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Kt cu,vt liu v k thut thi cng trong t chc xy dng v iu kin vt cht kinh t k thut ca tc phm kin trc,nhm to ra cc khng gian phc v cng nng hp l v an ton cho cng trnh cho nn lun m bo hai yu cu chnh: l chu lc v bao che. + Cc kt cu chu lc cn tha mn cc yu cu bn vng,n nh,bn lu thong qua cc b phn thng ng nh tng,ct,cun,mng m ch yu l chu lc nn v cc b phn nm ngang nh dm,v ko,sn ch yu chu lc un. + Cc kt cu bao che thng ch lm nhim v v ngn che to khng gian ring bit,cn phi m bo cc yu cu d dng to tin nghi sinh hot v sinh v an ton cho con ngi bng cc bin php t nhin v nhn to nh che ma nng,cch m,cch nhit,nh sang,chng m,chng bi,to lp cc iu kin vi kh hu ni tht tt, Ngoi ra cn c h thng kt cu sn,nn v cc kt cu ph khc nh: cu thang,lan can,ca
I)
H THNG KT CU CHU LC
Kt cu chu lc l cc b phn chu lc thng ng v nm ngang ca ngi nh c lin kt vi nhau to thnh b sn chu lc,chu ton b lc tc ng ln ngi nh truyn xun mng v qua mng truyn vo t nn mng nh gnh chu,m cn phi to ra s n nh v vng cng cn thit m bo ngi nh bn vng,an ton trong sut qu trnh s dng,khai thc
I.1 PHN LOI KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP 1) Phn loi theo c im chu lc: Theo c im chu lc, kt cu chu lc c phn thnh: a) Kt cu tng chu lc: Ch yu c s dng cho cc cng trnh c quy m nh, mt tng, v d nh trm bin th, cng trnh nh hnh chnh, phc v sinh hot..
b) Kt cu khung chu lc: Hu nh kt cu chu lc trong nh cng nghip s dng dng khung chu lc. V c bn kt cu khung chu lc p ng c cc yu cu i vi nh cng nghip; khng i hi qu phc tp vic t chc thi cng xy dng v c chi ph hp l. Phn cu to kin trc di y ch yu cp n dng ny. Trong kt cu khung chu lc cn c phn thnh kt cu khung phng v kt cu khung khng gian; c) Cc kt cu khc: mi dy cng, vm, v, mi bng vt liu tng hp ... 2) Phn loi theo vt liu: Theo vt liu hnh thnh (khng k mng v dm mng thng lm bng BTCT), kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip phn thnh: a) Kt cu chu lc bng b tng ct thp: C bn cao, khng chy, t bin dng, t b xm thc, chi ph xy dng v bo qun trong qu trnh s dng thp. Nhc im c bn ca chng l c trng lng ring ln, chi ph vn chuyn v xy lp cao. Vic s dng kt cu d ng lc cho php gim chi ph vt liu, m rng phm vi s dng v vt qua nhng nhp ln. Kt cu b tng ct thp c s dng kinh t nht cho cc khng gian sn xut c nhp di 30m, bc ct n 12m, chiu cao ct di 14,4m, ti trng cu trc vi sc trc t 50T tr xung. b) Kt cu chu lc bng kim loi - kt cu thp: C kh nng chu lc cao, nh, d dng p ng yu cu cng nghip ha trong ch to; thun tin cho vic xy lp; chi ph vn chuyn thp. Nhc im c bn ca kt cu kim loi c bit kt cu thp l d b bin dng, ph hoi bi tc ng ca nhit cao v cc cht xm thc thng ny sinh trong qu trnh sn xut. Tuy nhin, do c nhiu u im nn chng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh c kh, luyn kim, cho cc nh cng nghip thp tng cn xy dng nhanh. Vi cc ngnh sn xut yu cu khng gian ln, c th s dng kt cu kim loi dng khung khng gian, dy cng...
Hin ti, kt cu kim loi thng s dng nht trong cc trng hp sau: Nhp nh t 30m tr ln v bc ct t 12m, chiu cao ct t 14,4m tr ln; nh c ti trng ng ln, c s dng cu trc vi sc trc Q> 50T; c) Kt cu chu lc hn hp: Kt cu chu lc hn hp thng c dng ct bng BTCT v kt cu mang lc mi bng thp. Trong thc t xy dng hin nay cn xut hin dng kt cu hn hp khc: Phn chu lc bng thp (l cc thp hnh), c bao ph ra ngoi bng vt liu b tng tn dng u im chu lc ca kt cu thp va tng cng kh nng chng ho hon ca kt cu. d) Cc kt cu chu lc khc: Kt cu bng g (cu to t cc mnh g p li) hin cng c s dng rng ri trong nh cng nghip ti mt s nc trn th gii; kt cu bng vt liu tng hp... 3) Phn loi theo bin php thi cng xy dng: - Kt cu chu lc ton khi bng BTCT; - Kt cu chu lc lp ghp bng BTCT v bng thp; - Kt cu chu lc hn hp ton khi v lp ghp. 4) Phn loi theo s tng nh: - Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip mt tng; - Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip nhiu tng I.2 CC KT CU CHU LC THNG GP TRONG KIN TRC CNG TRNH 1) Tng chu lc 1.1) Phn loi: - Kt cu tng chu lc c th phn chia thnh tng ngang chu lc, tng dc chu lc, tng ngang dc cng chu lc.
+Tng ngang chu lc cho cng ngang nh ln nhng kh to ra cc khng gian ln v cc tng ngang thng cch nhau khng qu 4,5m. +Tng dc chu lc c cng ngang nh yu hn nhng d to cc khng gian ln. - Tng chu lc co chiu dy t 220mm tr ln bng gch c hoc khi xy, ph thuc vo cc loi lc tc ng, chiu cao, chiu di tng. Ti ni c t dm mi cn xy thm b tr.Tng chu lc c xy ln mng. 1.2) Vt liu lm tng Tng c to ra c th bng gch mc, t nn, xy , xy gch nung, hoc lp ghp t cc khi block, cc tm panel nh hay cc cu kin c kch thc ln hoc dc bng b tng ct thp lin khi a) Tng gch - Tng gch xy thi cng l thng dng nht. - Ch tiu k thut ca gch: kch thc (220x105x55),cng chu lc R=75200 kg/cm2 (gch my) v R=35-75 kg/cm2 (gch th cng). - Mc t: 35-200 - Chiu dy tng ph thuc vo tnh cht lm vic, iu kin cch nhit cch m, cch m. - Tng na gch: dy 105 (110), k c trt 140 (tng con kin hay tng n). - Tng mt gch: dy 220 k c va l 250 (tng i). - Tng gch ri: dy 335 (330) k c va l 370. - Tng hai gch: dy 450 k c va l 480 (dng cho tng mng).
Gch.
Gch l mt loi vt liu xy dng c lm t t st nung. Lch s sn xut v s dng gch vn l mt iu gy tranh ci, nhng c loi ngi s dng hng ngn nm trc Cng nguyn. Hin vt gch c tm thy ayn, mt khu vc gn Tigris c nin i 7500 trc Cng nguyn [cn dn ngun]. Do c tnh bn b theo thi gian, gch c s dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng c tui th hng ngn nm.
1.1 SN XUT
t st c o ln v trn vi nc v nhi k cho nhuyn v c a vo khun (bng my hoc th cng) in ra vin. Vin t st c phi hoc sy cho kh v cht vo l. Nhin liu
t l l ci, than trn bn lm thnh vin hoc kh thin nhin c t bn di l. L c t trong nhiu ting ng h cho n khi gch "chn", chuyn sang mu hoc nu sm. L c tt v i n khi ngui th d gch ra.
Gch khng nung l mt loi gch m sau nguyn cng nh hnh th t ng rn t cc ch s v c hc nh cng nn, un, ht nc... m khng cn qua nhit , khng phi s dng nhit nung nng vin gch nhm tng bn ca vin gch. bn ca vin gch khng nung c gia tng nh lc p hoc rung hoc c p ln rung ln vin gch v thnh phn kt dnh ca chng.
Gch nung c khong t 70 n 100 tiu chun quc t, vi kch thc tiu chun khc nhau. Ti Vit Nam gch ny c kch thc ph bin l 210x100x60mm, gch khng nung th c khong 300 tiu chun quc t khc nhau vi kch c vin gch khc nhau, sc nn vin gch khng nung ti a t 35MPa. Sn phm gch khng nung c nhiu chng loi trn mt loi gch c th s dng rng ri t nhng cng trnh ph tr nh n cc cng trnh kin trc cao tng, gi thnh ph hp vi tng cng trnh. C nhiu loi dng xy tng, lt nn, k v trang tr... Hin nay, gch khng nung khng nh ch ng vng chc trong cc cng trnh, n ang dn tr ln ph bin hn v c u tin pht trin. C rt nhiu cng trnh s dng gch khng nung, t cng trnh nh l, ph tr cho n cc cng trnh dn dng, nh cha, nh hng, sn gn, khu ngh dng, cao c,... Mt s cng trnh in hnh nh: Keangnam H Ni Landmard Tower (ng Phm Hng, H Ni), Habico Tower (ng Phm Vn ng, H Ni), Khch sn Horinson (H Ni), H Ni Hotel Plaza (ng Trn Duy Hng, H Ni), Sng Gi resort (Hi Phng), Sn vn ng M nh (H Ni), Lng Vit Kiu Chu u (H ng, H Ni),...
- Ph gia vt t sn c trn th trng. - Sn xut t th cng ti t ng ha hon ton - Cht lng vin gch tiu chun tt. - Gi thnh h hn so vi gch nung.
