Marine Electrical Check List

A Guide to Inspecting Marine Electrical Systems This document is available on the Internet at www.islandnet.com/robb/marine.html and it is shareware. copyright Robb Zuk. All rights reserved. Contents

Introduction Stray Current Common Ground Point Batteries Connections Wires & Cables Labelling & Diagrams Battery Switch Fuses, Breakers & Switches Bilge Pump System Alternator Starter Anchor Winch / Windlass Battery Isolator (charging diodes) Battery Charger 120 Volt AC System Meters Bonding and Lightning Protection Corrosion Protection Compass Electrical Interference (noise) Miscellaneous Pre-Cruise Mini Check List o Batteries o Wiring & Connections o Alternator, Starter & Winch Motor o Miscellaneous o Electrical System Spares References

Back to Contents Introduction This document is an explanatory guide for checking marine electrical systems. There are some great, detailed publications on this subject and I recommend them for additional reading when you have the time For now, this check list will get you started with a minimum of reading. I summarised points from Canadian, American and British marine wiring regulations. However, I did not quote these publications exhaustively so don't consider Marine Electrical Check List a legal document. Before working on your system, clarify any confusing points with a professional electrician. Researching and writing this document took several months of my time -- I offer it on the Internet as shareware. If you read it and use it, please send US$10 using this secure online payment button:

or mail your payment to: Robb Zuk 9854 Canal Rd Pender Island, BC V0N 2M3 CANADA Back to Contents Stray Current (an explanation) Stray current is electricity that is flowing where it's not supposed to -- through water, fittings on your boat, wet wood, damp surfaces, etc. It can be a shock hazard and it can cause corrosion (technically known as electrolytic corrosion). Stray current corrosion is caused by a power source such as your batteries or the shore power connection. It is unlikely for serious corrosion to be caused by stray currents flowing through the water, without a metallic path to your boat. Because of the relatively high

driving voltages, stray current corrosion can act far more quickly than the corrosion caused by dissimilar metals in contact (galvanic corrosion). Note: The word electrolysis is often mistakenly used to describe various kinds of corrosion. Electrolysis actually refers to the bubbling off of gases that occurs with electrolytic corrosion. Back to Contents Common Ground Point (ship's ground)

grounds from batteries, engine, switch-panel negative bus bar, bonding system, auxiliary power generator, underwater ground plate, ship's 120 Voltsafetyground, and LORAN signal ground all meet at one point This point must be a heavy bus bar or bracket with bolted connections. Note: When referring to 12 Volt wiring, 'ground', 'negative' and 'ground return' are all equivalent terms. easy to access and located as far above bilge levels as practicable labelled as Common Ground Point

Back to Contents Batteries WARNING! The hydrogen gas in and around lead-acid batteries is explosive and the acid can burn skin and eyes. Avoid sparks and wash well after handling your battery.

acid (electrolyte) level is up to plastic liner inside holes Letting the acid level go below the top of the plates will kill a battery quickly. Use distilled water to top up batteries. If distilled water isn't available, tap water is OK if it's clear, not 'hard,' and not highly chlorinated. Let the cold tap run for a minute to clear metal ions out of the pipes and use a well rinsed, glass or plastic container to transfer. fully charged specific gravity is 1.245 to 1.300 in each cell In a partially discharged battery, specific gravity of each cell does not vary by more than 0.050 from the other cells

Battery cells sometimes charge with uneven specific gravities but after discharging about 25% (from a full charge) they should even out. Note: If it's been awhile since charging the battery, acid may have settled to the bottom leaving a lower specific gravity electrolyte on the surface. If you overfilled the battery then the electrolyte may be diluted. Either of these situations can result in abnormally low readings and they don't necessarily indicate a weak battery cell. 'at rest' battery voltage is 12.1 to 12.8 Volts A battery is 'at rest' when it isn't being used and hasn't received a charging current for at least 12 hours. A voltage above 12.8 Volts indicates that the battery is still settling after a charge. A voltage below 12.1 Volts indicates either a weak cell or a battery charge below 50% of capacity. Note: Standard batteries have their life span shortened drastically by deep discharges, even to the 50% level. True deep cycle batteries (see below) function well with 50% discharges. engine cranks properly for 5 seconds with each battery alone -- battery voltage is above 9.5 Volts and steady while cranking Perform this test only after engine has been running so that protective oil has circulated. Disconnect coil '+' wire or engage diesel fuel shut-off mechanism to keep engine from starting. It's possible for batteries to fail this high current test while still being able to provide good storage capacity at lower currents. Note: If engine doesn't crank properly and battery voltage remains high, then there is a problem with the starting circuit or starter motor. Note: Starter or electric winch motors will normally 'pull' a battery's voltage down to 9 or 10 Volts while they're operating. The battery should recover most of its 'at rest' voltage within seconds.

batteries draw not more than a few amps of charging current once they are charged except during conditioning (see below), water loss is at most a few ounces (50 to 100 ml) per cell, per year Significant water loss indicates a problem. If the water loss occurs evenly in

the cells, alternator or battery charger voltages may be too high. Water loss in only one or two cells indicates weak or shorted cells. batteries are true deep cycle type if used for anything but starting Specify that you want 'golf cart' batteries because most marine/RV 'deep cycle' batteries are only marginally better than automotive batteries for deep cycling. True deep cycle batteries will provide many hundreds of charge/discharge cycles instead of only a few dozen. Note: Avoid discharging deep cycle batteries below 50% of their capacity. A 50% discharged battery has an 'at rest' voltage (see above) of 12.1 to 12.2 Volts. top surfaces clean and dry cables in good condition -- ends are soldered and correct size for terminal connectors Check cables for broken or corroded strands, especially at the ends. only one cable to each terminal In particular, avoid small wires in battery compartment. Run them to the battery switch and switch-panel negative bus bar instead. no connection depends on spring tension (i.e., no alligator clips) connections cleaned and sealed positive terminals have insulating cover negative cables go directly to Common Ground Point Many systems have the negative cable running directly to the engine as part of the starting circuit. This means that other negative connections need to be at the engine, or in the battery box, which can cause corrosion problems. positive cables go directly to nearby battery switch no batteries wired in parallel Paralleled batteries tend to fight each other when they are at rest -- this causes premature discharge and a shortened life span. It's OK to parallel batteries temporarily with the battery switch, while charging, starting and running the engine -- just avoid leaving the switch on 'BOTH' when no power is being drawn. If you require a large battery capacity, connect several 6 Volt or even 2 Volt cells in series instead of wiring 12 Volt cells in parallel. Note: Two batteries are in parallel if their positive terminals are connected and their negative terminals are connected.

ventilation is provided for cooling and for venting the gases produced by batteries Batteries produce hydrogen, oxygen and corrosive sulphide gases. The lighterthan-air hydrogen must be able to rise naturally through a venting system, with or without a blower. batteries can be conditioned with an equalizing current After a normal full charge, conditioning consists of applying a reduced charging current (2 to 5 amps for most batteries) either for a few hours or until battery voltage rises to 15.5 - 16.5 Volts -- this takes the lead sulphate 'crust' off the battery plates and helps maintain full storage capacity. Check the acid level when finished because this process causes bubbling and fluid loss. Condition batteries every month when they're being used heavily. Conditioning requires either an override on the alternator's standard voltage regulator or a battery charger with a conditioning or 'equalising' option. Note: Don't condition batteries when they are in parallel or one battery may take most of the conditioning current. Note: Shut off all electronic equipment during conditioning because of the high battery voltage. inlet vent below batteries outlet vent as high as possible in battery compartment if using an electric blower for battery venting, the motor is not in the air stream ventilation system is for batteries only batteries strapped down and prevented from shifting battery compartment protected against acid spills easy to access and located as high above bilge as practicable if batteries are not being used, they are given a full charge at least once every 3 months Lead acid batteries will self-discharge over a period of months so they should be charged periodically to ensure that they don't completely discharge. This is especially important during freezing weather because a discharged battery can freeze develop cracks in the case.

Back to Contents Connections

all easily accessible and above bilge water levels If you must make a connection in a poorly accessible spot, solder it and seal it against moisture. soldered joints are first mechanically connected (crimped, bolted or twisted) -crimped or twisted connections are soldered as well Connections held by solder alone will fracture with little stress. Some commercially crimped connections may be OK without soldering but most are fallible in a marine environment. Make sure solder is rosin core (60/40), not acid core.

mechanical connections are strong (nut and bolt/stud, or machine screw into tapped metal) Self-tapping screws into fibreglass, wood, or thin sheet metal don't provide the consistent high pressure required for a reliable gas-tight (safe from humid air) mechanical connection. Note: If you must use bare wire in a mechanical connection, solder the end of the wire first. Wire strands that are 'mashed' in a connector are very susceptible to vibration breakage. contact surfaces of mechanical connections are clean and coated with moisture resisting sealant before being put together Note: Sealant does not need to conduct electricity. When you force two clean and sealed metal surfaces together with enough pressure, high spots in the metals press against each other and force the sealant aside. In this way, metalto-metal contacts occur all across a connection, with 'doughnuts' of sealant surrounding each contact area. Use petroleum jelly (Vaseline), water resistant grease, or a specialty product such as Lanacote for sealant. When sealing light bulb bases, replaceable fuses and other friction connections, 'rock' the connection back and forth a few times to create good metal to metal contact while squeezing the sealant aside. Applying sealant to the exterior of existing connections will help prevent deterioration but may not last long. By sealing the interior surfaces of a connection before you put it together, you get a long lasting barrier to the moist marine environment. mechanical connections are locked 'Star' lock washers are best for bolted/screwed connections because they dig into the metal surfaces, providing good metal to metal contact.

no connections made with wire nuts, wire screws or marrettes If you insulate a soldered connection with a wire nut, turn it up so that water can't collect in it. terminal connectors are ring type and correct size -- they are not 'forked' or spade connectors Ring type connectors hold best if a wire is accidentally pulled or a connection becomes loose. Avoid spade or other 'push on, pull off' connectors if possible. If you do use spade connectors, they must be clean and sealed, provide solid mechanical contact, be positioned so that water cannot collect in the connection, and be anchored to protect against accidental pulling on the wires. A better option is to install a terminal strip so that you can make ring terminal connections. Seal these connections as well. terminal strips are easy to clean type (not enclosed), with covers terminal strip uses minimum size #8 screws Stripped threads are likely on smaller sizes. all connections that are at a voltage different from the Common Ground Point (i.e., all positive or 'hot' connections) are insulated with shrink tubing or rubber boots Electrical tape does not hold up well in a marine environment. However, if tape is used for moisture sealing or to insulate an awkwardly shaped connection, secure the finishing end with a wire tie or cover as much of the tape as possible with shrink tubing to keep it from unravelling. wires anchored next to connections for strain relief In places where wire vibration or movement is unavoidable (e.g., some engine and bonding wires) make sure that only unsoldered, uncrimped wire is moving. This may require heavy duty connectors and shrink tubing on the wire next to connectors. In these situations, leave a little extra wire in a loose coil so that movement of any given section of wire is minimised and there is no chance of the wire being pulled taught.

Back to Contents Wires & Cables (conductors)

12 Volt system is all 'two wire' type All devices have insulated, positive and negative wires running to them. The hull or bonding system must not be used for the ground because of potential corrosion problems. all wiring is stranded (no solid wire) Solid wire is more susceptible to vibration breakage than stranded wire. However, very finely stranded wire is likely to suffer corrosion problems so it should also be avoided. routed as high above bilge water levels as practicable conductors not kinked or bent sharply Sharp bends will fatigue metal which eventually can cause fracturing. insulation is flame retardant and moisture resistant -- in bilge and engine compartment, it is oil resistant as well all wires have a flame retardant, moisture resistant (and oil resistant, as above) protective sheath over their insulation for the full length of the wire, except at the ends no frayed or cracked insulation The engine compartment and bilge is a likely area to have faulty insulation. wires are appropriate gauge for current being drawn and minimum size is 16 gauge Small wires break easily. 12 Volt system leaks less than 5 mA of current (test) With all circuits off and the battery switch off, connect a sensitive ammeter or LED indicator light across the battery switch contacts to indicate current leakage. Bilge pumps and their float switches are often a trouble spot so check this circuit as well if it bypasses the battery switch. supported at intervals of not more than 45 cm (18") unless running in bottom of conduit or trough -- supporting clips are screwed down, not nailed Wiring must not be able to move or flex with boat vibrations. if wiring is in conduit or troughs, drain holes exist to prevent collection of water protected from mechanical damage in exposed areas protected from chafing where passing through bulkheads, junction boxes, or other holes

minimum of splices -- unavoidable splices are soldered and sealed from moisture wires approach terminals and devices from below (use drip loops if necessary) Water that may run along wiring must not be able to wet connections or devices. wire colour coding is not opposed to standards and is consistent throughout the system Some confusion exists with wire that is commercially available. For example, 3-conductor AC wiring should have black for the hot wire whereas most DC wiring uses black to indicate ground. To make matters worse, 2-conductor wire often comes in black AND white making it very similar to the 3-conductor AC wiring. AC standards are: hot/black, neutral/white, and safety-ground/green or bare. DC standards are: positive/red or colour coded as to purpose, and negative/black or white. When 2-conductor wire uses both black and white, white is positive and black is negative.

Back to Contents Labelling & Diagrams

every wire labelled at both ends Label with descriptive words for ease of trouble shooting and modification -colour coding is often obscured by paint and numbering requires the use of schematics. Tags can be made from white, marine-vinyl and marked with an indelible, black felt-pen. I've found 'Sharpie' extra fine points to be the best. Attach the labels with plastic wire ties. If using tape on numbers, cover them with clear shrink tubing since tape is unreliable in marine environments. every electrical system is documented in diagrams or schematics and these indicate colour, relative size and labelling of wiring all diagrams, information sheets, operating manuals, etc. in one location on board

Back to Contents Battery Switch ('master' or 'main' battery switch)

ignition protected (enclosed) and marine rated

easily accessible for use and maintenance interrupts positive cables from batteries located near batteries switches off all systems except bilge pump circuit and possibly entry alarm or electronic memories connections clean and sealed for each 'On' position, voltage drop is less than 0.5 Volts in switch while engine is cranking This is a test of resistance in the switch.

