1. Many similarities to higher vertebrates and in man. 2. Ease of manipulation 3. Inexpensive 4.

Availability

Anatomical Terms

Terms for Direction and Orientation

Cephalic - Cranial; refers to the head - opposite of caudal
dorsal surface midsagittal plane

anterior

posterior

frontal plane ventral surface

transverse plane

Caudal - tail or tail-like structures - opposite of cephalic or cranial

dorsal surface

midsagittal plane

Dorsal - refers to the back or upper surface - opposite of ventral Ventral - pertaining to the belly - lower side or surface opposite the back - opposite of dorsal

anterior

posterior

frontal plane ventral surface

transverse plane

Lateral - refers to the side of the body Medial - refers to a position near the middle or midline. median - refers to a structure or section in the middle or midline

dorsal surface

midsagittal plane

anterior

posterior

frontal plane ventral surface

transverse plane

Proximal - nearest to the centre; to the midline, or to the point of attachment - opposite of distal Distal - farthest from the centre, from the midline or from the point of attachment - opposite of proximal

midsagittal plane

distal (farthest from where the body part starts) proximal (closest to where body part starts)

anterior

posterior

transverse plane

frontal plane

Planes of Section
Planes -imaginary surfaces dividing the body into different regions

dorsal surface

midsagittal plane

Frontal plane - is a horizontal plane through the longitudinal axis, dividing the body into dorsal and ventral portions - for a quadrupedal animal, this plane usually parallel to the ground (unless the animal is lying on its side) - also called coronal plane

anterior

posterior

frontal plane ventral surface

transverse plane

Sagittal plane - vertical plane through the longitudinal axis dividing the body into left and right portions - also called median plane - If the animal is bisected straight down the midline, the section is called a "midsagittal" section

Transverse plane - plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis - divides the body crosswise into cranial and caudal parts - also called a "cross section".

dorsal surface

midsagittal plane

anterior

posterior

frontal plane ventral surface

transverse plane

Symmetry - refers to the repetition of parts so that equal halves are produced by dividing along a plane or axis

a. Bilateral symmetry - only one plane can divide the body into equal and identical halves

b. Radial symmetry - similar parts are arranged around a central axis - more than one median plane can divide the body into equal halves c. Asymmetrical - without symmetry - no plane can divide the body into equal or identical halves ex. snail

Phylum : Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura or Salienta Family: Ranidae - soft, non-poisonous, slimy skin Rana vittigera (rice field frog) Rana magna (bull frog)

External Features of the frog:

2 Regions: 1. Axial Region - head and trunk 2. Appendicular Region - forelimbs and hindlimbs

AXIAL REGION

Head: snout - flattened triangular border external nares/ nostrils eyelids (upper and lower) nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) - outgrowth of the lower eyelid tympanic membrane - circular area of thin membrane - columella

Trunk
Hump - dorsal elevated region of the trunk

APPENDICULAR REGION Forelimbs (Anterior extremity) - three subdivisions: 1. upper arm 2. forearm 3. manus/hand Hindlimbs (Posterior extremity ) - three parts 1. thigh 2. shank 3. pes/foot

How to differentiate male and female frog:

1. Male is smaller with dark pigmented area at the ventral side of the head

2. Thumb is swollen in male (during breeding season) - nuptial pad

3. Male frogs have vocal sac

Buccal Cavity (Mouth Cavity)

Orbits or eyesockets - pair of rounded prominences Internal or posterior nares - pair of rounded openings anterior to the orbits Vomers - bony prominences between the nares - vomerine teeth Maxillary teeth - fine saw like teeth - for holding the prey Sulcus marginalis - marginal groove internal to maxillary teeth - receives the lower jaw

Median subrostral fossa - Depression in the sulcus marginalis - Located at the tip of upper jaw Pulvinar rostrale - low elevation at the side of the median subrostral fossa Lateral subrostral fossa - depressions on each sideof the pulvinar rostrale

Eustachian tube - located near the angles of the jaw (posterior part) - equalize pressure in the tympanic membrane Vocal sac - pair of openings behind the eustachian tube - present only in male frog Tuberculum prelinguale - located at the tip of the lower jaw - fits into the median subrostral fossa Prelingual fossa - depressions on either side of tuberculum prelinguale

Glottis - narrow slit of laryngeal prominence - leads into the lungs - cricoid and arytenoid cartilages Esophagus (gullet) - leads to the stomach Tongue - flattened, bilobed