*Li ch x hi
Theo c tnh, mi nm nc ta tiu th khong 20 t vin gch. Vi pht trin ny, n nm 2020, lng gch cn cho xy dng l hn 40 t vin/1 nm. t c s lng gch trn, nu dng t nung th s mt rt nhiu t canh tc, s nh hng nghim trong n an ninh lng thc, v phi s dng mt lng than ha thch khng l, km theo l mt lng ci t rt ln dn n cht ph rng, mt cn bng sinh thi, hu ha ca thin tai, v nghim trng hn na n cn gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, nh hng n mi trng vt nui, sc khe con ngi, v hu qu li cn lu di. Khi s dng cng ngh gch khng nung s khc phc c nhng nhc im trn, em li cng vic n nh cho ngi lao ng, ph hp vi ch chng chnh sch ca ng, nh nc v nguyn vng ca nhn dn, tit kim c thi gian v tin bc em li li ch cho x hi. S dng gch khng nung cho cng trnh bn p, hiu qu kinh t cao.
quc gia. C th ni, Gch khng nung khng ch l sn phm gch xy thng thng m khi s dng, n cn mang gi tr nhn vn cao c v n bo v mi trng, bo v cuc sng ca chng ta. Qu trnh sn xut gch khng nung khng sinh ra cht gy nhim, khng to ra cht ph thi hoc cht thi c hi. Nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh sn xut gch khng nung chim mt phn nh so vi qu trnh sn xut cc vt liu khc. Gch khng nung bo v ngi nh ca bn thng qua tnh nng lm gim s tc ng ca mi trng bn ngoi, gip tit kim nng lng trong vic lm mt (hoc lm m) cho ngi nh. Ngoi ra, mt trong nhng u im ln ca Gch khng nung l n c th lm gim kh nng tc ng ca nhit bn ngoi v lm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng bn trong ca ta nh.
tro, x khong 45 triu tn s mt khong 1.100ha mt bng cha), ng thi tc ng tch cc n mt s lnh vc v chng trnh khc nh kch cu tiu th hng triu tn xi mng mi nm; gim ng k lng tiu hao than; tit kim in trong s dng iu ha nhit nh cch nhit tt; to iu kin chuyn i mt s doanh nghip sn xut gch t st nung bng l th cng sang sn xut VLXKN. Nh nhng u im trn, s dng VLXKN tr thnh xu th chung ca cc nc trn th gii. Trung Quc, n nm 2010 vt liu xy kiu mi phi chim t l hn 55%; Anh, VLXKN ang chim 60% trong tng s vt liu xy.
Nhng u im chung
- Qu trnh sn xut gch khng nung khng s dng n t nng nghip do khng nh hng n din tch t nng nghip. Mt khc do khng dng n than ci, nn tit kim c nhin liu, trnh c tnh trng ph rng trn lan v khng gy nhim mi trng. - Nguyn vt liu sn xut gch khng nung ht sc phong ph v c sn trong nc nh mt , ct vng, xi mng, sn phm a dng. - Dy chuyn sn xut gch khng s dng t cng nhn, do cc khu hu ht c t ng ho. Trong iu kin Vit Nam hin nay, nhn lc th cng nhiu nn c th ch cn t ng ho mt s khu quyt nh cht lng sn phm, cn mt s khu c th s dng nhn cng th cng th khng cn t ng ho gim mc u t.
*Nhng u im ca gch khng nung so vi gch nung trong vic xy nh cao c v kho tng
- Cng chu lc c th p ng theo nhu cu s dng. y l c tnh m gch nung khng th chu c. i vi nhng v tr yu cu cng rt cao (300 400 kg/cm2) th gch nung khng p ng c. i vi nhng v tr yu cu cng thp (ch mang tnh cht tng ngn) th cho php gim lng xi mng phi liu m bo gi thnh va phi, trnh lng ph. - Kh nng cch m, cch nhit, chng thm cao. iu ny hon ton ph hp vo kt cu ca vin gch v cp phi va b tng. - Kch thc vin gch ln hn nhiu so vi gch nung (gp t 2 n 11 ln th tch vin gch nung), cho php gim c chi ph nhn cng, t c tin nhanh hn cho cc cng trnh xy dng. Ngoi ra lng va dng xy tng bng gch khng nung v trt gim ti 2,5 ln so vi gch t nung. - C th tit kim c thi gian v ti chnh, n gin ho c mt s khu trong qu trnh xy dng. - Nu c cht n nh (v d si keramzit, basalt nh, than x) th trng lng vin gch gim ng k. - a dng chng loi, mu sc, kch thc ng u v tnh thm m cao.
chng nhng khng qu nng nh ngi ta tng m cn khng nh c bn, s vng tri cho cng trnh. VD: Nhng cng trnh cn sn phm gch c cng 75Kg/cm2 vi gch t nung phi dng loi c t trng 1800kg/m3. Vi gch khng nung xi mng ct liu ch cn dng loi kt cu l rng t trng 1400kg/m3 cng c th t trn 100kg/cm2. V c bit gi thnh ca sn phm gch khng nung xi mng ct liu rt c u th, hon ton cnh tranh sng phng vi gch t nung (mc d chnh sch hn ch gch t nung cha hiu qu tc thi).
*Gch papanh
Gch khng nung c sn xut t ph thi cng nghip: X than, vi bt c s dng lu i nc ta. Gch c cng thp t 3050 kg/cm2 ch yu dng cho cc loi tng t chu lc.
*Gch b tng nh
Gch b tng nh c hai loi c bn l gch b tng nh bt v gch b tng nh kh chng p. Sn sut bng cng ngh to bt, kh trong kt cu nn t trng vin gch gim i nhiu v n tr thnh c im u vit nht ca loi gch ny. Thnh phnh c bn: Xi mng, tro bay nhit in, ct mn, ph gia to bt hoc kh, vi,. Sn phm c kim nh cht lng vt TCXDVN: 2004 v cng chu nn i vi t trng D800. Gch b-tng kh chng p: Tn ting Anh l Autoclaved Aerated Concrete gi tt l AAC c rt nhiu nc trn th gii ng dng rng ri vi rt nhiu u im nh 12ien thin vi mi trng, siu nh, bn, tit kim nng lng ha thch do khng phi nung t truyn thng, bo n, chng chy, cch m, cch nhit, chng thm rt tt so vi vt liu t st nung. N cn c gi l gch b-tng siu nh v t trng ch bng hoc thm ch l ch bng 1/3 so vi gch t nung 12ien12 thng. Cng trnh xy dng s gim ti, gim chi ph x l nn mng v h thng kt cu, gp phn gim mc u t xy dng cng trnh t 7- 10%, y nhanh tin thi cng v hon thin phn bao che ca cng trnh ln 2 5 ln. Ngoi ra, kh nng cch m v cch nhit ca b tng nh rt cao, lm cho nh m v ma ng, mt v ma h, tit kim in nng si hoc iu ha nhit Kch thc thnh phm ln v chnh xc (100mm x 200mm x 600mm) gip rt ngn thi 12ien1212hi cng v k c thi gian hon thin. Vi thnh phn cu to l vt liu tr v cc cht v c, gch b-tng siu nh ny hon ton khng c hi, c bn rt cao v khng bt la. Ngoi ra, vi cu trc 12ien12 thong, n cn c th t khuch tn hi nc, gii phng m v loi tr cc vn 12ien quan n nm mc c bit l trong iu kin thi tit nng
nng ca kh hu vng nhit i, vng bin v vng c m cao nh khu vc min Bc Vit Nam. MT S HNH NH GCH TRN TH TRNG GCH XY
Thng s k thut: - Kch thc: 210x100x60 mm - Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2 - ht nc: 8 14% - Trng lng: 2,60 kg/vin - Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr
Gch c 60
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Thng s k thut: - Kch thc: 300x170x70 mm - Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2 - ht nc: 8 14% - Trng lng: 7,5 kg/vin - Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr
Gch c 70
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Thng s k thut: - Kch thc: 210x100x60 mm - rng: 35% - Cng chu nn: 50 kg/cm2 - ht nc: 8 14% - Trng lng: 1,4 kg/vin - Cng dng: Xy tng bao, chu lc, cch m, cch nhit
Gch 2 l
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Thng s k thut:
- Kch thc: 210x100x60 mm - Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2 - ht nc: 8 14% - Trng lng: 2,60 kg/vin - Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr (khng trt)
Gch c 60
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Thng s k thut: - Kch thc: 210x100x50 mm - Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2 - ht nc: 8 14% - Trng lng: 2,10 kg/vin - Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr (khng trt
Gch c 50
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b) Tng block - Vt liu:gch b tng x,b tng silicat,dy 16,20,30,40 cm - Phn loi: block thn tng, ging tng, bu ca, gc tng, b tng, mi ua. MT S LOI TNG BLOCK
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
Bloc xy tng
c) Tng panel - Vt liu: b tng nh c ct thp, knh, cht do, thch cao, g,... - Panel tng chu lc, khng chu lc, t mang. - Panel tng ngoi lin kt treo hoc lin kt ta. - Panel tng trong dng c bit hoc dng rng (vch). - Lin kt bng mi ni kh hoc t. MT S LOI TNG PANEL TRN TH TRNG
MICROLAMBRI
EURO PANEL
MEGALAMBRI
SUPERLAMBRI
EUROMAX PANEL
PRESTIGE PANEL
EKO PANEL
XL PANEL
4) Cu to kin trc tng panen b tng ct thp: Tng panen b tng ct thp c kh nng p ng yu cu cng nghip ha cao trong xy dng cng nghip, c chia lm hai loi: tng khng cch nhit v tng cch nhit. Mt ngoi ca panen c th trang tr bng nhiu cht liu khc nhau. a) Tng panen khng cch nhit: Tng khng cch nhit c s dng cho cc khng gian sn xut khng c yu cu c bit v iu kin vi kh hu, cho cc phn xng c qu trnh sn xut sinh nhiu nhit tha. Tng panen thng l tng t mang hoc l tng treo, c ch to bng b tng ct thp thng hoc ng lc trc, b tng mc 200 400, c sn hay tit din c. Kch thc danh ngha ca panen thng l: cao 1,2m; 1,5m; 1,8m; di 6m hoc 12m; rng n 300mm, bn mng 30mm. Ty theo phng n b tr tng m gc nh c hoc khng c khi gc. Khi c s dng khi gc, chiu dy v chiu cao khi thng ly bng chiu dy panen tng.
Hnh 7: Cc loi tng panen BTCT khng cch nhit: a) Loi sn tha; b) Loi dy sn; c) Tm c; d) Sn tha di 12m.
b) Tng panen cch nhit: Tng panen cch nhit c cu to t mt lp hoc nhiu lp, vi kch thc chung tng t panen thng. c) Lin kt panen tng: Lin kt panen vo ct phi chc chn, d bo qun v chng c bin dng nhit. C th neo bng bulng mc, mc neo hoc hn.
Cc tm panen tng to cho c cu b mt nh c c trng ring bit khc vi s dng tng gch, tng block trt va hoc tng tm nh: Cc l ca thng c din tch t hp t kch thc ca cc tm panen; tng c k phn v theo cc tm panen...
Hnh 10: T hp c cu b mt tng panen: a);b): Ca s, ca chp thong t hp theo phng ngang c) Ca s t hp theo phng ng d) T hp ca s thnh nhiu lp theo phng ngang (trong nh cng nghip nhiu tng) e) T hp c cu b mt tng ti tng hi.