Back to Contents Fuses, Breakers & Switches

all circuits are fuse or breaker protected The only exception to this may be the starter motor circuit. in 12 Volt system all fuses, breakers and switches in positive side of circuits Breaking the negative side of a circuit can cause stray current corrosion. breakers are trip free type (cannot be overridden) fuses or breakers rated not more than rating of the smallest wiring they protect electric motor fuses or breakers rated not more than 125% of maximum motor load no auto-resetting breakers (e.g., thermal cut-out breakers) unless circuit is already protected by fuse or manually reset breaker all fuses or breakers are located in switch-panel except, perhaps, main fuse or breaker If a fuse or breaker can't be in a switch-panel, it must be in the battery end of the circuit. In-line fuses should be avoided unless they're providing extra protection for a device on a shared circuit. They must be very accessible and the protected end of the fuse holder should connect to the positive wire coming from the battery. in 12 Volt system, main positive conductor to switch-panel is fuse or breaker protected as near to battery end of conductor as practicable fuses have clean, tight, sealed contacts switch-panel's wiring easily accessed for maintenance switch-panel ventilated

switch-panel compartment and junction boxes not flammable and not metal all switches labelled if engine is gas powered, switches in engine and fuel tank compartments are ignition protected and approved switches in head, cockpit and other moist areas have rubber covers for moisture protection

Back to Contents Bilge Pump System

wiring runs above bilge water levels where possible float switch is protected from being jammed open by debris there is a high-volume, manually-operated emergency pump

Back to Contents Alternator

with engine running, batteries fully charged and a 1 or 2 Amp load on system (a light turned on), voltage to batteries is 13.9 to 14.4 Volts -- voltage remains constant as more loads are turned on, up to the rated output of the alternator With constant voltage regulators (most common), a high voltage setting will slowly fry the batteries unless the engine is used very little. A low voltage setting causes slow charging. Note: Most voltage regulators can be overridden with additional circuitry to provide fast charging while at anchor, or to condition batteries. The override circuitry can be as simple as a switched resistor or automatic as with Spa Creek's M.A.C. (Manual Alternator Control) or Cruising Equipment Co.'s QuadCycle regulator.

IF it has ground terminal, a heavy wire connects it to the Common Ground Point or engine block ELSE: connection between alternator housing and engine block clean and sealed When an alternator doesn't have a separate ground terminal, the negative

connection is made between the alternator housing and the engine block. This connection must then be treated the same as any other electrical connection. alternator field cut-off switch on battery switch OR: 'Zap stop' voltage transient suppresser on output (available from Cruising Equipment Co., Seattle) OR: battery isolator/charging diodes in alternator output Any of these devices will protect the alternator if the battery switch is accidentally shut off while the engine is running. power to the voltage regulator supplied through an oil pressure switch unless supplied internally from alternator Some regulators are powered directly from the ignition switch. This means the engine is loaded down by the alternator even before protective oil has circulated. It's better for the engine to have the alternator turn on after oil pressure has built up. voltage regulator is external to alternator Some voltage regulators are located inside the alternator housing. This makes repair or replacement a time consuming job. brushes and slip rings clean and in good condition bearings in good condition external connections clean and sealed drive belt(s) tight and in good shape Note: Good quality, toothed V-belts last longer and are more efficient than solid V-belts because less heat builds up in the belt.

Back to Contents Starter

IF starter motor has ground terminal, a heavy cable connects it to the Common Ground Point or engine block ELSE: connection between starter frame and engine block clean and sealed Since starting currents are so high, good connections are crucial. Run the engine ground cable directly to the starter's mounting bolts or to the starter's ground terminal if it has one. brushes and commutator clean and not too worn

bearings/bushings in good condition solenoid plunger clean and lubricated solenoid internal contacts clean and not pitted High current arcing between the solenoid's main contact surfaces makes them subject to pitting and therefore poor electrical contact. external connections clean and sealed starter motor gets 9.0 Volts or more while cranking engine This is a test of batteries, cables, connections and solenoid.

Back to Contents Anchor Winch / Windlass

fuse or 'trip free' (cannot be overridden) breaker located in positive cable near batteries main current switching done through a solenoid Remote mounted starter solenoids, such as those used in older model Fords, are suitable. Many momentary switches are not rated for the high current drawn by winch motors or the arcing caused by such a large inductive load. Pitting in the contact surfaces can cause the switch to 'stick' and leave you with a runaway winch brushes and commutator clean and not too worn bearings/bushings in good condition connections sealed and protected from anchor chain or line electric motor gets 9.0 Volts or more when running under load This is a test of batteries, cables, connections and switches/solenoids.

Back to Contents Battery Isolator (charging diodes)

alternator output voltage is raised to compensate for the voltage drop in charging diodes unless the diodes are connected across battery switch Charging diodes lower the voltage received by the batteries. If this is not accounted for, charging will occur too slowly.

Note: If the diodes connect ACROSS battery switch, DON'T adjust the alternator output. In this case, the switch bypasses the diodes when it is 'on' -no diode voltage drop occurs and the batteries charge normally. good ventilation for cooling Charging diodes can generate a lot of heat Note: Battery isolators or charging diodes only isolate batteries from each other in the alternator or charger circuit. The batteries are NOT isolated when the battery switch is on 'ALL.' To avoid the problem of paralleled batteries discharging and harming each other, the battery switch should be on 'ALL' only while starting or running the engine.

Back to Contents Battery Charger

120 Volt side electrically isolated from 12 Volt side (test at 120 VAC if qualified) ammeter to indicate output overload protection on output charger shuts off completely or drops to 13.0 - 13.2 Volts (float voltage) after charging batteries Float voltages of 13.8 Volts or more are common and these will eventually fry your batteries. If the charger doesn't have a proper float voltage, leave it off except when you need it. It's far better to leave batteries alone, and give them a charge every few months, than to have them at a high float voltage. If you must leave a charger turned on, (e.g., with fridges or heavily used bilge pumps), make sure it has a proper float voltage.

Back to Contents 120 Volt AC System WARNING! 120 Volt systems can be dangerous, especially in marine environments. Don't use your system if you have any doubts about its safety. Don't work on your system if you are unsure of what you're doing.

Following are two key points to a safe 120 Volt system: The hot (black), neutral (white) and safety-ground (green or bare) wires must be intact and not mixed up (see AC System Warning Device, below). 2. All current must flow in the hot and neutral wires only. Current flowing anywhere else is 'stray', a fault condition and presents a shock and corrosion hazard. GFCIs (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters) ensure or an isolation transformer that current flows only in the hot and neutral wires. GFCIs trip if they detect a loss of current from the hot or neutral wire. Isolation transformers allow current to flow only in the hot and neutral wires.
1.

Note: No safety system protects against shock if you touch both hot and neutral wires at the same time. By touching both wires, you are no different from a light bulb or toaster since you are actually in the hot and neutral circuit. This can be fatal! Luckily, most fault conditions occur when current is able to flow outside of the hot and neutral circuit. This is the situation that GFCIs and isolation transformers protect against.

ship to shore plug connector has a locking cover and is insulated from the hull with a rubber gasket ganged, double-pole main breaker is the first part of ship's system and it is easily accessible The main breaker must disconnect both hot (black) and neutral (white) wires simultaneously. main breaker rating is appropriate for ship to shore plug connector and wiring used all power indicating devices are wired to hot (black) and neutral (white) wires only unless switched by a 'momentary on' switch For example, reverse polarity (hot and neutral reversed) detectors are wired between neutral and safety ground or ship's ground. If the detector is permanently wired into the circuit, it can cause stray current corrosion by allowing current to flow in the safety-grounds or through the bonding system. Note: A momentary switch is not required if the device uses circuitry to keep it from drawing more than 1 mA in safety-grounds, ship's ground, or bonding system. AC system warning device is testable and indicates reverse polarity, open safety-ground, hot on ground, etc. (all are dangerous conditions) Note: Unless your AC safety indicating system is quite sophisticated, it is a

good idea to have a plug-in AC outlet tester. They cost $10 to $15 and test most dangerous conditions with their 3 lights. Do not leave this tester plugged in because it causes current to flow in the safety-ground, which is a cause of stray current corrosion. no connection from either hot (black) or neutral (white) wires to any part of 12 Volt system, including bonding system (test at 120 VAC if qualified) A connection between 120 Volt AC hot or neutral wires and the 12 Volt system would be potentially dangerous and could cause stray current corrosion. This problem can occur with AC appliances, such as battery chargers or hot water heaters, and with poor insulation, wet connections, or broken wires. wiring is stranded 3-conductor and is 14 gauge minimum ends of bare wires are soldered before screw connecting Bare stranded wire will break easily if it is 'mashed' under a screw head. all connections (especially 'hot' ones) in switch-panel or other accessible areas are insulated Many commercially available panels contain both AC and DC systems, with all terminals exposed. The 120 Volt terminals must be insulated for safety. all connections are accessible only with the use of tools We wouldn't want tiny exploring hands endangering themselves would we? all switches, fuses and breakers disrupt the hot (black) wire Breakers may be the ganged, double-pole type, which disrupts both hot and neutral (white) wires simultaneously. The neutral wire must not be broken while the hot wire is intact. no fuses, breakers, or switches in safety-ground (green or bare) outlets in head and galley are protected by a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) Most regulatory bodies require GFCI protection in heads and galleys since they tend to be especially wet spaces. However, since boats can be wet all over I highly recommended that GFCIs or an isolation transformer be installed to protect the entire 120 Volt system. all 120 Volt outlets are 3 prong, grounding type and are incompatible with 12 Volt DC outlets outlet faces clean and terminals coated with a moisture resistant sealant such as petroleum jelly

120 Volt AC current leakage is likely with dirty or moist outlets. This leakage can cause GFCI devices to trip and, in extreme cases, can cause stray current corrosion or be a shock hazard. if there's an on board 120 Volt AC power source (generator or inverter) wired into the system, there is a DPDT (double-pole, double-throw) switch in the hot (black) and neutral (white) wires that switches the system between shore power and ship's AC power source Shore power and the ship's AC power source must not connect to each other or sparks can fly! all wiring enters its destination from below (or in a way that won't allow water drips to enter) AC system is one of the following three types:

1. Fully GFCI protected: o all circuits protected by GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) devices GFCIs are available as both circuit breakers and outlets. GFCI outlets must be in a circuit already protected by a circuit breaker (usually 20 Amp maximum)they do not function as an overload protector. GFCI outlets can be wired to protect the rest of the circuit, continuing from that outlet. GFCI devices must have a test feature and they should be tested monthly to ensure safety and corrosion protection. Note: The entire AC system could be protected by a single GFCI main breaker. However, this is not advisable if you have many AC circuits because the combined leakage of all AC devices could trip the GFCI unnecessarily. For large systems each circuit should have its own GFCI device. shore safety-ground (green or bare) continues as far as first GFCI device, stops there and does not connect to anything at that point ship's safety-ground (green or bare) starts at the first GFCI device, connects to GFCI and its box and continues from there ship's safety-ground is connected to Common Ground Point no connection from shore safety-ground to Common Ground Point (test at 120 VAC if qualified) The connection from shore safety-ground to ship's ground can allow stray current corrosion. This connection is safely avoided only with complete GFCI protection or an isolation transformer system.

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2. Isolation transformer protected: o all AC current supplied through an isolation transformer located between main breaker and switch-panel The transformer should be marine rated and large enough to supply all circuits used on board. if neither secondary wires (ship side of transformer) are grounded to Common Ground Point, all circuit breakers are ganged, double-pole type shore safety-ground (green or bare) connected to isolation transformer case only ship's safety-ground (green or bare) connected to Common Ground Point no connection from shore safety-ground to Common Ground Point (test at 120 VAC if qualified) The connection from shore safety-ground to ship's ground can allow stray current corrosion. This connection is safely avoided only with complete GFCI protection or an isolation transformer system. Note: GFCIs are not required with a correctly operating isolation transformer but may be added as protection against a malfunctioning transformer.

