinh khong 1035% trng su xanh H. armigera. Ti Ninh Thun, trng su xanh trn cy bng b ong mt k sinh khong 5-60%. Trng su xanh trn cy bng c Lc b ong mt k sinh khong 15-29%. Trng su o xanh Anomis flava trn bng b ong mt k sinh vi t l kh cao, t khong 20-65% ng Nai v 27-44% c Lc. Su non su xanh b cc loi ong kn trng k sinh vi t l thp khong 4-15% (N.T. Hai v nnk, 1996; P.H. Nhng, 1996). Vai tr ca cn trng bt mi B xt Cyrtorhinus lividipennis l loi bt mi ph bin trn ng la. Trong phng th nghim, sau 24 gi, mt trng thnh ci v mt trng thnh c loi b xt m xanh (tng ng) c th n 20 v 10 trng ry nu. Th nghim trong nh knh IRRI cho thy khi tng quan s lng gia b ra v ry nu l 1:4, th t l ry nu b cht do b ra Harmonia gy ra l 77-91% v do b ra Micraspis gy ra l 52-93% (Chiu, 1979; Chua et al., 1986; IRRI, 1987; Reissig et al., 1986). Cc loi bt mi c vai tr ln trong hn ch s lng su cun l la. Khong 70% su cun l nh b tiu dit bi cc loi bt mi. Cc loi b ra Micraspis crocea v Harmonia octomaculata rt tch cc tiu dit trng su cun l nh. Sau 24 gi, trong iu kin lng li chng tiu dit c hn 30% trng su cun l nh. Cc loi d Metioche vittaticollis, Anaxipha longipennis ng vai tr rt quan trng trong tiu dit trng su cun l nh. Trung bnh trong 24 gi, mt c th u
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trng d M. vittaticollos c th n ti 53 trng cun l nh hay 5,6 su non cun l nh. Mt trng thnh ci v c c th n tng ng l 86,6 trng hay 9,3 su non v 62,3 trng hay 7,0 su non cun l nh. Chng tiu dit c 73-85% trng su cun l nh iu kin lng li. Ni chung, iu kin ng rung, trng su cun l nh b cc loi bt mi tiu dit khong 50% (Bandong et al., 1986; Kamal, 1981; N. T. Loc et al., 1997; Ooi et al., 1994). Conocephalus longipennis c th tiu dit c 65% trng su c thn la bm hai chm. Mt c th mum mum ny c th tiu dit c 8 trng su c thn la bm hai chm trong 3 ngy. Mt qun th ca n tng khi trng su c thn la bm hai chm tng (Ooi et al., 1994; Pantua et al., 1984; Rubia et al., 1990). 5. c im ng dng s dng cc loi cn trng k sinh v bt mi theo hng th b sung vo sinh qun th phi nhn nui chng vi lng ln. Cn trng k sinh v bt mi rt a dng. Vic ng dng chng trong TSH ph thuc vo tng loi k sinh v bt mi c s dng. Tuy nhin, khi ng dng bt k loi cn trng k sinh bt mi no phng chng cn trng hi cng cn lu mt s im sau: - Cn s dng nhng chng a phng ca cc loi k sinh/bt mi nhn nui, nhm nng cao kh nng thch ng ca k sinh/bt mi khi th vo sinh qun nng lm nghip. - Trc ht cn d bo c tnh hnh pht sinh pht trin ca loi cn trng hi cn phng tr. Trn c s thnh lp k hoch mua/sn xut lng ln loi k sinh hay bt mi cn s dng i vi loi su hi cn phng tr. K hoch sao cho khng cn bo qun thin ch qu di trong nhit thp. Sau khi nui nhn thin ch, cha s dng phi bo qun nhit thp. Thi gian bo qun trc s dng cng di cng lm gim hiu qu ca k sinh v bt mi. - Cng nh vi sinh vt, khi nhn nui trong iu kin nhn to cng di loi k sinh/bt mi cng b thoi ha, gim hiu qu khng ch su hi. V vy, cn nh k phc trng ngun thin ch nhn nui lng ln. - Phi xc nh c thi im th k sinh/bt mi sao cho khi th chng vo sinh qun th phi trng vi thi gian c pha pht dc ca su hi thch hp l vt ch/con mi ca i tng thin ch. - Th k sinh/bt mi trnh cc thi gian nng nng nht trong ngy, thng vo bui sng hoc bui chiu mt. - Khng th k sinh/bt mi trc khi c gi mnh, ma. - Tu i tng k sinh/bt mi nh s dng m chn pha pht dc th vo sinh qun cho ph hp. i vi b mt vng Chrysopa carnea th s dng u trng tui 2 th. Ong mt c s dng pha nhng (trong trng k ch) sp v ha trng th,... - Cc k sinh/bt mi sau khi nhn nui lng ln trong iu kin nhn to c em th ra ng rung theo hai cch: th trn ngp v th b sung t tch lu. Th trn ngp l s dng mt lng ln cc k sinh/bt mi th vo sinh qun nng nghip ni c i tng su hi cn phng chng. y l cch dng cc k sinh/bt mi trc tip tiu dit loi cn trng hi khi n c mt cao, c th gy hi ln cho cy trng. Theo cch ny thng th mt lng c th thin ch nhiu hn cn thit nhm p o loi hi. Do , sau khi th vi ngy, cc k sinh/bt mi s t c hiu qu nht nh trong vic tiu dit loi su hi cn phng tr. Th b sung t tch lu l cch th thin ch theo nh k vi s lng c th k sinh/bt mi khng nhiu trong mi ln th. Vic th b sung tch lu c tin hnh vo u v gieo trng, khi mt loi cn trng hi cn
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phng tr t mc thp l ngun thc n cho loi thin ch. Trn c s , thin ch t tip tc sinh sn v tch lu s lng theo s gia tng s lng ca loi hi. CU HI N TP 1. Anh ch hiu g v cn trng k sinh ca su hi ? 2. Anh ch hiu g v cn trng bt mi ca su hi ? 3. Nu vai tr v kh nng ng dng cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi phng chng su hi cy trng ? TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 1. o Trng nh. Mt vi nt v thnh phn k sinh thin ch su hi la v ma 1984 vng ng bng Bc B. Thng Tin BVTV, 6: 34-40. 1984. 2. Arida G.S., B.M. Shepard. Parasitism and predation of rice leaffolder, Marasmia patnalis (Brad.) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guen.) (Lep: Pyralidae) in Laguna province, Philippines. J. Agric. Entomol. 7: 113-118. 1990. 3. Bandong J.P., J.A. Litsinger. Egg predators of rice leaffolder and their susceptibility to insecticides. IRRN, Vol. 11 (3): 21.1986. 4. ng Th Bnh, Trn Huy Th, Phm Th Lin (1992), Mt s kt qu nghin cu bin ng qun th ry nu trn rung la khu vc T Lim nm 1992. Tp ch BVTV s 6: 1-3.1992. 5. Chandra G. Taxonony and Bionomics of the insect parasites of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the philippines and their importance in natural biological control. Philipp. Ent. 4 (3): 119-139. 1980. 6. Chandra G. Dryinid parasitoids of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines. Acta oecologica, Vol. 1( 2): 161-172. 1980. 7. Chang Y.D. Egg parasitism of green rice leafhopper, Nephottetix cincticeps Uhler by Gonatocerus sp. and Paracentrobia andoi in southern rice cultural areas. Korean J. of Plant Prot., vol.19 (2): 109-112. 1982. 8. Lng Minh Chu. K sinh su hi la vng mn. T/c.Nng nghip Cng nghip thc phm, 1: 17-18.1989. 9. Chiu S.C. Biological control of the brown planthopper. In: Brown planthopper : threat to rice production in Asia, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: 335-355. 1979. 10. Chua T.H., H. Othman. Searching efficiency and aggregative response in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter), a predation of rice brown planthopper. In Extended Abstracts 2nd Inter. Confer. on plant protec. in the Tropics, 17-20 March 1986: 281-284.1986. 11. V Quang Cn. Cc loi k sinh v hiu qu ca chng trong vic hn ch s lng su cun l nh hi la. T/c.Nng nghip Cng nghip thc phm, 3: 156161. 1989. 12. Vu Quang Con. Evaluation and strategies of developing hymenopterous parasite insects for controlling rice insect pests in Vietnam. In: Proc. of 2nd joint workshop in Agronomy, 27-29 July 1999, HAU-JICA-ERCB Project Office, Hanoi: 9-19.1999.

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13. V Quang Cn, Nguyn Vn Sn. nh hng hot ng ca cc k sinh ln bin ng s lng ca hai loi su c thn nm vch (Chilo suppressalis Walker, Chilotraea auricilia Dudg.). Thng tin BVTV, 2: 51-58. 1987. 14. Gavarra M.R., Mercado B.G., Gonzales C.I. Progress report: D. citri trapping, identification of parasite and possible field establishment of the imported parasite, Tamarixia radiata in the Philippines. In: Proceed. of the 4th Internal. Asia Pacific Conf. on citrus rehabilitation, Chieng Mai, Thailand, 4-10th Feb., 1990. UNDP-FAO. P246-250. 1990. 15. Nguyn Th Hai. Su hi v thin ch ca chng trn cy bng. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc (1976-1996). Nxb Nng nghip, Tp H Ch Minh, tr.108120. 1996. 16. H Quang Hng. Ong k sinh trng su hi la vng H Ni. T/c. KHKT Nng nghip, 8: 359-362.1986. 17. H Quang Hng, V Quang Cn. Mt s kt qu iu tra thng k ngun gen cn trng c ch vng H Ni. T/c. Nng nghip Cng nghip thc phm, 2: 8488.1990. 18. IRRI. Annual Report: Parasites and predators: 250-254. 1987. 19. Kim H.S., Heinrichs E.A., Mylvuganam P. Egg parasism of Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lep.: Pyralidae) by Hymenopterons parasitoids in IRRI rice fiesds. Korean J. Plant Prot., 25: 37-40. 1986. 20. Pham Van Lam, 1985. Glavneishie vredteli risa i integrirovannye priemy borby s nimi v usloviiakh Vietnama. Lun n PTS khoa hc nng nghip, Kiev, 170 tr.1985. 21. Phm Vn Lm. Nhn dng v bo v nhng thin ch chnh trn rung la. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, 1994. 22. Phm Vn Lm. Bin Php sinh hc phng chng dch hi Nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 1995. 23. Phm Vn Lm, Nguyn Th Thnh. Kt qu iu tra cn trng k sinh v n tht trn rung la trong 2 nm 1981-1982. Thng tin BVTV, 3: 20-31.1983. 24. Phm Vn Lm, Nguyn Th Thnh. Mt s kt qu iu tra v k sinh v n tht trn rung la. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu BVTV 1979-1989. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, tr.104-114.1989. 25. Phm Vn Lm, Quch Th Ng, Phm Hng Hnh, Bi Hi Sn, Trn Th Hng. nh gi kh nng n ry nu ca mt s loi bt mi n tht. Tp ch Bo v thc vt, 3: 28-30.1993. 26. Nguyen Thi Loc; Huynh Van Hiep, Ngo Huu Luc, Nguyen Thi Nhan, E.G. Rubia, K.L. Heong. Biology and population dynamics of Metioche vittaticoll (Stal) and Anaxipha sp. living in non-rice habitats at Omon-CanTho. Omonrice 5: 33-41. 1997. 27. Nakasuji F. Population dynamics of a migrant skipper butterfly Parnara guttata (Lep.: Hesperidae). Res. Popul. Ecol., 24 (1): 157-173. 1982. 28. Phm Hu Nhng. Nghin cu s dng bin php sinh hc trong phng tr su hi bng. Sch: Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc (1976-1996). Nxb Nng nghip, Tp HCM, tr.88-107. 1996. 29. Ooi P.A.C., B.M. Shepard. Predators and parasitoids of rice insect pests. In: Biology and management of rice insects (Ed. by Heinrichs), IRRI, Wiley Eastern Limited; 585-612.1994. 30. Pantua P.C., J.A. Litsinger. A meadow grasshopper, Conocephalus longipennis (Orth.: Tettigonidae) predator of rice yellow stem borer egg masses. IRRN, 9 (4): 13. 1984.
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31. Pati P., Mathur K.C. New records of parasitoids attacking rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee, in India. Curr. Sci. (India), 51(18): 904-905. 1982. 32. Phm Bnh Quyn. Ong k sinh su c thn la hai chm (Tryporyza incertuls Walker) min Bc Vit Nam. HTH, Thng bo KH sinh vt hc, 6: 3-11. 1972. 33. Phm Bnh Quyn, Nguyn Anh Dip. Dn liu v ong k sinh su c thn la hai chm v trin vng s dng chng trong phng tr sinh hc. T/c. KHKT Nng nghip, 7: 494-498. 1973. 34. Reissig W.H., E.A. Heinrichs, J.A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, J.W. Mew, A.T. Barrion. Illustrated guide to integrated pest manamgement in rice in Tropical Asia, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 411pp. 1986. 35. Rubia E.G., E.R. Ferrer, B.M. Shepard. Biology and predatory behaviour of Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Orth.: Tettigoniidae) a predator of some rice pests. J. Plant Prot. Trop. 7: 47-54. 1990. 36. Shepard B.M., Arida G.S. Parasitism and predation of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lep.: Pyralidae) eggs in transplanted and direct-seeded rice. J. Entomol. Sci., 21: 26-32. 1986. 37. Subba Rao C., Venugopal N., Razvi S.A. Parasitism, a key factor in checking rice pest population. Entomon. 8: 97-100. 1983. 38. Nguyn Thnh Vnh, Phm Vn Lm, Trn Th Hng, Nguyn Th Kim Hoa. Kh nng hn ch s lng ry chng cnh Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae) hi cy n qu c mi ca tp on thin ch. Sch: Nhng vn nghin cu c bn trong khoa hc s sng. Bo co KH Hi ngh ton quc 2005 v nghin cu c bn trong KH s sng, H Ni, 3/10/2005. Nxb Khoa hc & K thut, tr. 1114-1116. 2005. 39. Xie Ming. A field survey on the parasitoids of rice hesperiids in Shaxian country, Fujian Province. Chinese J. of Biol. Control, Vol. 9 (1): 19-22. 1993.

