Unit-IV-Induction Motors

1
IFETCE/EEE/ M.SUJITH / III YR/VI SEM/EE2355/DEM/ VER 1.0

Output equation of Induction motor Main dimensions
Length of air gap- Rules for selecting rotor slots of
squirrel cage machines Design of rotor bars & slots
Design of end rings Design of wound rotor - Magnetic
leakage calculations Leakage reactance of polyphase
machines- Magnetizing current - Short circuit current
Circle diagram - Operating characteristics.
2
INTRODUCTION
Popularly used in the industry and are used
worldwide in many residential, commercial,
industrial, and utility applications.
MAIN FEATURES: cheap and low maintenance
(absence of brushes)
MAIN DISADVANTAGES: speed control
is not easy
3
Construction : similar to 3| induction motor
A single-phase motor is a rotating machine that has
both main and auxiliary windings and a squirrel-cage
rotor.
Supplying of both main and auxiliary windings enables
the single-phase machine to be driven as a two-phase
machine.
OVERVIEW OF SINGLE PHASE IM
4
APPLICATIONS
Home air conditioners
Kitchen fans
Washing machines
Industrial machines
Compressors
Refrigerators
5
OVERVIEW OF SINGLE PHASE IM
Types of 1| induction Motor
Split Phase Motor
Capacitor Start Motors
Capacitor Start, Capacitor Run
Shaded Pole Induction Motor
Universal Motor (ac series motors)
6
OVERVIEW OF 3 PHASE IM
Simple and rugged construction
Lowcost and minimummaintenance
High reliability andsufficiently
high efficiency
The speed is frequencydependent.
not easy to control the speed
7
OVERVIEW OF 3 PHASE IM
can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some
other formof mechanical equipment such as a winder,
conveyor, or mixer.
8
CONSTRUCTION
Basic parts of an AC motor : rotor, stator, enclosure.
The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that
perform as electromagnets.
9
The stator - stationary stationarypart part of of the the motor motor..
Stator laminations are stacked together stacked together forming a hollow hollow
cylinder cylinder.
Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator
core. core.
Each grouping of coils Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it
surrounds, form an electromagnet.
CONSTRUCTION (STATOR)
10
The rotor is the rotating part of the motor
It can be found in two types:
Squirrel cage (most common)
Wound rotor
CONSTRUCTION (ROTOR)
/rotor winding /rotor winding
Short circuits all Short circuits all
rotor bars. rotor bars.
11
SQUIRREL CAGE TYPE:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars
embedded in the rotor slots and shorted at both
end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
12
WOUND ROTOR TYPE:
Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding
terminals can be connected to external circuits
through slip rings and brushes.
(similar to DC motor, with the coils connected
together that make contact with brushes)
Easy to control speed, more expensive.
13
The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and
two end brackets (or bearing housings). The stator
is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits inside
the stator with a slight air gap separating it from
the stator (NO direct physical connection)
Stator
Rotor
Air gap
CONSTRUCTION (ENCLOSURE)
14
The enclosure protects the electrical and operating
parts of the motor from harmful effects of the
environment in which the motor operates.
Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the rotor
and allowit to turn. A fan, also mounted on the shaft,
is used on the motor shown belowfor cooling.
CONSTRUCTION (ENCLOSURE)
15
OUTPUT EQUATION:
The output kVA, Q = C
o
D
2
L n
s
x 10
-3
and
The output coefficient, C
o
= 11 B
av
ac K
w
x 10
-3
Q is calculated as ,( hp x 0.746 )/( cos)
EFFICIENCY AND POWER FACTOR:
For squirrel cage motors,
The efficiency varies from 0.72 to 0.91 and
The power factor varies from 0.66 to 0.9 .
For slip ring motors,
The efficiency varies from 0.84 to 0.91 and
The power factor varies from 0.7 to 0.92 .
16
OUTPUT EQUATIONS OF I.M
KVA rating of the machine
Q=no. of phases X output voltage per phase X current per
phase X 10
-3
Q =
Output voltage per phase =induced emf =E
ph
=4.44 fT
ph
K
w
No of phases=m
3
3
4.44 10
.
2
4.44 10 (1)
2
ph w ph
s
s
ph w ph
Q m f T K I
pn
Sub f
pn
Q m T K I
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
3
10
ph ph
mE I