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3. Incomplete GFCIs, no isolation: o missing or incomplete GFCI (Ground Fault Interrupter) protection and no isolation transformer o AC safety-grounds (green or bare) from shore and ship are connected together and to Common Ground Point In this system, the connection between ship and shore safety grounds, and ship's ground is critical for protection against shock hazard and stray current corrosion. This connection does not protect against someone touching the hot (black) wire directly while in contact with bilge, sea, or bonding system. A GFCI or isolation transformer system would protect in this case. Note: Connecting the ship's safety-ground to ship's ground only, or to shore safety-ground only, can create a shock and corrosion hazard in

this system. Note: Without complete GFCI or isolation transformer protection, the safety-ground system must be solid on boat and shore to get the protection it can provide. While this 120 Volt AC system is common, it provides limited safety protection and allows several kinds of stray current corrosion to occur since your boat's underwater metal parts are electrically connected to other boats and to the shore system ground. DC stray current can be blocked with a 'galvanic isolator' (diode or capacitor type) connected in series with the safety-ground wire. However, high voltage AC stray current cannot be blocked safely. For these reasons, the full GFCI or isolation transformer systems (#1 and #2 above), which safely eliminate the shore safety-ground to ship's ground connection, are highly recommended. Back to Contents Meters

DC voltmeter can be read to nearest 0.1 Volt A voltmeter allows monitoring of alternator and charger operation. A sensitive voltmeter will also indicate storage capacity remaining in batteries. DC ammeter showing alternator output An ammeter is usually part of engine instrumentation. It allows monitoring of alternator operation. DC ammeter indicating power drawn from batteries An ammeter for the switch-panel can indicate faults in individual circuits. The meter's resolution should be better than 1 Amp (.01 Amp or 1 mA resolution is best). An indicator light for small current leaks is desirable and simple to install. Note: The connections on DC ammeters (or their shunts) carry full current so they must be clean, sealed and locked. AC voltmeter and ammeter in system if shore power used extensively or if there's an on board AC generator (alternator)

AC meters show the status of shore power or generating system and can indicate faults in the ship's AC system. Note: A meter can be installed to monitor the functioning of your zinc, anti-corrosion system. Back to Contents Bonding and Lightning Protection Four reasons for a bonding system are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Electrically connect metal fittings for corrosion protection systems. Protect metal fittings from stray currents originating on board. Reduce electronic interference (noise) for LORAN and radios. Provide a safe path for lightning strikes and the high voltages induced in metal objects by a lightning strike. system uses heavy conductors -- minimum size is 8 gauge wire or 1 mm x 10 mm (1/32" x 1/2") copper or bronze bar Some sources recommend a heavier conductor (up to 2/0 gauge) for the main lightning path which is down the mast, along the main bonding conductor, and out to the shaft and prop and/or underwater grounding plate. all connections above normal bilge water levels all connections accessible, clean, bolted and soldered or sealed Soldered connections must first be well connected mechanically since solder is weak. Also, solder can melt with the high current of a lightening strike. conductors are run with no sharp kinks or bends Sharp bends will fatigue metal and can eventually cause fracturing. conductors run separate from other wiring as much as practicable The high current of a lightning strike can cause equipment damaging voltages to be induced in nearby wiring. insulation (optional) is green or yellow Note: This system is separate from the 120 Volt safety-grounds which may also be green.

does not normally carry current (except for corrosion protection current) Do not use the bonding system in place of negative power wires (i.e., as a 'ground return') or stray current corrosion problems can result. the 'main bonding conductor' runs near the centre line of the ship and connects to the Common Ground Point -- all other bonding conductors connect to the main bonding conductor or directly to the Common Ground Point Running bonding conductors from one fitting to another increases the risk of shock and corrosion damage if stray currents run through the bonding system. Each bonded fitting should have only one connection point and one wire running to it. bonding system connects with DC power system at Common Ground Point only (test) The following connections exist to reduce the danger from stray currents originating on board: Note: These connections also provide the basis for hull-mounted-zinc or impressed-current corrosion protection systems and are part of the lightning protection system. o rudder shaft (if not mild steel) to main bonding conductor o trim tabs to main bonding conductor o propeller and shaft to main bonding conductor via wiper on shaft The prop shaft wiper provides a path for corrosion protection current. It also allows lightning strikes to ground through the propeller (at least one square foot of underwater metal is required). Make sure that wiper is on the propeller side of any non-conducting, flexible shaft couplers or install a jumper wire over the shaft coupler. Note: Electrical contact through lubricated gears and bearings is unreliable. Therefore, the engine block connection must not be counted on to connect the propeller and shaft to the bonding system. shaft support strut/bracket (if not mild steel) to main bonding conductor metal through-hull fittings to main bonding conductor Thru-hull fittings that are electrically isolated, in little danger of stray current corrosion and remote from protective zincs, need not be bonded (fittings that are far away from your zincs are not protected anyway). Keeping these fittings unbonded is desirable since a large system is more likely to pick up stray currents flowing through the water.

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if equipped with underwater ground plate, it is connected to Common Ground Point engine block to Common Ground Point The engine block is often connected to the Common Ground Point as part of the starting circuit. other metal components, that are exposed to water and require protection from corrosion or stray currents, are connected to the main bonding conductor.

Note: Underwater metals that are widely separated in the Galvanic series (e.g., mild steel and stainless steel) must not be electrically connected. For example, a mild steel rudder should have its own attached zinc and must not be connected to a bonding system containing bronzes or stainless steel. Otherwise, the brasses and stainless steels will be over-protected, causing wasted battery power or a shortened zinc life span and possible alkali rot in wood hulls. Also, if the corrosion protection system were to fail, the mild steel would be attacked by the more noble brasses and stainless steels. With zinc or impressed-current protection, bronze, stainless steel, monel, lead and some other alloys are compatible. The following connections exist for lightning protection: o each piece of metal standing rigging (stays and shrouds) to main bonding conductor o if mast is metal, mast base to main bonding conductor o if mast is not metal, a copper spike extends 15 cm (6") above top of mast and a conductor runs from the spike down mast to main bonding conductor If lightning does not have a metallic path to the sea, it can travel through wood or you causing serious damage. if equipped with masthead antenna, it is a metal whip on a base loading coil and it is well connected to mast or mast conductor Various kinds of lightning arresters are available to provide protection for antenna cables and radios. all metal parts of fuel system (tanks, lines, electric pumps, valves and fill fittings) to main bonding conductor metal water and holding tanks and their fill hardware on deck to main bonding conductor

o o

large or long metallic items (steering and engine control cables, sail tracks, stanchions and life lines, pulpit, cockpit railing, stove, chimneys, sinks, metal cabinets, etc.) to main bonding conductor

Back to Contents Corrosion Protection

if hull is wood, all fasteners are same type of metal In wet wood, different metals that are near to each other can cause galvanic corrosion to the less noble metal (zinc is one of the least noble metals). For example, galvanised fasteners would have a shortened life if bronze fasteners were nearby. galvanized fasteners used underwater are hot-dipped type Zinc plated fasteners will rust quite quickly because the protective plating is not very thick compared to a hot-dipped zinc coating. fasteners or fittings that are exposed to water are not made of brass, naval bronze, or manganese bronze These metals have a high zinc content and will corrode severely due to 'dezincification.' Most true bronzes (silicon, aluminum, or phosphor bronze) are OK under water, provided they aren't in contact with incompatible metals. Note: Do not use household-plumbing type gate valves in salt water systems because they are usually made of brass. Note: Propellers and shafts are sometimes made of brass or manganese bronze. Dezincification of these fittings can be slowed down with zinc or impressed-current protection systems. fasteners are same metal as fittings, or slightly more noble than fitting Note: Through-hulls are a particular problem area for underwater corrosion. Through-hulls and their fasteners should both be made of a true bronze. no copper in areas of fast moving water (e.g., exhaust elbows) Copper corrodes very little in still water but suffers from impingement attack (a type of corrosion) in fast moving water.

no copper alloys (brass, bronze, etc.) within 60 cm (2') of aluminum outdrive Underwater aluminum can corrode severely in the vicinity of copper so existing copper alloy parts should be painted with epoxy paint to help minimise their impact. no electrical path from underwater aluminum to any other underwater metals (test) Underwater aluminum will galvanically corrode when electrically connected to most other underwater metals. Magnesium and zinc are exceptions that can be used to protect aluminum. aluminum masts, outdrives or other fittings exposed to the weather use stainless steel fasteners and are in contact with no metals other than aluminum, stainless steel, galvanised steel, or monel Copper and copper alloys such as brass and bronze must not be joined to aluminum that is exposed to the weather because of the vigorous galvanic corrosion that they can cause. Stainless steel is much more noble (further from zinc) than aluminum but it develops a protective oxide coating so corrosion of the aluminum is minimal. Also, the corrosive effects of a small stainless fastener are spread out over a relatively large area of the aluminum fitting and so it will do little concentrated damage. hot-dipped zinc or galvanised metals (chains, anchors, etc.) in contact with galvanised, hot-dipped, or mild steel metals only Severe corrosion can result from mixing these metals incorrectly. Do not use galvanised chain on a stainless steel anchor, stainless shackles on galvanised chain, or stainless wire on a galvanised shackle, etc. stainless steel used with caution underwater Stainless is great underwater except when oxygen is not available to its surface, as happens under marine growth, in wet wood, inside stuffing blocks and rubber bearings, and underneath fittings. When stainless is in these common situations, deep pitting (crevice corrosion) of the metal can occur and structural failure can result. If stainless components are used underwater, they must be well bedded in waterproof 'goop' to exclude moisture from underneath the fitting and they should be inspected annually to check for pitting. Stainless fasteners in damp wood are particularly prone to crevice corrosion and should definitely be avoided. If stainless fasteners or bolts are used underwater, lots of goop must be placed on their threads, in the pre-drilled hole and under and around the head of the fastener to seal out moisture. These fasteners or bolts

must be withdrawn periodically to inspect for crevice corrosion. Note: Stainless steel that is connected to a zinc or impressed-current protection system will not necessarily be protected. Crevice corrosion occurs where oxygen cannot get to the metal's surface. If oxygen can't get to the surface then it's very likely that protective current won't be able to either. Note: Use only 'austenitic' stainless steels in marine applications. These steels can be differentiated from other steels with a magnet, which will attract them very weakly or not at all. The stainless should preferably be type 316 or better. Type 304, or 18/8, stainless is the most common but is not as corrosion resistant as 316. if propeller, prop shaft, or rudder shaft are stainless steel, waterproof grease or thread sealant is used to keep salt water out of threads, shaft taper and key way Note: Make sure grease is not graphite based. underwater stainless fittings are fastened with monel fasteners no gaskets containing asbestos or graphite and no underwater use of graphite based grease or graphite impregnated packing Asbestos and graphite are very noble in the galvanic series (opposite of zinc) and will, therefore, corrode most metals they are in contact with. no copper, mercury, or lead based anti-fouling paint on aluminum or mild steel In general, no metal based anti-fouling paint should be used on metal unless you know that they are compatible or an appropriate type of sealer coat is first applied to the bare metal. keel bolts in good condition and compatible with keel material centreboard pivot and lifting gear in good condition and made of compatible materials fittings that are in the bonding system are painted and isolated from wood as much as practicable Painting a fitting will reduce the amount of protective current it requires. Isolating it from the wood with paint or gaskets will protect the wood from hydroxides created by the protective current. These precautions minimise the damage by alkali rot to wood around protected fittings. if engine or its cooling system uses internal zinc protection, zincs are not corroded away

Zinc corrosion protection system:

A protective current flows through metals that are electrically connected to the zinc. The current is forced by the galvanic voltage difference between zinc and the underwater metal parts of the boat. Metals that are too far away from the zinc will receive little protective current.

zincs are bright, unpainted and not corroded away Note: There may be zincs in the engine block, in heat exchangers, on the rudder, or on outdrives. zinc connection locked with star washer and moisture sealed Zincs that are cast around a mounting bar are best. If you have stud mounted zincs, use a waterproof goop to seal in and around the mounting hole. This will help prevent corrosion that can lead to loosening of the zinc by undermining the stud connection. shaft zincs not too near propeller A zinc on the shaft can cause turbulence which will decrease the efficiency of the propeller. Shaft zincs also tend to protect only the forward part of the propeller. It's better to have hull-mounted-zincs connected to the shaft via a shaft wiper (see Bonding System). appropriate protection current is flowing (10 to 25 mA, or more, per square foot of bare metal to be protected, depending on many factors) Note: Too much protective current can seriously damage wood or, in extreme cases, aluminum around protected fittings. Too little current will not provide adequate protection of fittings. With a wood hull, it's cheaper to err on the side of too little protective current since most underwater fittings are reasonably corrosion resistant anyway. there is a meter for monitoring protection current A protection current meter is easy to install with a hull-mounted-zinc system. It will show how much protection is being given and when zincs need replacing. It will also indicate problems in the system, including stray currents. The meter should be 1 Amp (1000 mA) full scale and have a remote shunt. The shunt should have a pair of 40 Amp Schottky diodes wired in parallel with it, one in each direction, to protect the meter from lightning or electrical fault current surges. The remote shunt is important for allowing lightning strikes to flow directly to the sea, without first being routed up to your meter location.

Note: Stray currents picked up by a bonding system will corrode any attached zincs before damaging other metals. Current limiting systems: These systems are essentially the same as a hull-mounted-zinc system except that current limiting circuitry is placed in the wire running to the sacrificial zinc, allowing an extra large zinc to be used. Current is held at an appropriate level and the zinc may last for several years or more. These systems may have reference anodes mounted on the hull as well as the sacrificial zincs.

follow manufacturer's instructions for maintenance and make sure it's working

Impressed-current systems: Impressed-current systems 'force' a protective current to flow, using battery voltage instead of the natural voltage present between zinc and the bonding system. An underwater anode is still required but it is made of some non-corroding metal instead of zinc. Reference anodes may also be required with this system.

follow manufacturer's instructions for maintenance and make sure it's working

Back to Contents Compass (traditional, fluxgate and autopilot compasses)

not affected by operation of any of ship's equipment -- check on two perpendicular headings (e.g., N and W) Any DC current flow and most electronic devices can affect the compass if they're nearby. Check everything.