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Phn D. NHN NUI V S DNG K TH T NHIN Chng VIII. NHN NUI V S DNG K TH T NHIN 1. V SAO PHI TIN HNH NHN NUI THIN CH NI CHUNG V CN TRNG C CH NI RING Nh chng ta u bit sinh vt c ch c bit cn trng c nhn nui mt s lng ln trong phng th nghim hoc trong trng nui cn trng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Vi kch thc nh b nhng sinh khi ln v thi gian ca mi th h rt ngn cn trng c con ngi s dng trong nhng nghin cu sinh hc c bn. Tng t nh vy nhng nghin cu nhn nui hng lot sinh vt c ch trong phng th nghim nng cao hiu bit ca con ngi v tp tnh c im sinh thi hc, bin ng qun th, sinh l hc v c l hc ca cc loi sinh vt thc nghim. Cn trng cn c nhn nui hng lot tm kim, pht trin bin php phng chng dch hi, ng thi nh gi kh nng ca thuc ho hc trong vic dit, hp dn, xua ui su hi thc nghim, tm hiu tc ng ca vic th thm nhng loi cn trng c ch (thin ch) v trong h sinh thi ng rung ca qun th loi mang tnh t nhin. Cn trng c nui hng lot lm thc n cho mt s loi ng vt, lm vt ch cho cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh cho nhiu loi sinh vt k sinh, ong k sinh, lm vt mi cho nhm cn trng bt mi n tht c bit cn l thc n cho ng vt c xng sng v c cho con ngi hin i chng hn, nui hng lot nh Acheta domesticus lm mi bt c, thc n cho ng vt nui trong cc vn th. Nhn nui cn trng v ang tr thnh ngnh cng nghip thu hng triu la. Cn trng c con ngi nhn nui hng lot to ra sn phm phc v li ch ca cng ng nh t tm, mt ong, cn trng thc phm cho cy trng... Nhn nui hng lot sinh vt c ch (thin ch) ri th chng vo h sinh thi ng rung phng chng nhiu loi dch hi cy trng gi mt vai tr quan trng trong qun l dch hi tng h (IPM). 2. C TNH CN THIT CA K TH T NHIN (THIN CH) Thin ch cn c 2 c tnh c bn l: 1. C tnh chuyn ha cao; 2. C kh nng khng ch dch hi mc tiu. C th, i vi loi bt mi n tht cn trng hoc nhn hi cn c 10 c tnh c th sau y: C thi gian pht trin (vng i) ngn hn thi gian pht trin ca con mi; C sc sinh sn cao; C kh nng n mi ln; C kh nng sng st cao khi con mi t hoc rt t; C ni v s a thch k ch ging nh con mi; C s a thch tiu kh hu nh con mi; C kh nng tm kim con mi tt ngay c khi con mi c mt thp; C s pht trin vt hu theo ma ging nh con mi; C kh nng chng chu vi cc iu kin thi tit khc nghit nh con mi; C kh nng chng chu c vi cc loi thuc tr dch hi nh con mi.
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Nu t c cc tiu chun trn th chnh l loi bt mi c hiu qu v l loi l tng. Cho ti nay cha c loi no t c y 10 tiu chun ny. Loi t c 7/10 tiu chun v hin c nhn nui v s dng rng ri nht hin nay l loi nhn bt mi Phytoseiulus persimilis A H (Nguyn Vn nh, 2004). Yu cu 10 c t ra mt cch r nt v hin nay nhiu loi cn trng v nhn hi c tnh khng thuc tr dch hi trong khi hu ht cc loi bt mi rt mn cm vi thuc. Mt s phng th nghim California t nhng nm 1980 c chng trnh hun luyn nhn bt mi nh Amblyseius occidentalis quen vi cc loi thuc tr dch hi. Khi nhp ni 1 loi ngi ta thng quan tm n s thch nghi ca chng. Chng hn vo nm 1955, 38 loi k th t nhin c a vo vng California, M v nhiu nc khc phng chng rp sp en Saissetia oleae,ch c 15 loi cn tn ti sau mt thi gian ngn v cho ti nay ch cn mt loi Metraphycus helvolus l c ngha trong phng chng loi rp ny. V d 2 v ni k sinh ca loi Trioxys pallidus nhp ni t Php phng chng Rp mui Chromaphis juglandicola u khng c hiu qu vng thung lng c kh hu nng California. Nhng c 1 ni cng ca loi ny nhp ni t Iran li thch nghi v phng chng hiu qu rp mui y. - C ch trong vic gii thiu nhp ni v pht trin loi KTTN Trong nhiu trng hp nhp ni, gii thiu nhng loi KTTN phng chng dch hi b tht bi do c ch qun l v kinh ph. Tht bi ch yu do khng c c ch thch hp nh h tr ti chnh cn thit duy tr qun th hoc s thiu hiu bit ca con ngi v thiu thit b... V d: nhiu nm ngi ta khng c th nhn nui hng lot Coccophagus mt KTTN c trin vng, mi ti nm 1937 S.E Flachders pht hin ra con c ca loi ny pht trin nh k sinh bc hai. 3. S THCH NGHI CA KTTN V NHNG YU T GII HN THNH CNG BIN PHP SINH HC S DNG KTTN Sau khi nhn nui hng lot loi KTTN c trin vng s dng phng chng loi dch hi cy trng trn ng rung, ngi ta nhn thy c nhiu yu t dn n s thch nghi ca KTTN v y li l nguyn nhn thnh cng chnh ca mi chng trnh bin php sinh hc. Mt s c im sau y cn nghin cu: - c im mi trng + Mi trng ni qun th KTTN hnh thnh khng phi l bn sao ni ca loi trc y. + Mc tc ng ca mi trng l iu khc bit th 2 nh hng rt quan trng n s thnh cng vic cy c ca loi KTTN gii thiu vo. + c tnh vt l v sinh hc ca mi trng cng l yu t nh hng n KTTN khc vi ni thn thuc. + S c mt ca vt ch cng lm nh hng n KTTN c th tn ti hay khng.

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Bng 8.1. V d v nh hng xu ca mt s iu kin mi trng chnh n KTTN nhp ni Yu t mi trng m thch hp khng US (California) US (California) US (Louisiana) Autralia, France Aphitis maculicornis Masi Bathyplectes curculionos Thom Several South American parasites Macrosentrus ancyliverus Roh Parotonia oleae Huffaker. Kennett and Finney 1962 Michelbacker 1943 Clausen 1956 Clausen 1958 Nc Mexico K th t nhin Loi dch hi Ngun ti liu Clausen 1950

Eretmocerus serius Aleurocanthus Silv woglumi

Nhit qu cao Nhit qu thp Thiu vt ch

Hypera postica Gyff Diatraea sacharalos Farb. Graphalita molesta Busck

4. BO V V NHN TH KTTN - KTTN mang tnh bn a ph hp cho mi h sinh thi nng nghip lun gi vai tr quan trng trong iu ho s lng dch hi. Qun th ca KTTN c tr trong mi h sinh thi ng rung c th c bo v bng hng lot nhng bin php canh tc k thut. Trong sn xut nng nghip ngi ta c th b sung ngun dinh dng cho cc loi KTTN bng cch trng xung quanh cy trng chnh nhng cy c th to ra ngun thc n nh mt, phn hoa cho chng. Chnh mt hoa v cc ngun hydrat cacbon c trong git mt hoc sng mt ca cc loi rp mui, rp sp to iu kin c ngha trong vic tng thi gian sng, kh nng sinh sn ca nhiu loi KTTN nh cc loi b cnh cng bt mi, b cnh mch, ong k sinh... Mt khc cy trng xen khng b phun thuc ho hc hoc nhng hng cy by, cy hng ro cn tr thnh ni n nu quan trng cho cc loi k th t nhin. iu ny c ngha trong vic bo v v nng cao vai tr ca KTTN sng trn v xung quanh cy trng chnh trong phng chng dch hi. Vai tr ca KTTN s thay i t cy trng ny sang cy trng khc, t ma v ny sang ma v khc. Hin nay nhiu ngi nng dn ang qun l cy trng mang tnh tng hp vi kha cnh bo v v tng cao vai tr ca KTTN. - iu tra xc nh nhng loi KTTN ca dch hi cy trng ng thi nhn nui KTTN c trin vng s dng trong bin php sinh hc tr thnh tm im ca bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM). Nhiu loi KTTN c nghin cu nhn nui tr thnh sn phm thng mi nh tc nhn sinh hc c ngha p dng phng chng dch hi c hiu qu. Thi Lan, hin nay nhiu nng dn trng ma nhn nui th cng b ui km phng tr c hiu qu su c thn ma, hoc nhn nui th cng B mt vng (Chrysopa sp.) phng tr hiu qu rp hi rau.

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Bng 8.2. Mt s loi KTTN c nhn nui s dng trong bin php sinh hc Ashaboa Tn ca tc nhn sinh Loi dch hi S dng trn cy trng hc c nhn nui Ong k sinh (parasitoids) Trng ngi go Telenomus spp. trn rau, qu trng ngoi Helicoverpa ng Trng ngi go Trichogramma pretiosun trn rau, qu trng ngoi Helicoverpa ng Trng su t, su phao v (nui hng lot) cc su hi khc Trng ngi bi to, ngi Trichogramma carverae trn nho, qu trng ngoi hi qu v ngi ng Su non su xanh Microplitis spp. trn rau trng ngoi ng Ngi hi bp ci Cotestia spp. B phn Encasia fonnosa trn rau trng trong nh li Rp mui Aphisdius spp. nhiu loi rau Rp sp t Aphitis spp. trn rau trng ngoi ng B xt xanh Trissolcus spp. trn rau trng ngoi ng Nhn bt mi Nhn hi Tetranychus urticae Phytoseiius persimilis rau, du ty, vn m B tr Montdorensis cy hoa ct, vn m B xt bt mi Trng ngi, su non Nabis kimbergii trn rau trng ngoi ng Trng ngi, su non, rp Orius spp. trn rau Trong 30 nm qua, vic nhn nui k th th nhin c nhng tin b r rt. hon thin cc quy trnh nhn nui, bo qun, phng thch nhiu loi thin ch, gim gi thnh thin ch trong khi tng hiu qu s dng. Bng 8.3. lit k cc loi thin ch c nhn ni s dng rng ri chu u Bng 8.3.. Cc loi thin ch su, nhn hi v ng vt hi (k sinh, cn trng v nhn bt mi v cc loi vi sinh vt : tuyn trng, nm, vi khun, virus) c s dng ph bin chu u nm 2000 (theo van Lenteren, 2003) Thin ch (a phng (en)/ Ngoi (ex) Dch hi (a phng (en) / Ngoi (ex) N m s dng 1998 1995 1995 1981 1986 1993 1997 1995 139

*Adalia bipunctata (en) Toxoptera aurantii (en) *Adoxophyes orana granulosis virusAdoxophyes orana (en) (en) *Aleochara bilineata (en) Delia root flies (en) Amblyseius barkeri (en) Thrips tabaci (en) Frankliniella occidentalis (ex) Amblyseius (Neioseiulus) degeneransThrips (en, ex) (ex) Amblyseius fallacis (ex) Mites (ex) *Amblyseius largoensis (ex) Mites (ex)

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Thrips (en, ex) 1997 Blattidae (en, ex) 1990 Thrips (en, ex) 1992 Cicadellidae (en, ex) 1990 Pseudococcidae (en,ex) 1995 Pseudococcidae (en,ex) 1995 Macrosiphum euphorbiae (en) 1992 Aulacorthum solani (en) 1992 *Aphelinus mali (ex) Eriosoma lanigerum (ex) 1980 Aphidoletes aphidimyza (en) Aphids (en, ex) 1989 Aphidius colemani (ex) Aphis gossypii, M. persicae (ex, en ) 1992 Aphidius ervi (en) Macrosiphum euphorbiae (en) 1996 Aulacorthum solani (en) 1996 Aphidius matricariae (en) Myzus persicae (en) 1990 *Aphidius urticae (en) Aulacorthum solani (en) 1990 *Aphytis holoxanthus (ex) Diaspididae (ex) 1996 *Aphytis melinus (ex) Diaspididae (en, ex) 1985 *Aprostocetus hagenowii (ex) Blattidae (en, ex) 1990 Bacillus thuringiensis (en, ex) Lepidoptera (en, ex) 1972 Beauveria brongniartii (en) Melolontha (en) 1985 *Bracon hebetor (ex) Lepidoptera (en) 1980 *Cales noacki (ex) Aleurothrixus floccosus (ex) 1970 *Chilocorus baileyi (ex) Diaspididae (en, ex) 1992 *Chilocorus circumdatus (ex) Diaspididae (en, ex) 1992 *Chilocorus nigritus (ex) Diaspididae, Asterolecaniidae (en, ex) 1985 *Chrysoperla carnea (en, ex) Aphids (en, ex) and others 1987 *Chrysoperla rufilabris (ex) Aphids (en, ex) and others 1987 *Clitostethus arcuatus (en) Aleyrodidae 1997 *Coccinella septempunctata (en) Aphids (en) 1980 *Coccophagus lycimnia (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1988 *Coccophagus rusti (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1988 *Coccophagus scutellaris (en) Coccidae (en, ex) 1986 *Coenosia attenuata (en) Diptera (en), Sciaridae (en) 1996 Agromyzidae (en, ex), Aleurodidae1996 *Comperiella bifasciata (ex) Diaspididae (ex) 1985 *Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (ex) Pseudococcidae, Coccidae (en,ex), Planococcus citri (ex) 1992 *Cydia pomonella granulosis virus (en) Cydia pomonella (in) 1995 Dacnusa sibirica (en) Liriomyza bryoniae (en) 1981 Liriomyza trifolii (ex) 1981 Liriomyza huidobrensis (ex) 1990 Delphastus pusillus (ex) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (ex) 1993 Bemisia tabaci/argentifolii (ex) 1993 Dicyphus tamaninii (en) Whitflies (ex), thrips (en, ex) 1996 Diglyphus isaea (en) Liriomyza bryoniae (en) 1984
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*Amblyseius lymonicus (ex) *Ampulex compressa (ex) *Anthocoris nemorum (en) *Anagrus atomus (en) *Anagyrus fusciventris (ex) *Anagyrus pseudococci (en) Aphelinus abdominalis (en)

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Liriomyza trifolii (ex) 1984 Liriomyza huidobrensis (ex) 1990 *Diomus spec. (ex) Phenacoccus manihoti (ex) 1990 *Encarsia citrina (ex) Diaspididae (en, ex) 1984 Encarsia formosa (ex) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (ex) 1970 Bemisia tabaci/argentifolii (ex) 1988 Encarsia tricolor (en) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (ex) 1985 *Encyrtus infelix (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1990 *Encyrtus lecaniorum (en) Coccidae (en, ex) 1985 *Episyrphus balteatus (en) Aphids (en, ex) 1990 Eretmocerus californicus (ex) Bemisia tabaci/argentifolii (ex) 1995 Eretmocerus mundus (en) Bemisia tabaci/argentifolii (ex) 1995 *Franklinothrips vespiformis (ex) Thrips (ex) 1990 *Gyranusoidea spp. (ex) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990 *Harmonia axyridis (ex) Aphids (en) 1995 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Otiorrhynchus sulcatus and other spp.1984 Heterorhabditis megidis and other spp.Otiorrhynchus sulcatus and other spp.1984 *Hippodamia convergens (ex) Aphids (en, ex) 1993 *Hungariella peregrina (ex) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990 *Hypoaspis aculeifer (en) Sciaridae, Rhizoglyphus echinopus1996 (en) Rhizoglyphus rolini (en), Thrips (en,1996 ex) Sciaridae, Rhizoglyphus echinopus1994 *Hypoaspis miles (en) *Kampimodromus aberrans (en) Mites (Panonychus ulmi) (en) 1960 (en) *Leptomastidea abnormis (en) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1984 *Leptomastix dactylopii (ex) Planococcus citri (en, ex) 1984 *Leptomastix epona (en) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1992 *Lysiphlebus fabarum (en) Aphis gossypii (ex) 1990 *Lysiphlebus testaceipes (ex) Aphis gossypii (ex) 1990 Macrolophus caliginosus (en) Whiteflies (ex) 1994 *Macrolophus pygmaeus (nubilis) (en) Whiteflies (ex) 1994 *Metaphycus bartletti (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1997 *Metaphycus helvolus (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1984 *Metaseiulus occidentalis (ex) Mites (en) 1993 *Microterys flavus (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1987 *Microterys nietneri (en) Coccidae (en, ex) 1987 *Muscidifurax zaraptor (ex) Stable flies (en) 1982 *Nasonia vitripennis (en) Stable flies (en) 1982 *Neoseiulus barkeri (en) Mites (en), thrips (en, ex) 1990 Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicusMites (en, ex) 1995 Neoseiulus (Amblyseiu)s cucumeris (en,Thrips tabaci (en) 1985 Frankliniella occidentalis (ex) 1986 ex) Mites (en, ex) 1990 Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris (ex,Thrips (en, ex) 1993 *Nephus reunioni (ex) Pseudococcidae (en,ex) 1990 *Ooencyrtus kuwanae (ex) Moth (Lymantria dispar) (en) 1980 *Ooencyrtus pityocampae (ex) Thaumetopoea pityocampa (ex) 1997 *Ophyra aenescens (ex) Stable flies (en 2 spp) 1995 Opius pallipes (en) Liriomyza bryoniae (en) 1980 Orius spp. (en, ex) F. occidentalis/ T. tabaci (ex, en) *Orius albidipennis (en) 1991 Orius insidiosus (ex) 1991
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Orius laevigatus (en) *Orius majusculus (en) *Orius minutus (en) *Orius tristicolor (ex) *Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (en) *Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (en) *Phytoseiulus longipes (ex) Phytoseiulus persimilis (ex) *Picromerus bidens (en) *Podisus maculiventris (ex ?)