Now current in each conductor

Total no. of conductors Z=no. of phase X 2 X Turns per phase
Z=2mT
ph
Rewrite Equ.1
z ph
I I =
3
3
1.11 ( )(2 ) 10
1.11 ( )( ) 10
w ph ph s
w z s
Q K p mT I n
Q K p ZI n
=
=
3
1.11 ( . . ) ( . . ) ( . ) 10
w
Q K total magnetic loading total electric loading sync speed

=
3
3 2
2
0
3
0
1.11 ( )( ) 10
(11 10 )
. . .
11 10 .
av
z c
w av c s
av c w s
s
av c w
P DLB
I Z Da
therefore
Q K DLB Da n
Q B a K D Ln
Q C D Ln output equation of IM
C B a K output coefficient

=
=
=
=
=
=
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC LOADINGS
TYPES:
Choice of specific electric loading
Choice of specific magnetic loading
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC MAGNETIC LOADING:
The factors to be considered are:
Power factor.
Iron loss.
Overload capacity.
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING:
Copper loss and temperature rise.
Voltage.
Over load capacity.
20
CHOICE OF B
av
:
i) Low B
av
large size machine for a given hp
ii) high B
av
large magnetizing current low power factor
iii) high B
av
high iron loss
iv) high B
av
high
m
less T
ph
low leakage reactance
larger diameter for the circle diagram larger over
load capacity
For 50 Hz motors B
av
: 0.3 to 0.6 Wb/m
2
21
Choice ac (ampere conductor /m):
Low ac large size machine for a given hp
High ac higher copper loss and temp rise
High ac large T
ph
large leakage reactance lower
diameter for the circle diagram lower over load
capacity
For 50 Hz motors ac : 10,000 to 45,000 amp.cond/m
The value ac chosen depends on the ventilation and
cooling
It should be remembered that the Power factor (PF) and
efficiency () of the motor at full load increases with the
rating of the machine. Again and Pf are higher for high
speed motors compared to low speed motors.
22
Main Dimensions
The ratio of core length to pole pitch for various
design features
Minimum Cost 1.5 2
Good power factor 1- 1.25
Good efficiency 1.5
Good overall design 1
Best power factor
In general the ratio lies between 0.6 and 2 depending
upon he size of machine and characteristics desired
23
/ ratio L =
0.18L =
Peripheral speed
For Standard constructions 60m/s
Higher peripheral speed up to 75 m/s
For normal design the peripheral speed can not be
exceed 30m/s
Ventilating ducts
Radial ventilating ducts
Core length = 100-125mm
Width of each duct = 8 to 10mm
24
LENGTH OF AIR GAP
The length of air gap in Induction motor is decided by the
following factors:
Power factor
Pulsation loss
Cooling
Over load capacity
Unbalanced magnetic pull
Noise
25
Relations for calculation of length of air gap
For small induction motor
Alternate formula for small induction motor
Alternate formula to use
For machines with journal bearings
26
0.125 0.35 0.015
g a
l D L V = + + +
0.2 2
g
l DLmm = +
0.2
g
l Dmm = +
1.6 0.25
g
l D mm =
CHOICE OF ROTOR SLOTS:
With certain combinations of stator and rotor slots, the
following problems may develop in the I.M:
The motor may refuse to start.
The motor may crawl at some sub-synchronous speed.
Severe vibrations are developed and so the noise will be
excessive.
27
Rules for selecting rotor slots
Number of rotor slots never equal to number of stator slots
Number of rotor slots is 15 -30% greater than number of stator slots
Difference between the stator and rotor slots never equal to p, 2p or
5p to avoid synchronous cusps
Difference between the stator and rotor slots never equal to 3p to
avoid magnetic locking
Difference between the stator and rotor slots never equal to 1,2 ,
+(p+1), +(p+2) to avoid noise and vibrations
Summarizing (S
s
S
r
) should not equal to p, 2p,
3p, 5p , 1,2 , +(p+1), +(p+2)
28
DESIGN OF SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
It involves:
Selection of no.of rotor slots.
