The Flexure and Shear Design of Corbel Bracket As Per ACI 318

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CHAPTER
11
THE FLEXURE AND SHEAR DESIGN (BRACKET) OF CORBEL
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Corbel or bracket is a reinforced concrete member is a short-haunched cantilever used to support the reinforced concrete beam element. Corbel is structural element to support the pre-cast structural system such as pre-cast beam and pre-stressed beam. The corbel is cast monolithic with the column element or wall element.
This chapter is describes the design procedure of corbel or bracket structure. Since the load from precast structural element is large then it is very important to make a good detailing in corbel.
11.2 BEHAVIOR OF CORBEL

The followings are the major items show the behavior of the reinforced concrete corbel, as follows : The shear span/depth ratio is less than 1.0, it makes the corbel behave in two-dimensional manner. Shear deformation is significant is the corbel. There is large horizontal force transmitted from the supported beam result from long-term shrinkage and creep deformation. Bearing failure due to large concentrated load. The cracks are usually vertical or inclined pure shear cracks. The mode of failure of corbel are : yielding of the tension tie, failure of the end anchorage of the tension tie, failure of concrete by compression or shearinga and bearing failure.
The followings figure shows the mode of failure of corbel.
11 - 1
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Vu
Vu
DIAGONAL SHEAR
SHEAR FRICTION
Vu
Vu Nu
ANCHORAGE SPLITING
VERTICAL SPLITING
FIGURE 11.1
MODES OF FAILURE OF CORBEL
11.3 SHEAR DESIGN OF CORBEL

11.3.1 GENERAL Since the corbel is cast at different time with the column element then the cracks occurs in the interface of the corbel and the column. To avoid the cracks we must provide the shear friction reinforcement perpendicular with the cracks direction.
ACI code uses the shear friction theory to design the interface area.
11.3.2
SHEAR FRICTION THEORY
In shear friction theory we use coefficient of friction to transform the horizontal resisting force into vertical resisting force.
The basic design equation for shear reinforcement design is : Vn Vu where : Vn Vu = nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement = ultimate shear force = strength reduction factor ( = 0.85)
[11.1]
11 - 2
)
Vu
Avf f y Avf f y
f
SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT
ASSUMED CRACK
FIGURE 11.1
SHEAR FRICTION THEORY
The nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement is :

TABLE 11.1 SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT STRENGTH INCLINED SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Vn Avf
VERTICAL SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Vn Avf
A vf =
Vn = A vf fy
Vn fy
A vf =
Vn = A vf fy ( sin f + cos f )
Vn fy ( sin f + cos f )
Vu A vf =
fy
A vf =
fy ( sin f + cos f )
Vu
where : Vn Avf Fy = nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement = area of shear friction reinforcement = yield strength of shear friction reinforcement = coefficient of friction
TABLE 11.2
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION METHOD COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.7
Concrete Cast Monolithic Concrete Placed Against Roughened Hardened Concrete Concrete Placed Against unroughened Hardened Concrete Concrete Anchored to Structural Steel
The value of is : = 1.0 = 0.85 = 0.75 normal weight concrete sand light weight concrete all light weight concrete
11 - 3
The ultimate shear force must follows the following condiitons : Vu (0.2f 'c )b w d Vu (5.50 )b w d
[11.1]
where : Vu fc bw d = ultimate shear force = concrete cylinder strength = width of corbel section = effective depth of corbel (N) (MPa) (mm) (mm)
11.3.3
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the shear design for corbel (bracket), as follows :

Calculate the ultimate shear force Vu. Check the ultimate shear force for the following condition, if the following condition is not achieved then enlarge the section. Vu (0.2f 'c )b w d Vu (5.50 )b w d
Calculate the area of shear friction reinforcement Avf.

VERTICAL SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Vn Avf Vn INCLINED SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Avf
A vf =
Vn = A vf fy
Vn fy
Vu
A vf = Vn = A vf fy ( sin f + cos f )
Vn fy ( sin f + cos f )
A vf
= fy
A vf =
fy ( sin f + cos f )
Vu
The design must be follows the basic design equation as follows : Vn Vu
11.4 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF CORBEL