Note: AC current does not affect compasses so the next three points do not apply to 120 Volt wiring.

no wires carrying heavy current nearby no single wires near compass The switch-panel's main ground wire and the alternator output wire are

examples of potential problems because they carry a lot of current and they often run alone. When both positive and negative wires of a circuit run together, their opposite magnetic fields tend to cancel each other out. if wiring is nearby, it has both conductors tightly twisted together no speakers, swinging needle meters, transformers, ignition coils, or other magnetic devices nearby Speakers often contain powerful permanent magnets. They should be at least 1.5 m (5') away from any compass. no metal objects nearby unless they're non-magnetic Steel and iron usually cause most of the problems. Stainless steel and aluminum should be OK. All nearby metals should have their effect on the compass checked. autopilot and steering compasses separated by 1 m (3') or more (check their effect on each other)

Back to Contents Electrical Interference (noise)

GPS, LORAN, autopilot, VHF, RADAR, depth sounder, etc. continue to operate properly when other electrical systems are turned on -- Do not perform this test with engine starting circuit or winch motor! No electronic device should be 'on' while the engine is being started or the winch is operating unless they are in an isolated circuit. The voltage transients or 'spikes' generated by starter and winch motors can cause damage to sensitive electronics. In this test, watch for noise generated by gas engine ignition systems, alternator, DC to AC inverters, depth sounder, RADAR, strobe light, fluorescent lighting, electric motors, electric fuel pumps, VHF and SSB radios. Note that electronic noise can be transmitted through wires or air. For example, a LORAN may have poor reception due to noise in its power cable or noise picked up by its antenna. autopilot, RADAR, inverter and SSB radio have their own circuits, with the wires running separately from wires for sensitive electronics able to isolate autopilot circuit Some electric autopilot motors can cause noise problems for electronics (e.g., LORAN). If this happens, isolation is desirable. This can be achieved by

directly wiring the autopilot circuit to one battery (at battery switch) and running the system on the other battery. Alternatively, the LORAN can have an isolated power supply by having its own small battery, which is wired to the system with appropriate filters for charging. LORAN has at least 8 gauge conductor for 'signal ground' connection to Common Ground Point power wires for sensitive devices run separately from other wiring, especially alternator output, engine instrument and electric motor wires Wires that run parallel and close to each other can cause problems. However, wires may cross without affecting each other. Shielding may be required if close parallel wiring can't be avoided. If noise problems continue after following the above suggestions, filtering of offending and/or sensitive circuits may be necessary

Back to Contents Miscellaneous

depth sounder transducer is free of marine growth and has thin or no paint layer on bottom surface if propane or gasoline are used on board, appropriate sensing devices are installed to warn of leaks autopilot, VHF, RADAR, SSB and other critical, high-power devices have an input voltage that differs from battery voltage by less than 0.5 Volts while operating The voltage drop in a circuit is an indication of the condition of connectors, switches and wiring. solar panels have diodes in their circuits Without diodes, solar panels can take power from the batteries at night.

Back to Contents Pre-Cruise Mini Check List Maintenance check points are covered only briefly here. For explanations and construction check points, see the main sections of the check list

Batteries

top surfaces clean and dry acid (electrolyte) level up to plastic liner inside holes fully charged specific gravity is 1.245 to 1.300 in each cell In a partially discharged battery, specific gravity of each cell does not vary by more than 0.050 from the other cells 'at rest' battery voltage is 12.1 to 12.8 Volts engine cranks properly for 5 seconds with each battery alone -- battery voltage is above 9.5 Volts and steady, while cranking cables are in good condition connections clean and sealed from moisture

Back to Contents
Wiring & Connections

contact surfaces of mechanical connections are cleaned and coated with moisture resisting sealant before being put together no frayed or cracked insulation (check bilge and engine compartment) 12 Volt system leaks less than 5 mA of current (test) battery switch connections clean and sealed for each 'on' position, voltage drop is less than 0.5 Volts in battery switch, while engine is cranking fuses have clean, tight, sealed contacts every electrical system is documented in diagrams or schematics and these are in one location on board

Back to Contents
Alternator, Starter & Winch Motor

with engine running, batteries fully charged, and a 1 or 2 Amp load on system (a light turned on), voltage to batteries is 13.9 to 14.4 Volts -- voltage remains constant as more loads are turned on, up to the rated output of the alternator brushes and slip rings or commutators are clean and in good condition bearings or bushings in good condition external connections clean, sealed from moisture, and positive terminals are covered alternator drive belt(s) tight and in good shape starter solenoid plunger clean and lubricated solenoid internal contacts clean and not pitted

starter and winch motors get 9.0 Volts or more while operating

Back to Contents
Miscellaneous

120 Volt AC outlet faces clean and terminals coated with a moisture resistant sealant such as petroleum jelly underwater stainless steel fittings and fasteners not pitted if engine or its cooling system uses internal zinc protection, zincs are not corroded away corrosion protection zincs bright, unpainted and not corroded away in corrosion protection system, appropriate protection current is flowing (10 to 25 mA, or more, per square foot of bare metal to be protected, depending on many factors) compasses not affected by operation of any of ship's equipment -- check on two perpendicular headings (e.g., N and W) LORAN, autopilot, VHF, RADAR, etc. continue to operate properly when other electrical systems are turned on -- Do not perform this test with engine starting circuit or winch motor! depth sounder transducer is free of marine growth and has thin or no paint layer on bottom surface if propane or gasoline are used on board, appropriate sensing devices are installed to warn of leaks autopilot, VHF, RADAR, SSB and other critical, high-power devices have input voltage different from battery voltage by less than 0.5 Volts while operating

Back to Contents
Electrical System Spares

fuses (check electronic devices for internal fuses) bulbs VHF antenna that will connect directly to radio alternator belt alternator brushes (most alternators have brushes) voltage regulator for alternator and/or a method of 'hot wiring' alternator field coils for emergency charging 4 litres (1 gallon) of distilled water engine starter solenoid winch motor solenoid

if gas engine, complete set of ignition system parts plug-in AC outlet tester (has 3 indicator lights, costs $10 to $15)

Back to Contents References

The Bullet Proof Electrical System, Cruising Equipment Co., Seattle, 1986. Construction Standards for Small Vessels, Canadian Coast Guard, Ship Safety Branch, Part V, 1978. Corrosion Related Problems, Ed McClave, WoodenBoat magazine #93 (April, 1990), pp. 94-113. Electrolysis and Corrosion (3 parts), Jerry Kirschenbaum, WoodenBoat magazine #23, #24 & #25 (July - November, 1978). Metal Corrosion in Boats, Nigel Warren, 1980. Rules and Regulations for the Construction of Wood and Composite Boats, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 1966, pp. 171-184. Standards and Recommended Practices for Small Craft, American Boat and Yacht Council, Inc., 1990-91. The 12 Volt Doctor's Practical Handbook, Edgar J. Beyn, 1983. Your Boat's Electrical System, Conrad Miller and E.S. Maloney, 1988.

Comments welcome! Go to Top This document is available on the Internet via www.islandnet.com/robb/marine.html Marine Electrical Check List, copyright Robb Zuk E-mail to robb@islandnet.com if you like.

in Hng Hi Danh sch kim tra

Hng dn Kim tra h thng in hng hi

Ti liu ny c sn trn Internet ti www.islandnet.com / Robb / marine.html v n l phn mm chia s . bn quyn Robb Zuk. Tt c cc quyn.

Ni dung

Gii thiu Stray hin ti Thng Ground im Pin Kt ni Dy & Cp Ghi nhn & Biu Pin Switch Cu ch, Breakers & Cng tc H thng bm Bilge May giao in Starter Ti neo / ti Ly pin (sc diode) B sc pin H thng AC 120 Volt Mt Lin kt v bo v chng st Bo v chng n mn Compass in Nhiu (ting n) Linh tinh Pre-Cruise Danh sch Kim tra Mini o Pin o Dy & kt ni o Pht in, Starter & quy Motor o Linh tinh o H thng in Spares Ti liu tham kho

Tr li ni dung

Gii thiu
Ti liu ny l mt hng dn gii thch cho vic kim tra h thng in hng hi. C mt s, rt n phm chi tit v vn ny v ti khuyn h c thmkhi bn c thi gian ...

 by gi, danh sch ny kim tra s gip bn bt u vi ti thiu l c sch. Ti tm tt cc im t M v Anh dy bin quy nh, Canada. Tuy nhin, ti khng trch dn cc n phm ny tn do , khng xem xt Thy in Danh sch kim tra vn bn quy phm php lut. Trc khi lm vic trn h thng ca bn, lm r bt k im gy nhm ln vi mt th in chuyn nghip. Nghin cu v vit ti liu ny vi thng thi gian ca ti - ti cung cp n trn mng Internet nh phn mm chia s . Nu bn c n v s dng n, xin vui lng gi US $ 10 bng cch s dng nt thanh ton trc tuyn an ton:

Tr li ni dung

Stray hin ti (mt li gii thch)

Stray hin ti l in l chy m n khng c php - thng qua cc nc, ph kin trn tu ca bn, m g, cc b mt m t, vv N c th l mt c sc nguy him v n c th gy ra n mn (k thut c gi l n mn in phn ). Stray hin n mn gy ra bi mt ngun nng lng nh pin ca bn hoc in b kt ni. l khng cho n mn nghim trng c gy ra bi dng chy i lc trong nc, m khng c mt con ng kim loi thuyn. Do in p tng i cao li xe, i lc hin n mn c th hnh ng nhanh chng hn rt nhiu so vi s n mn kim loi khc nhau gy ra do tip xc ( galvanic n mn ). Lu : t in phn thng nhm ln c s dng m t cc loi b n mn. in thc s cp n cc bt kh ra khi xy ra vi in b n mn.

Tr li ni dung

Thng Ground im (tu ngm)

cn c t pin, ng c, chuyn i xe but bng iu khin m thanh, h thng lin kt, ph in my pht in, di mt bin, tu 120 Volt mt t an ton, v tn hiu mt t Loran gp nhau ti mt im im ny phi l mt thanh xe but nng hoc khung vi cc kt ni c cht. Lu : Khi cp n h thng dy in Volt 12, "mt t", "tiu cc" v "tr li mt t" l tt c cc iu khon tng ng. d dng truy cp v nm xa trn mc y tu cng tt dn nhn l c s chung im

Tr li ni dung

Pin
CNH BO! Kh hydro trong v xung quanh pin ch-acid l cht n v cc acid c th t chy da v mt. Trnh tia la v cng ra sau khi x l pin ca bn.

mc acid (in phn) l n lt nha bn trong l cp acid i di hng u ca cc tm pin s git cht mt cch nhanh chng. S dng nc ct np pin. Nu nc ct khng c sn, vi nc l OK nu n r rng, khng phi l "cng", v khng cao clo. Hy chy my lnh cho mt pht xa cc ion kim loi ra khi ng v s dng mt knh, ra sch cng hay thng nha chuyn giao. trng lng ring sc y l 1,245-1,300 trong mi t bo Trong pin mt phn thi, t trng ca mi t bo khng thay i c hn 0,050 t cc t bo khc Pin t bo i khi ph vi gravities khng ng u c th nhng sau khi thi khong 25% (t mt ph y ) h nn ngay c ra ngoi. Lu : Nu n c mt thi gian k t khi sc pin, axit c th gii quyt vo cui li mt in lc hp dn thp hn c th trn b mt.Nu bn qu y pin sau in phn c th c pha long. Mt trong nhng tnh hung c th dn n c bt thng thp v h khng nht thit ch ra mt t bo pin yu. 'Ngh ngi' in p pin l 12,1-12,8 Volts pin l ' phn cn li "khi n khng c s dng v khng nhn c mt tnh ph hin ti t nht l 12 gi. Mt in p trn 12,8 Volts ch ra rng pin vn l gii quyt sau khi tnh. Mt in p di y cho thy 12,1 Volts hoc l mt t bo yu hoc sc pin di 50% cng sut. Lu : Tiu chun pin c cuc sng ca h rt ngn khong cch ng k bng cch phng su, thm ch n mc 50%. Pin ng chu k su (xem bn di) hot ng tt vi 50 thi%. cranks ng c ng trong 5 giy vi mi pin mt mnh - pin in p cao hn 9,5 V v n nh trong khi cranking Thc hin kim tra ny ch sau khi ng c c chy bo v du lu thng. Ngt kt ni cun dy '+' hoc tham gia vo nhin liu diesel ng-off c ch gi cho ng c t khi u. C th cho pin khng kim tra ny cao hin hnh trong khi vn c th cung cp kh nng lu tr tt dng thp hn. Lu : Nu ng c khng quy ng v pin in p vn cn cao, sau c mt vn vi cc mch hoc ng c bt u khi ng. Lu : Starter hoc ng c in ti s bnh thng 'ko' in p ca pin xung n 9

hoc 10 Volts, trong khi h ang iu hnh. Cc pin nn phc hi nht ca mnh "ngh ngi" in p trong vng vi giy.

pin v khng qu mt vi amps sc hin nay mt khi chng c tnh ngoi tr trong iu (xem bn di), mt nc nhiu nht l mt vi ounces (50 n 100 ml) mi t bo, mi nm Mt nc ng k cho thy mt vn . Nu mt nc xy ra ng u trong pht in, cc t bo hoc b sc pin in p c th l qu cao.Tht thot nc trong cc t bo ch c mt hoc hai cho thy cc t bo yu hoc qu thiu. pin l ng s tht su chu k loi nu c s dng cho bt c iu g, nhng bt u Ch nh 'xe golf' m bn mun pin v 'chu k su sc' nht bin / RV pin ch nhnh hn so vi pin t cho xe p su. Pin ng chu k su s cung cp hng trm chu k ph x / thay v ch vi chc. Lu : Trnh x pin chu k su di 50% cng sut ca h. Mt pin 50% thi ra c in p mt ' phn cn li "(xem trn) ca 12,1-12,2 Volts. trn cc b mt sch s v kh cp trong tnh trng tt - kt thc c hn v kch thc chnh xc cho cc kt ni thit b u cui Kim tra cho si cp b hng hoc b n mn, c bit l kt thc. ch c mt dy cp cho mi thit b u cui c bit, trnh dy nh trong ngn cha pin. Khi ng cho vic chuyn i pin v chuyn i-bng iu khin m thanh xe but thay th. kt ni khng ph thuc vo ma xun cng thng (ngha l khng c clip c su) kt ni lm sch v ng du thit b u cui tch cc c cch in bao gm cp m i trc tip vo c s chung im Nhiu h thng c cp m chy trc tip cho ng c nh l mt phn ca mch bt u. iu ny c ngha rng cc kt ni khc tiu cc cn phi c ng c, hoc trong hp pin, c th gy ra vn n mn. cp tch cc i trc tip chuyn pin gn khng c pin c dy song song Pin song song c xu hng chng li nhau khi h ang ngh ngi - iu ny gy ra phng in sm v cuc sng mt khong ngn. It's OK song song vi pin tm thi vi vic chuyn i pin, trong khi sc pin, khi ng v chy cc ng c - ch cn trnh li nhng chuyn i v "c hai" khi khng c sc mnh ang c rt ra. Nu bn i hi mt dung lng pin ln, kt ni mt s 6 Volt hoc thm ch 2 Volt t bo trong lot thay v h thng dy in 12 Volt t bo song song.

