I HC NNG I HC S PHM - KHOA HA ************

O HNG CNG

HP CHT MU

Chng 1. L THUYT V MU SC
1.1. Lch s pht trin ca cc thuyt mu 1.1.1. Thuyt mang mu ca O.witt a ra nm 1876 lin h su ca mu sc vi cu trc phn t . Nhng nhm mang mu quan trng c O.Witt a ra :

Mu su hn c th to thnh t nhng nhm sinh mu (chromogen). s su hn khi: - LK ni i cch ca h thng mang mu di hn. - Tng s nhn thm t cu trc n gin thnh cu trc a nhn. - Tng s nhm cacbonyl LK trc tip vi nhau. - Tng LK ni phn t m khng ph v h ni i tip cch. - Chuyn nhm to mu thnh dng mui hoc alkyl ha nhm amin -Vd: -OH ---> -O-, Tuy nhin khi : - Alkyl ha nhm OH (-OH ---> -OR) - Chuyn nhm tr mu vo vng thm mu s nht i. 1.1.2. Thuyt mu quinoit Nhn thm dng quinoid. -NH2---> -NR1R2

Mu

1.1.3. Thuyt nguyn t cha bo ha v thuyt to mu khi chuyn hp cht hu c v dng mui Cc hp cht hu c c cha cc nhm cacbonyl (>C=O) mu ca chng s su hn di tc dng ca axit hay mui.

Ngoi ra mt s thuyt khc pht hin cc nhm mang mu l nhng nhm nguyn t cha bo ha ha tr, v khi chuyn sang dng ion mu s su hn. 1.1.4. Thuyt dao ng mu S hp thu chn lc cc tia sng l kt qu ca s giao thoa gia dao ng ca cc tia sng trong vng nhn thy ng b vi dao ng ca cc lin kt ni phn t trong cc hp cht hu c cha bo ha. Bc tin mi trong vic gii thch bn cht ca mu sc. 1.1.5. Thuyt nhim sc Trng thi nhim sc xut hin khi mt u h thng mi lin kt ni i cch cha nhm nhng in t nh ; -NH2, -NR2, -OH, -OR, -CH3, nhm ht in t nh -NO2, -SO3H, -COOH, CN. Do kt qu tng tc ca cc nhm ny qua h thng lin hp lm pht sinh trng thi c bit trong phn t l s cnh tranh in tch ca cc nhm 2 u h thng lin kt ni i cch, chuyn hp cht sang trng thi c mu. 1.2. L thuyt mu hin i 1.2.1. Bn cht cu nh sng 1.2.1.1. Bn cht sng ht ca nh sng nh sng nhn thy, tia cc tm, tia X, sng radio, sng truyn hnhtt c u -Cl; v u kia

l nhng dng nng lng in t c truyn trong khng gian di dng sng, cng ging nh cc bc x in t khc c c trng bi

bc sng , tn s , hoc chu k T, vi =1/T hoc c = . .

 Vi s ra i ca thuyt lng t, nh sng cn mang bn cht ht. E = h = hc / , vi h: hng s Plank = 6,626176 * 10-34 Js Mt photon b bin mt khi n va vo v y mt in t vng ngoi ln trng thi kch thch cc qu o xa nhn hn cht. Mt photon c sinh ra khi in t t trng thi kch thch chuyn sang mt qu o khc gn nhn hn v ti i mt nng lng m nguyn t b mt di dng tia sng m bc sng t l nghch vi nng lng c truyn i lng nh sng ca vt cht. 1.2.1.2. nh sng mt tri nh sng nhn thy khc vi cc dng bc x in t khc kh nng lm kch hot vng mc ca mt ngi. Vng nh sng nhn thy, bc sng dao ng t khong 400 nm - 700nm. Di 400 nm l nh sng cc tm. Trn 700 nm l nh sng hng ngoi s pht ra nng s hp thu nng lng nh sng ca vt

Nh vy di ph ca nh sng mt tri l di quang ph lin tc c bc sng thay i t 400 - 700 nm. 1.2.1.3. nh sng nhn to

 Khc vi quang ph lin tc ca nh sng mt tri, nh sng nhn to c quang ph t qung.

Vi nhng k thut hin nay, con ngi to nn c nhng ngun sng nhn to c kh nng pht ra cc bc x c quang ph lin tc gn vi nh sng trng (v d n xenon). 1.2.2. Thuyt in t v hp cht hu c c mu Khi 1 phn t hp thu nng lng bc x in t, phn t c th tri qua nhiu dng kch thch: kch thch chuyn dch in t, kch thch quay, kch thch lm bin dng dy ni lin kt, kch thch lm thay i spin ht nhn. Nng lng trong vng nh sng nhn thy ch yu gy ra s chuyn dch ca e lp bn ngoi (e ha tr). Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht mu s tip nhn nng lng ca photon lm cc in t vng ngoi b chuyn sang trng thi kch thch, sau phn nng lng ny c th chuyn sang cc dng: quang nng, ha nng, nhit nngv hp cht mu s chuyn sang trng thi ban u.