11.4.1 GENERAL
The corbel is design due to ultimate flexure moment result from the supported beam reaction Vu and horizontal force from creep and shrinkage effect Nu.
11 - 4
)
Vu
a
min d/2
Nuc
FIGURE 11.2
DESIGN FORCE OF CORBEL
11.4.2
TENSION REINFORCEMENT
The ultimate horizontal force acts in the corbel Nuc is result from the creep and shrinkage effect of the pre-cast or pre-stressed beam supported by the corbel. This ultimate horizontal force must be resisted by the tension reinforcement as follows :
d h
An =
Nuc fy
[11.2]
where : An Nuc fy = area of tension reinforcement = ultimate horizontal force at corbel = yield strength of the tension reinforcement = strength reduction factor ( = 0.85)
Minimum value of Nuc is 0.2Vuc.
The strength reduction factor is taken 0.85 because the major action in corbel is dominated by shear.
11.4.3
FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT
Vu
a
Ts
Nuc
jd
Cc
FIGURE 11.3 ULTIMATE FLEXURE MOMENT AT CORBEL
d h
11 - 5
The ultimate flexure moment Mu result from the support reactions is : Mu = Vu (a ) + Nuc (h d) where : Mu Vu a Nuc h d = ultimate flexure moment = ultimate shear force = distance of Vu from face of column = ultimate horizontal force at corbel = height of corbel = effective depth of corbel
[11.3]
The resultant of tensile force of tension reinforcement is :
Tf = A f fy where : Tf Af fy = tensile force resultant of flexure reinforcement = area of flexure reinforcement = yield strength of the flexure reinforcement
[11.4]
The resultant of compressive force of the concrete is : Cc = 0.85 f 'c ba(cos ) where : Cc fc b a = compressive force resultant of concrete = concrete cylinder strength = width of corbel = depth of concrete compression zone
[11.5]
The horizontal equilibrium of corbel internal force is : H = 0 Cc =Ts

A f fy
[11.6]
0.85 f 'c ba(cos ) = A f fy

a= 0.85f 'c b(cos )
The flexure reinforcement area is :
Af =
Mu a fy d 2
[11.7]
11 - 6
)
Af =
Mu A f fy 0.85 f ' b(cos ) c fy d 2
Cos value can be calculated based on the Tan value as follows :
Tan =
jd a
[11.8]
where : a jd = distance of Vu from face of column = lever arm
Based on the equation above we must trial and error to find the reinforcement area Af. For practical reason the equation below can be used for preliminary :
Af = Af =
Mu fy (jd)
[11.9]
Mu fy (0.85d)
where : Af Mu fy d = area of flexural reinforcement = ultimate flexure moment at corbel = yield strength of the flexural reinforcement = strength reduction factor ( = 0.9) = effective depth of corbel
11.4.4
DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS

Vu Vu Nuc As= Af +An
As=
2 3
Avf +An
Nuc
(2/3)d
d h
(2/3)d
Ah=
1 3
Avf
Ah=
1 2
Af
FRAMING REBAR
FRAMING REBAR
CASE 1
CASE 2
FIGURE 11.4
DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS
11 - 7
From the last calculation we already find the shear friction reinforcement Avf, tension
reinforcement An and flexural reinforcement Af. We must calculate the primary tension reinforcement As based on the above reinforcements.
TABLE 11.3 DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT Ah 1 CLOSED STIRRUP LOCATION
CASE
As
As
2 A vf + A n 3
As =
2 A vf + A n 3
Ah =
1 A vf 3
2 d 3
A s A f + An
A s = A f + An
Ah =
1 Af 2
2 d 3
where : As Avf An Af Ah d = area of primary tension reinforcement = area of shear friction reinforcement = area of tension reinforcement = area of flexure reinforcement = horizontal closed stirrup = effective depth of corbel
The reinforcements is taken which is larger, case 1 or case 2, the distribution of the reinforcements is shown in the figure above.
11.4.5
LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENTS
The limits of primary steel reinforcement at corbel design is :
As f' 0.04 c bd fy
[11.10]
where : As b d = area of primary tension reinforcement = width of corbel = effective depth of corbel
The limits of horizontal closed stirrup reinforcement at corbel design is : A h 0.5(A s A n ) where : As An
11.4.6
[11.11]
= area of primary tension reinforcement = area of tension reinforcement

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the flexural design for corbel (bracket), as follows :
11 - 8
)
Calculate ultimate flexure moment Mu. Mu = Vu (a ) + Nuc (h d)
Calculate the area of tension reinforcement An.
An =

Nuc fy
Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement Af.
Af =
Mu fy (0.85d)
Calculate the area of primary tension reinforcement As.
CASE
As
PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT Ah
CLOSED STIRRUP LOCATION
As
2 A vf + A n 3
As =
2 A vf + A n 3
Ah = Ah =
1 A vf 3 1 Af 2
2 d 3 2 d 3
A s A f + An
A s = A f + An
Check the reinforcement for minimum reinforcement.
As f' 0.04 c bd fy
A h 0.5(A s A n )
11.5 APPLICATIONS
11.5.1 APPLICATION 01 DESIGN OF CORBEL
Vu=150000 N
100
Nuc
200
400
11 - 9
PROBLEM
Design the flexural and shear friction reinforcement of corbel structure above.
MATERIAL
Concrete strength Steel grade Concrete cylinder strength
= K 300 = Grade 400 = f 'c = 0.83 30 = 24.9 MPa 1 = 0.85
DIMENSION
b h Concrete cover d
= 200 = 400 = 30 = 370
mm mm mm mm
DESIGN FORCE
Vu = 150000 N Nuc = 0.2Vu = 0.2 150000 = 30000 N Mu = Vu (a ) + Nuc (h d) = 150000 (100 ) + 30000 (400 370 ) = 15900000 Nmm
LIMITATION CHECKING
(0.2f 'c )b w d = 0.85(0.2 24.9 )200 370 = 313242 N (5.5 )b w d = 0.85 5.5 200 370 = 345950 N Vu = 150000 < (0.2f 'c )b w d = 313242 < (5.5 )b w d = 345950
SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT
= 1 .4 = 1 .4 1 .0 = 1 .4 Vu A vf = = fy 150000 0.85 = 315 mm2 400 1.4
TENSION REINFORCEMENT
An =
Nuc 30000 = = 88 mm2 fy 0.85 400
FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT
Af =
Mu 15900000 2 = = 140 mm fy (0.85d) 0.9 400(0.85 370 )
11 - 10
)
PRIMARY TENSION REINFORCEMENT