Design of rotor bars and slots.
rotor bar current
area of rotor bars
shape and size of rotor slots
rotor slot insulation
Design of end rings.
end ring current
area of end rings
Full load slip.
29
EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
Harmonic induction torques
Harmonic synchronous torques
Vibration and noise
Voltage ripples
REDUCTION OF HARMONIC TORQUES:
Chording
Integral slot winding
Skewing
Increasing air-gap length
30
DESIGN OF ROTOR BARS AND SLOTS
For a 3 phase machine , the rotor bar current is given by
the equation
Is = stator current in phase
Ts= stator turns per phase
Sr= number of rotor slots
The performance of induction motor is greatly influenced
by resistance of rotor
31
6
s s
b ws
r
I T
I K Cos
S
=
6
0.85
s s
b
r
I T
I
S
=
DESIGN OF ROTOR BARS AND SLOTS
Higher rotor resistance = High starting torque & less %
Rotor resistance = resistance of bars + resistance of end
rings
The current density in rotor bar = 4 to 7 A/mm
2
Area of each rotor bars
Rotor slots for squirrel cage rotor may be either closed
and semi closed types
Semi closed slots provide better overload capacity
32
2
b
b
b
I
area a mm
= =
ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED SLOTS:
Low reluctance
Less magnetizing current
Quieter operation
Large leakage reactance, starting current is
limited.
DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED SLOTS:
Reduced overload capacity
33
DESIGN OF END RINGS
If the flux distribution is sinusoidal then the bar end ring
current will also be sinusoidal
Maximum value of end ring current
Current is not maximum in all bars under one pole at
same time but varies according to sine law, hence the
maximum value of the current in end ring is average
current of half the bars under one pole.
34
(max)
2
(max) (max)
2
e
r
e b
Baseperpole
I Currentperbar
S
I I
p
=
=
DESIGN OF END RINGS
Maximum value of end ring
The end ring current varies sinusoidally
Rms value of end ring current
35
2
(max)
2
( ) (max)
(max) 2
r b
b b
b b
S I
Ie
p
I avg I
I I
=
=
=
r b
e
S I
I
p
=
DESIGN OF END RINGS
Let the current density in end ring be 4 to 7 A/mm
2
Area of cross section of end ring
The depth of end ring can be assumed depending on the
inner and outer diameter of rotor
36
2
( ) ( )
e
e
e
e e e
I
a mm
Area endring Depth thickness endring
a d t
=
=
=
DESIGN OF WOUND ROTOR
It involves:
Rotor windings
Number of rotor turns.
Number of rotor Slots
Rotor Teeth.
Rotor core.
Slip rings and brushes
Rotor windings
Small motors- mush windings employed
Large motor double layer bar type wave winding is used
Motor output more than 750kw, we have to use more number of bars
per slot to reduce the current handled by slip rings. This type of
windings called barrel winding and wave wound
37
Number of rotor turns
Rotor voltage on open circuit between slip ring not
exceed 500V for small machine
For large machine the voltage between slip ring up
to 2000V
Rotor turns per phase
Rotor ampere turn
Rotor current
Area of rotor conductor
38
w s s r
r
w r s
K T E
T
K E
=
0.85
s s
r
r
I T
I
T
=
0.85
r r s s
I T I T =
r
r
r
I
a
=
Number of rotor Slots
Windings always 3 phase winding and star connected at
one end and other three end are terminated on three slip
rings mounted on the shaft
When fractional slot windings are used , it is preferable to
have the number of slots as multiples of phases and pair
of poles
Rotor Core
Depth of rotor core
Bcr= flux density in rotor core
Inner diameter of rotor lamination
39
2
m
cr
cr i
d
B L
=
2( )
i r sr cr
D D d d = +
Rotor teeth
Maximum teeth area per pole
Total teeth area per pole = no of rotor slot per pole X
net iron length X width of rotor
Minimum width of rotor
Actual minimum width of rotor
40
1.7
m
Minimumteeth