S hp th nng lng vng bc sng di ch yu gy ra s chuyn dch in t n *, *. Do vy cc hp cht hu c mang mu thng l nhng hp cht

c h thng ni i cch di trong phn t. 1.3. Hin tng to mu ca vt cht 1.3.1. Bn cht mu sc trong t nhin III.1.1. Mu sc thin nhin c s cm nhn mu sc ca vt, cn phi c 3 yu t: ngun sng, vt v ngi quan st. Mu sc ca vt cht trong t nhin c to thnh do s tng tc gia nh sng chiu vo vi b mt ca vt. S tng tc ny chnh l s hp thu c chn lc cc tia sng c bc sng khc nhau trong nh sng chiu vo v s phn x li nhng phn cn li ca nh sng. 1.3.1.2. Mu sc nhn to Mu sc ca cc vt dng sn xut ra c con ngi to ra bng cch a 1 cht mu (thuc nhum hoc pigment) ln b mt, v d: vi, giy, mi rng sn Mu sc cn c th c to ra bng nhng tng tc nh sng khc : s giao thoa, s nhiu x. Mu hu sc: c s hp th chn lc v phn x mt s tia sng c bc sng nht nh. C th l mu n sc hoc mu a sc. Mu n sc: ch phn x 1 tia ca quang ph nh sng mt tri. Mu a sc: mu ca tp hp cc tia phn x nhng cng v t l cc tia ny khng nh nhau. Mu ca vt th l mu ca tia phn x chim t l ln nht ha vi cc tia cn li theo quy lut phi mu. Mu v sc (mu tin sc, mu trung ha): c trng bng cng nh nhau ca cc tia phn x tt c cc bc sng: khng c tia tri, chng trung ha ln nhau nn mt ngi khng cm gic c sc thi ring ca mu. nh sng trng : phn x 100% tia ti Mu en : hp th 100% tia ti, phn x 0%

 Mu xm : phn x x% tia ti. 1.3.2. Cc thuc tnh ca mu sc Mu hu sc l mt i lng 3 chiu ca 3 thng s : tng mu, thun sc, sng.

Tng mu : l tn gi 1 mu, m t sc iu ca mu, c quy nh bi bc sng tri ca mu. thun sc: ( bo ha): mc tinh khit ca mu,

c nh gi bng t l ca nh thnh phn n sc so vi nh chung. Mu n sc c thun sc 100%. Mu v sc c thun sc 0%. sng: mc sng ti ca 1 mu, c nh gi bng phn trm ca tia phn chiu so vi tng chm tia ti. * Mu nng, mu mt: * Mu b tr: da cam - xanh da tri; xanh lc; vng - xanh lam

1.3.3. Hiu ng cao mu, hiu ng su mu

III.4. Hiu ng cng mu, hiu ng tr mu

1.4. S cm th mu ca mt ngi Khng c s tham gia ca mt ngi th khng c nim v mu sc. Trn c s ca thuyt 3 mu, ngi ta gii thch rng mt cm th c mu, phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau trong thin nhin l do s phi hp ca 3 mu c bn: , xanh lc v xanh lam. Khi mt nhn c thng tin mu di dng nng lng sng ca nh sng th h thng dy thn kinh th gic s truyn hnh nh v no, y no s tp hp thng tin v dng ln cc yu t v mu sc ca vt. Vng mc ca mt c cu to t 2 t bo hnh que v nn: Cc t bo hnh que lm nhim v phn bit s khc v cng ca hnh nh sng to trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic cm nhn mu th gic. Cc t bo hnh nn c ba min nhy cm cc i tng vi cc bc sng ca cc mu : , xanh lc (ng l vng lc) v xanh lam 1.4.1 Mt s khi nim lin quan n mu sc Mu sc l mt hin tng ph thuc ch yu vo cc yu t sau y : 1- Cu to ca vt th c mu; 2- Thnh phn ca nh sng chiu vo vt th v gc quan st; 3- Tnh trng mt ngi quan st. Khi nghin cu v mu sc ngi ta dng cc khi nim sau y : Mu quang ph : l nhng mu nhn c khi phn tch nh sng trng ra thnh nhng tia mu hp thnh nh cc dng c quang hc, mi mu c c trng bng mt bc sng nht nh t 380 n 760nm v gi l mu n sc, c im ca cc mu ny l ti v thun sc. ng nhau hnh

Mu v sc (mu tin sc, mu trung ha): l nhng mu c c trng bng cng mu nh nhau ca tt c cc bc sng. Do c phn x hn hp cc tia sng c bc sng khc nhau vi cng mt cng , khng c tia no tri hn nn chng trung ha ln nhau, nn mt ngi khng cm th c sc thi ring ca mu. Th d : mu trng, en, ghi Mu hu sc : l kt qu hp th chn lc v phn x mt s tia sng c bc sng nht nh. Mu ca vt th l hiu ng mu phi hp ca cc tia phn x m mt ngi cm th c. Mu hu sc chia lm 2 loi : mu n sc v mu a sc. Mu n sc chnh l mu quang ph, gp nhng trng hp vt th ch phn x 1 tia ca quang ph nh sng trng, cn cc tia khc th b hp th ht. Th d : , xanh, vng... Mu a sc l mu ca tp hp cc tia phn x ca mt vt no c bc sng khc nhau nhng cng v t l cc tia ny khng nh nhau, mu ch o ca vt th s l mu ca tia phn x no chim t l ln nht c ha vi mu ca cc tia cn li theo qui lut phi mu. Th d : mu tm , lam nh , xanh nc bin ... Theo l thuyt mu v cc php tnh mu, cc th mu th mu hu sc l mt i lng 3 chiu c xc nh bng : tng mu, thun sc hay bo ha v sng hay nh. Tng mu : trong ngn ng thng thng l sc iu ca mu - sc, sc thi, hoc nh mu, trong k thut n l s khc bit v cm gic mu ca mt mu hu sc no so vi mu ghi cng sng. Sc hay tng mu c biu th bng bc sng tri ca mu. Nhng mu ging nhau v sc thng c xp vo loi c chung mt tng mu. Th d : sc xanh, sc vng hay nh vng. thun sc ( bo ha) ch tiu xc nh mc ca sc thi trong mu. Nhng mu thun sc phi cha mt t l ln cc tia n sc thun khit, cn nhng mu km thun sc th t l ca tp hp cc tia khc s tri hn. thun sc c nh gi bng t l ca nh thnh phn n sc so vi nh chung ca mu (tnh ra phn trm), thun sc ca cc mu n sc hay mu quang ph l 100% .