As (mm )
2
PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT (mm )

2
CLOSED STIRRUP Ah (mm )

2
CASE
LOCATION (mm)
As
1
2 A vf + A n 3
Ah =
As
2 (315 ) + 88 298 3
A s = 298
Ah =
1 A vf 3
1 (315 ) = 105 3
2 d 3
247
A s A f + An
2
A s 140 + 88 228
A s = 228
The reinforcement of the corbel are : A s = 298 mm2 A h = 105 mm2
CHECK FOR AS MINIMUM AND AS MAXIMUM
min = 0.04
=
f 'c 24.9 = 0.04 = 0.00249 fy 400

OK
As 298 = = 0.00402 > min = 0.00249 bd 200 370
A hmin = 0.5(A s A n ) = 0.5(298 88 ) = 210 mm2
A h = 105 < A hmin = 210 A h = 210 mm2
The final reinforcement of the corbel are : A s = 298 mm2 A h = 210 mm2
CORBEL REINFORCEMENT
As (mm ) As=3D16
2
Ah (mm ) Ah=3(2 Legs D10)

2
1 1 A s = 3 D2 = 3 162 = 603 4 4
1 1 A s = 3 2 D2 = 3 2 102 = 471 4 4
11 - 11
SKETCH OF REINFORCEMENT
3D16
2 LEGS 10
11 - 12
247

The Flexure and Shear Design of Corbel Bracket As Per ACI 318

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THE FLEXURE AND SHEAR DESIGN (BRACKET) OF CORBEL

11.2 BEHAVIOR OF CORBEL

The followings figure shows the mode of failure of corbel.

MODES OF FAILURE OF CORBEL

11.3 SHEAR DESIGN OF CORBEL

SHEAR FRICTION THEORY

SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT

SHEAR FRICTION THEORY

The nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement is :

VERTICAL SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Vn Avf

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION METHOD COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.7

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE

Calculate the area of shear friction reinforcement Avf.

The design must be follows the basic design equation as follows : Vn Vu

11.4 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF CORBEL

DESIGN FORCE OF CORBEL

Minimum value of Nuc is 0.2Vuc.

The resultant of tensile force of tension reinforcement is :

The horizontal equilibrium of corbel internal force is : H = 0 Cc =Ts

0.85 f 'c ba(cos ) = A f fy

The flexure reinforcement area is :

Mu A f fy 0.85 f ' b(cos ) c fy d 2

Cos value can be calculated based on the Tan value as follows :

where : a jd = distance of Vu from face of column = lever arm

DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS

DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS

The limits of primary steel reinforcement at corbel design is :

= area of primary tension reinforcement = area of tension reinforcement

Calculate ultimate flexure moment Mu. Mu = Vu (a ) + Nuc (h d)

Calculate the area of tension reinforcement An.

Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement Af.

Calculate the area of primary tension reinforcement As.

CLOSED STIRRUP LOCATION

Check the reinforcement for minimum reinforcement.

Concrete strength Steel grade Concrete cylinder strength

= K 300 = Grade 400 = f 'c = 0.83 30 = 24.9 MPa 1 = 0.85

= 200 = 400 = 30 = 370

SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT

= 1 .4 = 1 .4 1 .0 = 1 .4 Vu A vf = = fy 150000 0.85 = 315 mm2 400 1.4

Nuc 30000 = = 88 mm2 fy 0.85 400

Mu 15900000 2 = = 140 mm fy (0.85d) 0.9 400(0.85 370 )

PRIMARY TENSION REINFORCEMENT

PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT (mm )

CLOSED STIRRUP Ah (mm )

The reinforcement of the corbel are : A s = 298 mm2 A h = 105 mm2

CHECK FOR AS MINIMUM AND AS MAXIMUM

f 'c 24.9 = 0.04 = 0.00249 fy 400

As 298 = = 0.00402 > min = 0.00249 bd 200 370

A hmin = 0.5(A s A n ) = 0.5(298 88 ) = 210 mm2

A h = 105 < A hmin = 210 A h = 210 mm2

Ah (mm ) Ah=3(2 Legs D10)

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