1995 1991 1991 1995 Whiteflies (ex) 1997 Snails (en) 1994 Tetranychus urticae (en) 1990 Tetranychus urticae (en) 1968 Lepidoptera (en) 1990 Lepidoptera (en) 1996 Leptinotarsa decemlineata (ex) 1996 *Praon volucre (en) Aphids (en) 1990 *Pseudaphycus angelicus (ex) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990 *Pseudaphycus flavidulus (en) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990 *Pseudaphycus maculipennis (en) Pseudococcus spp. (en) 1980 *Rhyzobius chrysomeloides (ex) Matsococcus feytaudi (ex) 1997 *Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae (ex) Diaspididae (en,ex), Pseudalacapsis1980 *Rodolia cardinalis (ex) Icerya purchasi (ex) 1990 *Rumina decollata (en) Snails (en) 1990 *Scolothrips sexmaculatus (en) Mites, thrips (en, ex) 1990 *Scutellista caerulea (cyanea) (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1990 *Scymnus rubromaculatus (en) Aphids (en) 1990 *Spodoptera NPV-virus (en) Spodoptera exigua (ex) 1994 *Steinernema carpocapsae (en) Otiorrhynchus sulcatus and other spp.1984 (en) Steinernema feltiae (en) Sciaridae and other spp. (en) 1984 *Stethorus punctillum (en) Mites (en) 1995 Sciaridae, Rhizoglyphus echinopus1994 *Stratiolaelaps miles (en) *Sympherobius sp. (en) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990 *Therodiplosis (=Feltiella) persicae (en) Mites in open fields (en) 1990 *Thripobius semiluteus (ex) Thrips (ex) 1995 *Trichogramma brassicae (en) Lepidoptera, several spp. (en) 1980 Lepidoptera, orchards, several spp1980 *Trichogramma cacoeciae (en) Lepidoptera, orchards, several spp1985 *Trichogramma dendrolimi (en) Trichogramma evanescens (en) Ostrinia nubilalis in maize (en) 1975 Trichogramma evanescens (en) Lepidoptera in greenhouses (en, ex) 1992 *Typhlodromus pyri (en) Mites in apple, pear, grapes 1985 *Verticillium lecanii (en) Whitefly/aphids (ex, en) 1990 Ghi ch: - * Th trng nh hp - En: c cc nc thuc EU - Ex: Ngun gc ngoi EU, nhng c th c mt EU 50 nm hoc lu hn - Trong cc loi trn c 2 loi c nhn nui v s dng rng ri nht trong nh knh l Encasia formosa v Phytoseiulus persimilis 5. IU KIN CN THIT V QUY TRNH NHN NUI KTTN 5.1. KTTN l cc loi virus Phm Th Thu (2004) xc nh nhiu loi su hi cy trng Vit Nam thng b virus tn cng gy bnh cht hng lot (Bng 8.4). sn xut ch phm virus cn xc nh ng chng virus gy bnh chun. Vic nhn nui su hi v ly
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nhim virus cn tun th qui trnh cht ch, v d nh hnh 8.1. Bng 8.4 Cc loi su hi b vius tn cng Tn virus gy bnh Virus G.V. Pr G.V. Pr NPV. Bem NPV. Jp NPV. Ha NPV. Has NPV. Hz NPV. Pg NPV. SL NPV. Se Loi su hi b tn cng Su t Plutella xylostela Su xanh bm trng Pieris rapae Tm du Bombyx mori Su rm thng Dendrolimus armigera Su xanh bng Helicoverpa assulta Su xanh thuc l Helicoverpa zea Su hng bng Pectinophora gossypiella Su khoang Spodoptera litura Su keo da lng Spodoptera exigua Su o xanh Anomis flava

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Nui nhn k ch su hi

Cy nhim virus

Thu su ging

Thu su cht do virut vo bnh mu ti c np ng

Gi nhng Nhim, lc su cht bnh

Ghp cp

Thu trng

Lg su thu dn virus tinh

Nui su tp th (tui 1-2) Hn hp to ch phm Tch su nui ring (tui 3-4) Thm cht ph gia

Sn phm dch th virus ng cha bo qun s dng

Sn phm dng bt ng gi , s dng

Hnh 8.1. S quy trnh sn xut ch phm NPV qui m nh ( Theo Phm Th Thu, Vin Bo v thc vt 2004) 5.2. KTTN l vi khun Bng phng php thu thp mu su hi b bnh bi cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh trn ng rung. Da vo triu chng bnh xc nh loi VSV gy bnh v s dng nui trng nui cy thch hp phn lp, tuyn chn nhng chng c trin vng trong phng chng su hi.

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Chng Bt chun Nhn ging cp 1 trn my lc Nhn ging cp 2 trn ni 500 lt hoc 5000 lt Kch thch ln men Lc v ly tm Thu sinh khi + Cht ph gia <----------> Sy + cht ph gia (ng chai bo qun) (ng gi, bo qun s dng) Hnh 8.2. S quy trnh sn xut ch phm vi khun Bt (Theo Phm Th Thu, Vin bo v thc vt 2004) ng dng thuc tr su sinh hc phc hp VIRUS V-BT L ch phm virus vi Bt, dng bt thm nc, c hiu lc tr su t, su xanh, su khoang, su cun l, su c qu, su c thn v cc loi su n l trn cc loi cy trng: bp ci, su ho, sp l, cc loi u, thuc l; su hi la v cc loi cy trng khc. Cch dung nh trnh by ti bng 8.5. Bng 8.5. Cch dng ch phm V-BT Liu S ln lng pha Ghi ch Su hi (g/ha) long Su hi rau xanh, su t, su 750 1000 Phun thuc tt nht vo lc sau 4h chiu khoang Su hi cy lng thc: su 1500 500 i vi su c thn ng, dng V-BT trn u vi ct theo t l 1/50 rc vo t keo, su c thn la, ng, su cun l i vi su xanh hi bng v nhng su Su hi bng: Su xanh, su t 1500 500 c nn khc, phun vo thi k trng r, Su hi cy lm nghip: su 1500 500 cc loi su n l phun giai on su non rm thng tui 2-3. Khi dng hn hp vi thuc ho 500 Su hi cy n qu: su c qu 3000 hc tr su cn pha hn hp xong phun l, to ngay. Su hi ch: su rm, su o 1500 800 (Ngun: Vin BVTV, 1997) Nhng im cn ch : - Phun thuc ri u trn b mt l. Lng thuc dng 1,3 1,5 kg/ha. - Thuc khng c hi vi ngi v gia sc. - Khng nn dng thuc V-BT trong vn du v cc c s nui tm
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Khng dng hn hp vi thuc ho hc dit khun. Bo qun ni cao ro, thong mt, thng gi. Khng s dng trong iu kin c nng gay gt. Sau khi phun thuc, trong vng 3 ngy nu gp ma nn phun b xung 1 ln. 5.3. KTTN l nm Theo Phm Th Thu (2004), thu thp v xc nh c mt s loi nm k sinh su hi cy trng trong h sinh thi ng rung nhiu vng sinh thi nng nghip ca nc ta nh nm bch cng Beauveria bassiana, nm lc cng Metarhizium amisopliae, Metarhizium flavoviride; nm bt Nomuraea sp., nm tan Hisutella citriformic, nm Peccilomyces sp.. - Nm bch cng Beauveria bassiana (Bb) c th k sinh hn 30 loi su hi ch yu trn rau, la, ng, ma, thng... Vit Nam. - Nm lc cng Metarhizium amisopliae v M. flavoviride c kh nng k sinh gy bnh cho hn 40 loi su hi ch yu trn cy trng v mi t hi cy, p, cng trnh kin trc. Ln men trn my lc Ln men trong ni 5 lt

Nguyn liu

Nguyn liu

Kh trng

Kh trng

Lm ngui

Lm ngui

Cy trn ging C1

Cy ging 3%

Lc n sinh khi t cc i 72h trong 28-30oC

Ln men Kt thc ln men 48 gi, 30oC vi cht ph gia

Lc, sy, cn

Lc, sy, cn

ng chai

Xc nh lng sinh khi ch phm

Xc nh lng sinh khi ch phm

Hnh 8.3. S sn xut sinh khi Beauveria v Metarhizium bng phng php ln men chm (Vin BVTV)
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- Hungari, Lin X (c), Philippin v Thi Lan nghin cu nm Trichoderma v sn xut ch phm sinh hc ny hn ch nhng nm tn ti trong t gy hi cho cy trng ni chung, nh nm Rhizoctonia, Sclerorium, Fusarium, Pythium, Verticillium v Botrytis Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y, Vin Bo v thc vt tin hnh nghin cu i tng ny. Cc th nghim tm hiu tnh khng ca nm Trichoderma i vi nm gy bnh kh vn trn ng, la v mt s cy rau mu khc. Kt qu thu c cho thy: s dng nm Trichoderma t hiu qu gim bnh 50%. Cc th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca nhit , lng nc, nguyn kiu lm mi trng cho thy thc l thch hp cho vic nui nhn loi nm ny.. Quy trnh sn xut v s dng nm Trichoderma iu tra thu thp mu Phn lp ngun

Nui nhn

Phi, sy kh nhit 30 45oC

ng gi ch phm

S dng: Trn ch phm vi phn lung: 3-4kg/so Bc b (lng bo t: 3,2 x 109 bo t/g)

Sau 10 ngy
Bn rung khi gieo ht hoc trng cy Hnh 8.4. S quy trnh sn xut ch phm nm bng phng php len men trong ni 5 lt (Phm Th Thu 1994). Ch phm c 3,2 x 109 bo t/g vi ph gia l thc. i vi cy n qu: Dng Trichoderma phng tr nm bnh trong t nh Phytophthora v Rhizoctonia sp. bng cch trn 1 kg nm gc Trichoderma vi 10 kg cm go v 40 kg phn chung hoi mc, ri u xung quanh gc cy liu lng 2 -5 kg/cy v lp t nh ph ln trn. i vi cy trng khc Trn u ch phm vi phn chung hoi mc, ri u trn mt lung (nu gieo ht) sau ph ln mt lp t min ri gieo ht: rc u trn rnh hoc hc trc khi trng. - Liu lng: 4 kg ch phm/so
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- Bo qun: Ni thong mt - Thi gian s dng: 12 thng k t ngy sn xut. 5.4. KTTN l tuyn trng k sinh su hi - Tuyn trng k sinh cn trng (Entomophathogenic nematodes) vit tt l EPN c nhiu nc trn th gii v nc ta nghin cu v s dng trong bin php sinh hc phng chng su hi cy trng nng nghip. - Tuyn trng k sinh cn trng c ngha thuc 2 ging chnh Steinernema v Heterorhabditis. Chng cng sinh vi vi khun Xenorhdus ( tuyn trng Heterorhabditi) thng kh nng k sinh su hi trong t hoc mt s loi su hi m pha pht dc ca vng i sng mt thi gian trong mi trng t trng cy. Khi tip xc vi vt ch (su hi) tuyn trng nhanh chng xm nhp qua ming hu mn, l th, ri vo trong c th su hi. Tuyn trng gii phng vi khun cng sinh. Vi khun ny nhn ln mt cch nhanh chng v cht c ca vi khun l nguyn nhn gy cht su hi trong vng 40-50 gi. Nguyn Ngc Chu (1998) thng bo tuyn trng k sinh cho hiu qu tt i vi 15 loi cn trng hi ph bin, trong c su keo, su xm, su xanh, su t, su cun l bng. 5.5. KTTN l ong k sinh - Vin BVTV (1973) thu thp xc nh 3 loi ong mt quan trng l Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma japonicum v Trichogramma dendrolini. Trong T. chilonis c kh nng k sinh trng hn 20 loi su hi cy trng. - Vin BVTV 1982 nghin cu, xy dng quy trnh nhn nui v s dng 3 loi ong mt phng chng su c thn ng (Ostrinia nubilalis), su o xanh hi ay (Anomis flava), su xanh c qa (Helicoverpa armigera), su cun l nh hi la (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) v su rm thng (Dendrolimus punctatus). Qu trnh sn xut ong mt Trichogramma ca Vin Bo v thc vt c trnh by ti s 8.5.

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Thu ngun trng ngi go (Corcyra cephalonica)

Nhn k ch ngi go (by thc n, cm, go, ng + Nhim trng vo thc n + Nui su non + Dit cc loi tp cht +Thu ngun trng thnh

Nui v duy tr ging ngi go

Thu ngi cho trng

Thu thp ong mt trn rung k sinh trng su hi

Thu trng, lm sch sn xut ong mt

Sn xut hng lot ong mt + X l trng ngi go bng tia cc tm UV + Dn trng ngi go ln ging + Nhim ong ln cc tm trng ngi go +Thu ngun trng thnh

Nui v duy tr ging ong mt

ng gi, bo qun v s dng

Hnh 8.5. S quy trnh sn xut ong mt (Vin bo v thc vt 1973, 1982) nhiu nc trn th gii, cc loi ong mt , Trichogramma spp. (OM). c nui nhn v s dng c kt qu phng tr mt s loi su hi cy trng. mt s nc nh Lin X (c) nghin cu v p dng quy trnh cng ngh s dng OM, M, Philippin, Trung Quc, Cu Ba v c c quy trnh nhn nui bn chuyn nghip. Vit Nam t nm 1998 c s ti tr ca t chc bnh m Th gii tin hnh nghin cu qui trnh nui nhn, tuyn chn cc ging OM v s dng chng trong phng tr mt s loi su hi chnh (Nguyn Vn Tut v L Vn Thuyt ch bin, 2001). min Bc nc ta c t nht 3 loi OM l Trichogramma chilonis; T.japonicum Ash v T.dendrolimus Ash. Ba loi ong k sinh trng ny u a thc, chng k sinh trn trng ca 23 loi bm khc nhau. Cho n nay c nhiu chng sinh thi OM c s dng tr su trn nhng cy trng khc nhau. tr su c thn ng Ostrinia spp. ngi ta thng s dng cc loi ong T.maidis, T.pretisum, T.ostriniae v T.nubilabe. Vic s dng OM trong phng tr su hi em li nhiu li ch, gim hn hoc loi b vic dng thuc ho hc, duy tr cc loi thin dch v chng nhim mi trng, em li hiu qu kinh t cao.
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* Tnh nng v tc dng ca OM S dng OM lm tc nhn sinh hc tr trng su hi, bi v chng c ph k ch rng nn c s dng nhn th tr su trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau. Trichogramma chilonis c s lng u th trong cc h sinh thi rung cn, rung rau mu, cy cng nghip v cy n qu vi chiu cao t 2,5m tr xung. T.japonicum c s lng u th trong cc h sinh thi rung la nc. T.dendrolimus c s lng u th trong cc h sinh thi rng trng, cc cy rng, cc vn cy n qu vi chiu cao cy trn 2,5m. * Phng php nui nhn OM C 2 phng php: Nui nhn OM trong phng th nghim hoc xng sn xut quy m nh da trn quy trnh k thut c nghin cu xut (hnh 8.5) To iu kin cho OM pht sinh v pht trin trong thin nhin nh khng s dng thuc ho hc giai on u v, OM tng qun th t nhin v ong s khng ch su hi v t chng duy tr qun th trong thin nhin. * Cch s dng OM Nn s dng OM trn m hnh IPM tng nhanh s lng trong thin nhin, gp phn qun l dch su hi. Th ong vo lc bm su hi bt u xut hin r. + Ong Cotesia glomerata v Diadegma semiclausum Ong Diadegma c nghin cu nui nhn v c kh nng thch nghi trong iu kin nc ta phng tr su t hi bp ci. - Ong Diadegma c th nui nhn trong iu kin phng th nghim c iu ho nhit vi t l n trung bnh 44,16%, t l ci 35,07%. Nhng gi c 5-25 ngy trong iu kin 70C; nhit 240C ong n t 27 60%. Ong c th k sinh trong iu kin ng bng Sng Hng t 16,7 46,9% su t (t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau). - Ong Cotesia c t l n trung bnh 70,4%, t l ci 21,1%. Ong c th k sinh su xanh ngoi ng rung (17 kn/200m2 rau bp ci). - Ong Diadegma d nui nhn v d thit lp qun th cc vng c kh hu mt quanh nm v c cao t 400 m tr ln. mt s vng ca Philippin hay nh Lt (Lm ng) ngi ta s dng ong Diadegma vi 3 ln th c th kim sot c su t m khng phi s dng bin php ho hc no. 5.6. KTTN l b xt bt mi H Quang Hng (2005) thu thp, xc nh b xt bt mi b tr gy hi rau, u rau, cam, chanh. Chng thuc h Anthocoridae, Miridae, Pentatomidae. Loi b xt bt mi Orius sauteri (Poppius) xut hin thng xuyn c ngha trong iu ho s lng b tr Thrips palmi hi rau, u rau, da chut. H Quang Hng (2005) nghin cu xy dng quy trnh nhn nui v s dng b xt bt mi O. sauteri phng chng b tr T. palmi hi u rau, da chut, khoai ty (hnh 8.6).