Lu : Hai pin song song nu thit b u cui tch cc ca h c kt ni v thit b u cui tiu cc ca h c kt ni. thng gi c cung cp lm mt v thng gi cc loi kh sn xut bng pin Pin sn xut hydro, oxy v cc kh sunfua n mn. Cc hydro nh hn khng kh phi c kh nng tng t nhin thng qua mt h thng thng gi, c hoc khng c mt qut gi. pin c th c iu ha vi mt cn bng hin ti Sau khi sc y bnh thng, iu bao gm ca vic p dng gim ph hin nay (2-5 amps cho hu ht pin) hoc cho mt vi gi hoc cho n khi tng in p pin 15,516,5 Volts - iu ny c '' v dn sulphate ngoi cc tm pin v gip duy tr kh nng lu tr y . Kim tra mc acid khi kt thc bi v qu trnh ny gy ra v cht lng b mt bt. iu kin pin mi thng khi h ang c s dng rt nhiu.iu cn phi c mt ghi trn ca pht in iu chnh in p tiu chun hoc pin sc vi iu mt hoc cn bng 'ty chn'. Lu : Khng pin iu kin khi h ang c trong song song hoc mt pin c th mt hu ht cc iu hin hnh. Lu : Hy tt tt c cc thit b in t trong qu trnh iu v in p pin cao. u vo l thng hi bn di pin ca thng hi cng cao cng tt trong khoang pin nu s dng mt qut in cho pin thng gi, ng c khng trong dng khng kh h thng thng gi cho pin pin gn li v ngn cn chuyn pin ngn bo v chng li acid trn d dng truy cp v t nh la canh trn cao cng tt nu pin khng c s dng, h c cho mt khon ph y t nht mt ln mi 3 thng Ch axit pin s t x trong thi gian thng v vy h cn phi tr nh k m bo rng h khng hon ton xut vin. iu ny c bit quan trng trong thi tit bng gi v mt pin thi c th ng bng pht trin vt nt trong trng hp.

Tr li ni dung

Kt ni

tt c d dng tip cn v cao hn mc nc y tu Nu bn phi thc hin mt kt ni trong mt im truy cp km, hn n v con du n chng li m.

khp ni hn c kt ni c hc u tin (theo khun kh, bt vt hoc xon) - kt ni crimped hoc xon c hn cng Kt ni c t chc bi hn mt mnh s gy xng vi cng thng cht. Mt s thng mi kt ni khun kh c th c OK m khng cn hn nhng hu ht l sai lm trong mt mi trng bin. Hy chc chn l nha thng hn li (60/40), khng phi acid li.

kt ni c kh rt mnh (ai c v bulng / nghin cu, hoc vt my vo khai thc kim loi) Vt t thnh si thy tinh, g, kim loi tm mng hoc khng cung cp c p lc cao, ph hp yu cu cho mt kt ni cht ch kh c hc ng tin cy (an ton t khng kh m t). Lu : Nu bn phi s dng dy in trn trong mt kt ni c kh, hn cui ca dy u tin. Si dy l 'nghin nt' trong kt ni mt l rt d b v rung. b mt tip xc ca cc kt ni c kh c sch v ph keo chng m trc khi c t li vi nhau Lu : Keo khng cn phi dn in. Khi lc lng hai b mt kim loi sch v ng du cng vi p lc , im cao trong cc bo ch kim loi vi nhau v lc lng keo sang mt bn. Bng cch ny, kim loi-to-kim loi a ch lin lc xy ra trn tt c cc kt ni, vi "bnh rn" ca keo xung quanh mi khu vc lin h. S dng du bi trn (Vaseline), nc m khng, hoc mt sn phm c sn nh Lanacote cho keo.Khi nim phong c s bng n, cu ch thay th v cc kt ni ma st khc, '' kt ni li v ln ra mt t to ra kim loi tt lin h vi kim loi trong khi p keo mt bn. p dng keo bn ngoi ca cc kt ni hin ti s gip ngn chn suy gim nhng khng th ko di.Bi nim phong cc b mt bn trong ca mt kt ni trc khi bn t n li vi nhau, bn s c mt ro cn lu di cho mi trng bin m. kt ni c kh u b kha 'Sao' vng m hm l tt nht bt vt / kt ni hi say v h o su vo b mt kim loi, cung cp kim loi tt lin h vi kim loi. khng kt ni c lm bng cc loi ht dy in, c vt dy hoc marrettes Nu bn cch nhit mt kt ni hn vi mt ht dy, bt n ln nc khng th thu thp trong . kt ni thit b u cui l vng loi v kch thc ng - h khng phi l 'ch' hoc kt ni spade kt ni kiu Ring gi tt nht nu dy v tnh ko hoc kt ni tr nn lng lo. Trnh spade hoc khc y vo, ko ra "kt ni nu c th.Nu bn s dng kt ni spade, chng phi c lm sch v ng du, cung cp rn lin h vi c hc, c nh v sao cho nc khng th thu thp trong kt ni, v c neo bo v chng li tnh c

ko dy. Mt la chn tt hn l ci t mt di thit b u cui bn c th lm cho cc kt ni thit b u cui vng. Con du cc kt ni nh l tt. di thit b u cui l d dng lm sch loi (khng km theo), vi bao gm thit b u cui s dng di kch thc ti thiu # 8 vt Stripped ch c kh nng kch c nh hn. tt c cc kt ni c in p khc nhau t mt t thng thng im (tc l, tt c tch cc hay "nng" kt ni) c cch ly vi ng gim hoc cao su khi ng in bng khng gi ni ln trong mt mi trng bin. Tuy nhin, nu bng c s dng cho m nim phong hoc bo v mt kt ni lng tng hnh, bo m kt thc kt thc bng mt dy buc, bao che cng nhiu bng nht c th vi teo ng gi cho n lm sng t. dy neo bn cnh cc kt ni gim cng thng nhng ni dy rung ng hoc chuyn ng l khng th trnh khi (v d, mt s ng c v lin kt dy) m bo rng ch unsoldered, uncrimped dy ang chuyn ng. iu ny c th yu cu kt ni nhim v nng n v thu nh ng trn cc dy tip theo kt ni. Trong nhng trng hp ny, li mt dy cht trong mt cun dy lng chuyn ng ca bt k phn cho cc dy c gim thiu v khng c c hi ca dy c ko dy.

Tr li ni dung

Dy & Cp (dy dn)

12 Volt h thng l 'dy hai' tt c cc loi Tt c cc thit b c cch in, tch cc v tiu cc dy chy cho h. Cc thn hoc h thng lin kt khng c s dng cho mt t v nhng vn tim nng n mn. tt c l si dy (khng dy rn) Solid dy l d b v si dy rung ng hn. Tuy nhin, rt tinh si dy c th b cc vn n mn do , n cng cn phi trnh. nh tuyn cao trn mc nc y tu cng tt dy dn khng kinked hoc cong mnh Sharp un cong s mt mi kim loi m cui cng c th gy ra gy. cch nhit l chng chy v chng m - y tu v khoang ng c, n du khng cng tt c cc dy c mt cht chng chy, chng m (v du khng, nh trn) bo v v bc cch in ca h trn ton b chiu di ca dy, ngoi tr cc u khng c cch in b sn hoc nt Cc khoang ng c v y tu l mt khu vc c th c cch in b li.

dy c nh gi thch hp cho hin ti ang c rt ra v kch thc ti thiu l 16 nh gi dy nh ph v d dng. 12 Volt r r h thng t hn 5 mA ca (th nghim) hin ti Vi tt c cc mch pin ra v tt, kt ni mt ampe k nhy cm hoc n bo LED trn cc s lin lc chuyn i pin ch r r in. Bilge my bm v thit b chuyn mch ca h tri ni thng c mt v tr kh khn kim tra mch ny cng nh nu n i qua cc chuyn i pin. h tr khong khng qu 45 cm (18 "), tr khi chy pha di ca ng dn hoc mng clip h tr c bt vt xung, khng phi ng inh Dy khng phi c kh nng di chuyn hoc flex vi rung ng tu. nu dy ang trong ng dn hoc mng, l cng tn ti ngn nga thu nc bo v khi thit hi c kh trong khu vc tip xc bo v khi chafing ni i qua vch ngn, hp tip ni, hoc l khc ti thiu splices - splices khng th trnh khi c hn v ng du t m dy tip cn thit b u cui v cc thit b t bn di (s dng cc vng nh git nu cn thit) Nc c th chy cng h thng dy in khng phi c kh nng kt ni t hoc cc thit b. dy m ha mu sc khng phi l tri ngc vi cc tiu chun v ph hp trn ton h thng Mt s tn ti s nhm ln vi dy l thng mi. V d, 3-dn AC dy nn c mu en cho dy nng trong khi h thng dy in DC hu ht s dng mu en cho bit mt t. lm cho vn ti t hn, 2-dy dn in thng c mu en v mu trng lm cho n rt ging vi h thng dy in AC 3-dn. AC tiu chun l: nng / en, trung lp / trng, v safety-ground/green hoc trn. DC tiu chun l: tch cc / mu hay mu sc k hiu l mc ch, v tiu cc / en hoc trng. Khi 2-dy dn s dng c hai mu en v trng, trng l dng v mu en l m.

Tr li ni dung

Ghi nhn & Biu

mi dy c tn c hai u Nhn vi nhng t m t d chp rc ri v sa i - m ha mu sc thng b che khut bi sn v nh s yu cu s dng s . Tags c th c lm t trng, vinylbin v c nh du bng mt, khng th xa nha cm thy bt en. Ti tm thy thm 'Sharpie' im tt l tt nht. Gn nhn c quan h dy nha. Nu s dng bng

v s lng, bao che cho h r rng thu nh ng t bng l khng ng tin cy trong mi trng bin. mi h thng in c din t trong s hoc s v cc ch mu sc, kch thc tng i v ghi nhn dy tt c s , bng thng tin, iu hnh sch hng dn, vv mt v tr trn tu

Tr li ni dung

Pin Switch ('thy' hoc 'chnh' chuyn i pin)

nh la bo v (km theo), hi sn nh gi cao d dng truy cp s dng v bo tr ngt cp tch cc t pin nm gn pin tt tt c cc h thng ngoi tr mch bm y tu v c th bo ng nhp cnh, nhng k nim in t kt ni sch s v kn cho tng v tr "On", in p gim t hn 0,5 Volts trong chuyn i, trong khi ng c l cranking y l mt xt nghim khng trong chuyn i.

Tr li ni dung

Cu ch, Breakers & Cng tc

tt c cc mch hoc ngt cu ch bo v Ngoi l duy nht n y c th l mch khi ng ng c. trong h thng Volt 12 tt c cc cu ch, my ct v thit b chuyn mch mt tch cc ca cc mch Ph v mt tiu cc ca mch c th gy ra lc hin n mn. my ct c chuyn i min ph loi (khng c th thay i) cu ch hoc my ct xp hng khng qu nh gi ca cc dy nh nht m chng bo v cu ch ng c in hoc my ct xp hng khng qu 125% ti trng ng c ti a khng c my ct t ng t li (v d, nhit ct b b phn ngt), tr khi mch c bo v bi breaker t li cu ch hoc bng tay tt c cc cu ch hoc thit b ngt c t trong bng iu khin, chuyn i ngoi tr, c l, chnh hoc ngt cu ch Nu mt cu ch hoc ngt khng th c trong mt bng iu khin, chuyn i, n

phi c cui pin ca mch in. Trong ng dy cu ch nn trnh, tr khi h ang cung cp bo v thm cho cc thit b trn mt knh chia s. H phi rt c th truy cp v cui bo v ca ngi gi cu ch nn kt ni vi cc dy tch cc n t pin. trong h thng Volt 12, dn tch cc chnh l bng iu khin, chuyn i hoc ngt cu ch bo v nh gn kt thc pin ca dy dn cng tt cu ch c trong sch, cht ch, a ch lin h kn dy chuyn-bng mt cch d dng truy cp bo tr chuyn-panel thng gi chuyn-bng khoang v ng ba hp khng d chy v khng kim loi tt c cc thit b chuyn mch nhn nu ng c kh h tr, thit b chuyn mch trong khoang ng c v thng nhin liu c nh la bo v v c ph duyt thit b chuyn mch trong u, bung li v cc khu vc m t khc bao cao su bo v m

Tr li ni dung

H thng bm Bilge

dy chy trn mc nc y tu khi c th ni bt l bo v khi b kt m bi cc mnh vn c mt khi lng cao, th cng, vn hnh my bm khn cp

Tr li ni dung

May giao in

vi ng c chy, pin sc y v mt 1 hoc 2 ti Amp trn h thng (mt nh sng bt ln), in p cho pin l 13,9-14,4 V - in p khng i nh ti thm c bt ln, tng sn lng nh gi ca may giao in Vi iu chnh in p khng i (ph bin nht), mt thit lp in p cao s t t chin pin tr khi ng c c s dng rt t. Thit lp in p thp gy ra chm sc. Lu : Hu ht cc iu chnh in p c th c ghi vi mch b sung cung cp nhanh chng sc pin trong khi th neo, hoc tnh trng pin . Cc mch ghi c th n gin nh l mt in tr chuyn hoc t ng nh vi Creek ca MAC Spa (Manual Alternator Control) hoc thit b Cng ty Du thuyn 's QuadCycle iu chnh.