 sng dng khi nh gi v phn tch mu sc. sng c nh gi bng phn trm cc tia phn chiu so vi tng ca chm tia ti. 1.4.2 nh sng v mu sc Mu sc l kt qu tng tc gia nh sng vi vt th. Mu m mt chng ta cm nhn c l mu ph vi mu hp th. Mt chng ta ch nhn c cc dao ng in t nh sng vng c bc sng 400-750 nm. Khi nh sng trng p vo 1 vt th b phn x hon ton th mt ta thy vt th mu trng. Ton b cc tia sng p vo vt th b hp th ht th vt y c mu en. Vt th ch hp th mt s tia v tn x nhng tia cn li mt s cho ta thy vt c mu ca nhng tia khng b hp th v tn x. Khi nghin cu v tnh cht ca mu sc, da vo kt qu khi phi hay hp nht quang hc cc tia mu vi nhau theo qui lut phi cng mu v phi tr mu, ngi ta lp nn vng trn mu. Trong vng trn mu, theo chu vi ca n mi mu c th xem l kt qu phi cng ca hai mu bn cnh to thnh mu trung gian. Khi phi 2 tia mu nm i din nhau trong vng trn mu th nhn c mu trung ha (mu trng) - l cp mu b tr . Tm vng trn l mu trng . C nm cp mu b tr chnh theo vng trn mu : Xanh lam - vng Tm -vng lc tm - xanh lc - xanh lc lam Da cam- xanh da tri

Hnh 1.1 Vng trn mu.

Bng 1.1 Mi lin h gia bc sng hp th vo mu sc ca vt hp th :

Bc sng hp th 400-435 nm 435-480nm 480-490nm 490-500nm 500-560nm 560-580nm 580-590nm 595-600nm 605-750nm 1.4.3 Cu to v mu sc

Mu ca nh sng hp th Tm Xanh lam Lam lc nht Lc lam nht Lc Lc vng Vng Da cam lc

Mu ca cht Vng lc Vng Da cam ta Tm Lam Lam lc nht Lam nht

Ta bit c nhng cht hp th chn lc nh sng trong vng nhn thy mi c mu, hp th cc vng t ngoi, hng ngoi v cc vng khc vn khng c mu ... Nng lng bc x ph thuc vo bc sng v tn s bc x. Vng nhn thy kh hp c nng lng t 110-69 kcal/mol. Trong ha hc hu c, cc hp cht c mu thng phn t ca n c to thnh t lin kt p v lin kt d. Cc cht c mu c lin kt p lin hp, phn t ca chng c nhng nhm c bit c tc dng lm m rng h lin kt ko di h lin hp p. Nhm -CH=CH-N=N-CH=N-N=O -NO2 =C=O Nhm etylen Nhm azo Nhm azometyl Nhm nitrozo Nhm nitro Nhm cacbonyl

Cc nhm ny to ra mu sc cho hp cht hu c gi l nhm to mu hay nhm hm sc. Cc nhm khng to mu nhng lm tng cng mu gi l nhm tr mu (tr sc). Th d : -OH,-NH2, -SH, -OCH3, -NHCH3

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Cc cht ch c nhm hm sc cha c tnh hp th chn lc cao, ch khi a cc nhm tr sc vo th mu cc hp cht mi tr nn thun nht, c cng . 1.4.4 Thuyt in t v hp cht hu c c mu Nh nhng thnh tu ca cc ngnh vt l v ha hc ngi ta xc nh rng ch c nhng in t vng ngoi (in t ha tr) ca cht mu mi tham gia vo qu trnh hp th nh sng km theo s chuyn ng ca chng. Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht mu mi s tham gia tip nhn nng lng ca cc ht photon, lm cho cc in t vng ngoi b chuyn sang trng thi kch ng, sau phn nng lng ny c th chuyn cc dng : quang nng, ha nng, nhit nng ..v.v... v hp cht mu li tr v trng thi ban u. Nh vy s hp th nh sng l kt qu ca s tng tc ca cc in t vng ngoi ca cc nguyn t v phn t cc hp cht hu c vi phton nh sng. Nhng hp cht hu c no c lin kt cc in t vng ngoi vi nhn yu th ch cn nng lng ca cc tia c bc sng ln trong min thy c ca quang ph cng lm chuyn dch v hp th mt phn tia lm cho n c mu. Hp cht no c in t vng ngoi lin kt vi nhn yu th cng cn t nng lng kch ng chng, cng d hp th cc tia c bc sng di hn v cho mu su hn. Bi vy cu to phn t ca hp cht mu hay thuc nhum phi nh th no nng lng ca cc tia sng trong min thy c ca quang ph cng lm thay i chuyn ng cc in t vng ngoi ca chng, lm cho chng c mu. Nguyn nhn lm cho cc in t vng ngoi lin kt vi nhn yu l : trong phn t cha h thng mi lin kt ni i cch di; trong h thng ny ngoi nguyn t cacbon cn c nguyn t khc nh oxi, nit, lu hunh v.v...; do nh hng ca cc nhm th ; do hin tng ion ha phn t v cu to phng ca phn t. 1.4.4.1 nh hng ca h thng lin kt ni i cch Trong cc hp cht hu c thng gp 2 loi lin kt c bn : lin kt n v lin kt i. kch ng cc in t trong mi lin kt n cn c mt nng lng ln tng ng vi nng lng ca cc tia sng ngn, nn nhng hp cht ch cha mt loi lin kt n thng khng c mu. Ngc li, cc in t vng ngoi ca mi lin kt i do lin kt vi nhn yu nn ch cn mt nng lng nh cng kch ng, nn chng c kh nng hp th cc cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn trong min thy c ca quang ph v chng c mu.

