The Hyperbolic Stewart Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity

Model of Hyperbolic Geometry

C

At

Alin Barbu
"Vasile Alecsandri" College - Bac au, str. Iosif Cocea, nr. 12, sc. A, ap. 13, Romania
kafka_mate@yahoo.com
Abstract. In this study, we present a proof of the hyperbolic Stewart theorem
in the Einstein relativistic velocity model of hyperbolic geometry
2000 Mathematical Subject Classication: 51K05, 51M10, 30F45, 20N99, 51B10
Keywords and phrases: Hyperbolic Geometry, Hyperbolic Triangle, Einstein rela-
tivistic velocity model, Stewart Theorem, Gyrovector, Median Theorem
1. Introduction
Hyperbolic geometry appeared in the rst half of the 19
th
century as an attempt to
understand Euclids axiomatic basis of geometry. It is also known as a type of non-
Euclidean geometry, being in many respects similar to euclidean geometry. Hyperbolic
geometry includes similar concepts as distance and angle. Both these geometries have
many results in common but many are dierent. Several useful models of hyperbolic
geometry are studied in the literature as, for instance, the Poincar disc and ball models,
the Poincar half-plane model, and the Beltrami-Klein disc and ball models etc. Following
[5] and [8] and earlier discoveries, the Beltrami-Klein model is also known as the Einstein
relativistic velocity model. Here, in this study, we present a proof of the hyperbolic
Stewart theorem in the Einstein relativistic velocity model of hyperbolic geometry. The
well-known Stewart theorem states that if a point 1 lies between the vertices and C of
the triangle 1C, then 1
2
1C +1C
2
111
2
C = C 1C 1 ([1, p 152]).
This result has a simple statement but it is of great interest. We just mention here few
dierent proofs given by O. Demirel [2], W. Stothers [3], V. Bosko [4].
Let 1 denote the complex unit disc in complex . - plane, i.e.
1 = . C : [.[ < 1.
The most general Mbius transformation of 1 is
. c
i
.
0
+ .
1 + .
0
.
= c
i
(.
0
.),
which induces the Mbius addition in 1, allowing the Mbius transformation of the
disc to be viewed as a Mbius left gyrotranslation
. .
0
. =
.
0
+ .
1 + .
0
.
followed by a rotation. Here 0 R is a real number, ., .
0
1, and .
0
is the complex
conjugate of .
0
. Let nt(1, ) be the automorphism group of the grupoid (1, ). If we
dene
qjr : 1 1 nt(1, ), qjr[a, /] =
a /
/ a
=
1 + a/
1 + a/
,
then the gyrocommutative law a / = qjr[a, /](/ a) is satised.
1
The Hyperbolic Stewart Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry2
Denition 1. A groupoid (G, ) is a gyrogroup if its binary operation satises the fol-
lowing axioms. In G there is at least one element, 0, called a left identity, satisfying
(G1) 0 a = a
for all a G. There is an element 0 G satisfying axiom (G1) such that for each a G
there is an element a G, called a left inverse of a, satisfying
(G2) a a = 0
Moreover, for any a, /, c G there exists a unique element qjr[a, /]c G such that the
binary operation obeys the left gyroassociative law
(G3) a (/ c) = (a /) qjr[a, /]c
The map qjr[a, /] : G G given by c qjr[a, /]c is an automorphism of the groupoid
(G, ),
(G4) qjr[a, /] nt(G, )
and the automorphism qjr[a, /] of G is called the gyroautomorphism of G generated by
a, / G. The operator qjr : G G nt(G, ) is called the gyrator of G. Finally, the
gyroautomorphism qjr[a, /] generated by any a, / G possesses the left loop property
(G5) qjr[a, /] = qjr[a /, /]
(see [5, p.17])
A gyrovector space (G, , ) is a gyrocommutative gyrogroup (G, ) that obeys the
following axioms:
(1) qjr[u, v]a qjr[u, v]b = a b for all points a, b, u, v G.
(2) G admits a scalar multiplication, , possessing the following properties. For all
real numbers r, r
1
, r
2
R and all points a G:
(G1) 1 a = a
(G2) (r
1
+ r
2
) a = r
1
a r
2
a
(G3) (r
1
r
2
) a = r
1
(r
2
a)
(G4)
jrja
krak
=
a
kak
(G5) qjr[u, v](r a) = r qjr[u, v]a
(G6) qjr[r
1
v, r
1
v] =1
(3) Real vector space structure (|G| , , ) for the set |G| of onedimensional "vectors"
|G| = |a| : a G R
with vector addition and scalar multiplication , such that for all r R and a, b G,
(G7) |r a| = [r[ |a|
(G8) |a b| _ |a| |b|
Denition 2. Let G = (G, , ) be a gyrovector space. Its gyrometric is given by the
gyrodistance function d(a, b) : GG [0, ),
d(a, b) = |a b| = |b a|
where d(a, b) is the gyrodistance of a to b.
The Hyperbolic Stewart Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry3
(see [5, p.157])
Denition 3. A gyrotriangle 1C in a gyrovector space (G, , ) is a gyrovector space
object formed by the three points , 1, C G, called the vertices of the gyrotriangle,
and the gyrosegments 1, C and 1C, called the sides of the gyrotriangle. These are,
respectively, the sides opposite to the vertices C, 1 and . The gyrotriangle sides generate
the three gyrotriangle gyroangles, c, ,, and , 0 < c, ,, < , at the respective vertices
, 1 and C.
(see [5, p.284])
Denition 4. Let \ be a real inner product space and let \
s
be the :-ball of \ ,
\
s
= v \ : |v| < :
where : 0 is an arbitrarily xed constant. Einstein addition
E
is a binary operation
in \
s
given by the equation
u
E
v =
1
1 +
uv
s
2