Mng l b phn gc ca khung, nhn ton b ti trng ca nh (ti trng ca bn thn ngi nh, ti trng ca cu trc, ca trang thit b, ti trng gi...) truyn xung nn t. Mng cn phi kin c, bn chc, n nh, ph hp vi s chu lc ca h khung v tit kim chi ph xy dng. Mng nh cng nghip thng c lm bng b tng ct thp. Theo hnh dng, mng c th phn thnh: mng n; mng bng; mng b dng ton khi hoc lp ghp. Theo s khc bit gia hnh thc lin kt vi ct, mng c th phn thnh mng ct b tng ct thp v mng ct thp. Theo hnh thc thi cng xy dng, mng c th phn thnh mng ton khi v mng lp ghp.
b) Mng bng- thn mng lin kt vi nhau theo trc ct; c) Mng b y mng lin kt vi nhau thnh mt khi.
* Ct nh cng nghip mt tng: a) nh ngha v phn loi ct: Ct l kt cu theo phng ng ca khung, nhn cc ti trng t mi, dm cu chy v thit b vn chuyn nng, tng treotruyn vo mng. Theo vt liu ch to, ct c phn thnh ct BTCT v ct thp. Theo hnh dng, ct c phn thnh ct c v ct rng; ct c v khng c vai ct dm cu chy.
Theo v tr, ct c phn thnh ct bin nh v ct gia nh. b) Cu to ct BTCT Cu to ca ct ph thuc vo dng khung nh, chiu cao nh, bc ct, ti trng truyn vo ct, s dng cu trc ta trn vai ct. gim bt trng lng ct, c th thay phn ct trn bng thp. Ct BTCT trong khung lp ghp lin kt vi mng qua cc mng.
Hnh 8: Ct BTCT c tit din ch nht (ct c) cho nh c cu trc vi sc trc n 20T
c) Cu to ct thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc: Tng t nh ct BTCT, ct thp c phn thnh: - Theo vic s dng cu trc: Ct thp khng c vai v ct thp c vai ct dm cu chy. - Theo tit din: Ct thp c v ct thp rng. Ct thp c: c tit din khng i hoc thay i, ct c bc hay khng c bc. Ct c c tit din khng i dng khi cu trc c Q n 20T, chiu cao ct Hc n 9,6m. Khi sc trc Q: 20 75T, nn dng ct c c bc. Ct c thng c tit din ch I hoc ch nht t thp hnh hay thp bn t hp li bng mi hn lin tc, vi kch thc tit din trn 400 x 1000mm. Ct rng: c tit din rng, c hoc khng c bc, bao gm ct t hp cc thanh cng lm vic chung, v ct phn cch hai nhnh ct lm vic ring. Ct rng c s dng khi kch thc tit din trn 400 x 1000mm. Ct t hp c s dng khi sc trc Q >75T bng thp bn hay thp gc. Ct phn cch c s dng khi sc trc Q>150T. Cc thanh ging c b tr theo dng du nhn, cho hoc tam gic, ph thuc khong cch gia hai thanh tr Ti trng t ct c truyn xung mng qua ct bng thp. ct thp thng c dng tm c hay khng c sn gia cng v dng dm . Vic la chn dng ct thng ph thuc vo ti trng truyn vo ct v nhp nh: khi mmen un khng ln, thng dng dng tm ; cn khi m men un ln chn loi dm . Cc ct ny c neo vo mng b tng ct thp bng cc bulng, sau c bc b tng bo v.
* Dm ging: a) nh ngha v phn loi kt cu dm ging: Dm ging l h thng kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang, c nhim v cc mng tng bao che khi thay i cao, lm lm lanh t cho cc l ca ln, nhn ti trng ca tng truyn vo ct. Ngoi ra dm ging cn c vai tr tng cng cng dc ca khung nh. Dm ging c th l BTCT hoc bng thp. b) Cu to dm ging v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc: Nhp ca dm ging chnh l khong cch gia hai ct, thng l 6m. Dm ging BTCT lp ghp thng di 6 m, kch thc v hnh dng tit din ngang ca dm ph thuc vo lc tc ng ln n, thng c tit din ch nht hoc ch T. Dm ging BTCT lin kt vi ct bng cch hn cc bn thp chn sn dm vo ct.
Hnh 29: Dm ging BTCT: Hnh dng tit din v lin kt vi ct.
Trong khung thp, dm ging bng thp c tit din ch I, U hoc ch nht c lm t thp hnh hoc thp bn t hp hn. Dm ta ln vai ct ph bng thp v lin kt vo ct bng hn.
Hnh 30: Dm ging bng thp trong khung thp ( Khung Zamil) .
C.2 Kt cu khung cng Bn cnh kt cu khung phng chu lc kiu dm (gin) ct, khung cng bng b tng ct thp hoc kim loi cng c s dng rng ri cho cc nh cng nghip i hi khng gian ln, c kh nng s dng linh hot. Trong kt cu khung cng, nh dm (gin) ngang lin kt cng vi ct, cho nn so vi khung dm (gin) phng thng, chng c cng ln hn. Cc b phn chu lc c bn ca khung cng nh ct, dm (gin) lm vic di dng chu nn lch tm v un, l kt cu chuyn tip t kt cu dm ct sang kt cu vm lm vic kiu chu nn, do tit din dm, kch thc gin nh hn, trng lng bn thn gim.
Khung cng c th mt hoc nhiu nhp, khng khp, hai hoc ba khp. Dm ngang c th thng, gy khc hay cong. Vic la chn dng khung cng phc thuc vo nn t, nhp khung, ti trng tc ng ln khung v yu cu ca hnh thc kin trc.
Hnh 38: Cc dng khung cng nh cng nghip nghiu mt tng
Khung cng BTCT: Khung cng b tng ct thp c cu to dm (gin) ngang thng nh cu kin chu un, cn dm (gin) cong v gy khc c lc dc tng i ln khi c ti trng ng tc dng, do c cu to nh kt cu chu nn. Ct c cu to nh cu kin chu nn lch tm. Nhp khung cng dm ngang c th t n 18m, cn dm gy khc v cong n 55m. Do lin kt cng, nn ti cc mt cng ct - dm v ch gy khc xut hin m men un rt ln. m bo mt cng khng b bin dng, cn tng cng tit din u ct v mt dm, mt dm (k c ct thp). gim ng sut cc b, gc trong ca nt khung phi c nch trn hoc xin. Khi cng ca ct nh hn cng ca dm, cho php lm nch vung. Trong khung cng ton khi, tit din ca dm ct (tr ti cc mt) khng thay i. Ct c th ni cng hoc khp vi mng. Khi ni cng, ti chn ct c m men un nn ct thp phi ko thng vo mng. Mng c th kiu ng tm hoc lch tm, ty gi tr m men chn ct. Khi lin kt khp, ti c cu to c bit. Hin nay, khung cng loi thng hay ng sut trc, c dng ton khi hay lp ghp vi nhp 30 60m c s dng kh rng ri trong xy dng cng nghip. Trong cc nh sn xut c li ct vung ca nh my dt, c kh, c th dng khung cng dm gy lm mi rng ca. m bo cng cn s dng ging ct kiu mt cng hay ging cho bng thp.
Hnh 40a: V d mt s dng khung cng BTCT: a) Khung cng hai khp; b) Khung cng khng khp; c) Khung cng khng khpdm ngang gy, nhiu nhp; d) Khung cng ba khp
Hnh 40b: V d mt s dng khung cng BTCT: a) Khung c lp ghp t ct ch L (ngc) v dm ngang; b) Khung cng lp ghp t cc cu kin ri; c) Khung cng lp ghp c ca mi; d) Khung cng lp ghp ti nh c khng gian khc nhau.
2) Khung cng bng thp: Trong khung cng bng thp, ct v dm (gin) ngang c tit din c hoc rng, t hp t thp hnh hay thp bn. Nh dm (gin) lin kt cng vi ct, s dng thm ct thp ng lc trc, nn nhp khung c th t n 100m.
1.1 C IM
S kt hp ny em li nhiu u im ni bt cho b tng ct thp. Thp v b tng c h s gin n nhit gn ging nhau, do trnh c s nh hng ca nhit mi trng. B tng bo v ct thp khi s xm thc ca mi trng, thp nh v b tng nhm trnh nt v. B tng c c tnh chu ko v un km, khi c ct thp nhc im ny s c khc phc do thp l vt liu chu ko kh tt. V c bn trong cu kin b tng ct thp th ct thp s chu ng sut ko cn b tng chu ng sut nn, v ct thp chu nn v ko u tt, cn nhc im ca b tng l ch chu nn tt, cn chu ko th km.
B tng ct thp c s dng rng di trong xy dng hin nay. S kt hp gia b tng v ct thp to ra cc cu kin lm cc kt cu chu lc ca cac cng trnh
1.2 U IM
B tng l mt trong nhng loi vt liu rt quan trng c s dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc xy dng v n c nhng u im sau :
C cng chu nn cao , bn trong mi trng Ct liu c th s dng nguyn liu a phng D c gii ha,t ng ha qu trnh sn xut v thi cng C th to c nhiu loi b tng c tnh cht khc nhau.
2. Thp:
Thp l hp kim vi thnh phn chnh l st (Fe), vi cacbon (C), t 0,02% n 2,14% theo trng lng, v mt s nguyn t ha hc khc. Chng lm tng cng, hn ch s di chuyn ca nguyn t st trong cu trc tinh th di tc ng ca nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. S lng khc nhau ca cc nguyn t v t l ca chng trong thp nhm mc ch kim sot cc mc tiu cht lng nh cng, n hi, tnh d un, v sc bn ko t. Thp vi t l cacbon cao c th tng cng cng v cng lc ko t so vi st, nhng li gin v d gy hn. T l ha tan ti a ca carbon trong st l 2,14% theo trng lng ( trng thi Austenit) xy ra 1.147 C; nu lng cacbon cao hn hay nhit ha tan thp hn trong qu trnh sn xut, sn phm s l xementit c cng lc km hn. Pha trn vi cacbon cao hn 2,06% s c gang. Thp cng c phn bit vi st rn, v st rn c rt t hay khng c cacbon, thng l t hn 0,035%. Ngy nay ngi ta gi ngnh cng nghip thp (khng gi l ngnh cng nghip st v thp), nhng trong lch s, l 2 sn phm khc nhau. Ngy nay c mt vi loi thp m trong cacbon c thay th bng cc hn hp vt liu khc, v cacbon nu c, ch l khng c a chung.