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Hp cht hu c cha trong h thng mi lin kt cch cng di th h thng in t vng ngoi cng linh ng, n cng d hp th cc tia sng c bc sng ln nn mu cng su. Mt khc d c cu to mch vng hay thng, hp cht hu c phi cha ng cc mi lin kt ni i cch lp thnh mt h thng lin tc th n mi c kh nng su mu. Th d : Bng 1.2 nh hng ca h thng lin kt ni i cch . Cng thc cu to Loi mch thng CH3 - CH = CH - COOH CH3 - ( CH = CH )2 - COOOH CH3 - ( CH = CH) 3 - COOH Loi mch vng benzen Nng lng kch thch, kcal/mol Kh nng hp th (()max, m) 208 261 303

135 107 92

225 Khng mu naphtalen 61 460 Da cam pentaxen 48 580 Mu tm Ni i trong hp cht ln nhng khng lp thnh h thng ni i cch th linh ng ca cc in t vng ngoi cng khng tng v hp cht khng c mu hoc mu khng su. Cao su l mt v d in hnh. 1.4.4.2 nh hng ca cc nguyn t khc ngoi nguyn t cacbon Khi trong h thng ni i cch ca mt hp cht hu c no ngoi nguyn t cacbon cn cha cc nguyn t khc nh : O,N, S.....do cc nguyn t ny c in tch ht nhn v khong cch t nhn n cc in t vng ngoi khc nhau, khi nm chung trong h thng mi lin kt ni i cch th cc in vng ngoi ny d dng chuyn dch t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc, ngha l chng linh ng hn, nn cc hp cht ny s hp th c cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn v mu su hn. 1.4.4.3 nh hng ca cc nhm th Cc phn t ca hp cht hu c trng thi kch ng lun khc vi trng thi bnh thng. Khi hp th nng lng ca cc tia sng th s phn b mt in t vng

110

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ngoi ca chng s thay i, mt in t s tng ln hoc gim xung nhng v tr nht nh ca phn t. Trong phn t s c nhng v tr tch in dng v nhng v tr tch in m, ni cch khc i, nh sng lm phn cc ha chng, y l tnh cht chung cho nhng hp cht hu c c mu. Nhng hp cht hu c cha trong phn t h thng mi lin kt ni i cch s c kh nng phn cc hn cc hp cht khc; kh nng ny tng ln mnh m khi u mch v cui mch c cha cc nhm th thu v nhng in t. iu ny lm cho cc in t vng ngoi linh ng hn v kt qu l hp cht s c th hp th c cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn v mu s su hn. 1.4.4.4 nh hng ca s ion ha phn t Khi trong phn t hp cht hu c c mt ng thi cc nhm th thu v nhng in t, ngoi kh nng b phn cc n cn c kh nng b ion ha . Khi ny c th chuyn min hp th v pha cc tia sng c bc sng ngn hn hoc di hn, ngha l c th lm cho hp cht c mu nht i hoc su mu thm. Kh nng ny cn ty thuc vo bn cht vo bn cht ca cc nhm th v v tr ca n trong h thng mi lin kt ni i cch. Trong lnh vc ha hc thuc nhum, s ion ha xy ra do tc dng ca mi trng i vi cc nhm nhng in t nh : -OH,-NH2..v cc nhm th thu in t nh : =C=O, =C=NH c ngha hn c, mi trng hp c mt hiu ng mu ring. i vi hp cht hu c ch chc nhm th c kh nng thu in t, khi tng axit th ion H+ s lin kt vi nguyn t oxi hay nguyn t nit v s chuyn hp cht v dng tch in dng nh sau:

S xut hin ca cc tm in tch dng l cho tnh i in t tng ln dn n tng cng mu ca hp cht v mu su hn. Th d:

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Benzaurin sunfoaxit mu vng

Dng cation ca benzaurin sunfoaxit mu

Trng hp cht hu c ch cha nhm th c kh nng nhng in t, trong mi trng kim nhm -OH (c trong nhn thm) s tch ion H+ ra lm cho oxi c 3 cp in t cha chia v mang in tch m, chng c kh nng nhng in t, kt qu l tr s hp th cc i ca hp cht s chuyn v pha c bc sng di hn v hp cht s c mu su hn.

Th d :

Alizarin c mu vng

Dng anion ca alizarin c mu tm

Nhng khi nhm amin b ion ha th kt qu s ngc li, trong mi trng axit cp in t tha ca nit s lin kt vi H+ v lm gim kh nng nhng in t ca nit do tr s hp th cc i s chuyn v pha cc tia sng c bc sng ngn hn, hp cht s c mu nht i. 1.4.4.5 nh hng ca cu to phn t Theo thuyt in t, cho phn t hp cht hu c c mu su th yu cu quan trng l phn t ca n phi c cu to phng nh m s tng tc ca cc in t khng b cn tr. Bt k yu t no ph v yu cu ny cng lm nh hng n mu

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sc ca hp cht .Nu nh cu to phng ca phn t cha b ph v hon ton th tc dng tng h gia cc in t cha b mt hn m ch gy ra s gin cch tng phn ca mch lin hp 2 pha k t v tr ph hy trc song song ca m my in t. iu ny lm cho hp cht hp th tia sng c bc sng ngn hn v mu s nht i. nh hng ca cu to phn t n bn cht mu ca n c s dng khi nghin cu v tng hp cc thuc nhum vi cc gam mu khc nhau. Mt s qui c khi nghin cu v mu sc v thuc nhum : nu v mt nguyn nhn no m mu ca mt vt b thay i, chuyn t vng n , n tm ..v.v.. ngha l chuyn min hp th cc i v pha cc tia mu c bc sng ln hn th ngi ta ni mu ca vt su hn; s thay i theo hng ngc li th gi l s nht mu. Hai khi nim khc vi khi nim v cng mu ( m nht) . Th d : Khi nhum mt vt liu no bng thuc nhum mu vi nng thp th s nhn c mu nht hay hng, nhng khi tng nng ln s nhn c mu m hay sm .Trng hp ny khng th ni l su mu c. Qui c v th t su mu v nht mu nh sau: Mu trng Mu vng-lc Hng su mu Mu vng Mu da cam Mu Mu tm Mu xanh lam Mu xanh da tri Mu xanh lc Mu en Hng nht mu

2.1.