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Thu vt mi - b tr T. palmi

Nui v duy tr ging b tr

Nui vt mi T. palmi

By thc n t nhin (u trch, da chut)

By thc n bn t nhin (u trch, da chut)

Thu cc pha pht dc ca b tr sn xut b xt bt mi

Thu b xt bt mi O. sauteri trn rung

Nhn nui hng lot b xt bt mi + Pha b tr thch hp cho b xt bt mi + Nhim b xt bt mi

Nui v duy tr ging b xt bt mi (O. sauteri )

Thu pha su non tui 2-3 b xt bt mi

ng gi, bo qun, s dng

Hnh 8.6. S quy trnh sn xut b xt bt mi O. sauteri (H Quang Hng, 2005) 5.6. KTTN l nhn nh bt mi Nhn nh bt mi l nhng ng vt chn khp sng t do thuc h Phytoseiidae b Acarina c kch thc nh 0,3-0,5 mm. Nhiu loi c tnh chuyn ho cao, sc tng qun th cao v sc tn cng nhn hi v nhiu loi cn trng hi nh b tr, rp cao nn v ang c nhn nui rng ri trn th gii. Cc loi nhn nh c nhn nui rng ri l Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius cucurmeris Vit Nam, Nguyn Vn nh (1994), nhn nui thnh cng loi Phytoseiulus persimilis v th nghim s dng chng trong phng tr nhn son Tetranychus cinnabarinus hi u . Loi Amblyseius sp. c nhn nui hng lot phng tr nhn son Tetranychus cinnabarinus hi u nm 2005 ti i hc Nng nghip I. Qui trnh nhn nui l kh n gin vi cc bc sau:

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Trng u c ve (Phaseolus vulgaris) trong lng cch ly

Thu nhn son Tetranychus cinnabarinus t ngoi ng v nui cch ly

Khi cy u c 6 l tht th nhn son vo nhn (10 con/cy)

Thu nhn bt mi Amblyseius sp. t ngoi ng v nui cch ly

Sau khi 1/3 l u c mu hi trng bc th th nhn bt mi vo (2-3 con/cy)

Ct ton b l u

Dng bn chi qut thu nhn bt mi v nhn son

ng gi bo qun ( 10oC di nht l 1 tun) v phng thch

Hnh 8.7. S quy trnh sn xut nhn bt mi Amblyseius sp. Trn th gii, loi nhn bt mi c s dng rng ri nht hin nay l loi Phytoseiulus persimilis A-H. Cng nh nhiu loi nhn bt mi khc, P. persimilis c nui trn thc n, l chnh loi nhn hi mc tiu Tetranychus urticae K. Loi nhn mc tiu c nui trn cy u Phaseolus vulgaris L. Qui trnh nhn nui nhn bt mi kh n gin. u tin l vic gieo u trn cc khay nha c t c x l sch bnh v cc ng vt khc. Sau cy u mc c 3-4 tun bt u ly nhim nhn hi, mt 3-5 con/l. 2 tun sau th nhn bt mi vi mt 0,2 con/l. Khong 2-3 tun sau khi mt nhn bt mi cao th thu ton b l. Dng my chi qut hoc nhit thu nhn bt mi. a 200 nhn bt mi trng thnh trong 1 l nha c cht n l mn ca trn vi v tru. y np ri a l c nhn vo gi trong t nhit 10-15oC. Thi gian lu gi trong l 7-10 ngy.
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Phng thch (th) nhn bt mi: Thi im th nhn bt mi khi mt nhn t 2-4 con/l

6. Nhn nui, ct tr, vn chuyn v phng thch thin ch

Khc phc nhng tn ti ca BPSH, ch yu trong nhn nui, ct tr v nng cao hiu qu phng thch thin ch, 30 nm qua rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v nhng mt ny chng t, th nht, s lng cc loi thin ch c nhn th tng rt nhanh, cc phng php nhn nui v ct tr ngy cng hon thin do th trng tng mnh ti 15-20% /nm cui th k XX. Nhng tin b k thut trong nhn nui, kim tra cht lng, ct tr vn chuyn v phng thch lm gim ng k gi thnh v tng hiu qu s dng. ng k l a sng kin ct tr lu di thin ch (thng qua diapause) lm tng hiu qu s dng v d dng s dng lm cho BPSH ngy cng c chp nhn do hiu qu cao (van Lenteren, 2003a). Nhn nui hng lot c nhiu ti liu v vn ny. Finney and Fisher (1964) cho rng y l mt qu trnh kho lo v t m sn xut ra hng triu cn trng thin ch trong phng nhn nui. Vic nhn nui thng qua cc bc chnh nh: Bc 1: Th nui thin ch trn k ch t nhin (c th dch hi). a s cc loi thin ch c nui theo cch ny. Tuy nhin, mt s loi thin ch khng th nui nh vy c do trong qu trnh nhn nui thin ch chng c nguy c b nhim bnh hoc bn thn vic nui thin ch l tn km. Do vy cn c nghin cu xc nh cc vt ch thay th (thng l trn cc cy k ch thay th). Bc 2 : Tin hnh chuyn nui thin ch trn cy k ch chnh sang mi trng nhn to. Nui cn trng trn thc n nhn to c nghin cu t lu v vic nhn nui trn thc n nhn to thng r trong cc bung kh hu. Tuy vy cn lu rng c kh nhiu vn ny sinh khi nui nhn to nh sc sng, sc n v sc sn mi. Cho n nay, Singh (1984) tng kt 5 im chung v thc n khi nhn nui thin ch: 1. C khong 750 loi cn trng n thc vt c th nui c trong mi trng thc n nhn to v bn nhn to 2. Trong s ny c khong 20 loi c th nui mt vi th h hon ton trn thc n nhn to 3. C di 20 loi c nui vi s lng ln 4. Kim tra cht lng l cn thit v thc n c th nh hng n cht lng thin ch. V do 5. Cn th nghim sinh hc kim tra nh hng ca thc n n cn trng nui Bc 3: Nghin cu nui thin ch trn thc n nhn to. Nu thnh cng, gi thnh nui s rt r. Cho n nay thnh cng nhn nui k sinh trong Trichogramma v k sinh ngoi (Chrysoperla). Tuy nhin k thut nhn nui cn trng thin ch khng pht trin bng k thut nhn nui cn trng k ch (Grenier & DeClerq, 2003). Ti Chu u, thnh cng trong nhn nui thin ch l rt r rng, trong th k XX c 150 loi thin ch c nhp phng chng 55 loi cn trng v nhn hi. iu quan trng cn nhn mnh l cho n nm 1970 ngi ta ch ch trng ti BPSH c in. Sau nm 1970, BPSH c s dng trn din tch rng ri hn, c trong nh knh v trn ng rung. s dng 60 thin ch nhp ni v 40 thin ch a phng phng chng 50 loi su hi. iu ny lm thay i quan im ch s dng thin ch nhp ni phng chng dch hi ngoi lai. Nh vy trong chng trnh BPSH cn s dng c 2 nhm thin ch.
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Bo qun thin ch Bo qun thin ch cng vic c ngha to ln. Cc l do chnh l vic duy tr sn xut thng xuyn 1 lng thin ch thng kinh t hn nhiu so vi sn xut mt s lng ln theo tng giai on, th 2 l khng phi lc no vic sn xut cy k ch cng thun li nh nhau v th 3 l nhu cu v s lng thin ch cng khng ging nhau trong cc thi k do vic bo qun tt s gip c ngi sn xut v s dng thin ch c th lu tr lng thin ch s dng khi cn thit. c kh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v bo qun k ch, sc sng ca k ch v thin ch. Vic bo qun thin ch nh vi sinh vt thng kh d dng trong iu kin mt m v kh ro, cht lng m bo sau vi thng hoc vi nm. Tuy nhin i vi cn trng thin ch th kh khn hn. Nhiu loi ch c th sng c trong bo qun ti nhit 4-150C trong thi gian ngn. Thng thng ch cn bo qun mt vi tun, sc sng ca thin ch gim. Pha bo qun ngn tt nht l pha nhng. Cc pha khc nhau ca k ch sau bn qun c cht lng v mc ph hp khc nhau i vi thin ch, chng hn trng ca Sitotroga cerealella v Grapholita lineatum) sau bo qun 5 nm (Grapholita) vn cn thch hp nhn loi Trichogramma v Trissolcus simoni. Loi Diglyphus isaea c th bo qun trong nhit d thp trong 2 thng m vn gi c sc sinh sn. Hagvar v Hofsvang (1991) thy rng loi Aphidius matricariae c th bo qun c vi tun. Trng thnh loi Chrysoperla carnea trong giai on diapause c th bo quan trong nhit thp 30 tun (Tauber et al., 1993). Loi Orius insidiosus c sc sng v sc sinh sn khi bo quan giai on diapauses 8 tun (Ruberson et al., 1998). c bit, bo qun lu di n 1 nm phi k n loi Trichogramma, trong giai on diapauses. Thu gom v vn chuyn thin ch Cn phn bit 2 nhm thin ch bt mi khng n tht ng loi (noncannibanistic) v bt mi n ng loi (cannibanistic). Nghin cu ch ra rng ngay sau khi sn xut, cng a phng thch thin ch sm cng tt. Nu sau sn xut 2448 ting thin ch (k sinh v khng n tht ng loi) c phng thch s khng cn phi ng gi m ch cn chng nng, chng lnh hoc chng va p mnh. Cn nu phi vn chuyn xa vi ngy cn bo qun chng trong phng nhit v c thm thc n (chng hn nh mt ong cho k sinh v phn hoa/vt mi cho bt mi). Thng thng khi phi vn chuyn di ngy ngi ta ng gi giai on su non v a thm thc n chng tip tc pht trin. i vi nhm cannibanistic cn c ch c bit (ngay nh nhm bt mi a nng, khi mt cao chng s tn cng ln nhau). Ngi ta thng to thm cc ch n np nh cho thm vn giy, cm, mn ca (van Lenteren & Tommasini, 2003). Ngy nay vic ng gi vn chuyn l cn thit v vic vn chuyn thng c thc hin khng ch trong mt nc m cn sang cc nc khc hoc t chu lc ny n chu lc khc. Vic t mua thin ch c th thc hin qua mng Internet. ng gi, bo qun v vn chuyn ng vai tr to ln n hiu qu s dng thin ch (van Lenteren & Tommasini (2003). Phng thch thin ch Pha phng thch Cc pha phng thch thch hp c trnh by trong Bng 8.6.
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Vic phng thch pha no tuy thuc vo s vn chuyn, thao tc trn ng rung v quan trng nht l hiu qu tiu dit su hi. Nhiu kin cho rng d thao tc hn c l pha t di chuyn hoc khng di chuyn nh pha nhng, hoc l trng. y l nhng pha thng c la chn s dng nhiu nht. Ngoi ra phn bit r su hi v thin ch, ngi ta thng s dng thin ch trng thnh phng thch. Bng 8.6. Cc pha phng thch c la chn nhiu (theo Van Lenteren & Tommasini, 2003) Trng (V d Chrysoperla) Su non (V d Chrysoperla, Phytoseiulus, Amblyseius, Nhng (V d Aphidius, Trichogramma, Encarsia) Trng thnh (V d Dacnusa, Diglyphus, Orius, Phytoseiulus) Cc pha (V d Phytoseiulus, Amblyseius)