u+
1

u
v+
1
:
2

u
1 +
u
(u v)u

where
u
=
1
q
1
kuk
s
2
is the gamma factor in \
s
, and where and || are the inner product
and norm that the ball \
s
inherits from its space \.
(see [5, p.88])
Theorem 5. (The Relativistic Law of Gyrocosines) Let 1C be a gyrotriangle in
a gyrovector space (\
s
, , ), whose vertices are the points , 1 and C of the gyroplane
and whose sides are a = 1 C, b = C , and c = 1. Let a = |a| , / =
|b| , c = |c| are the side-gyrolengths of the gyrotriangle 1C, and whose gyroangles
c = \1C, , = \C1, = \C1 of the gyrotriangle 1C. Then,

a
=
b

c
(1 /
s
c
s
cos c),
where
a
=
1
_
1a
2
s
, and a
s
=
a
s
.
(see [5, p.542])
Theorem 6. (The Gyrotriangle Bisector Theorem). Let 1C be a gyrotriangle
in a Einstein gyrovector space (\
s
, , ) with vertices , 1, C \
s
, sides a, b, c V
s
,
and side gyrolengths a, /, c (:, :), a = 1 C, b = C , c = 1, a = |a| ,
/ = |b| , c = |c| , and let 1 be a point lying on side 1C of the gyrotriangle such that
1 is a bisector of gyroangle \1C . Then

jBDj
[11[

jCDj
[C1[
=

jABj
[1[

jACj
[C[
,
where
v
=
1
q
1
v
2
s
2
.
The Hyperbolic Stewart Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry4
(see [6, p.151])
For further details we refer to the recent book of A.Ungar [5].
2. Main results
In this sections, we present a proof of the hyperbolic Stewart theorem in the Einstein
relativistic velocity model of hyperbolic geometry.
Theorem 7. (The hyperbolic Stewart theorem). If a point 1 lies between the
vertices and C of the gyrotriangle 1C, then