Nguyn l phi ghp mu

c mu ca cc mt hng ph hp th hiu hoc mt thi trang ca ngi tiu dng th cc nh k thut nhum, in hoa, hi ha v nghin cu mu sc phi tm cch phi ghp th no m c th to nhiu mu sc p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. 1.5.1 Kh nng cm th mu ca mt

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Mu l mt hin tng phc tp mang c bn cht vt l, tnh cht tm l, cm gic; hay ni cch khc mu mang c im ca nng lng sng nh sng c cm th bng mt, khng c s tham gia ca mt th khng c khi nim v mu sc. Khi mt nhn c thng tin mu di dng nng lng sng ca nh sng th h thng dy thn kinh th gic s truyn hnh nh v no, no s tp hp v dng li cc yu t ca hnh nh . Nh vy nhn l mt cm gic c sinh ra v no. Trn c s ca thuyt 3 mu ngi ta gii thch rng : mt cm th c mu, phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau trong thin nhin do s phi hp ca 3 mu c bn.Vng mc ca mt c cu to t 2 loi t bo hnh que v hnh nn, chng c kh nng cm th cc tia c bc sng nht nh ca nh sng trng. Nhng t bo hnh que lm nhim v phn bit s khc nhau v cng ca hnh nh sng to trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic cm nhn mu th gic. Cc t bo hnh nn c 3 min nhy cm cc i tng ng vi bc sng ca cc mu: , xanh lc v xanh lam, chng c chc nng chnh trong vic to nn cm gic mu. Mi khi nhn c tn hiu mu t mi trng xung quanh, thng qua cc nn nhn cm ng vi 3 mu trn, chng hi t li truyn v thn kinh th gic, sau v v no. v no mu s c ti to v cho ta nhn bit y v sc thi ca n.Da trn nguyn tc t 3 mu c bn c th phi ghp thnh cc gam mu khc nhau ca h thng thn kinh th gic v v no, ngi ta lm truyn hnh mu, nh mu, in nh. Trong k thut nhum, in hoa , hi ha v n lot ... nm vng qui lut phi mu ny ngi ta c th to nn nhiu mu khc nhau. 1.5.2 S tng phn mu v s hi ha mu Trong in hoa cng nh may an v ghp cc mu khc nhau to ra cc sn phm a dng v mu sc, cn phi c bit lu n nh hng qua li gia cc mu khi chng c sp xp gn nhau. S nh hng s biu hin s thay i sc thi, cng v sng ca cc mu. S thay i ny ph thuc vo s sp t v khng gian v din tch mu. S thay i sc thi mu phn nh nh hng qua li gia mu ny vi mu khc khi chng gn nhau, m nhng mu li c sc thi khc nhau. Trong trng hp xp cc mu cch xa nhau th sc thi ca cc mu mnh s lm thay i sc thi ca cc mu bn cnh theo hng mu b tr ca mu mnh.

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Th d : mu xm trn nn s c sc thi ca mu xanh lc, mu xm trn nn xanh l cy s c sc , mu xm trn nn xanh lam s c sc vng. Cc sc vng trn nn s c sc lc vng, cc sc vng trn nn xanh lc s c sc vng. Khi xp 2 mu thuc 2 cp mu b tr tc l hai mu c sc thi hon ton khc th s nh hng qua li ca chng dng nh khng tn ti hay c th ni l s tng phn gia chng tr nn bo ha. Th d : Mu vng trn nn xanh lam hoc mu trn nn xanh lc .S thay i v ti sng ca cc mu xp gn nhau s xy ra khi chng c ti sng khc xa nhau . Th d : Mt hnh vung mu xm trn nn trng s cho cm gic nh hnh b ti i, khi n trn nn en th li sng ra. S tng phn v sc thi v ti sng ca cc mu thng xy ra r nt ranh gii gia chng. gim bt s tng phn ranh gii ngi ta thng tch bit cc hnh c mu sc khc nhau bng cc ng vch en, trng, xm hoc to nn c mu cng vi nh mu ca mu tng phn. Th d : Mu vng lc trn nn xanh lc s cho cm gic nh mu vng thun sc. Din tch ca cc hnh mu cng c quan h qua li vi s nh hng ca mu sc: nu din tch mu cng ln th nh hng ca n cng mnh. ng thi sng v cng mu cng c nh hng n din tch ca cc hnh. Th d: Din tch hnh mu s c cm gic nh i khi n nm trn nn sng; hoc din tch hnh mu ti trn nn sng s cho cm gic nh hn hnh cng din tch c mu sang trn nn ti , iu ny c gii thch nh sau : nhng ng vin ca cc hnh sng qua vng mc mt ngi s b chy di ra hn l cc ng vin quanh hnh ti. Trong khi nim v mu sc, ngi ta cn chia chng thnh 2 loi : mu nng v mu mt. Mu nng gm cc mu gn vi mu ca cc vt pht nhit (nh mt tri, ngn la ) - l cc mu , mu da cam, mu vng. Mu mt l cc mu gn vi mu cc vt thu nhit, cho cm gic mt (nh nc, bu tri) - l cc mu xanh. Ring mu tm l mu trung gian n c th l mu nng hay mu mt l ty thuc vo nh mu. Ngi thy rng mt cp mu b tr trong vng trn mu thnh qui lut: mu ny l nng th mu b tr l mu mt, chng hn cc cp mu : Da cam - xanh da tri

