Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Michael R. Neuman, PhD, MD Memphis Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering Orhan Soykan, PhD Medtronic, Inc. and Michigan Tech Heidi Niska, BSEE Graduate student, Michigan Tech E-mail: hmniska@mtu.edu
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E-mail: osoykan@mtu.edu
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E-mail: mneuman@memphis.edu
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Instructors
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Instrumentation
Devices that can be used to make a measurement and give quantititave (or sometimes qualititative) results
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Biomedical Instrumentation
Devices that can be used to make measurements of biologic or medical quantities and give quantititave (or sometimes qualititative) results
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Stethoscope
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Requires blood sample (<10L) Colorimetric or electrochemical determination Newer units have software instructions and memory
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Sensor Processor Display Storage
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Observer
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change in input Stability - Consistency in output for a constant input from other competing variables Accuracy - Difference between true value and measured value divided by the true value Precision - Number of distinguishable alternatives from which a given result is selected Resolution - Smallest increment that can be measured with certainty Reproducibility - Same output for the same input
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Transfer Characteristic
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Signal In Ui(t) (Physiologic Variable)
Operation, f
Uo(t) = f(Ui(t))
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Signal Out Uo(t)
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Uo(t)
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Ui(t)
Instrument Output
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For an instrument with a linear transfer characteristic, the sensitivity is the slope of this curve
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Variable Measured
Variable
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Time
Instrument Output
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Variable Measured
Instrument Output
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Variable Measured
Instrument Output
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alternatives from which a given result is selected. In other words: the smallest change in a variable that can be correctly measured
Variable Measured
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Instrument Output
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Variable Measured
Instrument Output
Calibration 1
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Calibration 2 Calibration 3
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Variable Measured
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Sensor Processor Display Storage
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Observer
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Optical
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Thermal
Acoustic Hydraulic
Chemical
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Optical
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Thermal
Acoustic Hydraulic
Chemical
Types of Sensors
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Physical
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Chemical
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Bioanalytical
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Types of Sensors
Strain gauge Accelerometer Load cell (force) Pressure sensor Velocimeter Thermistor Metal resistance thermometer Flow sensor
Bioanalytical
Glucose sensor Lactate sensor
And so on .
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Chemical
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Physical
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Sensor
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Electrical Signal
Electrical Resistance
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Thermistor
Clark Electrode
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Electrical Current
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Serum Glucose
Hydrogen Peroxide
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Blood Pressure
Diaphragm Displacement
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Sensor
Electrical Signal
Displacement Sensor
Electrical Signal
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H2O2 Sensor
Electrical Signal
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Oral/Nasal
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In place on an infant R0 is the resistance at temperature T0 Is the temperature coefficient of resistance
R = R0 (1 + (T T0 ))
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Semiconductor Oxides
Insulation
1 1 R = R0 exp T T 0
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Lead Wires
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A C = d
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Force
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Assembled sensor
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Ion-Selective Electrodes
Hydrogel Inner Solution Ion-Selective Membrane
Hydrogel Inner Solution Thick-film Wall Ion-Selective Membrane Reference Electrode
Substrate
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Substrate
Ion-selective electrodes on a ceramic substrate with the inner chamber defined by 100 m thick glaze films.