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Biomedical Instrumentation

Michael R. Neuman, PhD, MD Memphis Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering Orhan Soykan, PhD Medtronic, Inc. and Michigan Tech Heidi Niska, BSEE Graduate student, Michigan Tech E-mail: hmniska@mtu.edu
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E-mail: osoykan@mtu.edu

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E-mail: mneuman@memphis.edu

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General Information on the Course


Textbook: J. Webster, Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design Recitation sessions Office hours
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Instructors

Lab: No lab this and next week! (Withhold Cheers!)

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Instrumentation
Devices that can be used to make a measurement and give quantititave (or sometimes qualititative) results
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Biomedical Instrumentation
Devices that can be used to make measurements of biologic or medical quantities and give quantititave (or sometimes qualititative) results
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Examples of Familiar Biomedical Instrumentation


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Clinical Thermometer

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Stethoscope

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Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

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Future Biomedical Instrument


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Tricorder (Star Trek) Completely non-invasive Imaging Internal and external measurements Internal intelligence to make diagnosis and suggest therapy

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Home Glucose Monitoring


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Requires blood sample (<10L) Colorimetric or electrochemical determination Newer units have software instructions and memory
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Must use microlancet


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Basic Biomedical Instrument


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Physiologic System

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Sensor Processor Display Storage

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Observer

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Fundamental Rules of Biomedical Instrumentation


Minimum disturbance to physiologic system Sensor must be at physiologic variable value Maintain simplicity
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Important Instrumentation Terms


Sensitivity - Change in output as a function of a
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change in input Stability - Consistency in output for a constant input from other competing variables Accuracy - Difference between true value and measured value divided by the true value Precision - Number of distinguishable alternatives from which a given result is selected Resolution - Smallest increment that can be measured with certainty Reproducibility - Same output for the same input
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Specificity - Ability to distinguish desired variable

Transfer Characteristic
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Signal In Ui(t) (Physiologic Variable)

Operation, f
Uo(t) = f(Ui(t))

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Signal Out Uo(t)

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Uo(t)

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Ui(t)

Instrument Output

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For an instrument with a linear transfer characteristic, the sensitivity is the slope of this curve

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Sensitivity - Change in output as a function of a


change in input

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Variable Measured

Variable

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Stability - Consistency in output


for a constant input

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Time

Instrument Output

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Specificity - Ability to distinguish desired


variable from other competing variables

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Variable Measured

Instrument Output

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Accuracy - Difference between true value


and measured value divided by the true value

Variable Measured

Instrument Output

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Precision - Number of distinguishable


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alternatives from which a given result is selected. In other words: the smallest change in a variable that can be correctly measured

Variable Measured

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Instrument Output

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Resolution - Smallest increment that


can be measured with certainty

Variable Measured

Instrument Output
Calibration 1

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Calibration 2 Calibration 3

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Reproducibility - Same output for the same input

Variable Measured

Basic Biomedical Instrument


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Physiologic System

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Sensor Processor Display Storage

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Possible Types of Transducers


Electrical Mechanical

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Optical

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Thermal

Acoustic Hydraulic

Chemical

Possible Types of Transducers


Electrical Mechanical

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Optical

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Thermal

Acoustic Hydraulic

Chemical

Types of Sensors
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Physical
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Chemical
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Bioanalytical

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Types of Sensors
Strain gauge Accelerometer Load cell (force) Pressure sensor Velocimeter Thermistor Metal resistance thermometer Flow sensor

Bioanalytical
Glucose sensor Lactate sensor
And so on .

Oxygen electrode Glass electrode (pH)

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Chemical

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Ion-selective electrode CO2 sensor

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Physical

Single Conversion Sensor


Physiologic Variable
Body Temperature

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Sensor

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Electrical Signal
Electrical Resistance

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Partial Pressure Of Oxygen

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Thermistor

Clark Electrode

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Electrical Current

Multiple Conversion Sensor


Physiologic Variable Intermediate Variable

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Serum Glucose

Hydrogen Peroxide

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Blood Pressure

Diaphragm Displacement

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Sensor

Electrical Signal

Displacement Sensor

Electrical Signal

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H2O2 Sensor

Electrical Signal

Thin-Film Gold Temperature Sensor


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Nasal

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Oral/Nasal

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In place on an infant R0 is the resistance at temperature T0 Is the temperature coefficient of resistance

R = R0 (1 + (T T0 ))

Thermistor (Temperature Sensor)


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High sensitivity Inexpensive Non-linear Moderate stability

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Semiconductor Oxides

Insulation

1 1 R = R0 exp T T 0

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R0 is the resistance at absolute temperature T0 Is a constant

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Lead Wires

Capacitance Force Sensor


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d A

is the dielectric constant

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A C = d

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Force

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Capacitance Force Sensor


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Cut-away structure of 64-element force sensor

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Micrograph of thickfilm silicone dielectric strips

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Assembled sensor

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Ion-Selective Electrodes
Hydrogel Inner Solution Ion-Selective Membrane
Hydrogel Inner Solution Thick-film Wall Ion-Selective Membrane Reference Electrode

Substrate

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Single thin-film basis ion-selective electrode

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Substrate

Ion-selective electrodes on a ceramic substrate with the inner chamber defined by 100 m thick glaze films.

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