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-xanh lc Vng- xanh lam Cc mu nng li c cng mnh v sng ln thng gy n tng mnh c coi l mu tri. Cn cc mu mt cng mu nh, sng km t gy n tng c coi l mu n. T nhng c im v tnh cht ca mu sc nu, cn p dng trong thc t to ra cc mt hng c mu sc hi ha hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng. S phi mu hi ha l s kt hp p nht cc tnh cht ca mu sc sao cho ph hp vi th hiu ca tng dn tc, vi iu kin s dng mt hng v i khi cn ph hp vi mt ca tng nc, tng vng. Phng php phi mu hi ha v ni chung c nhng nguyn tc c bn nh sau : C th kt hp hi ha gia mu a sc vi mu thun sc nu nh chng c sng nh nhau. Th d : mu xm c sng trung gian gia mu en v mu trng nn n c th kt hp vi hai mu mt cch hi ha. Mu xm sng c th kt hp hi ha vi cc mu hng sng, xanh sng hoc bt k mu n sc no c ti sng. Mu xm sm th phi kt hp vi mu ti sm. c bit nhng mu n sc c bo ha ln li l mu nng nh mu th phi kt hp vi mu en lm gim bo ha ca mu . Cng c th kt hp hi ha t cc mu tng phn nhng cn phi xem xt mt s yu t. T ba mu tng phn, s hi ha s t c nu s dng mt mu mt v hai mu nng. Nhng mu c cng bo ha ln s c s dng vi lng t i. Khi kt hp cc mu ng sc, c sng v nh mu gn nhau tc l cc mu nm lin nhau trong vng trn mu th s hi ha v mu sc d dng t c khi sng ca chng dch chuyn theo phn cp. Th d: mu xanh da tri thun sc ti sng c th kt hp hi ha vi mu xanh da tri v mu xanh lam.

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Chng 2. THUC NHUM 2.2. S lc v thuc nhum

Trong cuc sng mun mu ca con ngi thuc nhum c s dng rt a dng trong nhiu lnh vc v nhiu ngnh kinh t khc nhau. Trong k thut v trong sinh hot chng ta thng gp cc thut ng nh : thuc nhum, pigment, bt mu ..v.v.. chng u l cc hp cht c mu nhng bn cht, cu to, tnh cht, v phm vi s dng th khc nhau, cn phn bit cho ng. Thuc nhum l tn ch chung nhng hp cht hu c c mu (gc thin nhin v tng hp) rt a dng v mu sc v chng loi, chng c kh nng nhum mu, ngha l bt mu hay gn mu trc tip cho vt liu khc. Ty theo cu to, tnh cht v phm vi s dng ca chng m ngi ta chia thuc nhum thnh cc nhm h loi, lp khc nhau. Pigment l tn ch mt s thuc nhum hu c khng ha tan trong nc v mt s hp cht v c c mu nh cc oxit v mui kim loi. c im chung ca pigment l khng ha tan trong nc, khng c i lc vi cc vt liu khc, n c dng nhum mu cho cc vt liu khc bng cch gin tip, hoc nh mng lin kt hoc bng cch phn phi su trong khi vt liu. Bt mu l thut ng ch yu ch cc hp cht mu v c c dng trong sn xut vt liu xy dng. Thuc nhum c dng ch yu nhum vt liu dt t x thin nhin (bng, lanh, gai, len, t tm ...), x nhn to (vixco, axetat, polyno,...) v x tng hp (polyamit, polyeste, polyacrylonitrin, polyvinylic, polyoloefin, ...), ngoi ra cng c dng nhum cao su, cht do, cht bo, sp, x phng, ch to mc in trong cng nghip n lot, ch to vn phng phm, vt liu lm nh mu, dng lm cht tng v lm gim nhy vi nh sng. nhum cc loi vt liu a nc ngi ta dng nhng lp thuc nhum ha tan trong nc, chng khuch tn v gn vo s si nh cc lc lin kt l ha, lin kt ion hoc lin kt ng ha tr (vi thuc nhum hat tnh). nhum cc loi vt liu dt ght nc v nhit do (x axetat v x tng hp) ngi ta dng thuc nhum khng tan trong nc, sn xut dng bt mn phn tn cao gi l thuc nhum phn tn, a mu vo s si theo c ch ha tan (x si l dung dch rn) hoc phn b trong h thng mao qun ca x. nhum cao su, cht do, ch mu, mc in, sn mu, ngi ta dng pigment v nhng loi thuc nhum khng tan trong nc. Trong trng hp ny pigment hay thuc nhum c gn vo vt liu hoc l nh cht to mng (khi nhum b mt) hoc l trn vi khi vt liu phn b chng su vo trong . Khi nhum cht bo, xng, du m, vecninitro ngi ta dng loi thuc nhum ha tan trong cc vt liu ny. 2.3. Thuc nhum thin nhin