Cc tui su non khi phng thch cng cn cn nhc k lng. Thng thng khi mt su hi cn thp ngi ta s phng thch thin ch tui nh (1-2) cn khi mt su hi cao cn c thin ch vi sc tn cng mnh, s phng thch tui cao hn. Phng php phng thch C nhiu phng php phng thch: 1. Th trc tip nhng v trng trn l, trn cy ch nh (Chrysoperla v Encarsia) hoc dnh trn giy ri t trn cy ch (Encarsia, Trichogramma). 2. ng vo trong hp ri em th trn ng rung (Trichogramma). 3. ng vo trong hp cc pha pht trin di ng ca bt mi hoc k sinh (cng vi cc ph gia nh bt cm hoc bt khong) ri rc trn cy 4. a c cy hoc chu sn xut thin ch vo rung, khi thin ch khai thc ht vt mi trn cy ny hoc khi mt chng qu cao chng s t ng chuyn sang cc cy khc trn rung. Nng dn Thi Lan a c chu nhn nui b ui km cng vi lng thc n nht nh t trng rung ma, khi s dng ht thc n, b ui km t pht tn tm su hi ma lm thc n. Thi im phng thch 1. Khi pht hin su hi: Trong rt nhiu trng hp, thin ch c phng thch khi pht hin c su hi. 2. Phng thch m mm (Blind releases) i vi su hi kh pht hin nh b phn hoc l i vi cc loi s bng pht s lng rt nhanh nh rp hoc b tr. Thi im phng thch cn ch n s c mt pha su hi m chng a thch. C nh vy thin ch mi pht trin tt v khng b cht i Vic xc nh liu lng (t l thin ch vi su hi) v s ln phng thch trong 1 thi gian l nhng vn quan trng n lin quan n hiu qu kinh t ca bin php sinh hc, uy tn v cht lng ca sn phm phng thch. i vi kiu phng th sm (inundative release) th t l ny khng quan trng lm v thin ch cn tip tc pht trin trong thi gian di, sn sng ch su hi pht trin mi nhn nhanh s lng. Nhng i vi kiu phng thch trn ngp (inoculative release) th t l hoc s lng thin ch phng thch l rt quan trng. Nu th qu t thin ch, khi su hi bng pht mnh, thin ch khng khng ch c dch hi, cn nu phng thch qu nhiu, th nhanh chng lm cn kit s lng
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su hi v do lm gim ngay mt ca chng cng dn n trng hp l sau su hi ti pht trin mnh, mt thin ch li khng , va gy nn lng ph v va khng c hiu qu. u ny hay xy ra i vi sn xut trong nh knh hoc nh cch ly c din tch nh. Mt s im cn quan tm khi s dng thin ch An ton Yu cu v tnh an ton ca tc nhn sinh hc c t ln hng u. c nhiu trng hp tc nhn sinh hc tiu dit cc loi khng phi mc tiu. Chng hn trng hp o Moorea Thi Bnh Dng, nhp loi c sn Auglandia rosea phng tr loi c sn Achatina fulica. Loi c sn c nhp ni khng ch tc dng km hm loi mc tiu m cn tiu dit lun c 1 loi c sn khc khng phi mc tiu ca chng trnh, loi c sn a phng c tn l Partula (dn theo Diesche, 1996). Cn phi cp n cc trng hp cc tc nhn c nhp ni, trong mt iu kin hon ton mi c th bc l thm cc c tnh m ni c chng khng c. Mt trong cc c tnh l vic tng tnh phm n, tnh chuyn ha gim i v do chng khng ch tn cng loi mc tiu m c th tn cng cc loi a phng khng c hi khc, lm gim a dng sinh hc. Do cn phi tin hnh cc th nghim kim tra t m xc nh y cc c tnh bt li ca tc nhn sinh hc. C th thy rng tc nhn sinh hc c th mang theo mm bnh hoc siu k sinh s tr thnh mi lo ngi ca bt c chng trnh BPSH no. Vic nghin cu thnh phn k ch ca tc nhn sinh hc cho php loi tr him ha nh v d trn. Gi thnh - Nghin cu: Vic nghin cu, nhn nui tc nhn sinh hc thng rt tn km, cn trang thit b t tin. Cc trang thit b phng th nghim nh kim dch, nh nui cch ly, cc thit b duy tr nhn nui khc. Ty theo c im ca tc nhn sinh hc v mi trng t nhin v ni trng x hi, nu gii thiu thnh cng, tc nhn sinh hc c duy tr trong t nhin th tc dng ca tc nhn sinh hc c ko di khng cn cc chi ph na. Lc hiu qu ca tc nhn sinh hc l v cng ln nh trng hp ca loi b ra Rodoloa cardinalis. i vi nhm tc nhn sinh hc cn phng thch theo chu k vic nhn nui vn cn phi tin hnh, qui trnh nhn nui cn c ci tin sao cho gi thnh khng qu cao. Nhiu cng ty nh Koppert, H Lan chng hn c mng li sn xut v tiu th tc nhn sinh hc rng ln trn ton cu. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ch ra rng cc chng trnh nghin cu 1 tc nhn sinh hc l cn trung cn 6-7 nm hoc hn ty thuc vo c tnh ca tc nhn sinh hc v loi mc tiu. Canada cn 4-5 nm nghin cu i vi 1 loi c di hoc 4-5 nm cho 1 tc nhn sinh hc. Tng chung cn 11-24 nm nghin cu khoa hc i vi 1 loi dch hi v ga thnh l vo khong 1-2 triu la M (dn theo Driesche, 1996). Trn th gii tc nhn sinh hc (cn trng, nhn bt mi) c nhn nui hng lot trong nh my. Sn phm cui cng c ng trong cc hp giy hoc hp nha. Trong c khong 200-500 c th. Gi thnh kh cao, t 3000 6000 ng/hp. Tc ng ca BPSH Bin php sinh hc khng ch c tc ng v mt t nhin, lm tng tnh a dng ca t nhin, thit lp cn bng sinh hc. V mt kinh t, BPSH trong nhiu
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trng hp m bo li nhun cho ngi sn xut. V mt x hi, BPSH gip m bo tha mn yu cu ngy mt cao v sn phm an ton, nng cao nhn thc ca ngi sn xut v ca ngi s dng dn n nng cao nhn thc ca c x hi i vi nhng vn nhy cm hin nay, a dng sinh hc. Cu hi 1. Vic nhn nui k th t nhin cn ch n nhng vn g? 2. Vic s dng k th t nhin cn ch n nhng vn g? 3. c im chung ca cc qui trnh nhn nui k th t nhin bn cng nghip v cng nghip? 4. Lm th no t chc cc h nng dn bo v, nhn nui v s dng c hiu qu thin ch? Ti liu tham kho chnh 1. DeBach, P., 1974. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 323. 2. Driesche, R.G., & T.S. Bellows, 1996. Biological Control. Chapman & Hall, New York: 539 pp. 3. Nguyn Vn nh (2005). Nghin cu kh nng pht trin qun th ca nhn bt mi Amblyseiulus sp. (Phytoseidae: Acarina) nui trn nhn , Tetranychus cinnabarinus K. Hi tho quc gia v sinh thi v ti nguyn sinh vt (ang in) 4. Nguyn Vn nh (2004). Gio trnh nhn nh hi cy trng. Nh xut bn Nng nghip. 5. Nguyn Vn nh (2002). Nhn hi cy trng v bin php phng chng. Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni. 54 trang 6. Dinh N. Van (2001), Using the predatory mite, Amblyseius sp and fungus product of Beauverria bassiana for controlling the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks. Proceedings on Biological control of Crop pests. Norway (5 - 11). 7. Nguyn Vn nh (1994). Nghin cu c im sinh hc v kh nng phng chng mt s loi nhn hi cy trng H Ni v ph cn. Lun n ph tin s Nng hc. 8. Dinh N. Van, A. Janssen and M.W. Sabelis (1988), Reproductire success of Amblyseius idaeus and A. anonymus on a diet of two - spotted spider mites. Experimental and applied acarology 4: 41 - 51. 9. D n VNM 8910-030. 1994. K thut sn xut ong mt . NXB Khoa hc v k thut. 64 trang. 10. Helle W. and M.W. Sabelis (editors) (1985), Spider mite, their biology, natural enemies and control 2 Vols. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 405 pp & 458 pp. 11. Huffaker, C.B. & P.S. Messenger eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York: 788 pp. 12. H Quang Hng (1998). Phng tr tng hp dch hi cy trng nng nghip. Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni. 13. Jeppson.l.r.h.h. Keifer and E.W. Baker (1975). Mites injurious to economic plants. 14. Julien, M.H. ed. 1987. Biological control of weeds: a world catologue of agents and their target weeds. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon: 150 pp. 15. Phm Vn Lm (1995), Bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, 234 tr.
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16. Lenteren, J.C. van (ed.), 2003. Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 327 pp. 17. Lenteren J.C. van (ed) 2005. IOBC internet book of biological control. www.IOBC-Global.org 18. Hong c Nhun 1979. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut. 147 trang. 19. Sabelis M. W. 1981 Biological control of two-spotted spider mites using phytoseiid predators. Pudoc, Wageningen. 242 pp. 20. Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, 2002. Biological control of crop diseases. 21. Tanaka M and Kashio T. (1977), Biological studies on Amblyseius largoensis Muma (Acarina: phytoseiidae) as a predator of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Bulletin Fruit Tree Research Station. Japan (49 67. 22. Phm Th Thy. 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong BVTV. NXB i hc quc gia 335 trang. 23. Nguyn Vn Tut v L Vn Thuyt (ch bin). 2001. Sn xut, ch bin v s dng thuc bo v thc vt tho mc v sinh hc. NXB Nng nghip 47 trang.

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Chng IX. BIN PHP SINH HC SU HI LA