C TNH
Cng nh hu ht cc kim loi, v c bn, st khng tn ti v Tri t di dng nguyn t, n ch tn ti khi kt hp vi xy hoc lu hunh. St dng khong vt bao gm Fe2O3-mt dng ca xt st c trong khong vt hematit, v FeS2 - qung sunfit st. St c ly t qung bng cch kh xy hoc kt hp st vi mt nguyn t ho hc nh cacbon. Qu trnh ny c gi l luyn kim, c p dng ln u tin cho kim loi vi im nng chy thp hn. ng nng chy nhit hn 1.080 C,
trong khi thic nng chy 250 C. Pha trn vi cacbon trong st cao hn 2,14% s c gang, nng chy 1.392 C. Tt c nhit ny c th t c vi cc phng php c c s dng t nht 6.000 nm trc. Khi t l xy ho tng nhanh khong 800 C th vic luyn kim phi din ra trong mi trng c xy thp. Trong qu trnh luyn thp vic trn ln cacbon v st c th hnh thnh nn rt nhiu cu trc khc nhau vi nhng c tnh khc nhau. Hiu c iu ny l rt quan trng luyn thp c cht lng. nhit bnh thng, dng n nh nht ca st l st ferrit c cu trc lp phng tm khi (BCC) hay st, mt cht liu kim loi mm, c th phn hu mt lng nh cacbon (khng qu 0,02% nhit 911 C). Nu trn 911 C th ferrit s chuyn t tm khi (BCC) sang tm mt (FCC), c gi l austenit, loi ny cng l mt cht liu kim loi mm nhng n c th phn hu nhiu cacbon hn ( 2,14% cacbon nhit 1.147 C). Mt cch loi b cacbon ra khi austenit l loi xementit ra khi hn hp , ng thi st nguyn cht dng ferit v to ra hn hp xementit -ferrit. Xementit l mt hp cht ho hc c cng thc l Fe3C.
Cc loi thp
3) Kt cu khng gian: Kt cu khng gian l cc b phn kt cu chu lc u truyn lc cho nhau cng nh pht huy iu kin lm vic chung trong c khng gian ba chiu,cng h tr nhau theo 2 phng thng gc,do c kh nng chu lc tt hn nn cng s tiu tn vt liu v i hi khng gian cho kt cu t hn.Vd dm trong kt cu phng i hi cao kt cu khong 1/8- 1/10 di khu ca n,cc kt cu ngang trong h kt cu khng gian c th ch cn cao khong 1/20 -1/30 khu ,tc l c th gim 1/2 hay 1/3 khng gian kt cu cn thit. Ta c th gp cc kt cu khng gian nhng dng sau: - Kt cu ch yu chu nn: cc dng mi kiu cupon (vm bt p),v c,cupon khung dn,cc dng vm v tr mng cong 1 chiu(mng 1/100 1/300 ng knh vm tc khu vm) bng b tng ct thp hay v cong hai chiu (kiu chn bn xe p). - Kt cu ch yu chu ko: cc kt cu treo vi cong 1 chiu hoc hai chiu (v kiu hypa hnh yn nga). - Kt cu gp np: l cc tm mng nhng c gp np vi cong 1 chiu (to mt phng) hay 2 chiu (vi nhiu mt phng). - Kt cu dn khng gian: l h thng dn 2 phng theo li vung,li tam gic c lin kt cht ch vi nhau cng lm vic nh 1 h thng dm c bng b tng ct thp hay bng vn g ghp dn,hoc l kt cu dng bnh xe p (gm vnh cng,li cng v hai h thng dy cng trn di) ph lp cc hnh trn,gn trn.
Khi thit k cho php kt hp s dng kt cu bao che kh bung v kt cu bao che d bung (ca s, ca i, ca mi, tng tm nh) khi xy ra s c n, nhng din tch kt cu bung phi c xc nh theo tnh ton.
Hnh 3: Gch block - Hnh trn gch block thng; hnh di: gch block c khe v g lin kt. Kch thc c bn ca block: - Chiu di (l): 50;60cm - Chiu cao (h): 20;24cm - Chiu rng (d): 5;7,5;10;15;20;24;30cm
Hnh 4: Lin kt gch block vi ct BTCT 1: ct; 2: Rnh lin kt; 3:Tm thp hnh nm (hnh a) v ai thp lin kt tng vi ct (hnh b) ; 4: Tng block;5: Vt lin kt; 6;7;8: Va lin kt gia hai block tng.
Hnh 6: Lin kt vi ct ca 1) Ct thp; 2: ai thp lin kt vi ct qua rnh lin kt; 3) cc khi tng chnh Tng block; 4: Vt lin kt tng vo ai; 5,6,7: Va lin (1:Khi lanh t; 2:Khung ca; kt gia hai block tng. 3:Cng sn thp lanh t; 4 Khi tng)
5) Cu to kin trc tng tm nh Tng bng tm nh (tn, kim loi...) hin c s dng rt rng ri, trc ht do kh nng thi cng n gin, nhanh chng. Cu to chung ca tng gm c x g v tm tng. X g thng dng nht l loi bng thp hnh, dng ch U, Z. Chng c lin kt vo ct bng bulng hoc hn. Khong cch gia cc x g ph thuc chiu di tm lp v n nh ca tng. Tm tng lin kt vo x g bng mc neo, vt hoc bulng. che cc khe h gc tng, mp ca, l thit b,cn phi dng thm cc cu kin ph. Vi tng nh, bo v chn tng khi b h hng do va chm, phn chn tng cao 1,2 2m c th c lm bng gch, khi xy hoc bng panen btng ct thp. Khi xng c yu cu cch nhit, tng nh cch nhit s c lm nhiu lp t cc tm nh bo v v lp cch nhit gia hoc cc panen in hnh vi kch thc ty t cc tm nh v lp cch nhit. Chng c lin kt vo ct bng cc mc neo.
Hnh 12: Cc kh nng cu to tng tm nh: a) Tng tm nh mt lp b) Tng tm nh 2 lp: lp tng ngoi v lp cch nhit c) Tng c 3 lp, lp tung pha trong t k lin lp cch nhit d) Tng c 3 lp, lp tng pha trong t bn ngoi x g lin kt. 1:Tm tng ngoi; 2; 3 Sn thp lin kt; 4:Lp
Hnh 13 : Tng tm nh v mt s loi tm tn (khng cch nhit v c cch nhit) hin ang s dng rng ri ti Vit Nam
- Knh ngn chia Vic pht trin cng ngh trong kt cu xy dng bng vt liu v l thuyt kt cu, m trong kt cu btng ct thp v kt cu thp gii phng cc bc tng nng n, cng nhng yu cu cng nghip ho xy dng, l iu kin cho cc loi vt liu bao che cng pht trin, lm a dng cho b mt ca cng trnh kin trc.
Nu nh trc kia cc bc tng (xy bng gch, ) cng trnh kin trc va ng vai tr bao che cho khng gian s dng bn trong, va phi lm nhim v chu lc; th vi kt cu khung (btng ct thp, thp), cc bc tng ch cn mang ngha bao che, ngn chia. V knh tr thnh mt vt liu mi thay th vi nhiu u im: gim ti trng, gim din tch chim mt sn, chu c cc iu kin thi tit, chng thm tuyt i b mt, cho nh sng xuyn qua
Nhng kin trc hin i, cc to cao c bc knh l hnh nh quen thuc cc th. Ngoi vic l vt liu s dng cho kt cu bao che bn ngoi, knh cn c dng lm vch ngn bn trong thay tng truyn thng, c bit trong cc khng gian vn phng lm vic, khng gian cng cng nh bo tng, trung tm thng mi, nh ga hng khng, nh hng Knh ng vai tr phn nh khng gian chc nng, nh tuyn giao thng nhng khng hn ch tm nhn, khng cn nh sng. S dng knh ngn chia
Trn thch cao cho nhng u im to hnh v thun tin lp t thit b chiu sng, k thut m trn.
Knh cng c s dng ph bin cho mt b phn kin trc bao che khc l mi. Mi knh l gii php kin trc k thut khai thc nh sng theo phng thng ng. iu ny c bit c ngha vi nhng cng trnh c mt bng ln, khng gian ln m nh sng t cc din tng bao bn ngoi vo pha trong (pha gia) khng , do b cn hoc qu xa. Mi knh cng l mt yu t to nn hiu qu kin trc cho c ngoi tht v ni tht cng trnh.
Tuy vy, khng c ngha l knh khng c nhc im. Trc ht knh to nn hiu ng lng knh, lm tng nhit mi trng bn trong. H qu ca vic ny l phi dng my lnh, gy tiu tn nng lng v nh hng tiu
cc ti mi trng. Vic thi cng, lp t v s dng, vn hnh vi vt liu knh cng gy ra nhiu ri ro (v) vi chnh cng trnh v ngi s dng. Bn cnh , vic iu chnh thit k, sa cha, ci to hay ph d cng l mt vn khng n gin vi loi vt liu ny. Bi cc loi knh c s dng lm kt cu bao che, ngn chia u l knh ti (knh tempered) khng th ti s dng vi kch thc, quy cch khc c (khng th gia cng c hc nh ct, khoan, mi). V vic ti ch nh mt loi ph thi i hi chi ph cao, vic tiu hu cng kh.
H trn xng ni v trn nhm c s dng nhiu cc cng trnh cng cng, thun tin cho vic bo tr, sa cha.
Kin trc thay i nhiu, v gp phn thay i x hi v nhng thay i v mt x hi nh hng ngc li n kin trc. l mt qu trnh, din bin song song. Nhng vt liu xy dng mi xut hin, thc hin nhng vai tr v chc nng mi, trong nhng khng gian mi. Nu nh knh l loi vt liu c kh nng bn trong cc iu kin thi tit, ph hp vi bn ngoi, th bn trong nh cng c nhiu loi vt liu khc p ng cc nhu cu c th.
Ph bin nht l vch thch cao. Vch thch cao (vi khung xng bn trong ph tm thch cao pha ngoi) c u im l r tin, d lp dng, sa cha. Vt liu thch cao c nhiu u im nh: nh (ch bng khong 10 12% ti trng tng xy trt), khng c hi, cch m tt, chng chy tt. Tm thch cao cng a dng chng loi s dng cho nhng khng gian khc nhau nh c loi tm chu nc dng cho khu v sinh, khu m t; c loi tm sn hay c l ht m, tiu m. Vt liu thch cao sau khi sn, b hon thin c b mt tng ng vi b mt tng xy trt, to s thng nht v vt liu cho khng gian ni tht.
Ngoi vch thch cao, th cng c nhiu loi vch khc, s dng linh hot cho nhng khng gian ni tht v yu cu k thut c th, nh vch g, vch nhm knh, thp knh, vch bc n, vch bng cc loi vt liu composit. Nu nh vch thch cao c lm ging nh mt bc tng to s ng nht vi cc din tng sn c, th cc loi vt liu khc c bit l vch g l mt s ch ng phn nh, nhn mnh mng khi trong ni tht nhm trang tr. C nhng vch c tc dng ngn cch kn o nh mt bc tng (vch thch cao), c vch ngn cch m v phn nh khng gian (vch knh), c vch ch n thun ngn chia tng trng, hn ch tm nhn khng b nh hng ti cng vic (cc vch lng trong cc n nguyn/block lm vic trong vn phng).