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T thi thng c loi ngi bit s dng thuc nhum thin nhin ly t thc vt v ng vt. Bng cc mu vt khai qut c Kim T Thp Ai Cp, Trung Quc v n ngi ta xc nh rng trc cng nguyn 1500 nm ngi Ai Cp bit dng indigo (mu xanh chm) nhum vi v s dng ph bin alizarin ly t r cy marena nhum mu , s dng campec chit t g si nhum mu en cho len v la t tm. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn chit xut c cc vng, tm, -tm t mt s loi cy khc nhau. Tr mu xanh chm v mu alizarin l c bn mu cao, nhn chung thuc nhum thin nhin c bn mu thp, nht l vi nh sng, cng lc mu nh do cha trong phn t h thng mang mu km bn. Hn na hiu sut khai thc thuc nhum t thc vt rt thp, phi dng nhiu tn nguyn liu mi thu c 1 kg thuc nhum, nn gi thnh rt cao. V vy n nay hu ht thuc nhum thin nhin b thay th bng thuc nhum tng hp, s cn li ch yu c dng nhum thc phm hoc nhum vi ca cc dn tc t ngi theo phong tc c truyn. n nay ngi ta xc nh c cng thc cu to ca mt s thuc nhum thin nhin theo tng loi mu, t nh gi c tnh cht s dng ca chng. 2.2.1Thuc nhum thin nhin mu vng Tt c cc thuc nhum thin nhin mu vng u c ngun gc t thc vt. Mu vng quan trng c dng trong nhiu th k qua l rezeda. Khi phi n vi mu xanh lc to ra mu Lincon tuyt p. 2.2.2Thuc nhum thin nhin mu Khc vi mu vng, ba trong s bn thuc nhum mu thin nhin (cecmec, cosenil, lac) c ngun gc ng vt, song mu d quan trng nht vn l marena hay cn gi l alizarin thu c t thc vt. Tt c cc thuc nhum mu k trn u l dn xut hidroxi ca antraquinon. Cc dn xut khc nhau cu chng cn c ng dng n ngy nay do chng c mu ti nh, c bn mu rt cao vi nh sng. V vy c th ni rng thuc nhum thin nhin mu c bn mu vi cc ch tiu cao hn nhiu so vi cc mu vng. 2.2.3 Thuc nhum thin nhin mu ta Cu to ca thuc nhum thin nhin mu ta c Fridlender tm ra vo nm 1909, chnh l 6,6, - ibromindigo(4) .

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Gn y t thn l ca cy Dacathais orbita ngi ta xc nh c qu trnh to thnh mu ta ny . Hp cht ban u l tirindoxysunfat (1) c mu ghi, khi b thy phn bng men n b chuyn thnh tirindocxil (2), c mt phn b oxi ha bi oxi ca khng kh n 6-brom-2metyl-tioindoleninon (3). n lt mnh hp cht (3) ny li kt hp vi (2) thnh phc 1:1 kiu quihidron (tiriverdin), di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri n bin thnh 6,6,- dibromindigo (4) l gc ca mu ta. Qu trnh nh sau :

2.2.4 Thuc nhum thin nhin mu xanh chm Trong cc mu xanh thin nhin c mu xanh lam vaida v mu xanh chm c dng n ngy nay. Lc u ngi ta cho rng l hai mu khc nhau, v sau mi bit chng ging nhau v cu to ha hc v chnh l indigo tch t cy h chm c tn khoa hc l indigofera tinctoria L, c cng thc ha hc nh sau :

Hin nay indigo l mt trong hai thuc nhum thin nhin vn cn c ngha thc t tuy n c tng hp v ch to trong phm vi cng nghip. 2.2.5 Thuc nhum thin nhin mu en Thuc nhum thin nhin mu en c ngha thc t duy nht l mu en campec, n c bit t nm 1500, nhng n nm 1812 mi thc s c ngha thc t

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khi mt nh ha hc Php tm thy n c kh nng to thnh phc khng tan vi mui kim loi c mu en . Khi mi tch t g campec ra, hp cht c mu gi l hematein, khi kt hp vi mui crom n chuyn thnh mu en v th m g campec tr nn c gi tr. Hematein c cng thc nh sau:

Mc d cha bit c th cu to ca phc kim loi ny nhng ngi ta cho rng n c cu trc i phn t, trong ion crom lin kt vi phn t hematein to thnh phc. Cn nhn mnh rng a s thuc nhum tng hp mu en dng trong ngnh dt v mt s ngnh nhum vi hai hay nhiu thuc nhum thnh phn, v thuc nhum mu en c mu khng ti khi dng ring. Mu en campec c dng nh l thuc nhum n, ring bit, nhum t tm, da, v mt vi vt liu khc, vn c ngha n by gi. 2.2.6 S dng thuc nhum thin nhin Vit Nam Cha c ti liu no cho bit c th nin i ngi Vit Nam bit dng cc mu thin nhin, ch bit rng cng ng cc dn tc Vit Nam thi thng c dng thuc nhum thin nhin trong i sng. Kinh nghim dng thuc nhum ly t tho mc truyn t i ny sang i khc cc min, cc vng c cc loi cy ny. n nay ng bo thiu s cc tnh min ni pha Bc vn dng l chm nhum mu xanh lam. Nhng thp k u ca th k ny mt s vng Bc b dng nc chit t c nu ti nhum mu nu ti, khi nhng vo bn ao th mu nu chuyn thnh mu en rt p v bn (y cng l mt dng phc ca thuc nhum vi ion kim loi nng c trong bn). Ngoi ra nhum mu nu v en ngi ta cn dng l bng, v s, v vt v mt s v v l cy khc na. nhum en mt s vng Nam b cn dng nc chit t qu mc na nhum lt sau nhng vo bn sng Hu s to thnh mu en bn v p.