Nu n c thit b u cui mt t, mt si dy nng ni n vi cc s chung im hoc khi ng c ELSE: kt ni gia cc nh pht in v khi ng c sch s v kn

Khi pht in khng c mt thit b u cui mt t ring bit, kt ni m c thc hin gia cc nh pht in v ngn chn cc ng c.Kt ni ny sau phi c x l ging nh bt k kt ni in khc. lnh vc pht in ct chuyn v chuyn i pin OR: Zap 'stop in p' suppresser thong qua u ra (c sn t Du thuyn Cng ty Thit b, Seattle) OR: pin ly / i-t sc sn lng pht in Bt k ca nhng thit b ny s bo v cc pht in nu cng tc pin v tnh tt trong khi ng c ang chy. in cho cc b iu chnh in p cung cp thng qua mt cng tc p sut du, tr khi cung cp ni b t pht in Mt s iu chnh c cung cp trc tip t cng tc nh la. iu ny c ngha ng c c ti xung bi pht in ngay c trc khi du bo v lu thng. N tt hn cho c ch c chuyn pht in sau khi p sut du xy dng. iu chnh in p bn ngoi pht in l Mt s iu chnh in p c t bn trong cc nh pht in. iu ny lm cho sa cha hoc thay th mt cng vic tn thi gian. bn chi v vng trt sch s v trong tnh trng tt vng bi trong tnh trng tt cc kt ni bn ngoi sch s v kn ai (s) cht ch v trong hnh dng tt Lu : Cht lng tt, V-rng ai ko di v hiu qu hn rn V-bng v t nhit tch t trong vnh ai.

Tr li ni dung

Starter

Nu khi ng c c thit b u cui mt t, mt dy cp nng ni n vi cc s chung im hoc khi ng c ELSE: kt ni gia khung khi ng v khi ng c sch s v kn K t khi cc dng bt u l qu cao, kt ni tt l rt quan trng. Khi ng c cp mt t trc tip cho bu lng ca starter lp hoc thit b u cui ca starter mt t nu n c mt. bn chi v chuyn mch sch s v khng qu mn vng bi / ng lt trong tnh trng tt solenoid pit tng sch v bi trn in t ni b lin lc sch s v khng sc

Cao hin phng in h quang gia cc b mt tip xc chnh ca in t lm cho h b r v do ngi ngho lin h in. cc kt ni bn ngoi sch s v kn khi ng c 9,0 Volts hoc nhiu hn khi cranking ng c y l mt th nghim ca pin, dy cp, kt ni v solenoid.

Tr li ni dung

Ti neo / ti

cu ch hoc 'chuyn i min ph "(khng c th thay i) tc nm cp tch cc gn pin chnh hin chuyn i c thc hin thng qua mt solenoid Remote gn starter solenoid, chng hn nh nhng ngi s dng trong m hnh Fords ln tui, rt thch hp. Nhiu cng tc tm thi khng c xp hng cho cc cao hin nay rt ra bi ng c ti hoc phng in h quang gy ra bi mt ti cm ng ln. R b mt tip xc c th gy ra cc chuyn sang 'dnh' v li cho bn mt ti chy trn ... bn chi v chuyn mch sch s v khng qu mn vng bi / ng lt trong tnh trng tt kt ni kn v c bo v t neo chui hoc dng ng c in c 9,0 Volts hoc nhiu khi chy di ti y l mt th nghim ca pin, dy cp, kt ni v chuyn mch / solenoid.

Tr li ni dung

Ly pin (sc diode)

pht in in p u ra c tng ln b p cho s st gim in p vo sc it tr khi cc it c kt ni qua chuyn i pin it sc thp hn in p nhn c pin. Nu iu ny khng c tnh, sc s xy ra qu chm. Lu : Nu cc it kt ni Across chuyn i pin, ng iu chnh sn lng pht in. Trong trng hp ny, chuyn i qua cc it khi n c 'bt' - khng gim i-t in p xy ra v sc pin bnh thng. thng gi lm mt tt it sc c th to ra rt nhiu nhit

Lu : Pin cch ly hoc it ch sc pin c lp t mi khc trong mch pht in hoc b sc. Cc pin l khng b c lp khi chuyn i pin vo "Tt c. ' trnh vn ca pin x song song v lm hi ln nhau, vic chuyn i pin nn c v "tt c" ch khi bt u hoc chy cc ng c.

Tr li ni dung

B sc pin

120 Volt bn in c lp t bn Volt 12 (kim tra ti 120 VAC, nu iu kin) ampe k cho bit sn lng bo v qu ti vo u ra sc l tt hon ton hoc gim xung 13,0-13,2 Volts (float in p) sau khi sc pin Phao in p l 13.8 Volts hoc nhiu hn l ph bin v cc chin ca bn s dn dn pin. Nu b sc khng c ni mt in p thch hp, hy n i, tr khi bn cn. N vn tt hn pin mt mnh, v cung cp cho h mt khon ph vi thng mt ln, hn l c h mt in p cao ni. Nu bn phi li mt b sc bt, (v d, vi t lnh hoc s dng nhiu my bm y tu), chc chn rng n c mt in p tri ni ph hp.

Tr li ni dung

H thng AC 120 Volt

CNH BO! 120 Volt h thng c th nguy him, c bit l trong mi trng bin. Khng s dng h thng ca bn nu bn c bt k nghi ng v s an ton ca n. ng lm vic trn h thng ca bn nu bn khng chc chn v nhng g bn ang lm. Sau y l hai im then cht mt h thng an ton Volt 120:
1. Cc, trung lp (mu trng) v nng (mu en) mt t an ton (xanh hoc trng) dy phi

c nguyn vn v khng trn ln (xem h thng thit b cnh bo AC , bn di).

2. Tt c hin ti phi chy trong dy nng v trung tnh m thi. Dng in chy bt c ni

no l 'lc', mt iu kin li v trnh by mt c sc v gy nguy him n mn. GFCIs (Ground Fault ngt mch) m bo hay mt bin p cch ly m hin nay dng chy ch trong dy nng v trung tnh. GFCIs chuyn i nu h pht hin mt s mt mt ca hin ti t cc dy nng hoc trung tnh. bin p cch ly cho php dng in duy nht trong cc dy nng v trung tnh. Lu : Khng c h thng an ton bo v chng sc nu bn chm vo c hai dy nng v trung tnh cng mt lc. Bng cch chm vo c hai dy, bn khng khc nhau t mt bng n hoc nng v bn ang thc s trong mch nng v trung tnh. iu ny c th gy t vong! May

mn thay, hu ht cc iu kin li xy ra khi hin ti c th ra ngoi ca mch nng v trung tnh. y l tnh hung m GFCIs v bin c lp bo v chng li.

tu vo b cm ni c bao gm kha v c cch nhit t thn tu vi mt ming m cao su ghp b, cu dao hai cc chnh l phn u tin ca h thng tu v n c d dng tip cn Cu dao chnh phi ngt kt ni c hai nng (mu en) v trung tnh (trng) dy cng mt lc. nh gi cu dao chnh l thch hp cho tu vo b ni cm v dy c s dng tt c quyn lc cho thy cc thit b c ni vi nng (mu en) v trung tnh (trng) ch tr khi chuyn sang dy ca mt cng tc 'tm thi v " V d, o ngc cc nng v trung tnh ngc li) pht hin (c ni gia v an ton sn trung lp hoc ca mt t tu. Nu pht hin ny l vnh vin c dy vo mch in, n c th gy lc hin n mn bng cch cho php dng in trong cc cn c an ton, hoc thng qua h thng lin kt. Lu : Mt chuyn i tm thi l khng cn thit nu thit b s dng mch in gi cho n khi bn v nhiu hn 1 mA ti cn c an ton, tu ngm, hoc h thng lin kt. AC thit b h thng cnh bo l c th kim chng v cho thy chiu phn cc ngc, m mt t an ton, nng trn mt t, vv (tt c l nhng iu kin nguy him) Lu : Nu h thng an ton ca bn AC cho thy l kh phc tp, n l mt tng tt c mt plug-in trnh kim tra cm AC. H chi ph $ 10 n $ 15 v kim tra hu ht cc iu kin nguy him vi 3 n. Khng th ny cm vo bi v n gy ra dng in trong cc mt t an ton, m l mt nguyn nhn ca lc hin n mn. khng c kt ni t mt trong hai nng (mu en) hoc trung lp (mu trng) dy n bt k phn no ca h thng Volt 12, bao gm h thng lin kt (kim tra ti 120 VAC, nu iu kin) Mt kt ni t 120 Volt AC dy nng hoc trung tnh v cc h thng 12 Volt s c kh nng nguy him v c th gy lc hin n mn. Vn ny c th xy ra vi cc thit b AC, nh b sc pin hoc my si nc nng, v vi cch nhit km, kt ni t, hoc dy b hng. dy in b mc kt 3-dn v ti thiu l 14 nh gi u dy trn c hn trc khi kt ni vt Trn si dy s ph v d dng nu n l 'nghin nt' theo mt u vt. tt c cc kt ni (c bit l "nng" nhng ngi) trong bng iu khin, chuyn i hoc cc khu vc d tip cn khc l cch nhit Nhiu tm thng mi c c AC v DC h thng, vi tt c cc thit b u cui tip xc. 120 thit b u cui phi c cch in Volt cho an ton.

tt c cc kt ni c truy cp ch vi vic s dng cc cng c Chng ti khng mun bn tay nh b khm ph gy nguy him cho bn thn h s chng ti? tt c cc thit b chuyn mch, cu ch v my ct ph v dy (mu en) nng My ct c th l, ghp b i cc loi, m ph v c hai nng v trung tnh (trng) dy cng mt lc. Cc dy trung tnh khng c ph v trong khi cc dy nng l nguyn vn. khng c cu ch, my ct, hoc b chuyn mch mt t an ton (xanh hoc trng) ca hng u v bp c bo v bi mt GFCI (Ground Fault ngt mch) Hu ht cc c quan qun l yu cu bo v GFCI trong u v bng v chng c xu hng khng gian c bit l m t. Tuy nhin, k t khi tu thuyn c th b t c, ti rt khuyn khch GFCIs hoc bin mt c lp c ci t bo v ton b 120 Volt h thng. tt c 120 ca hng Volt c 3 nhnh, loi t v khng tng thch vi 12 Volt ca hng DC ra khun mt sch s v thit b u cui ph mt keo chng m nh du bi trn 120 Volt AC r r hin nay c th s c th trng d bn hoc m. iu ny c th gy ra r r GFCI thit b cho chuyn i v, trong trng hp nng, c th gy lc hin n mn hoc gy nguy him sc. nu c mt trn bng 120 Volt ngun in AC (my pht in hoc bin tn) c dy vo h thng, c mt DPDT (double-cc, i nm) chuyn i trong nng (mu en) v trung tnh (trng) dy rng thit b chuyn mch h thng gia b in v ngun in AC tu Shore in v ngun in AC ca tu khng c kt ni vi nhau hoc tia la c th bay! dy tt c vo ch ca n t di y (hoc trong mt cch m s khng cho php r nc nhp) AC h thng l mt trong ba loi sau y:

1. GFCI y bo h: o tt c cc mch bo v bi GFCI (Ground Fault ngt mch) thit b GFCIs c sn nh my ct c hai v cc ca hng. GFCI ca hng phi c trong mt mch c bo v bi mt ngt mch (thng l 20 Amp ti a) h khng c chc nng nh mt bo v qu ti. GFCI ca hng c th s c dy bo v phn cn li ca mch, tip tc t ca hng . GFCI thit b phi c mt tnh nng th nghim v h nn c kim tra hng thng m bo an ton v bo v chng n mn. Lu : ton b h thng AC c th c bo v bi mt my ct duy nht chnh GFCI. Tuy nhin, iu ny l khng nn nu bn c nhiu mch AC v r r kt

o o o o

hp ca tt c cc thit b AC c th chuyn i GFCI khng cn thit. i vi h thng ln, mi mch cn phi c thit b ring GFCI ca n. b mt t an ton-(mu xanh l cy hoc trn) tip tc theo nh thit b GFCI u tin, dng v khng kt ni vi bt c iu g ti thi im tu mt t an ton-(mu xanh l cy hoc trn) bt u t thit b GFCI u tin, kt ni vi GFCI v hp ca n v tip tc t tu an ton trn mt t c kt ni vi c s chung im khng c kt ni t b mt t an ton cho c s chung im (kim tra ti 120 VAC, nu iu kin) Cc kt ni t b mt t an ton xung mt t ca tu c th cho php i lc hin n mn. kt ni ny mt cch an ton trnh c ch vi bo v GFCI hon thnh hoc bin p cch ly mt h thng.

2. Bin p cch ly bo v: o AC tt c hin ti cung cp thng qua mt bin p cch ly nm gia cu dao chnh v chuyn i bngCc bin p nn c bin c xp hng v ln cung cp tt c cc mch c s dng trn tu. nu khng dy th cp (tu bn ca my bin p) l cn c c s chung im, tt c cc b phn ngt mch c ghp b, loi hai cc b an ton mt t (mu xanh hoc trng) kt ni vi trng hp ch bin p cch ly an ton ca tu ngm (mu xanh hoc trng) kt ni vi c s chung im khng c kt ni t b mt t an ton cho c s chung im (kim tra ti 120 VAC, nu iu kin) Cc kt ni t b mt t an ton xung mt t ca tu c th cho php i lc hin n mn. kt ni ny mt cch an ton trnh c ch vi bo v GFCI hon thnh hoc bin p cch ly mt h thng. Lu : GFCIs khng bt buc vi mt bin p cch ly mt cch chnh xc hot ng nhng c th c thm vo nh l bo v chng li mt bin p b hng hc.

o o o o

3. GFCIs khng y , khng b c lp: o thiu hoc khng y GFCI (Ground Fault ngt) bo v v khng c bin p cch ly o AC-cn c an ton (xanh hoc trng) t b bin v con tu c kt ni vi nhau v thng Ground im

Trong h thng ny, kt ni gia tu v cc cn c an ton b, v mt t ca tu l rt quan trng bo v chng li mi nguy him xung kch v hin n mn i lc. Kt ni ny khng bo v chng li mt ai chm vo dy in (mu en) nng trc tip trong khi tip xc vi y tu, ng bin, hoc h thng lin kt. Mt GFCI hoc h thng bin p cch ly s bo v trong trng hp ny. Lu : Kt ni an ton ca tu ngm cho tu ngm ch, hoc vo b an ton ch mt t, c th to ra mt c sc v nguy c n mn trong h thng ny. Lu : Nu khng hon thnh GFCI hoc bo v my bin p cch ly, h thng mt t an ton phi c vng chc trn tu v b c bo v n c th cung cp. Trong khi iu ny Volt AC 120 h thng l ph bin, n cung cp bo v an ton hn ch v cho php mt s loi lc hin s n mn xy ra k t khi tu ca bn vi cc b phn kim loi di nc l in kt ni vi tu thuyn khc v cho h thng mt t b. DC i lc hin ti c th b chn vi 'ly galvanic' a (i-t hoc loi t in) ni tip vi dy an ton mt t.Tuy nhin, in p cao AC lc hin ti khng c th b chn mt cch an ton. i vi nhng l do ny, cc GFCI y hoc cc h thng bin p cch ly (# 1 v # 2 trn), trong loi b mt cch an ton b an ton c s kt ni mt t ca tu, ang rt khuyn khch.