Trn
tr
nn
c n
thit
Trn l din pha trn ca phng hay khng gian ni tht. Trn c th chnh l mt di ca kt cu sn hay mi. Trong xu hng thit k xy dng hin nay, trn gi (gi tt l trn), nm di v c lp vi kt cu ca sn, mi tr nn cn thit v ph bin hn rt nhiu. Trn c thit k v thi cng lp dng nhm to hiu qu thm m cn thit cho khng gian ni tht, c tc dng cch m, cch nhit, ng thi cng che i nhng h thng k thut pha trn (ng nc, dy in, ng bo n iu ho)
Trn cng l b mt lp cc loi thit b chiu sng, thit b k thut nh n m, iu ho, ca thng gi, thit b bo chy, cha chy. Nhng thit b ny i hi c mt khong m nht nh, v th khng th lp trc tip ln trn btng (kt cu sn trn).
a)
b)
Ngoi nhng loi tng gch, tng block trt va; tng pa nen v tng tm nh k trn, trong thc t hin ny cn c tng p g, tng bc nhm to cho cng trnh cng nghip c hnh thc rt a dng.
Hnh 18: Tng p g trong nh cng nghip Hnh 17: Tng bc nhm trong nh cng nghip
- i vi nh khng c yu cu v c bit v iu kin vi kh hu v chiu sng, cn tn dng ti a ca ly nh sng v thng thong t nhin. - Loi ca, hnh dng, kch thc v v tr b tr ca s c xc nh trn c s yu cu chiu sng ca sn xut, thng gi tin nghi trong xng, c im sn xut; gii php t hp kin trc mt ng ta nh v kh nng cung ng kt cu ca ch to sn trn th trng. - Vic b tr v la chn kch thc ca cn ph hp vi kt cu tng, c bit l tng panen hn ch phi s dng cc khi tng ph. b) Phn loi: - Theo chc nng c ca s chiu sng, ca s thng gi v ca s hn hp chiu sng v thng gi. Ca chiu sng c lm bng knh c nh. Ca thng gi c lm bng chp g, kim loi, nha... Ca hn hp c lm bng ca knh xoay theo trc ng, ngang, chp knh xoay, hoc mt phn knh c nh, mt phn chp thong, ca knh la... - Theo hnh thc: c ca s gin on, ca bng ngang, ca bng ng, ca mng ln. Ca s loi gin on thng c s dng cho cc nh c kt cu tng chu lc, cho cc xng c yu cu nh sng khng nhiu. Khi xng cn nhiu nh sng, c th dng ca
bng ngang mt hoc nhiu lp. Ca s bng ng cho nh sng tt, song khng ng u. Ca s mng ln rt ph hp vi cc nh cng nghip c khng gian ln. Loi ca knh lt trc ngang gia hoc trn c kh nng chiu sng, thng gi t nhin tt, ng thi chng c ma ht. c) Cu to chung Tng t nh trong nh dn dng, cu to chung ca ca s nh cng nghip gm c: khun ca, cnh ca v trong mt s trng hp cn c thm h thng ng, m ca. - Khun ca vin quanh l ca cnh v lm g ht nc. Chng c lm bng g tt, b tng ct thp, kim loi, bng cht do tng hp. - Cnh ca c cu to t khung cnh bng g, kim loi, cht do tng hp, cc tm ca bng pa n g, knh, kim loi, ty theo yu cu chc nng ca ca s. i vi ca s b tr ti cao nh hn 2,4m cn phi b tr ca s c kh nng ng m. Khi c yu cu chng gi bo, cc din tch lp knh ti cao ln hn 2,4m k t mt sn phi lp thnh khung c nh, c th ng m c bng c kh. Kch thc ca ca: Chiu rng nn ly theo bi s 0,5m; chiu cao l bi s ca 0,6m. Kch thc ny l c s cho vic la chn kch thc theo cc mu ca ca cc hng cung ng.
a)
b)
Hnh 20: V d cu to ca nh cng nghip: a) Ca g; b) Ca thp Hin trn th gii nh c ca s hai lp tr ln thng dng, to cho cng trnh c hai lp v. Phn gia ca hai lp v c nhim v thng thong. Gii php ny c s dng ch yu cho nh nhiu tng.
a)
b) Hnh 21: Ca knh hai lp: a) Mt trc; b) Mt ct dc; c) Mt bng. 1: Khung nhm; 2: Chp thng thong; 3: Lp knh bn trong gii hn khng gian phng; 4: Khung ca lp knh ngoi; 5: Lp knh bc ngoi cng trnh; 6:Li thp gia cc tng; 7: c) Rm ca iu khin t ng.
Trong qu trnh thit k ca hin nay (trong nh dn dng cng nh nh cng nghip) vic la chn hng cung ng ca ng vai tr quan trng, nh hng Eurowindow l mt v d. Ca ca hng (theo qung co) c sn xut theo cng ngh ca chu u vi sn phm l ca nhm v vch nhm. Khung ca v khung cnh ca (Profile) c sn xut t
nhm thi vi cc ph kin km theo p ng vic cch nhit, cch m v chng r r nc ma, m bo c cng v c tnh thm m cao.
1) Thanh profile nhm mt ngoi khun ca 2) Thanh profile nhm mt trong khun ca 3) Cu cch nhit polymer khun ca 4) Chn lp t khun ca 5) Rnh thot nc ma 6) Giong cnh ca 7) Giong gia cnh v khun ca 8) Cu cch nhit polymer cnh ca 9) Thanh profile nhm mt ngoi cnh ca 10) Thanh profile nhm mt trong cnh ca 11) Rnh lp ph kin kim kh 12) Giong khung knh 13) Giong np knh 14) Knh 15) Keo dn hp 16) Thanh c hp knh
1) Giong ngoi trn 2) Giong trong trn ng 3) ng trn vch dng 4) Thanh cu cch m, cch nhit 5) ngang vch dng 6) Giong trong trn ngang 7) Profile gi knh mt dng 8) Profile p ngoi mt dng
c) Kt cu che chn nng Kt cu che nng n gin v thng dng nht l vng kt hp vi lanh t ca. Tu theo v tr ca mt tng m kt cu che nng c th kt hp vi kt cu che nng theo phng ng v theo phng ngang. Ngoi kt cu che nng vng c nh bng b tng ct thp, ngi ta cn s dng kt cu che nng bng kim loi ng m c (c th hon ton t ng). Cc kt cu che nng l chi tit kin trc c ngha trong t hp mt ng nh cng nghip.
Cu to chung ca mi b tng ct thp gm hai phn chnh: lp chu lc v cc lp chc nng. a) Lp chu lc: Lp chu lc c chc nng ton b cc lp lp, thit b t trn mi, cng c khi chng gi lun chc nng cch nc. Lp chu lc c th c ton khi hay lp ghp. - Loi ton khi c bn cao, tit kim thp, nhc im ln nht l thi cng ko di, v vy ch nn dng cho cc nh c din tch mi khng ln v cho mi v mng, hoc do yu cu cng ngh i hi. V cu to, c bn ging cu to mi trong nh dn dng. Vi loi mi ny, nu x l chng thm tt, lp chu lc ng thi s l lp cch nc. - Lp chu lc lp ghp c s dng rng ri hn do p ng c yu cu cng nghip ha v xy dng nhanh chng. Lp chu lc mi c hnh thnh t cc tm (panen). Loi panen c kch thc 1,5mx6m; 3mx6m; 3mx12m, chiu dy 0,3m l loi c dng rng ri nht. Panen mi c th l dng c hoc panen c sn vi chiu dy ca bn 3 5cm. Khi cn thit, c th cha sn cc l trng t thit b chiu sng hoc cc thit b k thut. Panen lin kt vo kt cu mang lc mi bng cch hn cc chi tit thp ch hai cu kin.
b) Cc lp lp chc nng: Trong mi b tng ct thp, ngoi lp chu lc cn c cc lp lp chc nng cn thit khc nh : Lp chng thm; lp cch nhit; lp bo v; lp lm phng; cc lp cch hi, chng xm thc... S lng cc lp ny v thng s k thut ca chng, c xc nh ty thuc vo loi kt cu mi, c im v ch sn xut, mi trng sn xut v kh hu a phng... - Lp cch nhit: Lp cch nhit thng dng nht hin nay l b tng bt xp c t trc tip ln tm mi. Chiu dy lp cch nhit c xc nh theo tnh ton, sao cho chng c th cch nhit hoc gi nhit tt, ph hp vi yu cu ca khng gian sn xut v tin nghi cho ngi lao ng bn trong nh. khng lm gim kh nng cch nhit, lp cch nhit cn c cc lp cch nc bo v. V d: Trong cc xng c hi nc ng di mi, bn di lp cch nhit cn phi c thm lp cch nc bng va xi mng ct, va bitum, dn hai ba lp giy du hoc tm mng nha cch nc hoc qut sn tng hp cch nc... trnh h hng lp cch nhit do co dn nhit, cn cha khe h rng 5 10mm, cch nhau 4 6m, theo hai chiu. Ngoi cc loi trn, trong thc t cn s dng loi cch nhit bng lp khng kh lu thng trn lp cch nc, chng c cu to nh trong nh dn dng. Nhc im ca loi mi ny l lm trng lng mi tng ln. - Lp chng thm: Lp chng thm c s dng cho mi c lp chu lc mi lm bng b tng ct thp lp ghp. Vt liu dng chng thm c la chn ty thuc vo dc mi, lng ma, c im kh hu tng vng. Loi vt liu chng thm thng dng hin nay cho mi b tng ct thp lp ghp nh cng nghip l b tng ct thp chng thm. Lp b tng ct thp chng thm thng c chiu dy 4cm, vi li thp 200x200mm, c d = 4; 6mm. Sau khi b tng cn tin hnh ngm nc xi mng chng thm (nh trong xy dng nh dn dng). trnh b tng b nt, lm mt tnh cch nc do co dn nhit, c cch 12m theo hai chiu nh phi lm cc khe co dn nhit, gia khe y nha ng. Nhc im c bn ca loi vt liu cch nc ny l thi cng phc tp, lm tng ti trng mi, kh sa cha khi b h hng. Ngoi b tng ct thp, ngi ta cn s dng giy du dn chng ln nhau 2 4 lp bng bitum nng, hoc cc mng nha plime tng hp cch nc. Loi ny chng thm tt, trng lng nh, c kh nng chng xm thc, thi cng nhanh.