I. NGHIN CU BIN PHP SINH HC SU HI LA NC NGOI 1.1. Nghin cu thnh phn, vai tr ca thin ch trn ng la 1.1.1. S lng loi thin ch pht hin c trn la Nhng nghin cu v thnh phn thin ch ca su hi la c tin hnh nhiu nc trng la trn th gii t u th k XX. Nawa (1913), Shiraki (1917), Speare (1920), Maki (1930), Ladell (1930), Uichanko (1930), Esaki v Hashimoto (1931), Esaki (1932), c nhng cng b v thin ch ca cc loi su c thn la v ry hi la Nht Bn, i Loan, Thi Lan, Philippine. Ti Philippine, n nm 1978 ghi nhn c 76 loi thin ch trn ng la. Trn ng la Thi Lan n nm 1981 pht hin c hn 100 loi thin ch. Khu h thin ch trn ng la Trung Quc c nghin cu kh k. Tng tnh trng la ca Trung Quc u c nhng nghin cu v thnh phn thin ch ca su hi la. Tt c cc vng trng la ca Trung Quc pht hin c 1303 loi thin ch (JICA, 1981; Tng Trm BVTV Trung Quc, 1991). Thin ch ca su hi la gm cc k sinh, bt mi v vt gy bnh. Trung Quc, Nht Bn, n , Malaysia v Philippine pht hin (tng ng) c 419, 117, 136, 113 v 77 loi cn trng k sinh ca su hi la. S loi cn trng bt mi pht hin c trn la Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Malaysia tng ng l 460, 81 loi v 54 loi. S loi nhn ln ghi nhn c trn ng la Thi Lan, i Loan, Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Trung Quc l 62, 75, 90, 175 v 293 loi (tng ng). Trn rung la vng Nam v ng Nam pht hin c 342 loi nhn ln bt mi. Ring Trung Quc ghi nhn c 64 loi vi sinh vt gy bnh cho su hi la (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). S loi thin ch pht hin c ca ry nu, ry lng trng, ry xm nh Trung Quc l 133 loi, cho c vng chu -Thi Bnh Dng l 170 loi. Ring ry nu, n nm 1979, c 79 loi thin ch ghi nhn c cc nc trng la thuc chu . Ry lng trng Philippine c 199 loi thin ch. Ti Trung Quc, n , Philippine ghi nhn tng ng c 42, 19, 21 loi k sinh ca su c thn nm vch u nu Chilo suppressalis v 41, 56, 17 loi k sinh ca su c thn la bm hai chm Scirpophaga incertulas. Nu tnh c cc loi bt mi v vt gy bnh th su c thn S. incertulas, Ch. suppressalis v Sesamia inferens Trung Quc c ti 113, 94 v 67 loi thin ch (tng ng). Trn th gii pht hin c 103 loi k sinh ca su cun l la loi nh, trong Trung Quc c 76 loi, n c 40 loi. Tng s cc loi thin ch ca su cun l la loi nh Trung Quc l 161 loi (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). 1.1.2. Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su chnh hi la Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng cc loi ry hi la Thnh phn thin ch ca cc loi ry hi la rt phong ph. Tuy nhin, s loi thin ch c th gy tc ng nh hng n s lng cc loi ry hi la th khng nhiu. Cc loi ph bin bao gm Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Pardosa pseudoannulata, Microvelia douglasi, Synharmoni octomaculata, Paederus fuscipes, Tetragnatha spp., Oxyopes spp., Oligosita yasusmatsui, Anagrus spp., Gonatocerus spp., Pseudogonatopus spp., Haplogonatopus apicalis, Tomosvaryaella spp. (Napompeth, 1990; Lee et al., 2001; Ooi et al., 1994, Shepard et al., 1991). T l trng ry nu b cc ong Anagrus spp. k sinh khong 3,3-66,9%. Trng ry xm nh b cc ong ny k sinh Fukuoka (Nht Bn) l 10-15%. Trng
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ry nu c th b k sinh vi t l rt cao (ti 80%), nhng t l ny khng n nh. Do , k sinh khng c nh hng ln ti qun th ry nu. u trng v trng thnh cc loi ry hi la b cc ong Pseudogonatopus spp. v Haplogonatopus spp. tn cng. T l k sinh ca chng thng thp di 10%. Ti Thi Lan, ry nu b loi Elenchus yasumatsui k sinh vi t l 30-90%. Loi ny ng vai tr ln trong phng chng ry nu Thi Lan. Trong khi Malaysia, cc loi cnh cun Elenchus spp. c t l k sinh trn ry nu v ry lng trng rt thp, tng ng 10,0 v 13,6 %. Cc vt gy bnh cho ry nu t khi gy cht cho ry nu vi t l cao (Chandra, 1980; Chiu, 1979). Nhiu kt qu khng nh cc loi bt mi c tc ng mnh hn ti mt qun th cc loi ry hi la khi so vi tc ng ca cc k sinh. Do vy, cc loi bt mi c vai tr rt quan trng trong hn ch s lng ry hi la. B xt m xanh C. lividipennis l loi bt mi rt hiu qu trong hn ch s lng ry nu, ry lng trng v ry xanh ui en. Trong phng th nghim, sau 24 gi, mt trng thnh ci v mt trng thnh c loi b xt m xanh c th n 20 v 10 trng ry nu (tng ng). S lng trng ry nu do 1 c th b xt m xanh tiu dit s tng ln khi mt trng ry nu tng. Nhn si vn inh ba P. pseudoannulata l loi bt mi quan trng trong khng ch s lng cc loi ry hi la nhiu nc ng Nam . Th nghim trong phng cho thy mt c th nhn P. pseudoannulata trong mt ngy c th n c 17-24 u trng ry nu hoc 15-20 trng thnh ry nu. B ra thuc cc ging Harmonia, Micraspis, b xt nc Mesovelia sp., Limnogonus sp., Microvelia spp. l nhng tc nhn gy cht t nhin quan trng ca cc loi ry hi la, ry lng trng, ry xanh ui en (Chiu, 1979; Ooi et al., 1994). Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng nhm su cun l la Ti vng ng Nam cc loi thin ch rt ph bin quan trng ca cc su cun l nh gm Copidosomopsis nacoleiae, Trichogramma spp., Trichomma cnaphalocrocis, Cardiochiles philippinensis, Goniozus nr. triangulifer, Cotesia angustibasis, Temelucha philippinensis, Xanthopimpla flavolimeata, Tetrastichus ayyari, Metioche vittaticollis, Micraspis crocea, Ophionea nigrofasciata (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Ong Trichogramma sp. c th tiu dit khong 20% trng cun l nh. Hng nm, Trung Quc trng cun l ln b k sinh trung bnh l 10,4-26,6%. Ti IRRI, su cun l nh b k sinh vi t l khong 40%. Ti Nht Bn, su cun l ln P. guttata b cht do cc k sinh vi t l kh cao, c bit do Apanteles baoris v Pediobius mitsukurii (Arida et al., 1990; Xie Minh, 1993). Cc loi bt mi c vai tr ln trong hn ch s lng su cun l la. Khong 70% su cun l nh b cc loi bt mi tiu dit. Sau 24 gi, trong lng li b ra Micraspis crocea, Synharmonia octomaculata tiu dit c hn 30% trng cun l nh v d Metioche vittaticollis, Anaxipha longipennis tiu dit c 73-85% trng cun l nh. Trng su cun l nh iu kin ng rung b cc loi bt mi tiu dit khong 50% (Arida et al.,1990; Ooi et al., 1994). Vai tr ca thin ch i vi nhm su c thn la Thin ch quan trng i vi nhm su c thn la vng ng Nam l cc loi Tetrastichus schoenobii, T. ayyari, Telenomus rowani, T. dignus, Trichogramma japonicum, Temelucha philippinensis, Bracon chinensis, Cotesia flavipes, Tropobrracon schoenobii, Xanthopimpla stemmator, Conocephalus longipennis, Metioche vittaticollis, Anaxipha longipennis, Pardosa pseudoannulata (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Ti IRRI, trng c thn la bm hai chm b cc ong Tetrastichus, Telenomus v Trichogramma k sinh vi t l tng ng l 84, 42 v 24%. Trng
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c thn la bm hai chm Bangladesh b ong T. rowani v T. schoenobii k sinh khong 64-98%. Cc ong k sinh trng Tetrastichus, Telenomus v Trichogramma c th tiu dit c 77% trng c thn la bm hai chm n . Hot ng ca cc k sinh nhng, k sinh su non v vt gy bnh c th gy cht ti 58% su c thn la vng Warangal ca n . Cc ong Bracon onukii v B. chinensis c th gy cht 20-50% su c thn la Nht Bn. Sau cy 40-50 ngy, su c thn la bm hai chm n b cht do k sinh khong 56% (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Cc loi bt mi cng ng vai tr kh quan trng trong tiu dit su c thn la. Mum mum nh C. longipennis c th tiu dit c 65% trng c thn la bm hai chm. Mt mum mum ny c th tiu dit c 8 trng c thn la bm hai chm trong 3 ngy. Mt nhn si P. pseudoannulata mt ngy c th tiu dit hng trm su non c thn la, ng thi n tn cng c pha trng thnh ca cc loi su c thn (Ooi et al., 1994; Rubia et al., 1990). 1.2. Nghin cu S dng thin ch tr su hi la nc ngoi Vic s dng thin ch trong phng chng su hi la nc ngoi c tin hnh theo hng th b sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy la v bo v, duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch t nhin. 1.2.1. Th b sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy la Vic th b sung thin ch tr su hi la trn th gii tin hnh theo cch nhp ni thun ha thin ch v nhn nui thin ch bn x. Nhp ni thun ha thin ch nhp ni ong T. japonicum, Bracon chinensis, Eriborus sinicus t Nht Bn, Trung Quc tr su c thn C. suppressalis Hawaii v nhp ni ong Trathala flavoorbitalis t Hawaii tr su cun l M. exigua Fiji. nhp ni thnh cng cc k sinh T. japonicum, Sturmiopsis inferens t Nht Bn, n v Philippine tr su c thn S. incertulas (Ooi et al., 1994). Nhn nui thin ch th vo sinh qun cy la Vic nhn nui lng ln thin ch bn x tr su hi la c bt u t nhng nm 1930 ti Malaysia. l trng hp nhn ong mt T. japonicum tr su c thn Chilo polychrysus, nhng khng thnh cng. o Andama (n ) nghin cu dng ong mt Trichogramma sp. tr su c thn la S. incertulas cho kt qu tt. Thit hi do su c thn gim cn 1,6% ni dng ong v l 10,3% i chng. Ti Iran dng ong T. maidis th tr su c thn C. suppressalis. T l trng su C. suppressalis b k sinh t 60-85%. Ong mt Trichogramma c th tr trng su cun l nh Nam Trung Quc vi hiu qu t khong 80%. Tuy vy, bin php ny cha dc p dng rng ri (Chiu, 1980; Ooi et al., 1994). 1.2.2. Bo v pht trin li dng thin ch trong t nhin Qun th ry nu s b km ch di ngng gy hi kinh t nu t l gia s lng ry nu v s lng c th BM tng s l 50:1. Phng tr tng hp ry nu thnh cng Malaysia v Indonesia l nh da vo s dng hp l thuc ho hc tr su nn bo v c qun th thin ch t nhin c sn trong sinh qun cy la (Ooi, 1982; Ooi, Waage, 1994). Nhiu nghin cu bo v, li dng thin ch t nhin phng chng su hi la c tin hnh Trung Quc. nghin cu xc nh c ngng hu hiu ca mt vi loi nhn ln l thin ch ca ry nu. Loi nhn si P. pseudoannulata c kh nng khng ch c ry nu di ngng gy hi kinh t,
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khi tng quan s lng c th ca n v ry nu l 1:8-9. Ti H Nam (Trung Quc) nm 1984, p dng thnh cng kt qu ny li dng nhn ln bt mi trong phng chng ry nu trn din tch 17 triu mu Trung Quc (Wang, 1988). Nhiu tc gi khng nh bo v thin ch c sn trong t nhin l bin php sinh hc quan trng trong IPM i vi cy la. bo v c thin ch cn phi thn trng khi s dng thuc ho hc BVTV. Chn nhng thuc c hiu qu tr su cao m t c hi vi thin ch, p dng cc bin php canh tc hp l lm tng sc chng chu ca cy la i vi su hi, cung cp ni tr ng cho thin ch khi thu hoch la (Chen Xiu, 1988; Li et al., 1988; Wang, 1988). II. NGHIN CU BIN PHP SINH HC SU HI LA TRONG NC 2.1. Nghin cu thnh phn, vai tr ca thin ch trn ng la Vit Nam 2.1.1. S lng loi thin ch pht hin c trn la Vic nghin cu thnh phn thin ch ca su hi la nc ta c bt u t nhng nm u thp nin 1970 (P. B. Quyn, 1972; P. B. Quyn v nnk, 1973; L. M. Khi v nnk, 1975). Ti Vin Sinh vt, t 1976 tin hnh nghin cu thnh phn k sinh ca nhng loi cnh vy hi la (V. Q. Cn, 1980; V. Q. Cn v nnk, 1979). Trong nhng nm cui thp nin 1970 cn c nhng ghi nhn v thnh phn thin ch ca ry nu (Nilaparvata lugens). Nhng ghi nhn ny tm thy trong cc cng trnh nghin cu chung v sinh thi ry nu, ch khng phi l cng trnh nghin cu chuyn v thin ch ca ry nu (P. V. Lm, 1978; N. V. Hunh v nnk, 1980; Vin BVTV, 1980). T u thp nin 1980, vic nghin cu v thnh phn thin ch trn ng la nc ta c nhiu tc gi quan tm v tin hnh vi nhiu gc khc nhau (V.Q. Cn, 1986, 1989, 1990; L. M. Chu, 1989; H. Q. Hng, 1986, 1991; H. Q. Hng v nnk, 1990; P. V. Lm, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1996; 2002). Tng hp cc kt qu ny c 461 loi thin ch ca su hi la, chng thuc 14 b, 58 h ca cc lp cn trng, nhn, nm, virt v tuyn trng. pht hin c 84 loi thin ch ca ry nu (N. lugens) v ry lng trng (S. furcifera). Su cun l nh (C. medinalis) v su cun l ln (P. guttata) c 74 v 51 loi thin ch (tng ng). Cc loi su o xanh hi la, su cn gi, su cun l nh u en, su c thn la bm hai chm, su cun l ln u c s loi thin ch pht hin c khong t 20-31 loi. 2.1.2. Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su chnh hi la Vai tr ca thin ch i vi cc loi ry hi la Cho n nay nc ta, pht hin c 84 loi thin ch ca ry nu & ry lng trng, gm 65 loi bt mi, 14 loi k sinh v 5 sinh vt gy bnh v tuyn trng (P.V. Lm, 2001). Cc loi Anagrus l nhng k sinh trng ry nu ph bin nht, chim 50% tng s c th trong tp hp k sinh trng vng Cn th. T l k sinh ca ring tng loi th khng cao, song t l k sinh ca c tp hp k sinh trn trng ry nu th i khi c ngha trong vic hn ch s lng ry nu trn ng. T l trng ry nu b k sinh bi tp hp k sinh trng rt khc nhau cc a phng khc nhau. Ti vng Hng Yn c t l trng ry nu b k sinh thp nht (1,4-16,8%), cn vng Cn Th, t l ny t cao nht v l 20,3-67,8% (L. M. Chu, 1989). T l ry nu b k sinh bi b cnh cun giao ng trong khong 15,7-31,4%. T l ry nu b ong kin k sinh rt thp, thng ch di 10%, t c ngha trong hn ch s lng ry nu trn ng (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003).
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B xt m xanh C. lividipennis l loi BM rt quan trng ca ry nu, ry lng trng v cc loi ry xanh hi la. B xt m xanh chim u th kh ln trong tp hp cc loi bt mi n tht ca ry nu. mt s ni thuc ng bng sng Hng vo thi im ry nu pht sinh r, t trng ca b xt m xanh t 10,8 50,8%, ring V Bn (Nam nh) t l ny t rt cao 79,8%. B xt m xanh c kh nng n mi rt ln. Th nghim trong phng ca ti Vin BVTV cho thy kh nng n mi ca b xt trng thnh ln hn so vi kh nng n mi ca b xt non tui cui. Trong 24 gi, mi b xt trng thnh tiu dit trung bnh t 8,9 n 24,9 trng ry nu. i vi b xt non tui cui, ch tiu ny ch l 2,7-15,7 trng ry nu. Nhng quan st ng rung cho thy b xt m xanh pht sinh quanh nm. Mt qun th ca n thay i theo thi gian, khng gian, ph thuc vo tng ni, tng iu kin c th. Ti ni thng xuyn phun thuc tr su, mt b xt m xanh ch l 0,6 con/khay. Ti rung khng phun thuc c mt b xt m xanh l 0,7-50 con/khay, rung phun thuc ch tiu ny l 0,28-11,5 con/khay (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Trn ng rung, qun th ca b xt m xanh tng dn t u v la n cui v la. Mt qun th ca n tng theo s gia tng mt qun th ca ry nu. Nh vy, b xt m xanh c phn ng s lng thun i vi s thay i mt qun th ca ry nu. Nhng thin ch c phn ng s lng thun i vi s thay i mt qun th ca con mi/vt ch th thng l nhng thin ch rt quan trng trong km hm s lng vt ch/con mi (P. V. Lm, 1995). Nhn si P. pseudoannulata l loi thng c mt trong qun th ry nu hi la Vit Nam. Kt qu t cc th nghim trong phng ti Vin BVTV cho thy nhn si P. pseudoannulata c kh nng n ry nu kh cao. Mt nhn si giai on nhn non tui 3 sau 24 gi c th n c 3,8-5,1 ry non tui 4 ca ry nu. Kh nng n ry nu ca chng tng theo tui pht dc. Nhn non tui 8 ca loi nhn si ny trong 24 gi n trung bnh c 7,9-14,3 ry non tui 4 ca ry nu. Mt trng thnh ci loi P. pseudoannulata khng mang bc trng c sc n mi rt ln. Trong 24 gi, trung bnh n n c 17,3-34,1 ry non tui 5 ca ry nu. Nhn si P. pseudoannulata c mt thng xuyn trn ng la t khi la mi cy n khi thu hoch. Mt qun th ca n tng dn t u v la n cui v la v t nh cao vo giai on cy la lm ng tr bng (P.V. Lm v nnk, 1991, 1993, 1996). Vai tr ca thin ch i vi su c thn hi la pht hin c 39 loi thin ch ca cc loi su c thn la nc ta, gm 32 loi k sinh v 7 loi bt mi. S lng loi thin ch ca su c thn la bm hai chm, su c thn nm vch u nu, su c thn bm c mo v su c thn nm vch u en pht hin c tng ng l 28, 21, 11 v 6 loi. Trong s cc loi thin ch pht hin c ca nhm su c thn la cc loi ph bin l Trichogramma japonicum, Tetrastichus schoenobii, Telenomus dignus, Exoryza schoenobii, Temelucha philippinensis, Tropobracon schoenobii, Amauromorpha accepta schoenobii, Metoposisyrops pyralidis, Pardosa pseudoanuulata, Oxyopes javanus (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Ong en T. dignus l mt k sinh trng quan trng ca su c thn la bm hai chm, c th tiu dit t vi phn trm n 30-40%, i khi ti 60% qu trng c thn la bm hai chm. Ong xanh T. schoenobii ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic tiu dit trng c thn la bm hai chm. Cui v ma pha Bc, trng c thn la bm hai chm b ong xanh T. schoenobii tiu dit vi t l rt cao, c khi t hn 90% qu trng. Loi ong ny c vai tr ln trong iu ho s

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lng su c thn la bm hai chm la 5 v la 6 (V. Q. Cn, 1999; H. Q. Hng, 1986; P. V. Lm v nnk, 1983; P. B. Quyn v nnk, 1973). Trong hn 20 loi k sinh su non trn cc su c thn la, quan trng hn c l ong kn trng Exoryza schoenobii. Su non c thn la bm hai chm v c thn nm vch u nu b ong kn trng E. schoenobii k sinh vi t l trung bnh 25-30%, c khi t hn 40% (V. Q. Cn v nnk, 1987; V. Q. Cn, 1999; P. V. Lm v nnk, 1983). Vai tr ca thin ch i vi nhm su cun l la C khong hn 100 loi thin ch ca nhm su cun l la. Su cun l nh c thnh phn phong ph nht vi 75 loi. Su cun l ln u vch nu, su cun l ln u vch v su cun l nh u en c 51, 20 v 25 loi (tng ng). Cc loi ph bin l Trichgramma japonicum, Trichogrammatoidea sp., Telenomus rotundus, Apanteles cypris, Cardiochiles sp., Copidosomopsis coni, Goniozus hanoiensis, Temelucha philippinensis, Brachymeria excarinata, Phaeogenes sp., Xanthopimpla enderleini, X. flavolineata, Charops bicolor, Casinaria ajanta, Halidaya luteicornis, Ophionea indica, Paederus fuscipes, Pardosa pseudoanuulata (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Cc loi ong mt c th k sinh c 2,9-67,8% trng cun l nh v 19,2-59,5% trng cun l ln. Ong en T. rotundus l k sinh quan trng ca trng cun l ln, c th tiu dit c 21,4-30,7% trng cun l ln. Hiu qu chung ca c tp hp k sinh trn trng cun l i khi rt cao v c vai tr ng k trong hn ch s lng su cun l nh v su cun l ln. Cc loi k sinh trng c th k sinh c 2,9-77,3% trng cun l nh v 25,2-85,0% trng cun l ln (P. V. Lm v nnk, 1989). Cc ong A. cypris, C. coni, G. hanoiensis, Cardiochiles sp. c th tiu dit c khong 50, 60; 20-26,2 v 6,9-28,6% su non cun l nh (tng ng). Hiu qu k sinh ca tng loi ni chung khng cao, song hiu qu ca c tp hp k sinh trn su non cun l nh li thng rt cao v c ngha trong hn ch loi su hi ny. T l k sinh chung ca tp hp k sinh su non cun l nh trung bnh nhiu nm t 30-54%. Cc k sinh Ch. bicolor, Casinaria spp. v H. luteicorius c th tiu dit (tng ng) khong 40, 66 v 10-43% su cun l ln. T l k sinh chung ca su cun l ln t 20-80%. Nhng su cun l nh b tiu dit khong 60-70%. Nhng su cun l ln c th b tiu dit 35-55,3% (V. Q. Cn, 1989, 1990, 1999; H. Q. Hng, 1991; P. V. Lm v nnk, 1989; B. T. Vit, 1982). 2.2. Nghin cu s dng thin ch trong phng chng su hi la Nghin cu s dng thin ch phng chng su hi la nc ta cn t c quan tm. Nhng nghin cu ny bao gm nhn th thin ch b sung vo sinh qun ng la v li dng qun th thin ch t nhin phng chng su hi la. 2.2.1. Hng nhn th thin ch b sung vo sinh qun ng la Nghin cu s dng ong mt tr su hi la Ong mt c nghin cu tr su c thn la bm hai chm t nm 1974 v tr su cun l nh t nm 1976. T l trng cun l nh b ong mt T. japonicum k sinh cng thc th ong t cao nht l 47,2-66,6%; cng thc th ong T. chilonis l 34,5% v thp nht (19,7%) cng thc th hn hp 2 loi ong mt . Ti ni khng th ong mt , trng cun l nh khng thy b k sinh. Kt qu cc th nghim ti Vnh Ph (c) cho thy trong v xun (vo thng 5) th ong mt lm trng su c thn la bm hai chm b k sinh 35-40%. T l ny cao hn k sinh t nhin khong 10-15%. Cc thc nghim cho thy t l trng cun
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l nh b k sinh t 67-94%. Nm 1982, Vin BVTV th nghim dng ong mt tr su cun l nh Kin Xng (Thi Bnh). T l trng cun l nh trong cc rung th nghim b k sinh t 42-84% (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Vin Sinh vt nghin cu s dng ong mt tr su cun l la t 19731976. Kt qu thu c cho thy ong T. japonicum c hiu qu tt trong vic tr trng cun l nh. T l trng cun l nh ni th ong mt t khong 65,484,2%. Ni khng th ong, t l ny ch t di 9,1%. Cc tc gi khuyn co mun c hiu qu cao cn th ong mt vo thi im u v gia ca thi k bm v ho r (M. Qu v nnk, 1977). Vic nghin cu dng ong mt tr su hi la b qun lng mt thi gian di. n nm 1990-1994 mt s thc nghim s dng ong mt tr su cun l la li c tin hnh Vn Qun (M Linh-Vnh Ph). Kt qu cho thy ni th ong T. japonicum c t l trng cun l nh b k sinh t kh cao (65,5-83,6%). Ni khng th ong v ni dng thuc ho hc t l trng cun l nh b k sinh tng ng ch l 8-19,1 v 4-10,5%. Nm 1997-1998, mt thc nghim c tin hnh vi 2 loi ong mt (Trichogramma v Trichogrammatoidea sp.) tr trng su cun l nh hi la Qung Nam. Kt qu cho thy t l trng cun l nh b k sinh sau khi th 2 v 3 ln ong mt t 62,5-66,7 v 71,4-75% tng ng. Ni khng th ong mt c t l ny l 25-27,3%. Vic th ong mt lm tng 39,4-47,7% trng b k sinh (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003). Trong thi gian 1996-1999, trin khai qui trnh s dng ong mt tr su cun l nh hi la 15 x thuc H Ni, H Ty, Hng Yn, Vnh Phc. T l trng su cun l nh rung th ong t 68,582,5% trong v chim xun v 66,5-78% v ma. Mt su non cun l nh gim cn rt thp thp (2,0-5,0 con/m2). Trong khi , rung khng th ong mt c mt su non cun l nh kh cao (17-24,5 con/m2). Trong thi gian 1990-2000, din tch la c phng tr su cun l nh bng ong mt t 2.715 ha (P.B. Quyn, 2002). Cho ti nay, vic s dng ong mt trn la ch yu tr su cun l nh. Trong th nghim din tch nh, trng cun l nh ni th ong b k sinh kh cao. Hiu qu ca th ong mt c th bng hoc cao hn so vi dng thuc ho hc. Tuy vy, rt kh pht trin ng dng trn din rng. Nghin cu hiu lc ca ch phm t Bt i vi su hi la Su cun l nh C. medinalis v cun l ln P. guttata c nh gi mc mn cm i vi ch phm Bt. Kt qu cho thy c 2 loi ny u rt mn cm vi ch phm Bt. Sau 2 ngy x l, t l su b cht do Bt t cao hn 75%. Trong phng th nghim, Entobacterin v Biotrol nng 0,3-0,5%, sau 24 gi gy cht 87,8100 v 86,8-100% su P. guttata (tng ng). Ngoi ng rung t l su P. guttata b cht tng ng t 43,5-68,8 v 71,7-86,6% (N. V. Cm, 1993). Nm 1995, nh gi tnh mn cm ca su c thn la bm hai chm v su cun l nh i vi cc ch phm Bt trong phng th nghim. Kt qu cho thy trong iu kin phng th nghim, ch c 3 trong 15 ch phm Bt c hiu lc i vi su c thn t 82,3-87,5%. l cc ch phm Bikol, Dipel v Bitoxibacillin. Cc dng Thuringienis, Kurstaki, Galleniae c hiu lc i vi su cun l nh trong phng th nghim t 89,3-91,2%. Cc ch phm Bt vi tn gi l Bitoxibacillin, Lepidocid, Bacin, Bicol, Dipel, Sliver, Biosafe v Belocid c hiu lc i vi su cun l nh trong phng th nghim t 78,8-98,6% (Baranov v nnk, 1995). Cc ch phm ny khng c tip tc nh gi hiu lc ca chng i vi 2 loi su th nghim trong iu kin ng rung. Do vy, cc kt qu ny t c gi tr thc tin.