Tr li ni dung

Mt

vn k DC c th c c cho gn nht 0,1 Volt Mt vn k cho php gim st cc hot ng pht in v b sc. Mt vn k nhy cm cng s cho bit kh nng lu tr cn li trong pin. DC-ampe k hin th kt qu pht in Mt ampe k thng l mt phn ca cc thit b ng c. N cho php gim st cc hot ng pht in. DC-ampe k ch c rt ra t pin Mt ampe k cho cc bng iu khin, chuyn i c th ch ra li trong mch c nhn. phn gii ca my o cn c tt hn hn 1 Amp (0,01 Amp hay phn gii mA 1 l tt nht). Mt n bo cho r r nh hin nay l mong mun v n gin ci t. Lu : Cc kt ni vo ammeters DC (hoc shunts ca h) thc hin y h phi c sch s, kn v kha.

AC vn k v ampe k trong h thng nu b in s dng rng ri hoc nu c mt ban trn my pht in AC (pht in) mt AC hin th trng thi ca h thng in b hoc to ra v c th ch ra li trong h thng AC ca tu.

Lu : my o c th c ci t gim st cc hot ng ca km ca bn, h thng chng n mn .

Tr li ni dung

Lin kt v bo v chng st
Bn l do cho mt h thng lin kt l: 1. 2. 3. 4.

in kt ni ph kin kim loi cho cc h thng bo v chng n mn. Bo v cc ph kin kim loi c ngun gc t cc dng lc trn tu. Gim nhiu in t (ting n) cho Loran v radio. Cung cp ng dn an ton cho st nh v in p cao gy ra trong cc i tng kim loi bng mt cuc tn cng chp. h thng s dng dy dn ln - kch thc ti thiu l 8 nh gi dy hoc 1 mm x 10 mm (1 / 32 "x 1 / 2") thanh ng hoc ng Mt s ngun tin ngh mt dn nng hn (ln n 2 / 0 nh gi) cho cc ng dn st chnh l xung trn ct, dc theo dy dn lin kt chnh, v ra trc v chng v / hoc di t tm. tt c cc kt ni trn mc nc bnh thng y tu tt c cc kt ni truy cp, sch s, hn hoc bt bu lng v nim phong kt ni hn u tin cng phi c kt ni c hc t hn l yu. Ngoi ra, hn c th lm tan chy vi hin hnh cao ca mt cuc tn cng st. dy dn chy m khng c Kinks sc hoc un cong Sharp un cong s mt mi kim loi v cui cng c th gy ra gy. dy dn chy ring bit vi dy khc cng nhiu cng tt Cc hin cao ca st nh c th gy ra in p gy tn hi cho thit b c cm ng trong dy gn . cch in (ty chn) l mu xanh l cy hoc mu vng Lu : H thng ny c tch t 120 Volt-cn c an ton cng c th l mu xanh l cy.

thng khng thc hin hnh (tr bo v chng n mn hin hnh) Khng s dng cc h thng lin kt thay dy in cc m (v d, l 'tr li mt t' a) hoc cc vn hin ti lc n mn c th kt qu. ca dy dn lin kt chnh 'chy gn ng trung tm ca tu v kt ni vo c s chung im - tt c cc dy dn lin kt khc kt ni vi cc dy dn lin kt chnh hoc trc tip n c s chung im Chy t mt lin kt dn lp khc lm tng nguy c sc v thit hi n mn nu dng in i lc chy qua h thng lin kt. Mi ph kin ngoi quan ch nn c mt im kt ni v dy mt chy vi n. lin kt h thng kt ni vi h thng in DC ti c s chung im ch (th nghim) Cc kt ni sau y tn ti lm gim nguy him t cc dng lc ngun gc trn tu: Lu : Nhng kt ni ny cng cung cp c s cho thn-km gn hoc h thng bo v dng n tng n mn v l mt phn ca h thng chng st. o trc bnh li (nu khng nh thp) dn lin kt chnh o trim tab dn lin kt chnh o cnh qut v trc dn lin kt chnh thng qua gt nc trn trc Vic chng gt nc trc cung cp mt con ng bo v chng n mn hin hnh. N cng cho php st nh xung mt t thng qua cc cnh qut (t nht l mt hnh vung chn kim loi di nc l cn thit). Hy chc chn rng gt nc l pha bn cnh qut ca bt k hot ng, Couplers trc linh hot hoc ci t mt dy jumper trn trc ghp. Lu : in lin h thng qua hp s v bi trn vng bi l khng ng tin cy. Do , kt ni khi ng c khng c tnh vo kt ni cc cnh qut v trc cho h thng lin kt. h tr thanh chng trc / khung (nu khng nh thp) dn lin kt chnh kim loi ph kin thng qua-thn dn lin kt chnh Thru-thn ph kin c in c lp, nguy him t lc hin s n mn v t xa t zinc bo v, khng cn phi l ngoi quan (ph kin xa t zinc ca bn khng c bo v anyway). Gi cc ph kin unbonded l mong mun t mt h thng ln c nhiu kh nng ly i lc dng chy qua nc. nu c trang b cc tm mt t di nc, n c kt ni vi c s chung im khi c s chung im n Khi ng c thng c kt ni vi mt t im chung nh l mt phn ca mch bt u. thnh phn kim loi khc, c tip xc vi nc v cn c bo v t dng n mn hoc i chch hng, c kt ni vi cc dy dn lin kt chnh.

o o

o o

Lu : di nc kim loi c phn cch rng ri trong dng Galvanic (v d, thp mm v thp khng g) khng c kt ni bng in. V d, mt bnh li thp nh nn c km ca chnh trc thuc v khng c kt ni vi mt h thng lin kt c cha huy chng ng hoc thp khng g. Nu khng, thau v thp khng g s c over-bo v, gy lng ph nng lng pin hoc km mt cuc sng rt ngn khong v thi kim c th c trong v g. Ngoi ra, nu h thng bo v chng n mn tht bi, thp nh s b tn cng bi cc thau cao qu v thp khng g. Vi km hoc bo v n tng, hin ti, ng, thp khng g, Monel, ch v mt s hp kim khc l tng thch. Cc kt ni sau y tn ti bo v chng st: o mi phn ng kim loi gian ln ( li v dy vng) dn lin kt chnh o nu ct l kim loi, ct c s dn lin kt chnh o nu ct khng phi l kim loi, mt cnh ng ko di 15 cm (6 ") trn cng ca ct v dy dn mt chy t nh xung ct dn lin kt chnh Nu st khng c mt con ng kim loi ra bin, n c th i qua g hoc bn gy thit hi nghim trng. nu c trang b ng-ten masthead, n l mt ci roi bng kim loi trn mt cun dy ti c s v n cng l kt ni vi ct hoc ct dy dn Cc loi b chng st van c sn cung cp bo v cho cp ng-ten v radio. tt c cc kim loi cc b phn ca h thng nhin liu (xe tng, ng dy, my bm in, van v in ph kin) dn lin kt chnh kim loi nc v gi xe tng v phn cng in ca h trn boong dn lin kt chnh ln hoc di kim loi mt hng (ch o, cp iu khin ng c, cc bi ht cho, stanchions v dng i, bc ging, lan can bung li, bp l, ng khi, bn ra, t kim loi, vv) dn lin kt chnh

o o o

Tr li ni dung

Bo v chng n mn

nu v l g, tt c cc c vt c cng mt loi kim loi Trong m g, kim loi khc nhau c gn vi nhau c th gy ra galvanic n mn kim loi cao qu hn (km l mt trong nhng kim loi cao qu nht). V d, c vt m km s c mt cuc sng ngn li nu c vt bng ng c gn . c vt m km c s dng di nc l loi nhng nng M km c vt s r st rt nhanh chng v m bo v khng phi l rt dy so vi mt lp ph km nhng nng. c vt hoc ph kin c tip xc vi nc khng c lm bng ng, ng hi qun, hoc ng mangan

Nhng kim loi c hm lng km cao v s n mn nghim trng do 'dezincification.' Hu ht cc huy chng ng tht s (silic, nhm, hoc bng ng phosphor) l OK di nc, min l h khng tip xc vi cc kim loi khng tng thch. Lu : Khng s dng h gia nh loi ca van ng nc trong cc h thng nc mui v chng thng lm bng ng. Lu : Cnh qut v trc i khi c lm bng ng hoc ng mangan. Dezincification ca cc ph kin c th c gim xung vi cc h thng bo v km hoc-hin n tng. c vt cng ging nh cc kim loi, hoc hi cao qu hn ph hp Lu : Thng qua-thn l mt vn c bit cho khu vc di nc n mn. Thng qua-v v c vt ca c hai nn c lm bng ng ng s tht. khng c ng trong khu vc ca nc chuyn ng nhanh (v d, kh thi, khuu tay) ng corrodes rt t trong nc nhng vn b tn cng va chm (mt dng n mn) trong nc chuyn ng nhanh. khng c ng hp kim (ng thau, ng, vv) trong vng 60 cm (2 ') ca nhm outdrive Di nc bng nhm c th n mn nghim trng ti khu vc ng hin ng b phn hp kim nn c sn bng sn epoxy gip gim thiu tc ng ca chng. khng c ng dn in t nhm di nc vi bt k kim loi di nc khc (th nghim) Di nc s n mn nhm galvanically khi in kt ni vi hu ht cc kim loi di nc. Magi v km l trng hp ngoi l c th c s dng bo v nhm. ct bum nhm, outdrives hoc ph kin khc tip xc vi cc c vt thp khng g thi tit s dng v c tip xc vi khng c kim loi khc so vi nhm, thp khng g, thp m km, hoc Monel ng v ng hp kim nh ng thau v ng khng c gia nhp vo nhm tip xc vi thi tit v galvanic n mn mnh m rng h c th gy ra. Thp khng g cao qu hn nhiu (thm t km) hn nhm nhng n pht trin mt lp xt bo v chng n mn ca nhm l rt nh. Ngoi ra, cc tc dng n mn ca mt fastener khng r nh c tri ra trn mt din tch tng i ln ca cc ph kin bng nhm v do , n s lm t thit hi tp trung. km nhng nng hoc kim loi m km (dy chuyn, m neo, vv) tip xc vi cc kim loi thp m km, nhng nng, hay ch nh n mn nghim trng c th dn t pha trn cc kim loi ny khng chnh xc. Khng s dng dy chuyn m km trn thp khng g neo, mc khng g trn dy chuyn m km, hoc dy khng g trn mt vng eo tay m km, vv

thp khng g s dng cn thn di nc Khng r l rt tt di nc, tr khi oxy khng c sn cho b mt ca n, nh xy ra theo s pht trin hng hi, trong g m t, bn trong khi nhi v vng bi cao su, v ph kin bn di. Khi khng g l trong nhng tnh hung thng thng, vng su, r (k h n mn) ca kim loi ny c th xy ra v kt cu c th dn n tht bi. Nu cc thnh phn khng g c s dng di nc, h cng phi c phn lp trong 'goop' khng thm nc loi tr hi m t bn di ph hp v h cn c kim tra hng nm kim tra r. c vt thp khng g ci m t c bit d b n mn c k h v chc chn cn phi trnh. Nu khng g hoc bu lng c vt c s dng di nc, rt nhiu goop phi c t trn ch ca h, trong cc l khoan trc v di v xung quanh ngi ng u fastener con du ra khi m. Nhng c vt hoc bu lng phi c thu hi theo nh k kim tra cho cc k h n mn. Lu : thp khng r c kt ni vi mt km hoc h thng bo v n tng, hin ti s khng nht thit phi c bo v. K h n mn xy ra khi oxy khng n c vi b mt kim loi. Nu oxy khng th c c vo b mt sau n rt c kh nng bo v hin ti s khng th mt trong hai. Lu : S dng thp khng g ch 'Austenit' trong ng dng hng hi. Nhng loi thp ny c th c phn bit vi cc loi thp khc vi mt nam chm, s thu ht h rt yu hoc khng g c. Cc khng g tt nht nn c loi 316 hoc tt hn. Type 304, hoc 18 / 8, khng g l ph bin nht nhng khng phi l chng n mn l 316. nu chn vt, chng trc, hay trc bnh li c bng thp khng r, khng thm nc hoc m si keo c dng gi nc mui ra khi ch , cn trc chnh v cch Lu : Hy chc chn khng phi l m ch da. ph tng di nc khng g c gn cht vi cc c vt Monel khng c ming m c cha aming hoc than ch v s dng khng di nc ca m hoc than ch graphite trn bao b ngm tm Aming v than ch rt cao qu trong lot galvanic (i din ca km) v s, do , n mn kim loi hu ht h ang c trong lin h vi. khng c ng, thy ngn, hoc sn chng h dn v nhm hoc thp nh Ni chung, khng c kim loi sn chng h nn c s dng trn kim loi, tr khi bn bit rng h ang tng thch hoc mt loi hnh thch hp ca lng nim phong l ln u tin p dng cho cc kim loi trn. keel bu lng trong tnh trng tt v tng thch vi cc vt liu keel gia sn trc v thit b nng h trong tnh trng tt v lm bng vt liu tng thch ph kin c trong h thng lin kt c sn v phn lp t g cng nhiu cng tt Mt bc tranh ph hp s lm gim lng bo v hin ti n i hi. C lp n t g vi sn hoc cc ming m s bo v g t hydroxit c to ra bi cc hin bo

v. Nhng bin php phng nga gim thiu thit hi do thi kim g xung quanh ph kin bo v. nu ng c hoc h thng lm mt s dng km bo v ni b, khng b n mn zinc i