Khi chng thm cho mi, cn ch n bin php chng thm dt tng hi, bin, khe ln... - Lp bo v: y l lp che ph ton b b mt mi bo v cho cc lp bn di khi b h hng do kh hu v cc cht xm thc. Vt liu dng lm lp bo v c s dng ph bin nht nc ta l gch l nem lt 2 lp. - Lp lin kt v lm phng: Lp ny c s dng lm phng mt mi, to dc ng yu cu, lin kt lp bo v mi.Chng c lm bng va xi mng- ct mc 50 (hay va bitum ct), dy 1 4mm. Trong trng hp s dng mt mi trng cy xanh, cu to mi cn thm cc lp gi t v lp chng cn trng xm hi mi.
Mi lp bng cc tm lp nh c s dng rt ph bin trong xy dng cc cng trnh cng nghip do u im ch yu l chng dt, thm tt, thi cng nhanh chng, d sa cha khi c s c. Cu to chung ca loi mi ny gm c hai b phn chnh: x g v tm lp. Mi tn thng c dc 15 20. a) X g: X g c lm t thp ch U hoc bng tn un ch Z, vi chiu cao 100-200mm, ty theo trng lng tm lp, bc x v kt cu ging mi (cng c khi c lm bng b tng ct thp, hoc gin thp...). X g c lin kt vo v ko bng bulng.
b) Tm lp: Tm tn trng km hay hp kim nhm c nhiu dng: ln sng hay gy khc, vi nhiu mu sc khc nhau, c cung cp trn th trng bi cc hng sn xut chuyn dng. Khi sn xut cc tm lp cc hng ny cn cung cp ng b cc tm c bit p nc, che khe co dn, mng nc, tng hi... Cc tm tn lin kt vo x g bng mc neo hay c vt.
5) T chc thot nc mi cho nh cng nghip: Vn chng thm dt cho cc nh cng nghip ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic t chc thot nc mi. T chc thot nc ma cho mi phi m bo sao cho nc ma khng b ng v thot nhanh. Vi nh c quy m nh, chiu cao di 6m c th thot nc trc tip xung nn. Song hu ht cc cng trnh xy dng u t chc thot nc mi theo cch: Nc ma c thu gom theo tng phn mi vo h thng mng nc, theo phu thu, xung ng dn vo h thng cng, rnh thu nc ma di nn. H thng thu nc mi c th t pha trong hay ngoi tng bin. i vi nh nhiu nhp c th t gia nh. Ti v tr tip gip hai khi nh chnh cao cng cn phi t h thng thu nc. Hnh di y trnh by t chc thu nc mi nh ngoi nh (bin nh); thu nc gia nh v thu nc gia cc khi nh chnh cao.
Hnh 33 : S thot nc mi a) Thot nc ngoi nh; b) Thot nc gia nh; c) Thot nc gia hai khi nh chnh cao
Hnh 36 : Chi tit cu to mng thu nc gia Hnh 35 : Chi tit cu to mng thu nc hai khi nh chnh cao gia nh
Hnh 38: T chc thot nc mi bng nh cng nghip Hnh 39: Chi tit t chc thot nc mi bng BTCT ti bin nh: a) Nh c mi ua thot t do; b) S dng seno; c) Thot nc trong. 1:Kt cu mang lc mi; 2: Panen mi; 3: Khi BTCT to mi ua; 4:Cu chn rc ti phu thu nc; 5: B tng chn; 6:Seno BTCT; 7: ng trn thot nc; 8: ng thot nc
Hnh 45 : V d s phn b lng khng kh trong nh cng nghip - thng gi kiu i lu. Ca tng l ca gi vo; ca mi l ca gi ra. Hnh 46: S mt ct ngang cc dng ca mi thng gi vi cc tm chn to p lc m (ht gi)
Hnh 47: Chi tit cu to ca mi ch nht kch thc chung Hnh 48: Chi tit cu to ca mi ch nht mt ct ca mi
Gii php kt cu mi Smartruss khc phc c nhng nhc im ln nht ca mi b tng dn ngi v thp en.
ng c th ch tu i th cng t nh n t i
T n t i g c i t g i v t ti n gi i ph p k t c u g ch i ng i ng t ng h p ng ch c c cng t nh ph c ch c n t ng t p nh nh h ng kh ch n Th c u thp c ng ng c ng ph i n gi gi n
K t c u tng c u i v t i u n c cng nh n khng c n ph i c t nh c i t thi t k Bi n ph p thi cng thng th ng ghp v n khun t thp v tng u n ng i n t n
Ch ng t c th th gi i ph p n h u h t c c cng t nh i ng i c thi cng t ng th i gi n g n Nh c i c gi i ph p n k t c u tng n ng n tn k ch h c tv ng M i tng c h t n nhi t th p v t n ng v h H nn Vi t N c kh h u nhi t i nhi u nhi t chnh ch gi n ng v n c n ng v c t n v g c ng t nh ch i tng S c ng t c tng ngu n nh n g v ng i n n t n th t i tng Nh ng nh c i n th ng ch c nh n u khi cng t nh v ng Vi c th tc i tng n ng i cc k kh kh n v khng t i t ph i c t n ph n ng i v ng c c i ch t chng th kh c ph c nh ng nh c i t n t cng t nh ng h k t c u thp ch i ng i B n u ng i t ng c c i thp n thp khng c nh thp g c h c thp h p h n th nh h k t c u Gi i ph p n c u i nh thi cng nh nh c th nhi u ng i c ki n t c ph c tp kh c nh u Tu nhin v t i u thp n v i h i u khi gi cng ph i n chng h n n ph i h n ti cng t ng nn c n ph i c th h n nh ngh v u t nh ki t ch t ng nghi ng t i c ch t ng cng trnh.
Ng n c c c uc h u chu k tc u
Vi loi v t i n t i t n n t nh (ch khong g ng thi hon ton khng phi quan tm ti sn bo dng h ng . ng ngh ng ng v i t ht sc quan trng t ng vi n ng ht ng ng t nh. gin thp m trng ng nh SMARTRUSS c p dng nhng tin b h hc k th t
ti n tin nht t ng vi thit h to v lp dng. T n b thit c th hi n bng t ph n h n nghi p h n t n t ng h n ng thit h nh t t i ng b h t i the ti h n AS . th nh gin c sn t t n h n t ng ca Australia vi h nh h n h v n ng s t . i i n t th nh gin h n t n h ng n phi hn m s dng t i vt t h n ng bi t v vi p dng tin hnh ht s n gin v m b ht ng tin . i i c gin thp trng ng nh SMARTRUSS t th tt t ng t nh h i nh p i t vi th gii. Nhng gii php xy dng t n th ng s n th th bi nhng gii php mi hi n i hn ti n tin hn p ng nhng ng ng ngi s dng. Nhng ngi nh mi ngi vi gii ph p t i s g p ph n e i t i n o mi h in t i t hi n i hn t p hn.
d) Ca mi ly nh sng trc tip trn mi. e) Cc dng thanh chp iu khin t ng S dng cc tm chn kim loi iu khin t bng kim loi chng chi cho ca ly nh ng chng chi sng trc tip
f) Chiu sng trc tip trn mi kt hp vi kt cu dn mi g) Chiu sng trc tip trn mi kt hp vi
kt cu mi dng mi gp np.
2) Cu to kin trc ca mi: Ca mi nh cng nghip c hnh thnh t cc b phn sau: kt cu chu lc, kt cu bao che v cc b phn chc nng ph. a) Kt cu chu lc: Kt cu chu lc ca ca mi thng thng l khung btng ct thp hay thp. Loi khung btng ct thp ch dng cho khung nh bng btng ct thp; cn khung thp dng c cho nh c khung chu lc bng thp hay btng ct thp. Khung ca mi c cu to t khung ngang v h ging. Khung ngang c to thnh bi cc thanh chng ng, x ngang v cc thanh xin. Nhp ca khung chu lc ca mi ca btng ct thp bao gi cng nh hn nhp ca mi cho mi bn 150mm (khi panen mi di 6m) hoc 250mm (khi panen mi bng 12m) tin cho vic iu phi cc cu kin khc ca mi nh, chn v mi ca ca mi. n nh cc khung ngang theo phng dc cn s dng thm cc h ging. b) B phn bao che v cc kt cu ph: B phn bao che ca ca mi thng bao gm mi, cnh ca knh hoc chp thng gi v b chn ca mi. Mi ca ca mi thng c cu to ng b vi mi nh. B chn ca mi phi lm cao ln chng ma ht. Cnh ca ca ca mi chiu sng hoc hn hp thng c lm thnh bng, c tm tn chn khe h gia cc cnh chng ma ht, c trc xoay nm ngang pha trn, gia (ng m bng m t in) hoc c nh. Chiu cao cnh ca c th ly bng 1200; 1500; 1750 mm hoc 1200; 1500; 1800mm. Chiu di 6 hoc 12m, theo bc khung. Cnh ca c lm bng thp hnh hoc nhm. u hi ca mi c che kn bng gch xy, panen hoc tn.
Cc kt cu ph ca ca mi bao gm tm chn cho ca mi thng gi,h thng ng, m ca v thit b lau chi, sa cha ca mi. Ngoi cc loi trn, trong thc t xy dng cng nghip cn s dng loi ca mi chiu sng nh u (nh sng chiu thng t trn xung) c kh nng chiu sng rt cao, c th b tr ty theo yu cu chiu sng. Chng c bit hp l khi s dng cho cc nh kn v c iu ha vi kh hu; hoc cho cc nh c kt cu v mng, dy treo. Tuy nhin cn c bin php chng chi khi s dng loi chiu sng ny. Ca mi chiu sng nh u c th b tr phn tn hoc thnh bng, kiu li hay phng.
a)
c)
Cc dng cu to kin trc kt cu bao che trnh by trn l tng kt cc kinh nghim xy dng thc t qua. Ngay ti thi im ny ang c v vn cc cng trnh ang c trin khai xy dng. iu c ngha l, c cng trnh c xy dng vi cc dng chi tit cu to nu trn v c nhng cng trnh ang c xy dng vi cc chi tit cu to xy dng hon ton mi. V nhng chi tit cu to kin trc mi c hiu qu s b sung thay th cc chi tit kin trc bit nhng khng cn hiu qu na. V d nh kt cu bao che kt hp vi vic s dng nng lng mt tri; Kt cu mi bng mng mng vi dng mi trong, mi trn... Mi mng mng c u im ni tri: - To kh nng truyn nh sng t nhin cao, mang li khng gian m, s cm nhn kh tri m khng lm mt i mu sc trong nh, to s khuch tn ca nh sng t nhin ban ngy v nhng vt sng n vo ban m to ra mt hnh nh k o trn bu tri.