=
r
i tr
S
L w
p
=
(min)
1.7
m
tr
r
i
W
S
L
p
=

( 2 )
r sr
sr
r
D d
W
S

=
Slip rings
Rings made up of either brass or phosphor bronze
The current density of 4 to 7A/mm
2
The length & breadth of rectangle are decided based on
mechanical stability constraints
Brushes
It is made up of metal graphite
Metal graphite is an alloy of copper and carbon
Current density of 0.1 to 0.2A/mm
2
41
LOSSES IN THE INDUCTION MOTOR
i) stator copper loss
ii) rotor copper loss
iii) iron loss in the stator teeth and core
iv) friction and windage loss (1- 1.5 % of output)
The rotor resistance in stator terms can be obtained as
rotor copper loss/ I2 ; where I2 = 0.85 I1
42
MAGNETIC LEAKAGE CALCULATIONS
It is classified in to
Slot leakage reactance (x
ss
)
Rotor Slot leakage reactance (x
sr
)
Zigzag leakage reactance(x
z
)
Overhang leakage reactance(x
e
)
Skew leakage reactance(x
sk
)
Magnetizing reactance(x
m
)
Total leakage reactance
43
LEAKAGE REACTANCE OF POLYPHASE MACHINES
Slot leakage reactance (x
ss
)
Rotor Slot leakage reactance (x
sr
)
44
2
16 ( )
ss m wm ss x
L
x f T K C
S
=
2
2
' 16 ( )
16 ( ) ( )
sr m wm sr
r
s
s m wm x ss sr
s r
L
x f T K
S
totalslotleakagereactacne
S L
x f T K C
S S

=
= +
Zigzag leakage reactance(x
z
)
Overhang leakage reactance(x
e
)
Skew leakage reactance(x
sk
)
45
2
16 ( )
z m wm z
z
L
x f T K
S
=
2
0
16 ( ) [ ( ) . ]
6.4
e m wm ss
s
L
x f T K D d Avg coilspan
S p
= +
2
12
s
sk m l
x X K
=
Magnetizing reactance(x
m
)
Total leakage reactance
46
2
0
16 ( )
10
m m wm
g g s
L
x f T K
l k pF

=
'
2
lm ss sr z o sk
lm
lm m
x x x x x x
X
x X
= + + + +
= +
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
No load Current
Magnetizing current
Loss component of current I
i
Short Circuit Current
Stator resistance
Rotor resistance
47
NO LOAD CURRENT
Magnetizing current
Mmf for Air gap
Mmf for stator teeth
Mmf for rotor teeth
Mmf for stator core
Mmf for rotor core
Loss component of current I
i
Iron loss
Friction and windage loss
48
MAGNETIZING CURRENT
Mmf for Air gap
Mmf for stator teeth
49
60
60
1.36
800,000
g av
g g g g
B B
AT B K l
=
=
1
3
1
3
( / ) )
( )
ts
m
ts
s i
g ts ss
B
S p L W
Statorteeth AT at d
=

=
MAGNETIZING CURRENT
Mmf for rotor teeth
Mmf for stator core
Mmf for rotor core
50
1
3
1
3
( / ) )
( )
tr
m
tr
r i
g sr lr
B
S p L W
rotorteeth AT at d
=

=
( 2 )
3
ss cs
cs
D d d
l
p

=
( 2 )
3
r sr cs
cr
D d d
l
p

=
Magnetizing current per phase
Iron loss
Hysteresis and eddy current loss in teeth and cores
due to variation of air gap density,
tooth pulsation loss due to non uniform flux distribution
and loss in end plates
Friction & windage loss
Loss component at no load current per phase
51
60
0.427
m
ws s
pAT
I
K T
=
.
3
l
total noloadloss
I
voltageperphase
=

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
Stator resistance
Stator resistance per phase
Value of resistivity for copper 0.021 /m
Rotor Resistance
Rotor resistance per phase
Rotor resistance per phase referred to stator
52
mts
s
s
L
r
a
=
mtr
r
n
L
r
a
=
2
'
ws s
r r
wr r
K T
r r
K T
| |
=
|
\ .
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
The locus of extremity of the current phasor, obtained
for various values of a variable element is called a
locus diagram.
The locus diagram of such a current phasor is circular
in nature and hence called CIRCLE DIAGRAM of
three phase induction motor.
CIRCLE DIAGRAM FOR R-L SERIES CIRCUIT:
53
54
CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:
55
CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:
56
OBTAINING DATA TO PLOT CIRCLE DIAGRAM:
The data required to draw the circle diagram is obtained by
conducting 2 tests namely,
1. No-load test or Open circuit test
2. Blocked rotor test or Short circuit test.
57

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IFETCE/EEE/ M.SUJITH / III YR/VI SEM/EE2355/DEM/ VER 1.0

Now current in each conductor

IFETCE/EEE/ M.SUJITH / III YR/VI SEM/EE2355/DEM/ VER 1.0

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