Class

Accident Classification Spills 52% X 11% 30% 56% 3% 100% 37% 53% 10% 100% 5.72% 15.60% 29.12% 1.56% 52.00% Equipment failures Piping failures (especially lined pipe and gaskets) Operational errors, non-compliance with procedures, non-existent procedures Other unspecified

Emissions

30% X

11.10% Piping failure (Lined pipe the largest contributor 15.90% Operational and procedural issues 3.00% Other unspecified 30.00%

Fires

18% X 100%

50% 25% 25% 100%

9.00% During Construction 4.50% Pump Seal Failures 4.50% Engineering and Operations Oversights 18.00% 49.52%

HAZOP =

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Hazards

From Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures Accident Sequence Events Process Hazards

CCPS / AIChE

Table 1.3 Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedure by AIChE / CCPS, p-18

Significant Inventories of Flammable materials Combustible materials Unstable materials Corrosive materials Asphyxiants Shock sensitive materials Highly reactive materials Toxic materials Inert gases Combustible dusts Pyrophoric material

Extreme physical conditions High temperatures Cryogenic temperatures High pressures Vacuum Pressure cycling Temperature cycling Vibration / liquid hammering Ionizing radiation High voltage / current Corrosion Erosion

Page 2

Hazards

Page 3

Initiating

Accident Sequence Events Initiating Events Process Upsets

Table 1.3 Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedure by AIChE / CCPS, p-18

Process Deviations Pressure Temperature Flowrate Concentration Phase / state change Impurities Reaction rate / heat of reaction Spontaneous Reaction Polymerization Runaway reaction Internal explosion Decomposition Contaiment Failures Pipes, seals, vessels, gaskets Equipment failures Pumps, valves, instruments sensors, interlock failures Loss of Utilities Electricity, nitrogen, water refrigeration, air, heat, transfer fluids, steam, ventilation

Management systems failure Inadequate staffing Insufficient training Lack of administrative controls Lack of or poor audits Human errors Design Construction Operations Maintenance Testing Inspection External events Extreme weather conditions Earthquakes Nearby accident impacts Vandalism Sabotage

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Intermed Events

Accident Sequence Events Intermediate Events Propagating factors

Table 1.3 Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedure by AIChE / CCPS, p-18

Risk reduction factors Control / operator responses Alarms, control system responses, manual / automatic ESD Fire / gas detection system Safety system responses Relief valves, depressurization systems, isolation systems High reliability trips, back-up systems Mitigation system responses Dikes, and drainage, flares, fire protection systems Explosion vents, Toxic gas absorption Emergency plan responses Sirens / warnings, emergency procedures, Personnel safety equipment Sheltering, escape and evacuation External events Early detection, early warning, specially designed structures Training Other management systems

Equipment failures Safety system failure Ignition sources Furnaces, flares, incinerators Vehicles, electric switches Static electricity, hot surfaces Cigarets, lightning Management systems failure Human errors Omission, commission Faulty diagnosis, Decision making Domino effects Other containment failures Other material releases External conditions Meteorology, visibility

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Outcomes

Accident Sequence Events Incident Outcomes

Table 1.3 Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedure by AIChE / CCPS, p-18

Phenomena Discharge Flash and evaporation Dispersion Neutral or buoyant gas Dense gas Fires Pool fire Jet fire Flash fire Explosions BLEVEs Fireballs Confined explosions Unconfined vapor cloud explosions Physical explosions Dust explosions Detonations Condensed phase explosions Missles

Consequences Effect analysis Toxic effects Thermal effects Overpressure effects Damage assessment Community Workforce Environment Company assests Production

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