jABj

jDCj
[1C[ +
jACj

jBDj
[11[
jADj

jDCj

jBDj
[[11[ +[1C[] = 0,
where [1C[ , [11[ , and [1C[ noted the gyrolengths of gyrosegments 1C, 11, and 1C,
respectively.
Proof. If we use theorem 5 in the triangles 11 and 1C1 respectively (see Figure
1), then
cos
\
11 =

jABj
+
jBDj

jADj

jBDj

jADj

jBDj
s

jADj
s
(1)
and
cos
\
1C =

jACj
+
jADj

jDCj

jADj

jCDj

jADj
s

jDCj
s
. (2)
Because of cos
\
11 = cos
\
1C, we obtain

jBDj

jCDj

jADj
[1C[
jABj

jDCj
[1C[ =
jACj

jBDj
[11[
jADj

jBDj

jDCj
[11[
or

jABj

jDCj
[1C[ +
jACj

jBDj
[11[
jADj

jDCj

jBDj
[[11[ +[1C[] = 0. (3)
The Hyperbolic Stewart Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry5
Corollary 8. (Median theorem in hyperbolic geometry). Let 1C be a gyrotri-
angle, and 1 is a gyromidpoint of the gyrosegment 1C. Then,

jADj
=

jABj
+
jACj
2
jDCj
.
Proof. We have
[11[ = [1C[ (4)
and

jBDj
=
jDCj
(5)
If we use theorem 7 and relations (4) and (5) we get

jADj
=

jABj
+
jACj
2
jDCj
. (6)
Corollary 9. (The gamma factor of an angle bisector). Let 1C be a gyrotriangle,
and let 1 be a point lying on side 1C of the gyrotriangle such that 1 is a bisector of
gyroangle \1C. Then

jADj
=

jABj
[1C[

jBDj
[[11[ +[1C[]

1 +
[1[
[C[

.
Proof. If we use theorem 7 in the triangles 1C, then

jABj

jDCj
[1C[ +
jACj

jBDj
[11[
jADj

jDCj

jBDj
[[11[ +[1C[] = 0. (7)
If we use the gyrotriangle bisector theorem, we have

jBDj
[11[

jCDj
[C1[
=

jABj
[1[

jACj
[C[
. (8)
From (7) and (8) we get

jADj
=

jABj
[1C[

jBDj
[[11[ +[1C[]

1 +
[1[
[C[

. (9)
The Einstein relativistic velocity model is another model of hyperbolic geometry. Many
of the theorems of Euclidean geometry are relatively similar form in the Einstein relativis-
tic velocity model, Stewarts theorem for gyrotriangle is an example in this respect. We
should note that in the Euclidean limit of large :, : , gamma factor
v
reduces to 1,
so the gyroequality (3) reduces to the trivial identity 0 = 0. Hence, (3) has no immediate
Euclidean counterpart, thus presenting a disanalogy between hyperbolic and Euclidean
geometry.
Acknowledgement
The author wish to thank the referee for useful comments.
The Hyperbolic Stewart Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry6
References
[1] Court, N.A., An introduction to the Modern Geometry of the Triangle and the Circle,
Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 2007.
[2] Demirel, O., The theorems of Stewart and Steiner in the Poincar disc model of hyper-
bolic geometry, Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae, vol. 50 (2009),
issue 3, pp. 359-371.
[3] Stothers, W., Geometry Pages - http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~wws/cabripages.
[4] Bosko, V., Nicolescu, L., Probleme practice de geometrie, Editura Tehnic a, Bucuresti,
1990, p. 9.
[5] Ungar, A.A., Analytic Hyperbolic Geometry and Albert Einsteins Special Theory of
Relativity, Hackensack, NJ:World Scientic Publishing Co.Pte. Ltd., 2008.
[6] Ungar, A.A., A Gyrovector Space Approach to Hyperbolic Geometry, Morgan & Clay-
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[7] Ungar, A.A., Analytic Hyperbolic Geometry Mathematical Foundations and Applica-
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