- Mi mm c bn vng n 25 nm hoc lu hn, chu c ti trng tuyt (i vi cc nc x lnh) v gi ln. - Khng b tc ng ca iu kin thi tit lm phai mu, c kh nng chng thm cao, c th t lm sch bng nc ma. - Cho php nh sng xuyn qua n 15% m khng lm tng nhit bn trong nh vt liu knh, rt c hiu qu v s dng nng lng ( chiu sng v iu ho kh hu). - p ng c yu cu v ho hon. - Mi mng mng l mt vt liu xy dng linh hot. c cho php kin trc s to ra nhng cng trnh vi v p v hnh thc khng gii hn. bit
Vi u im nh vy chc chn rng trong nhng nm ti Vit Nam s xy dng nhiu cng trnh vi mi mng mng v cu to kin trc mi mng mng s tr nn quen thuc trong kin trc v xy dng.
Hnh 52 : Mi nh cng nghip khng ch n thun l kt cu bao che cn l ni lp t cc thit b thu nng lng mt tri.
III. H THNG KT CU PH
5) KT CU NN, SN NH CNG NGHIP
NHNG YU CU CHUNG Hot ng sn xut, ca con ngi c din ra trc tip trn nn, sn, v vy cu to kt cu nn, sn nh cng nghip chc chn c nh hng ln n nng sut lao ng v cht lng sn phm. Mt khc kt cu nn, sn phi chu c cc tc ng bt li sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut, phi s dng an ton, thun li cho vic bo qun, lm v sinh cng nghip. Nn, sn nh cng nghip thng chu nhiu tc ng khc nhau t trn xung v di ln do sn xut v mi trng: - Cc lc tc ng t trn xung: Lc tnh: trng lng thit b, vt liu sn xut, ngi, sn phm; Lc ng: sinh ra do thit b sn xut hot ng; con ngi i li; lc rung v va chm do my mc hot ng. - Cc lc tc dng t di ln trn: Cc cht xm thc dng kh, nc... Khi thit k cu to kin trc nn, sn nh cng nghip phi p ng c cc yu cu chung sau: - Ph hp cao nht cc yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut; - C bn c, l, ho cao di tc ng ca cc loi ti trng, cc cht xm thc; - Khng chy v chu la tt; - Khng sinh tia la ti cc phn xng c nguy c chy, n; - Khng trn trt, v sinh, an ton v d bo qun, sa cha... - Bo m m quan; - Kinh t, ph hp vi kh nng cung ng vt liu, kt cu trn th trng... Trong nh cng nghip, do yu cu ca sn xut, c th tn ti mt lc nhiu loi sn nn, sn khc nhau, nhng khi xy dng nn hn ch s lng chng loi. Mt khc, khi thit k cn ch n b tr v ti trng my mc x l sn, nn, mng my, mng rnh k thut cho ph hp. Ngoi ra, mu sc, cht liu nn, sn cng l mt trong nhn t quan trng trong t chc ni tht nh cng nghip. O
CU TO CHUNG NN, SN NH CNG NGHIP Cu trc chung ca nn, sn cng nghip thng bao gm cc lp sau: 1) Lp o ph mt:
y l lp trc tip chu tc ng c, l, ho hc, l lp quyt nh cht lng nn, sn nh sn xut. Lp ph mt c chia lm ba loi chnh: lp o lin tc (v d nh t m cht, cc loi btng...; lp o bng vt liu ri (cc loi gch, tm btng, kim loi, g...) lp o bng vt liu cun (cc loi tm nha tng hp). Khi gi tn cc loi nn, sn, ngi ta thng gi theo tn ca loi lp o ph mt. 2) Lp m: Lp m gi chc nng truyn lc xung lp nn, thng c lm bng cc vt liu nh ct, x, dm, si, b tng gch v, b tng t hay b tng dm. Vic la chn loi lp m ph thuc vo c im sn xut, ti trng bn trn v sc chu ti ca t. Nu lp o nn bng t, b tng t, tm kim loi th lp m l t, ct m cht; Nu lp o nn bng vt liu ri, cun th lp m bng cc loi b tng chu c cc tc ng c, l, ho tng ng; Vi cc phn xng nng, mt nn chu trc tip tc ng ca nhit cao, lp m thng th lm bng vt liu ri. chng mao dn ca nc ngm, lp m c lm bng vt liu to to rng. Chiu dy lp m c xc nh theo tnh ton. Theo kinh nghim thc t, chiu dy ti thiu ca lp m c th ly t 60mm n 100mm ph thuc loi vt liu lm lp m. 3) Lp trung gian: Lp trung gian gi hai chc nng: lm phng lp m v lin kt cc lp khc nhau thnh mt khi. Chng c th l va xi mng ct; va bitum ct; thu tinh lng...ph thuc vo lp o ph mt v c im c, l, ho tc ng ln nn. 4) Cc lp cch nhit, cch m, cch nc: Lp cch nhit, cch m, cch nc c s dng theo tng yu cu c th ca sn xut v iu kin t nhin. 5) Lp nn: Lp nn l lp tt c cc lp trn, nn nh l nn t t nhin, t ln cht hu c; nh nhiu tng, l sn chu lc. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, trong cc lp nn trn c th c thm cc lp hay cc cu kin khc nh sn, nn c h thng si m... CU TO CC LOI NN NH CNG NGHIP 1) Nn c lp o lin tc: Loi nn ny c nhiu dng, vi c trng c bn ca chng l c lp ph mt ton khi, v c bn gm: a) Nn t: Nn lm bng t c cu to n gin, chi ph thp, d thi cng, sa cha, nhng hay sinh bi bn. Nn t c s dng cho cc phn xng c ti trng ng, tnh ln, c nhit cao tc ng ln nn. Lp o c lm bng t; b tng t (t trn ct, si, dm, x) m cht. O
b) Nn cp phi: Nn cp phi c lm t hn hp si, ct, t st; hn hp dm to, nh c hoc khng ri nha ng, va xi mng ct. Chng thng c s dng nhng ni xe c qua li, cho nh kho. c) Nn bng b tng xi mng, b tng nha ng: Nn bng b tng xi mng (c hoc khng c ct thp), nha ng c cng chu lc cao, chu lc mi mn... c s dng trong cc xng sn xut c m cao, c tc ng ca du, m, kim, axt, kho tng, ni t hay i li. Mt nn c lm bng va xi mng ct vng hoc b tng xi mng (chu du, m, kim); b tng ct thp c phoi thp chu va chm; b tng nha ng (chu axt) mc cao. Lp m bng b tng dm thng, mc thp. d) Nn va v b tng chu axt: Nn bng va v b tng chu axt c lp o bng vt liu chu axt nh va thu tinh lng c thm cc ph gia cn thit; va xi mng t vi, xi mng x l cao, tro ni la. Trn lp m phi c ph bng bitum. e) Nn bng mi: Nn bng mi c lp o bng xi mng ht lu mi nhn (granit), lp m bng b tng dm m cht. Loi nn ny p, v sinh, chu c tc ng ca du m, kim . 2) Nn bng vt liu ri: c trng bi lp o ph mt c hnh thnh t cc tm, khi ri lin kt vi nhau bng va hoc khng va nh gch, , tm lt, tm kim loi... a) Nn bng gch gm: Nn bng gch gm c chu lc khng ln, song thi cng n gin, chi ph thp. Gch c lt nm hoc va, gn kt bng va xi mng ct hay va nha ng. Lp m bng ct, x, dm m cht hoc bng b tng mc thp. b) Nn bng : Nn bng c chu lc ln, chu va chm, chi ph thp, song khng bng phng, sinh bi... thng c s dng cho cc phng sn xut c nhit cao, va chm mnh, kho cha thit b nng, ng t... c th khng c gia cng ( hc) hay c gia cng thnh khi hp ch nht. Cc tng c lt c quy lut trn lp ct m ct, x, t hn hp,... thm ch l m b tng. Cc khe h c th khng chn hoc c chn bng va ximng, va nha ng, ph thuc vo yu cu v c im cng nng s dng. c) Nn bng cc tm lt: Nn bng cc tm lt c lp o bng cc tm mi, tm gch gm, tm b tng xi mng hay tm btng nha ng, tm granit, tm nha tng hp... Cc tm ny c t ln lp m bng ct, t nn, dm m cht hay b tng dm. Vt liu lin kt thng l va xi mng, va nha ng, tu thuc c im v yu cu sn xut. d) Nn bng cc tm kim loi: Nn bng cc tm kim loi c lp ph mt bng cc tm gang hay thp c, c s dng cho cc phn xng luyn kim, ti trng ln tc ng. Cc tm kim loi c t trn lp m ct, t nn, dm m cht (hoc b tng)....
e) Nn bng g: Nn bng g c tnh cht n hi cao, nh, m, ht m, khng sinh bi... song d chy, mc. Chng thng c s dng cho cc vng thao tc ca cng nhn phn xng dt, si, cho cc nh phc v sinh hot, hnh chnh - qun l, dch v. G c gia cng kiu khi (ct ngang) hoc kiu tm (ct dc). 3) Nn bng vt liu t nha tng hp : Bn cnh cc loi nn sn k trn, trong xy dng cng nghip cn s dng nn c lp ph mt bng cc cun cht do tng hp. Chng p ng c nhiu yu cu ca mt s loi sn xut c ho cht tc dng, yu cu v v sinh, cch m v khng thm nc . Lp o ca loi nn ny c sn xut di dng lin tc, tm hay cun. Chn g c dn bng keo tng hp vo lp m b tng c lm phng mt. cc phng do c im cng ngh thng xuyn gy m t mt sn v phng v sinh, tm ra... phi thit k nn c dc v pha thot nc. Di mt lp mt nn, trn lp lin kt phi cu to cc lp chng thm. Gc nghing ca nn ly khong 0,5% n 8%. chng ln, co dn nhit, phi lm cc khe bin dng nn, cu to chn tng nn. Khe bin dng nn i vi nn b tng cch nhau nh hn v bng 6m v c chn bng bi tum. Ngoi ra khe bin dng ti nn cn b tr ph hp vi khe co dn ca cc kt cu khc trong nh: - Khong cch gia cc khe c dn nhit i vi kt cu BTCT lp ghp v ko thp ly bng 60m; i vi kt cu BTCT ti ch ly bng 50m; i vi kt cu thp ly bng 150m; - i vi ng ngm ti ch: bng BTCT ly bng 40m; bng BT ly bng 20m; - Khe co dn cch nhit ca tng gch cn t trng vi cc khe co dn ca kt cu chu lc, nhng khong cch gii hn cc khe khng c ln hn 60m. i vi nh sn xut nm trong vng c ng t t cp VII tr ln, khe co dn nhit t trng vi khe chng ng t. Ngoi ra khi xy dng nn nh cng nghip cn ch n gii php cu to ca mt s b phn c bit trong nn nh: - Trong nh cng nghip, nhiu lc khng n thun ch s dng mt loi nn ng nht cho mt mt bng xng. V vy, trong nn hnh thnh cc khe phn chia gia cc loi . bo v chng cn c cc bin php x l thch hp. - Trong nn nh cng nghip thng b tr cc mng rnh t cc loi ng dy ng ng k thut, cp thot nc. - Vic thit k nn nh cn phi ph hp vi vic b tr mng my v trang thit b.