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Nghin cu nm cn trng tr su hi la Nhng th nghim nh li ti Vin BVTV trong nm 1991-1992 cho thy ch phm nm Beauveria v Metarlihizium vi nng di 200 triu bo t/ml cho hiu qu thp i vi ry non tui 3 ca ry nu. nng 500 triu bo t/ml, cc nm th nghim cho hiu qu i vi ry non tui 3 ca ry nu t 72-75%. T thng 4 n thng 11 nm 1992-1993, cc nm Beauveria v Metarhizucum c tip tc th nghim trong nh li tr ry nu, nhng nng s dng c tng ln 600-650 triu bo t/ml. Hiu lc ca c 2 loi nm u t t 65 n 80%. Trn c s kt qu th nghim trong nh li, tin hnh th nghim ngoi ng dng nm tr ry nu. Th nghim c tin hnh Vin BVTV, tnh Tin Giang, H Nam, B ra-Vng Tu. Din tch ca cc th nghim thay i t 100m2 n 5000m2. Kt qu cho thy sau 10 ngy phun ch phm, cc th nghim, hiu lc i vi ry nu ca nm Beauveria, Metarhizium t 47,5-69,9 v 20,6-79,5% (tng ng). Hiu lc ny ko n ngy th 15 sau phun nm (P. T. Thu v nnk, 1996). Sau nhng th nghim ny, khng c cc nghin cu tip v s dng cc nm ny tr ry nu. Ti Vin La ng bng sng Cu Long nghin cu tc ng ca nm B. bassiana i vi ry nu. Kt qu cho thy nu kt hp nm B. bassiana vi lng thuc ho hc (Triazophos, Quinalphos) di liu gy cht th ry nu n rt t v cht vo ngy th 2-4 sau khi b nhim nm Beauveria. Nu phi hp nm vi thuc tho mc th ry nu c th sng c 4-7 ngy sau nhim bnh. Nh vy, vic hn hp nm B. bassiana vi thuc tr su ho hc, tho mc s hn ch tc hi ca ry nu trong khi chng mi b nhim bnh m cha cht (N. T. Loc, 1997). 2.2.2. Hng li dng thin ch t nhin phng chng su hi la Trong iu kin thm canh v chuyn canh sn xut nng nghip hin nay, vic bo v, duy tr, pht trin qun th thin ch t nhin c coi l hng chnh ca BPSH chng dch hi. Bo v, duy tr, pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhin chnh l p dng cc nguyn l sinh thi trong phng chng dch hi, nhm bo v cc mi quan h qua li gia cc loi c hi v thin ch trong sinh qun nng nghip ni chung v sinh qun ng la ni ring. Mc ch l lm tng t l cht t nhin do thin ch gy ra cho cc loi su hi. Tuy cha nhiu song cng c nghin cu theo hng ny trong phng chng su hi la. Cc nghin cu theo hng ny i vi su hi la nc ta c th gm cc vn sau: Nghin cu ni c tr, tn ti, chu chuyn ca thin ch ca su hi la c gii php hu hiu trong bo v, duy tr, pht trin qun th thin ch t nhin, vic nghin cu ni c tr, tn ti v s chu chuyn ca thin ch chnh ca su hi la khi khng c la trn ng l rt cn thit. Ti Cn Th, cc b c quanh rung la, vn qu gn rung la l nhng ni c tr quan trng ca thin ch ca su hi la. Mt nhn si P. pseudoannulata b c quanh rung la tng ng nh rung la (5,10 con/m2). b c mt b xt nc M. douglasi atrolineata l 4,38 con/m2 v b xt m xanh C. lividipennis l 1,5 con/m2 (T.T.N. Chi v nnk, 1995). Ti ng bng sng Hng, thi gian ma ng cng l thi gian khng c la trn ng ko di khong 2 thng. Trong thi gian ny, c nhiu loi k sinh ca cn trng cnh vy hi la tn ti pha trng thnh. pht hin t nht 5-14 loi k sinh pha trng thnh (Apanteles cypris, Goniozuss hanoiensis, Cardiochiles sp., Phaeogenes sp., Temelucha philippinensis, Apanteles schoenobii, Charops bicolor,) tr ng trong cc cy bi b ng hoc vn cy n qu gn ng la (P. V. Lm, 1995; K. . Long v nnk, 1991). Khi khng c la, nhiu loi thin ch a thc ca su hi la chuyn sang sng trn cc su hi ng, u tng. vng H Ni v ph cn pht hin c t nht c 15 loi thin ch t ng la chuyn sang ng ng v 12 loi thin ch t ng la chuyn sang ng
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u tng. Cc loi b xt bt mi nh A. spinidens, E. furcellata, R. fuscipes chuyn sang tn cng su non cnh vy trn ng ng v u tng. Ong C. ruficrus trn su cn gi la chuyn sang ng ng cng vi k ch ca n. Cc loi cn trng bt mi a thc ph bin nh O. indica, O. ishii, P, fuscipes, P. tamulus, chuyn sang ng ng tiu dit rp ng, sang ng u tng tiu dit rp u tng, cun l u tng. Cc ong k sinh X. enderleini, X. flavolineata, X. punctata, T. flavo-orbitalis , Microplitis sp. k sinh su hi la chuyn sang k sinh su cun l u tng, su khoang (P. V. Lm, 1995). Khi khng c la trn ng, cc cy c m hoa c mt l ni c tr ca nhiu thin ch, v mt hoa v phn hoa l ngun thc n thm c gi tr ca nhiu loi thin ch. vng Cn Th ghi nhn c 30 loi cy c l ni tr ng ca nhiu loi thin ch ca su hi la nh P. pseudoannulata, P. fuscipes, O. indica. Mt ca chng khong 15-20 con/bi c, vo cui v ng Xun c khi ti hng trm con P. fuscipes trn 1m2 (L.M. Chu v nnk, 1987). Ti vng H Ni pht hin c khong 28 loi thin ch ca su hi la (M. discolor, O. indica, O. ishii, P. fuscipes, P. tamulus, O. javanus, C. bicolor, T. philippinensis, X. flavolineata, G. hanoiensis) thng xuyn c mt trn cc cy c, cy bi c hoa trong sinh cnh ng la (P.V.Lm, 1995). T nhng kt qu trn, c th a ra mt trong cc nguyn tc bo v duy tr pht trin thin ch ca su hi la l phi bo m tnh a dng thc vt trong h sinh thi ng la. c bit lu ti nhng cy thc vt vi hoa c cha ngun mt, phn hoa l thc n thm cho thin ch. Tm hiu ngng hu hiu ca nhn ln BMAT i vi ry nu Khi xy ra hin tng chy ry, tng quan s lng ca nhn ln bt mi v ry nu (NLBM:RN) thng bin ng t 1:24,5 n 1:1339,0. Trong trng hp khng xy ra chy ry, tng quan NLBM:RN ch l 1: 0,7 n 1: 22,8 (P.V. Lm v nnk, 2002). Ry nu rung khng phun thuc tr su khi la tr c mt cao nht l 38,7 con/khm v tng quan s lng ca nhn ln bt mi vi ry nu l 1:10,8. Rung phun thuc tr su 5 ln/v, khi la giai on lm ng, ry nu c mt ti 90,8 con/khm v tng quan s lng ca nhn ln bt mi vi ry nu t 1:44,0. Do phun kp 2 ln thuc bassa tr ry nu. Tuy nhin, n khi la tr, mt cao nht ca ry nu rung phun thuc (55,8 con/khm) vn cao hn so vi rung khng phun thuc (38,7 con/khm), tng quan s lng ca nhn ln bt mi vi ry nu vn mc cao (1:32,8). Do vn phi tin hnh phun thuc tr ry nu. Kt qu ny mt ln na khng nh rng khi tng quan s lng ca nhn ln bt mi v ry nu mc 1:20 v thp di hn th tp hp nhn ln bt mi c th km hm c ry nu khng cn phun thuc m khng xy ra chy ry.

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TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 1. Arida G.S., B.M. Shepard (1990), Parasitism and predation of rice leaffolder, Marasmia patnalis (Brad.) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guen.) (Lep: Pyralidae) in Laguna province, Philippines. J. Agric. Entomol. 7: 113-118 2. Chandra G. (1980), Dryinid parasitoids of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines. Acta oecologica, Vol. 1( 2): 161-172. 3. Lng Minh Chu (1989), K sinh su hi la vng mn. T/c.Nng nghip Cng nghip thc phm, 1: 17-18. 4. Chiu S.C. (1979), Biological control of the brown planthopper. In: Brown planthopper : threat to rice production in Asia, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: 335-355. 5. V Quang Cn (1980), Bin php pht trin cc loi thin ch hn ch s lng su hi la. Vin thng tin KHKT Trung ng, Thng tin chuyn s 41: 29-31. 6. V Quang Cn (1986), c im to thnh cc h thng Vt ch-k sinh cc loi bm hi la. Vin KHVN , Thng bo khoa hc, tp 1: 55-62. 7. Vu Quang Con (1999), Evaluation and strategies of developing hymenopterous parasite insects for controlling rice insect pests in Vietnam. In: Proc. of 2nd joint workshop in Agronomy, 27-29 July 1999, HAU-JICA-ERCB Project Office, Hanoi: 9-19. 8. H Quang Hng (1986), Ong k sinh trng su hi la vng H Ni. T/c. KHKT Nng nghip, 8: 359-362. 9. Nguyn Vn Hunh, Hunh Quang Xun, Lu Ngc Hi (1980), Kt qu nghin cu bc u v mt s loi thin ch ca ry nu. Sch: Kt qu cng tc phng chng ry nu cc tnh pha Nam 1977-1979. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni: 134-142. 10. Falcon L.A. Development and use of microbial insecticides. In: Biological control in Agricultural IPM Systems. Academic Press, Inc. New York, p.229242. 1985. 11. Harley K.L.S. and I.W. Forno. Biological control of Weeds. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney. 1992. 12. L Xun Hu. Ong k sinh trng h Scelionidae. ng vt ch, tp 3. Nxb KHKT, H Ni. 2000. 13. H Quang Hng. Thnh phn ong k sinh trng su hi la vng H Ni; c tnh sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca mt s loi c trin vng. Tm tt lun n PTS Nng nghip. H Ni. 1984. 14. Phm Vn Lm (1994), Nhn dng v bo v nhng thin ch chnh trn rung la. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, 94 tr. 15. Phm Vn Lm (1995), Bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, 234 tr. 16. Phm Vn Lm (1995), Bc u tm hiu s chu chuyn ca mt s loi thin ch chnh trn ng la. T/c. BVTV, 5:36-41. 17. Pham Van Lam (1999), Strategies of using predacious insects and spiders for controlling rice pests in Vietnam. In: Proced. of the 2nd joint workshop in Agronomy, 27-29 July, 1999, HAU-JICA-ERCB Project Office. HaNoi: 85-90. 18. Phm Vn Lm (2003), Nghin cu bin php sinh hc tr su hi la. Sch: Cy la Vit Nam th k 20. Tp II. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, tr. 321-375.

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19. Lee J. H (2001), Use of Spiders as natural enemy to control rice insect pests in Korea, Proc. of Inter. Seminar on Biological control of Insect pests in economic crops, May 14-18, Suwon, Korea: 181-200. 20. Khut ng Long. Ong k sinh kn trng ging Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Microgasterinae) min Bc Vit Nam v kh nng li dng chng trong phng tr tng hp su hi. Tm tt lun n PTS khoa hc Sinh hc. H Ni. 1994. 21. Khut ng Long, V Quang Cn (1991), S tr ng ca mt s loi k sinh su bm hi la vng ngoi thnh H Ni. Thng tin BVTV, 4: 11-15. 22. Napompeth B. (1990), Use of natural enemies to control agricultural pests in Thailand. In: The use of natural enemies to control agricutural pests, FFTC Book series No 40, Taiwan: 8-29. 23. Hong c Nhun. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. Nxb Khoa hc&K thut, H Ni. 1979. 24. Hong c Nhun. B ra Vit Nam. Nxb KHKT, H Ni, 1982 (tp 1), 1983 (tp 2). 25. Ooi P.A.C., B.M. Shepard (1994), Predators and parasitoids of rice insect pests. In: Biology and management of rice insects (Ed. by Heinrichs), IRRI, Wiley Eastern Limited; 585-612. 26. Ooi P.A.C., J.K. Waage (1994), Biological control in rice: applications and research needs. In: Rice pest Science and Management (Ed. by Teng, Heong, Moody) IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: 209-216. 27. Mai Ph Qu, Trn Th Li, Trn Cm Phong, Nguyn Th Quyn (1977), Kt qu thc nghim vic dng ong mt mu en tr su cun l nh. T/c. KHKT Nng nghip, 7: 493-499. 28. Phm Bnh Quyn (1972), Ong k sinh su c thn la hai chm (Tryporyza incertuls Walker) min Bc Vit Nam. HTH, Thng bo KH sinh vt hc, 6: 3-11. 29. Phm Bnh Quyn (2002), Mt s kt qu nghin cu s dng ong mt phng tr su hi cy trng ti mt s vng sinh thi in hnh Vit Nam. Sch: Bo co khoa hc Hi ngh cn trng hc ton quc (ln th 4), H Ni, 1112/04/2002, Nxb Nng nghip: 395-400. 30. Phm Bnh Quyn, Nguyn Anh Dip (1973), Dn liu v ong k sinh su c thn la hai chm v trin vng s dng chng trong phng tr sinh hc. T/c. KHKT Nng nghip, 7: 494-498. 31. N. Ramakrishman. The use of Baculoviruses and cytoplasmic viruses for pest suppression. In: Microbial control and pest management. TNAU, p. 60-75. 1985. 32. Shepard B.M., A.T. Barrion, J.A. Litsinger (1987), Friends of the rice farmer: Helpful insects, spiders, and pathogens. IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 136 pp. 33. Phm Th Thu, Nguyn Th Bc, ng Thanh, Trn Thanh Thp, Hong Cng in, Nguyn u Ton (1996), Nghin cu cng ngh sn xut v ng dng ch phm nm Beauveria v Metarhizium phng tr mt s su hi cy trng (1991-1995). Tuyn tp cng trnh nghin cu BVTV 1990-1995, Vin BVTV, Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni: 189-201. 34. Tng trm BVTV Trung Quc, 1991 (ting Trung Quc), 244 tr.