Km chng n mn h thng: Mt hin bo v chy qua cc kim loi c in kt ni vi km. Hin nay buc bi s khc bit in p galvanic gia km v cc b phn kim loi di nc ca tu. Kim loi c qu xa t km s nhn c t bo v hin hnh.

zinc c ti sng, khng sn v khng b n mn i Lu : C th c zinc trong khi ng c, trong trao i nhit, trn bnh li, hoc trn outdrives. km kt ni vi my git sao b kha v nim phong m Zinc c c xung quanh mt thanh gn kt l tt nht. Nu bn c gn inh zinc, s dng mt goop khng thm nc con du trong v xung quanh cc l lp. iu ny s gip ngn nga s n mn, c th dn n vic ni lng ca km bng cch ph hoi cc kt ni c ging. zinc trc khng qu gn chn vt Mt km trn trc c th gy bt n s lm gim hiu qu ca cnh qut. Trc zinc cng c xu hng bo v ch c mt phn pha trc ca cnh qut. N tt hn c gn trn thn tu-zinc kt ni vi cc trc thng qua mt trc gt nc (xem kt ni, h thng ). thch hp bo v hin ti ang chy (10-25 mA, hoc hn, mi foot vung ca kim loi trn phi c bo v, ty thuc vo nhiu yu t) Lu : Qu nhiu bo v hin nghim tc c th thit hi g hoc, trong trng hp nng, nhm quanh ph kin bo v. Qu t hin ti s khng cung cp bo v y ph kin. Vi mt thn g, n r hn phm sai lm v pha bo v hin nay qu t v hu ht cc ph kin di nc l hp l chng n mn no. c mt ng h bo v gim st hin ti Mt mt bo v hin nay l d dng ci t vi mt h thng gn trn thn tu-km. N s hin th bao nhiu bo v ang c a ra v khi zinc cn thay th. N cng s cho bit cc vn trong h thng, bao gm c dng lc. Cc ng h nn c 1 Amp (1000 mA) y quy m v c mt shunt t xa. Cc shunt cn phi c mt cp l 40 Amp it Schottky c dy song song vi n, mt mi hng, bo v ng h t st hoc li ca dng in sng thn. Cc shunt t xa l quan trng cho php st nh vo dng chy trc tip ra bin, m khng cn phi chuyn ln n v tr ng h nc. Lu : Stray dng chn ca mt h thng lin kt s n mn bt k zinc thuc trc khi lm h hi cc kim loi khc.

Hn ch cc h thng hin ti: Nhng h thng ny v c bn ging nh mt h thng gn trn thn tu-km ngoi tr mch hn ch hin ti c t trong cc dy chy n km hy sinh, cho php thm km ln c s dng. Hin ti c t chc mt mc thch hp v km c th ko di trong nhiu nm hoc nhiu hn. Cc h thng ny c th c cc dng tham chiu gn trn thn tu cng nh cc zinc hin t.

lm theo hng dn ca nh sn xut bo tr v m bo rng n lm vic ...

n tng, hin ti h thng: n tng, hin ti h thng lc lng "bo v dng chy, bng cch s dng in p pin thay v hin ti in p t nhin gia km v h thng lin kt. An anode di nc vn c yu cu nhng n c thc hin ca mt s kim loi khng n mn thay v km. Ant tham kho cng c th c yu cu vi h thng ny.

lm theo hng dn ca nh sn xut bo tr v m bo rng n lm vic ...

Tr li ni dung

Compass (truyn thng, fluxgate v la bn li t ng)

khng b nh hng bi hot ng ca bt k cc thit b ca tu - kim tra trn hai nhm vung gc (v d, N v W) Bt k DC hin dng chy v cc thit b in t c th nh hng n hu ht cc bn nu h ang gn . Kim tra tt c mi th.

Lu : AC hin ti khng nh hng n la bn ba tip im khng p dng cho h thng dy in Volt 120.

khng dy mang nng hin ti gn khng dy duy nht gn la bn dy in tip t chnh-chuyn bng v sn lng pht in ca cc dy l nhng v d ca cc vn tim nng bi v h mang theo rt nhiu hin ti v h thng chy mt mnh. Khi c hai dy tch cc v tiu cc ca mt mch chy vi nhau, i din trng t tnh ca h c xu hng trit tiu ln nhau. nu dy in gn , n c c dy dn xon li vi nhau cht ch khng c loa, ong a mt kim, my bin p, cun dy nh la, hoc cc thit b t tnh khc gn

Loa thng cha cc nam chm vnh cu mnh m. H phi c t nht 1,5 m (5 ') i t bt k la bn. khng c vt bng kim loi gn tr khi h ang khng t tnh Thp v st, gy hu ht cc vn . Thp khng r v nhm s c OK. Tt c cc kim loi gn nn c hiu qu ca chng trn bn kim tra. li t ng v ch o la bn c phn cch bi 1 m (3 ') tr ln (kim tra hiu qu ca chng vo nhau)

Tr li ni dung

in Nhiu (ting n)

GPS, Loran, li t ng, VHF, RADAR, su m vang, vv tip tc hot ng ng khi in cc h thng khc c bt ln - Khng thc hin ny bt u th nghim vi ng c in hoc ng c ti! Khng c thit b in t nn c 'bt' trong khi ng c ang c bt u hoc cc ti ang hot ng, tr khi h ang c trong mt mch c lp. Cc in p ngn ngy hoc 'gai' c to ra bi ng c khi ng v ti c th gy thit hi cho thit b in t nhy cm.Trong th nghim ny, xem cho ting n to ra bi h thng nh la c kh, pht in, DC bin tn AC, m vang su, radar, nh sng nhp nhy, n hunh quang, ng c in, my bm nhin liu in, VHF v SSB radio. Lu rng ting n in t c th c truyn qua dy hoc khng kh. V d, mt Loran c th tip nhn ngi ngho do ting n trong cp in hay ting n ca n chn ca ng-ten ca n. li t ng, radar, bin tn v i pht thanh SSB c mch ring ca h, vi cc dy chy ring bit vi dy cho thit b in t nhy cm c th c lp mch li t ng Mt s li t ng ng c in c th gy ra vn ting n cho cc thit b in t (v d, Loran). Nu iu ny xy ra, c lp l mong mun. iu ny c th t c bng cch trc tip ng dy mch li t ng vi mt pin (ti pin chuyn i) v chy cc h thng trn cc pin khc. Ngoi ra, cc Loran c th c mt ngun cung cp in b c lp bi c pin ring nh b ca mnh, c ni vi h thng vi cc b lc thch hp tnh ph. Loran c t nht 8 dy dn tn hiu nh gi cho mt t 'ni' chung Ground im dy in cho cc thit b nhy cm chy ring bit vi dy khc, c bit l sn lng pht in, dng c c v dy ng c in Dy in chy song song v gn gi vi nhau c th gy ra vn . Tuy nhin, dy c th vt qua m khng nh hng ln nhau. Che chn c th c yu cu nu gn dy song song khng th trnh khi.

Nu vn ting n tip tc sau khi sau nhng li ngh trn, lc ca vi phm v / hoc cc mch nhy cm c th cn thit

Tr li ni dung

Linh tinh

u d m vang su l min ph ca s pht trin bin v c lp sn mng hoc khng c trn b mt y nu propan hoc xng c s dng trn tu, cc thit b thch hp cm bin c lp t cnh bo v r r li t ng, VHF, RADAR, SSB v quan trng, nng lng cao cc thit b khc c mt in p u vo khc vi in p ca pin bng cch nh hn 0,5 V trong khi vn hnh S st gim in p trong mch l mt du hiu ca tnh trng kt ni, chuyn mch v h thng dy in. tm pin mt tri c diode trong mch ca h Nu khng c diode, tm pin mt tri c th mt ngun in t pin vo ban m.

Tr li ni dung

Pre-Cruise Danh sch Kim tra Mini

Bo tr cc im kim tra ch c bo him mt thi gian ngn y. i vi cc gii thch v cc im kim tra xy dng, xem phn chnh ca danh sch kim tra Pin

trn cc b mt sch s v kh acid (in phn) cp ln ti lt nha bn trong l trng lng ring sc y l 1,245-1,300 trong mi t bo Trong pin mt phn thi, t trng ca mi t bo khng thay i c hn 0,050 t cc t bo khc 'Ngh ngi' in p pin l 12,1-12,8 Volts cranks ng c ng trong 5 giy vi mi pin mt mnh - pin in p cao hn 9,5 V v n nh, trong khi cranking cp nm trong tnh trng tt kt ni sch s v kn t m

Tr li ni dung Dy & kt ni

b mt tip xc ca cc kt ni c kh c lm sch v ph keo chng m trc khi c t li vi nhau khng c cch in b sn hoc nt (kim tra y tu v khoang ng c) 12 Volt r r h thng t hn 5 mA ca (th nghim) hin ti pin kt ni chuyn sch v ng du cho tng v tr 'bt', in p gim t hn 0,5 Volts trong chuyn i pin, trong khi ng c l cranking cu ch c trong sch, cht ch, a ch lin h kn mi h thng in c din t trong s hoc s v y l mt v tr trn tu

Tr li ni dung Pht in, Starter & quy Motor

vi ng c chy, pin sc y, v mt 1 hoc 2 ti Amp trn h thng (mt nh sng bt ln), in p cho pin l 13,9-14,4 V - in p khng i nh ti thm c bt ln, tng sn lng nh gi ca cc pht in bn chi v vng trt hoc commutators c sch s v trong tnh trng tt vng bi hoc ng lt trong tnh trng tt cc kt ni bn ngoi sch s, kn t m, v thit b u cui tch cc c bao ph pht in vnh ai (s) cht ch v trong hnh dng tt starter solenoid pit tng sch v bi trn in t ni b lin lc sch s v khng sc ng c khi ng v ti c 9,0 Volts hoc nhiu hn trong khi vn hnh

Tr li ni dung Linh tinh

120 Volt AC ra khun mt sch s v thit b u cui ph mt keo chng m nh du bi trn di nc bng thp khng g ph kin v c vt khng sc nu ng c hoc h thng lm mt s dng km bo v ni b, khng b n mn zinc i zinc chng n mn sng, khng sn v khng b n mn i trong h thng bo v chng n mn, thch hp bo v hin ti ang chy (10-25 mA, hoc hn, mi foot vung ca kim loi trn phi c bo v, ty thuc vo nhiu yu t) la bn khng b nh hng bi hot ng ca bt k cc thit b ca tu - kim tra trn hai nhm vung gc (v d, N v W) Loran, li t ng, VHF, RADAR, vv tip tc hot ng ng khi in cc h thng khc c bt ln - Khng thc hin ny bt u th nghim vi ng c in hoc ng c ti! u d m vang su l min ph ca s pht trin bin v c lp sn mng hoc khng c trn b mt y nu propan hoc xng c s dng trn tu, cc thit b thch hp cm bin c lp t cnh bo v r r

li t ng, VHF, RADAR, SSB v quan trng, nng lng cao cc thit b khc c in p u vo khc nhau t in p ca pin bng cch nh hn 0,5 V trong khi vn hnh

Tr li ni dung H thng in Spares

cu ch (kim tra cc thit b in t cho cu ch bn trong) bng n ng-ten VHF s kt ni trc tip vi i pht thanh vnh ai pht in pht in bn chi (nht alternators c bn chi) iu chnh in p cho pht in v / hoc phng php pht in ca cun dy "nng ni dy" cho cc trng hp khn cp tnh 4 lt (1 gallon) nc ct khi ng ng c in t ti ng c in t nu ng c kh, hon thnh thit lp cc b phn h thng nh la plug-in trnh kim tra cm AC (c 3 n bo, chi ph $ 10 n $ 15)

Tr li ni dung

Ti liu tham kho

The Bullet Proof H thng in , Cng ty Du thuyn Thit b, Seattle, 1986. Xy dng tiu chun cho tu nh , Cnh st bin Canada, Chi nhnh An ton tu, Phn V, nm 1978. Lin quan vn n mn , Ed McClave, WoodenBoat tp ch # 93 (thng T, 1990), tr 94-113. in phn v n mn (3 phn), Jerry Kirschenbaum, WoodenBoat tp ch # 23, # 24 & # 25 (thng by-thng mi mt, 1978). n mn kim loi trong thuyn , Nigel Warren, 1980. Quy tc v quy nh cho vic xy dng v tng hp ... ca thuyn g , Lloyd's Register ca Vn chuyn, 1966, trang 171-184. Tiu chun v thc hnh khuyn ngh cho Th nh , thuyn ca M v Hi ng Du thuyn, Inc, 1990-1991. Trong 12 Volt Bc s ca S tay thc hnh , Edgar J. Beyn, 1983. Thuyn ca bn h thng in , Miller Conrad v Maloney ES, nm 1988.

Bnh lun hoan nghnh! V u trang

Ti liu ny c sn trn Internet thng qua www.islandnet.com / Robb / marine.html in Hng Hi Danh sch kim tra, bn quyn Robb Zuk E-mail n robb@islandnet.com nu bn mun.