CU TO CC LOI SN NH CNG NGHIP V c bn cu to cc loi sn nh cng nghip tng t nh vi nn nh cng nghip, s khc bit ch yu th hin ti: - Lp nn trong kt cu sn chnh l kt cu sn; - V nguyn tc sn nh cng nghip khng chu ti trng ln nh nn v vy sn khng c mt s loi cu to ca nn, v d nh vi lp o bng t hay bng ... - Sn nh cng nghip l gii hn gia hai khng gian - tng trn v tng di (so vi v tr sn) v vy kt cu sn nh cng nghip thng t trong mi quan h vi trn ca tng di v sn kp ca tng trn. Trong trng hp sn nh phi b tr my mc,cc thit b nng v lc tc dng ln kt cu chu lc khc nhau, nn s dng kt cu sn tch khi h khung chu lc. Hin nay, ngoi vic s dng cc vt liu xy dng mi cn xut hin thm mt s cu to dng nn, sn khc, v d nh : Nn, sn c h thng si m bn trong, s dng h thng ng ng dn cc cht lng truyn nhit s dng cho cc nh cng nghip c yu cu c bit v iu kin vi kh hu; Nn, sn kp to khng gian cho vic b tr cc tuyn k thut (tuyn cp thng tin) c kh nng tip cn thun li ti cc v tr trong khng gian nh... O
Hnh 12: Cu to sn nh cng nghip
b)
a)
c)
Hnh 13: Nn,sn c si m s dng trong nh cng nghip c yu cu c bit: a) Mi tng quan gia chiu dy ca lp m bng b tng v kch thc cc ng si; b) Cng nhn ang t h thng ng truyn dung dch si m trn mt sn. c) ng dn dung dch si m bng cht do.
Hnh 14: S dng sn kp to thnh khng gian k thut di sn, rt ph hp cho cng trnh s dng cng ngh cao i hi h thng cp thng tin tip ni n tt c cc v tr trang thit b (my tnh) trong khng gian phng.
La chn vt liu lm sn nh ph hp
Sn g d thng kh G l vt liu c tnh cht m cao nht, d thng kh, d ha hp vi mi trng thin nhin. G mm, nh, sng mu nh g thng th tnh m cao hn; cc loi g cng v sm mu th tnh dng cao hn. So vi xi mng th gch mm v thng thong hn. Tuy c phn cn tr lung kh nhng gch trnh c s m thp nu s dng nhng gc tng trong phng u ti. Nu ph thm thch cao ln tng gch, mt tng trn mt s thm phn qun bnh m dng, gip thng kh hn.
Sn xi mng ngh thut Xi mng tuy hi ging gch nhng cng c v thin v tnh dng hn. Nu trm nhiu plastic trn tng xi mng th kh cng kh thm thu qua tng.
Vt liu mang tnh dng cao Loi cng nh hoa cng th tnh dng cao hn vi. nhm sn si cn kh hn mn. Tng gip kh xung ng lu chuyn qua mi hng, trnh bu kh t hm. V kh kh xuyn thu tng , nn cn tr nhiu ca nh v ca s thng ra ngoi cho thong kh.
Ca s cht liu knh c tnh d thy ca knh l cng v nhn bng. Do knh trong sut nn nh nng d dng xuyn qua, gip sinh kh xm nhp t ngoi vo trong. Dng kh cn c th trn nhanh qua mt knh phng phiu. Mun gim bt tc lun chuyn ca kh, nn dng rm ca vi mu sc v cht liu ph hp.
Trong mt cng trnh, sn nh rt quan trng bi l ni c s dng nhiu nht. Trong k trc, chng ti t vn cho bn c mt s loi cht liu lm sn nh. Trong k ny, chng ti mi bn th nghim mt s loi vt liu khc. Hy vng ni dung t vn gip bn c c cho mnh tng ph hp nh
Tre Loi vt liu sn thn thin mi trng c s dng nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Li th ca loi sn ny l r do nguyn liu u vo nhiu, d kim v khng ph hoi mi trng (tre rt d trng v khai thc, hin c tan th gii coi l "thp ca th k 21"). Cc thanh tre c x l bng ha cht chng mi mt, ri ghp v to hnh thnh nhng tm vn lt c kch thc nh sn.
Nhng tm vn lt sn bng tre thng c mu t nhin nhng nu ph bng cc mu ti khc th s lm tng snh iu hn nhiu.
Mt loi sn tre c s dng cng kh ph bin l loi sn t nhng thn tre thng c x l v kt li thnh tm ln. Loi ny c bn thp hn nhng trng li c o v "tropical" hn nhiu. G xp
Cc loi g xp nh g bc, g bch n vn khng c xp vo loi vt liu lm vn. Nhng vi cng ngh hin nay, bng cch x l m rng, bm cht kt dnh, nn p sut,... cc nh sn xut to nn nhng sn phm c bn khng km loi g cng l my m li c kh nng cch m, cch nhit cao hn. V mt iu quan trng na l loi g ny c gi thnh r hn nhiu so vi g cng. t nhin cm thch, vi, granit hay basalt vn c s dng nhiu cc nc vng a Trung Hi, nht l trong tin snh ca cc ngi nh ln v mang li v sang trng qu phi cho ngi nh. Vit Nam cng c u th v t nhin phong ph. iu ng lu vi cc loi ny l gin, d b tn hi v gi thnh cao, cn c cc bin php x l chuyn nghip.
Nhng phin t nhin c kch thc ln to nn v hng v cho cng trnh nhng ng thi cng yu cu trnh hon thin cao hn. Khi s dng trong cc cng trnh vi din tch nh nh phng bp, phng tm, nn chn loi c kch thc b.
Si t nhin L i th xng tm vi cc loi thm si ha hc, thm si t nhin ang l sn phm c nhiu quan tm nh gi thnh v cc tnh nng khc ca n. Si t nhin rt hp vi mt sn nh ma ng m.
t b trn trt, c kh nng gi nhit tt, c loi si cn c kh nng ht m cao, gi kh sn nh trong nhng ngy tri m t. Nhng tm thm ny rt an ton cho tr nhng khng ph hp lm vi vt nui, nht l nhng loi c mng vut sc nh mo. Sn b tng
nhng loi sn t vi hay gch gi granit. Cc chuyn gia hon thin cn sng to cho thm bt mu v bt bng vo lp b tng bn trn to ra nhng mt sn sng bng v a dng v mu sc.
Hnh 15: Mt s dng t chc nt giao thng - k thut ng v l li cng cho h khung ca
nh
2) Cu thang ph tr: Cu thang ph tr c s dng cho cng nhn ln cc khu vc sn xut ng c lp, ln cu trc...c lm ch yu bng thp thng hoc thp chng g c dng bn hoc trn. Bn bc thang, chiu ngh nn c l, g hoc kha chng trt. Cu thang c ch to bng phng php hn, cn lin kt vi kt cu khc bng bulng. Cu thang ca tng hm v tng mi cho php c nghing 1: 2,5; nghing cu thang h (khng c bung thang) ly l 1:1. Nu ch dng cho mt s t ngi cho php ly 2:1. kim tra cc thit b cao khng qu 6m cho php thit k cu thang thng ng vi chiu rng thang khng nh hn 0,6m. Cu thang h thu, ging thm, tng hm c th thit k lin kt trc tip vo tng hoc ct.
Hnh 15 : Cu thang ph tr
3) Cu thang cha chy, phc v s c: Cu thang cha chy, cu thang phc v s c c s dng khi chiu cao nh trn 10m, nh c mi chnh lch, c ca mi kiu chng dim. Khi nh cao di 30m, mi chnh lch, c ca mi chng dim, thang c t thng ng, vi chiu rng v thang 0,6m, c lan can kiu lng. Khi nh cao trn 30m, v thang t nghin mt gc < 80, chiu rng v thang 0,7m. ngi s dng mt, c ln cao 8m nn t mt chiu ngh c lan can bo v.
Khong cch cu thang cha chy theo chu vi nh khng vt qu 200m, theo chu vi ca mi khng vt qu 80m. Cu thang c lm bng kim loi nh cu thang ph tr. Cu thang an ton dng thot ngi khi c s c, thng c b tr bn ngoi nh. Tt nht l nn kt hp vi cu thang cha chy, song lc chiu ngh nn ngang sn nh, dc thang khng c ln hn 60. Ngoi ra trong nh cng nghip cn c cc cu thang phc v vic sa cha, bo hnh cng trnh. Cu thang ny c kch thc, hnh dng tng t nh cu thang ph hoc cu thang cha chy, phc v s c.
Hnh 19 : Thang my
SN THAO TC, HNH LANG Sn thao tc, hnh lang trong cc nh cng nghip c s dng i li, sa cha, kim tra thit b sn xut... Sn thao tc thng lm bng thp c dng gi hoc gi ai. Dm sn thao tc ta trn cc kt cu chu lc c bn ca nh, ca thit b cng ngh hoc da ln cc gi ta c bit. Kt cu , sn cng tc trong nh sn xut c bc chu la I v II phi lm bng vt liu khng chy, cn i vi nh c bc chu la III v IV phi lm bng vt liu khng chy v kh chy.
MNG MY, TRANG THIT B Trong cc nh cng nghip, my mc, thit b sn xut c th t trc tip ln nn, sn khi trng lng nh hoc ln mng ring khi c ti trng tnh v ng ln.. Cn c vo loi thit b, iu kin t my v c im nn t, khi lp t my c th dng mng ton khi t su trong nn t, mng tng hoc mng khung . Mng my thng c lm bng b tng, b tng ct thp ton khi hay lp ghp. Vi loi mng khung, phn trn ca mng c th lm bng thp. Kch thc mt mng c xc nh theo tnh ton, thng khng nh hn kch thc t my yu cu. Thit b, my mc c lin kt vo mng bng bulng neo hoc vt n v c cu to hn ch s lan truyn rung ng ca my vo nn, sn. O