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Learning Objectives
Identify the components of a typical extrusion coated or laminated structure. Understand the properties and requirements of each component in a structure. Understand the various types of substrates available for use in extrusion coating and laminating. Learn how to put various substrates together to build a structure.
Substrates
The building blocks used to produce a fi i h d structure. finished t t Materials are selected based on
Function & Design Requirements of the package
What will it hold? How will it be converted, filled and distributed? How will it need to look? How will it be used? How much protection is required? (Moisture, Gas, Chemical, Flavors, Aromas, Light, Dirt and Dust) How much will product cost?
Typical Structure
Outside / (Bulk, Barrier, and/or Tie) / Inside
Tie Layers
Considerations for the tie layers:
Composition of layers being tied together Adhesion method (adhesive, extrusion, primers) Amount of bond required Failure required (cohesive or adhesive failure) Bond strength over time (chemical attack, bond change due to materials, etc).
Bulk Layers
Considerations for the bulk layers:
Cost Thickness/Modulus Adhesion and compatibility with other layers. How will the bulk layer affect appearance, machineability, converting, and use of the structure. structure How will the bulk layer affect appearance, machineability, converting, and use of the structure. Strength properties (tear, puncture, etc)
Barrier Layers
Considerations for the barrier layer:
Type yp of barrier (Moisture, ( Gas, Solvent, Aroma, Light, g Microbial) How much barrier is required? Is the barrier also providing grease or chemical resistance/barrier? Does the barrier need to be clear or can it be opaque? Abuse resistance (cracking or pinholes). Does the product require a scavenger in addition to a barrier? Dont consider only the permeation through the face of the structure but permeation through the seal of the package, as well.
Low COF for converting Food Contact (flavor scalping, taste and odor) Appearance
Cost
Substrates
Paper
Advantages Paper (Less than 7mils in thickness) Measured in lbs/ream - Low Cost - Some bulk and deadfold - Strength (X,Y & Z Direction) - Opaque - Natural and Bleached and Clay Coated -Easy to obtain adhesion (mechanical and chemical) -Easy and forgiving to run and hide gauge bands bands. Disadvantages - Poor Barrier & Chemical Resistance - Non-Sealable - Properties change depending upon moisture content - Rough surface can produce pinholes.
Paperboard
Advantages g Paperboard (greater than 7mils) Measured by thickness points. - Strength (X,Y & Z Direction) - Opaque - Natural and Bleached and Clay Coated -Easy to obtain adhesion (mechanical and chemical) -Can be easy to run and hide gauge bands. -Easy and forgiving to run and hide gauge bands. Disadvantages g - Poor Barrier & Chemical Resistance - Non-Sealable - Properties change depending upon moisture content - Rough surface can produce pinholes.
Cellophane
Advantages g Cellophane - Excellent Optics - Good Stiffness - Good Printability - Excellent twist retention - Good Machineability Disadvantages g - Poor Barrier - Poor Tear Strength - Non-Sealable - Can turn color over time.
OPP
Advantages g OPP - Excellent Optics - Good Stiffness - Greaseproof - Heat Sealable Grades - Opaque (Cavitated OPP) -Metallized or PVdC OPP Good Barrier -Good Machineability Flex resistance vs. Cellophane -Flex (2700+ on Gelbo) Disadvantages g - Cost - Tear Strength - Treatment or primer required for adhesion - Metallized surface can scratch easily
OPET
Advantages g OPET - Excellent Optics - Excellent Stiffness (> Than OPP) - Good Strength - Good Oxygen Barrier - High Heat Resistance - Metallized or PVdC PET Good Moisture and Gas Barrier -Good Machineability - High Abrasion Resistance Disadvantages g - Cost - Poor Tear Strength, once tear is initiated. Harder to initiate tear than OPP. - Poor Moisture Barrier Compared to OPP. - Treatment or primer required for adhesion. Can be harder to adhere to than OPP. -Metallized surface can scratch easily
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Foil
Advantages Foil - Ultimate Barrier (if pinhole free) - Optics for Decorative Structures Disadvantages - Cost - Very Weak - Non-Sealable - Hard to Print - Can be hard to get adhesion. - At gauges of less than 1mil pinholes can be present.
Metallized Film
Advantages Metallized Film (Cellophane, OPP, Nylon & PET) - Barrier - Many grades available, Cellophane, OPP, Nylon, PET, etc) - Heat sealable grades available. Disadvantages - Cost - If scratched then barrier is significantly reduce. - Does not offer the stiffness and deadfold of foil.
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Nylon Film
Advantages Nylon Film - Optics - Very high toughness, tensile, and abrasion resistance. - Good oxygen barrier. - High heat resistance (withstand steam steralization 140C and even hotter with dry heat). - Good odor barrier. - Biax improves strength, stiffness, and d optics ti as well ll as b barrier i - Excellent grease resistance. Disadvantages - Cost - High water absorption which change mechanical properties (only temporarily). - Does not offer the stiffness and deadfold of foil.
PE Films
Advantages PE Films - Cost (Depending Upon Type) - Good Optics (Depending upon type) - Good Sealability - Moisture Barrier - Low Temperature Abuse Resistance - Good Toughness and Tear - Orientation in both directions for blown film. - Good optics for cast film. Disadvantages - Cost (Depending Upon Type) - Low Stiffness Compared to OPP and PET - Poor oxygen barrier. -Low Temperature Resistance. - Subject to environmental stress cracking.
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Cast PP Films
Advantages Cast PP Films - Cost - High Elongation at Break - MVTR better than LDPE but not quite as good as HDPE. - Chemical Resistance - Oil & Grease Resistance - Good Twist Retention Disadvantages - Poor Tear Strength - Poor Impact Strength at Low Temp (below 0C) -Low Temperature Resistance. - Subject to environmental stress cracking.
BLOWN FILM
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Non-Wovens
Advantages Non-Wovens (PET, PP, & Cellulose) - Cloth like appearance and feel - Breathable - High Bulk - High Strength - Easy to get adhesion (mechanical adhesion). - Specialty applications: -Filters, Wipes, Automotive, Building Materials, Hygiene, etc. Disadvantages - Low Barrier - Low Grease and Chemical Resistance - Pinholes
MVTR
100
G-mil/100sq.in./day/atm
10
0.1
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OTR
1000 100
Cc-mil/100sq.in./day/atm C
10 1 0.1
Barrier Coatings
Aluminum and Silicon Oxide Coatings
Al2O3 & SiOx are now being applied to PET and OPP to improve oxygen and moisture barrier similar to foil foil. Produces metal-free, retortable, microwavable, transparent, environmentally friendly, high barrier films. Barrier layer is only angstroms thick, making OPP and PET recyclable. SiOx can have an amber tint and Al2O3 a grey tint. Care must be taken when flexing, not to crack coating. Development work on depositing these coatings at atmospheric conditions. conditions
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Thank-you!
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