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T VNG GLOSSARY
Bin php canh L nhng bin php k thut canh tc to ra iu kin sinh thi tc BVTV thun li cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng cng nh thin ch v khng thun li cho s pht sinh, pht trin, tch lu v ly lan ca dch hi Bin php sinh L hot ng ca k sinh, bt mi hoc cc loi vi sinh vt trong hc (biological vc gi mt qunth ca 1 loi khc xung di mt control) thng thng khi thiu chng. Bin php sinh L vic duy tr mt qun th ca 1 loi trong mt thi gian nht hc (Natural nh nh cc yu t sinh hc hoc sinh hc mi trng control) Bin php sinh L nhp ni v thun ha 1 loi thin ch khng ch 1 loi hoc c in dch hi c ngun gc ti ch hoc ngoi lai (Classical) Bin php sinh L nghin cu to iu kin thun li v ni c tr, dinh dng hc bo tn cho thin ch bn a pht huy tim nng sinh hc khng ch dch (Conservation) hi. Bin php sinh L nhn nui v th thin ch chng km hm dch hi ti ch hc tng cng hoc ngoi lai (Augmentation) Chuyn tnh, L k sinh trong iu kin t nhin ch tn cng trn 1 loi k ch Host specific (monophagus), khc vi nhm a nng (generalist) Dch hi ngoi L dch hi xm nhp t ngoi vng nguyn sn n lai (Exotic pest) c tnh L kh nng ca c th vi sinh vt xm chim v gy hi m ca (Virulence) cy ch K sinh/ L hin tng 1 loi sng nh bn trong hay bn ngoi vt ch, Parasite gy hi vt ch K sinh/ L k sinh git cht vt ch, trong nhiu trng hp vn c th Parasitoid dng Parasite K sinh hp, L k sinh tn cng trn nhm hp k ch (oligophagous) Stenophagous Ly nhim sm L vic th (phng thch) thin ch sm chng pht trin qun (inoculative) th v th h sau c s lng km hm thnh cng dch hi Ni c t L cht c c vi sinh vt sn sinh trong t bo nhng khng Endotoxin tit ra mi trng Ngoi c t Exotoxin Nui nhn (Rearing) Phng thch (Release) Phng tr VSV (Microbial control) Sinh sn/ L cht c c vi sinh vt sn sinh c gii phng vo mi trngnhng khng nh hng n VSV L vic nhn nui vi s lng ln thin ch trong iu kin nhn to Vic th thin ch c nhn nui trn ng rung phng tr su hi L phng tr sinh hc cn trng hi (hoc sinh vt khc) bng vic s dng vi sinh vt Con c pht trin t trng khng c th tinh, con con ci pht 170

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Arhenotoky Sinh sn/ Deuterotoky Sinh sn/ Thelyotoky Thuc tr su sinh hc (Bio insecticide) Th trn ngp (inundative) bnh (Incubation) Vt bt mi n tht

trin t trng c th tinh (dng sinh sn n tnh ngu nhin) Mt dng ca sinh sn Thelyotoky nhng c sinh ra con c Con ci lng bi trong iu kin khng c c vn sn sinh ra con ci lng bi S dng mt loi sinh vt km h m qun th ca loi su hi L vic th vi s lng ln thin ch chng (ch khng phi th h sau ca chng) km hm qun th dch hi L thi gian t lc vi sinh vt vo c th n khi xut hin triu chng bnh L thin ch s dng (n) nhiu vt ch trong qu trnh sng

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MC LC

LI NI U ....................................................................................... 1 Phn A ................................................................................................... 3 M U ............................................................................................... 3 Chng I. NH NGHA V NI DUNG .......................................... 4 1. INH NGHA ............................................................................... 4 2. HIN TRNG V XU TH PHT TRIN ............................... 6 3. CC LOI BIN PHP TR SINH HC .............................. 11 Chng II. LCH S BIN PHP SINH HC ............................... 14 I. NGHIN CU V BIN PHP SINH HC TRN TH GII ................................................................................................ 14
1. TRC TH K 18............................................................................... 14 2. TH K 18 .............................................................................................. 14 3. TH K 19 .............................................................................................. 15 4. TH K 20 .............................................................................................. 19

II. NGHIN CU V BIN PHP SINH HC VIT NAM ...... 23

1. Khi qut chung v tnh hnh nghin cu bin php sinh hc Vit Nam.............................................................................................................. 23 2. Kt qu ch yu trong nghin cu pht trin BPSH nc ta............. 24

2.1. Bo v duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhin.......................................................................... 24 2.2. Nghin cu b sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy trng nng lm nghip ...................................................................... 26 a. Nhp ni, thun ha thin ch tr dch hi ngoi lai................ 26 b. Di chuyn thin ch trong cng khu phn b ca loi.................. 27 c. Nhn th thin ch tr dch hi ............................................... 27 * Nghin cu sinh vt i khng tr vt gy bnh cy...................... 30 * Nghin cu vi khun gy bnh tiu chy tr chut.................... 30 * Nghin cu vi sinh vt tr c di ................................................... 30 III. CC T CHC U TRANH SINH HC .............................. 31 3.1. T CHC QUC T V U TRANH SINH HC (IOBC) ......................................................................................................... 31 3.2. CC T CHC C LIN QUAN N BIN PHP U TRANH SINH HC ....................................................................... 32 Phn B. C S KHOA HC CA U TRANH SINH HC ...... 39 Chng III. CN BNG SINH HC .................................................. 39 3.1. KHI QUT V QUN X SINH VT ................................. 39 3.2. CN BNG SINH HC ........................................................... 41 3.3. CC QU TRNH IU CHNH T NHIN TRONG QUN X SINH VT V PHNG HNG S DNG ....................... 42
3.3.1. Yu t iu chnh v yu t bin i ................................................. 43 3.3.2. Cc c ch iu chnh s lng cn trng ........................................ 43 3.3.3. Phn ng chc nng v phn ng s lng...................................... 44 3.3.4. C ch cnh tranh trong loi............................................................. 47 4.3.5. C ch thay i (lun phin) u th .................................................. 47
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Chng IV. MT S THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC ...... 52 1. THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC .......................... 52 2. THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC CHU ...... 54 3. THNH TU CA BIN PHP SINH HC CHU M .. 54 4. THNH TU BIN PHP SINH HC TRNG PHNG CHNG SINH HC C DI ........................................................... 55 5. NHNG LOI SN PHM SINH HC ANG S DNG TRONG BIN PHP U TRANH SINH HC ........................ 58

3.3.6. a dng sinh hc ca cc loi sinh vt chn khp trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip .......................................................................................... 49

5.1. Nhn nui s lng ln cn trng k sinh, cn trng v nhn bt mi ...................................................................................................................... 58 5.2. Ch phm vi sinh vt (nm, vi khun, virus) v tuyn trng ............. 59

Chng V. CC BIN PHP NNG HC V BIN PHP SINH HC..................................................................................................... 63 A. BIN PHP CANH TC TRONG BO V THC VT ......... 63 1. K thut lm t ................................................................. 63 2. Lun canh cy trng ........................................................... 64 3. Xen canh cy trng ............................................................. 65 4. Thi v gieo trng thch hp .............................................. 66 5. Mt gieo trng hp l .................................................... 66 6. Gieo trng ging ngn ngy................................................ 67 7. S dng phn bn hp l.................................................... 67 8. Ti tiu hp l ................................................................... 68 9. Trng cy by...................................................................... 69 10. V sinh ng rung ........................................................... 69 B. S DNG GING CY TRNG BIN I GEN ................... 70 C. GING CHNG CHU ............................................................ 72
I. GII THIU CHUNG V BIN PHP CANH TC BVTV ............... 63 II. BIN PHP CANH TC BVTV C P DNG ..................... 63

I. Khi nim cy trng bin i gen (CMO)............................................... 70 II. Thnh tu chnh trong to v dng ging cy trng bin i gen........ 70 I. KHI NIM V TNH KHNG SU BNH CA CY TRNG...... 72 II. C CH V CC LOI TNH KHNG SU BNH CA CY TRNG ....................................................................................................... 73

1. C ch khng su hi .......................................................... 73 2. C ch khng cc bnh hi ................................................. 74 3. Cc loi tnh khng su bnh ca cy trng ...................... 75

III. S SP TNH KHNG SU BNH CA CY TRNG .......... 76 IV. CHIN LC S DNG GING KHNG SU BNH.................. 77 V. S DNG GING KHNG SU BNH VIT NAM..................... 77

D. NGHIN CU NG DNG CHT C HOT TNH SINH HC CAO (CHT IU HO SINH TRNG, CHT DN D SINH HC, V CC CHT KHC).................................................... 77
I. Nghin cu cht dn d gii tnh cn trng ........................................... 77
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1. Gii thiu chung v cht dn d gii tnh.......................... 77 2. c trng ca cht dn d gii tnh ca cn trng .......... 79 3. Phng php s dng cht dn d gii tnh ..................... 79 1. Gii thiu v cht iu ho sinh trng cn trng ........... 80 2. Nguyn l tc ng ca cc cht tng t hocmn cn trng ........................................................................................ 82 3. Kt qu ng dng ............................................................... 82 Phn C. K TH T NHIN CA DCH HI: VAI TR V C IM NG DNG ............................................................................ 86 Chng VI. CC TC NHN GY BNH CN TRNG .................86 I. NHM VIRT CN TRNG.......................................................... 87 1. Khi qut chung v virt cn trng........................................... 87 2. Danh lc virt cn trng c s dng .................................... 88 3. Vai tr ca virt cn trng ............................................................ 89 4. c im ng dng ..................................................................... 89 IV/ VI KHUN V NM I KHNG ........................................ 101 1. Nhm vi khun.............................................................................. 101 1.1. Danh lc vi khun s dng.................................................... 101 1.2. Vai tr ca vi khun i khng ............................................. 102 1.3. c im ng dng ................................................................ 102 2. Nhm nm ..................................................................................... 104 2.1. Danh lc nm s dng ........................................................... 104 2.2. Vai tr ca nm i khng .................................................... 104 2.3.c im ng dng ................................................................. 104 V/ NHM TUYN TRNG.............................................................. 115 1. Vai tr ca tuyn trng trong u tranh sinh hc .................. 115 2. Tuyn trng k sinh cn trng-Entomopathogenic Nematodes ....................................................................................................... 115 3. Bin php sinh hc i vi tuyn trng thc vt .................... 118 3.1. Nm-trong bin php sinh hc tr tuyn trng:............ 118 3.3. ng vt k sinh tuyn trng ........................................... 123 3.4. To k sinh tuyn trng ................................................... 123 3.6. Nhn nh n tuyn trng................................................. 123 3.7. Cn trng n tuyn trng................................................ 123 3.8. Virus vi tuyn trng: ..................................................... 124 Chng VII. NHM CN TRNG ................................................... 125 1. Khi qut chung v cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi........ 125 2. Danh lc cn trng k sinh c s dng ............................... 127 3. Danh lc cn trng bt mi c s dng................................... 128 4. Vai tr ca cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi ............... 130 5. c im ng dng ................................................................... 132 Phn D. NHN NUI V S DNG K TH T NHIN......... 136
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II. Nghin cu ng dng cht iu ho sinh trng cn trng ................. 80

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Chng VIII. NHN NUI V S DNG K TH T NHIN .. 136 1. V SAO PHI TIN HNH NHN NUI THIN CH NI CHUNG V CN TRNG C CH NI RING .................... 136 2. C TNH CN THIT CA K TH T NHIN (THIN CH) ............................................................................................ 136 3. S THCH NGHI CA KTTN V NHNG YU T GII HN THNH CNG BIN PHP SINH HC S DNG KTTN ....................................................................................................... 137 4. BO V V NHN TH KTTN ............................................ 138 5. IU KIN CN THIT V QUY TRNH NHN NUI KTTN ............................................................................................ 142
5.1. KTTN l cc loi virus ....................................................................... 142 5.2. KTTN l vi khun............................................................................... 144 5.3. KTTN l nm...................................................................................... 146 5.4. KTTN l tuyn trng k sinh su hi ................................................ 148 5.5. KTTN l ong k sinh .......................................................................... 148 5.6. KTTN l b xt bt mi ...................................................................... 150 5.6. KTTN l nhn nh bt mi ................................................................ 151 Nhn nui hng lot .................................................................................. 153 Bo qun thin ch................................................................................... 154 Thu gom v vn chuyn thin ch........................................................... 154 Phng thch thin ch .............................................................................. 154 Mt s im cn quan tm khi s dng thin ch .................................. 156

6. Nhn nui, ct tr, vn chuyn v phng thch thin ch ...... 153

Chng IX. BIN PHP SINH HC SU HI LA ....................... 159 I. NGHIN CU BIN PHP SINH HC SU HI LA NC NGOI........................................................................................... 159
1.1. Nghin cu thnh phn, vai tr ca thin ch trn ng la .......... 159

1.1.1. S lng loi thin ch pht hin c trn la ... 159 1.1.2. Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su chnh hi la .................................................................................... 159
1.2. Nghin cu S dng thin ch tr su hi la nc ngoi...... 161

1.2.1. Th b sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy la ............... 161 1.2.2. Bo v pht trin li dng thin ch trong t nhin ..... 161 II. NGHIN CU BIN PHP SINH HC SU HI LA TRONG NC ............................................................................................ 162
2.1. Nghin cu thnh phn, vai tr ca thin ch trn ng la Vit Nam............................................................................................................ 162

2.1.1. S lng loi thin ch pht hin c trn la ...... 162 2.1.2. Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su chnh hi la .................................................................................... 162
2.2. Nghin cu s dng thin ch trong phng chng su hi la ........ 164

2.2.1. Hng nhn th thin ch b sung vo sinh qun ng la .......................................................................................... 164

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2.2.2. Hng li dng thin ch t nhin phng chng su hi la .................................................................................... 166 T VNG ............................................................................... 170

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PH LC MT S HNH NH V CC LOI K TH T NHIN

B h b nm B. Bassiana k sinh

B h b nm M. Anisopliae k sinh

Nhn sinh khi nm B.b th cng

Nhn sinh khi nm M.a. th cng

Thu trng ngi go chun b cho ong k sinh

Th nghim nui b ui km Collembola

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L ng k th t nhin

Tranh v cc loi thin ch Thi Lan

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