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Mt s loi qu v l c dng nhum thc phm nh: qu ginh ginh, c ngh nhum mu vng, l cm xi nhum xi mu ...v.v.. n nay vn cha c c s t chc chit tch thuc nhum thin nhin dng vo mc ch k thut v dn sinh : vic s dng chng nc ta vn da vo kinh nghim dn gian ca tng min. 2.4. Thuc nhum tng hp

n nay vic nghin cu v ch to thuc nhum tng hp t n nh cao c v mt khoa hc v cng ngh. Cc hng ch to sn xut bn ra trn th trng th gii hng trm mu ca trn mi lp thuc nhum khc nhau; chng khng nhng c mu sc rt p v rt a dng. cn c bn mu cao hoc rt cao vi nhiu ch tiu c l v ha l. t c nhng thnh tu nh vy, vic nghin cu v sn xut chng cng phi tri qua cc thi k pht trin t thp n cao, t n gin n phc tp. 2.3.1 Cc giai on pht trin Ngi c vinh d pht minh ra thuc nhum tng hp u tin - pararoanilin t anilin (1855) l I.A Natason, gio s trng i hc tng hp Vacsava. Sau mt nm (1856) nh ha hc tr ngi Anh l V.G Pekin tng hp c thuc nhum mu tm tn gi l movein thuc lp thuc nhum azin v l thuc nhum tng hp u tin c sn xut phm vi cng nghip. t nm sau, Lyon, mt trung tm t la ca Php, F.E.Vergen tng hp c thuc nhum baz u tin c gc trifenylmetan, l thuc nhum fucxin. C nhiu yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin cu v ch to thuc nhum tng hp, trong vic pht trin ngnh ho hc hu c v vic ra i x si tng hp l nhng yu t c tm quan trng hng u. Qu trnh pht trin ca thuc nhum tng hp c th chia lm 3 giai on: Giai on th nht ( 1855-1876) Giai on ny c nh du bng cc pht minh v ng dng vo sn xut thuc nhum lp azin v trifenylmetan (movein, fucxin, tm metyl, inulin, xanh metylen) mt s thuc nhum azo (vng anilin, nu bismac, crizoidin) v.v... a s nhng thuc nhum ni trn u thuc lp thuc nhum baz, chng ch nhum mu cho t tm v len cn khi dng nhum vi t x xellulo th phi dng hn hp tanin - antimoin lm cht hm mu (cm mu). Tt c nhng thuc nhum ny u c sn xut t anilin v cc dn xut ca n nn cn tn gi lch s l thuc

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nhum anilin. Xut pht t nh to nn thuc nhum c bn mu cao trn x bng, nm 1863 J.Laifut tm ra qui trnh tng hp thuc nhum anilin en bng cch oxi ho trc tip anilin trn vi. Pht minh ra phn ng diazo ha ca P.Griss nm 1858 ng vai tr m ng v t nn mng cho vic sn xut thuc nhum azo l lp thuc nhum c phm vi ng dng rt rng, vi c im chung l cha nhm azo trong phn t m cc thuc nhum khc khng c. Trong thi k ny nhiu nh khoa hc ch nghin cu bn cht ca mu sc v s lin quan gia cu to ca thuc nhum v mu sc. Nm 1876, O. Witt ra thuyt mang mu v tr mu, l thuyt mu u tin, tuy n cha i su vo bn cht m ch c gi tr lch s nhng n m ng cho s pht trin ca l thuyt mu. Nhng thuc nhum tng hp c pht minh v ch to giai on th nht khng ging nhng thuc nhum thin nhin ang dng thi by gi, v vy ny sinh nh nghin cu v ch to nhng thuc nhum tng hp c tnh cht tng t nh cc thuc nhum thin nhin c trng dng nht.Theo hng , nm 1868 K.Grebe v K.Libecman ch to c thuc nhum alizarin t 1,2-ibromantraquinon. Cng nm y, A.F Bayer bt u nghin cu tng hp inigo v nm 1878 ng thnh cng trong vic ch to thuc nhum t izatin. Giai on th hai( 1876- 1893) Giai on c nh du bng vic bt u sn xut thuc nhum azo. Nhng thuc nhum azo c sn xut lot u tin hu ht l thuc nhum axit, thuc nhum cm mu (alizarin vng GG) v mt s thuc nhum nhum t tm v len, cha c thuc nhum no c kh nng bt mu trc tip vo x bng. n y lch s thuc nhum ghi nhn mt pht kin tuyt vi na, l vic tm ra thuc nhum cong, m u cho vic nghin cu v sn xut loi thuc nhum ha tan trong nc c kh nng t bt mu vo xellulo, cng m u cho vic hnh thnh v hon chnh dn lp thuc nhum trc tip hay cn gi l thuc nhum supstantip. Vo nhng nm 80 ca th k qua R.Holiday tm ra phng php tng hp thuc nhum azo khng tan (azoid) trn vi . Lc u ngi ta dng (- naptol cho kt hp vi p- nitroanilin iazo ha nhn c mu dng vo vic nhum v in hoa, v sau thay th (- naptol bng cc acrylic ca axit - oxinaptoic v gi l naptol AS .

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Phng php tng hp thuc nhum azo khng tan trn vi c coi l c bn hon thin vo nm 1911. Giai on th ba ( 1893-1902) Giai on ny c nh du bng s pht trin sn xut thuc nhum lu hunh v hon thin cng ngh tng hp inigo. Nm 1893 ln u tin trn th trng th gii xut hin thuc nhum lu hunh mu en c tn thng phm l Vidal en, sau ln lt ra i cc mu khc ca lp thuc nhum ny. Nm 1897 A.F Bayer hon thin cng ngh sn xut inigo phm vi cng nghip, sau R.Bon tng hp c thuc nhum hon nguyn c mu xanh lam ging nh inigo gi l inantren xanh lam, tiu biu cho thuc nhum hon nguyn dy antraquinon c bn mu v nh rt cao. gim bt kh khn khi chun b dung dch nhum t thuc nhum hon nguyn khng tan, u th k XX ngi ta thnh cng trong vic ch to thuc nhum hon nguyn tan (inigosol, cubozol...) cn nng cao bn mu ca thuc nhum trc trc tip nm 1883 ngi ta dng mui ng, mui crm tng bn mu cho mt s thuc nhum axit . n nm 1893 cc nh ha hc ch to c thuc nhum axit cm mu hay thuc nhum axit crom c bn mu cao vi git v nh sng. Mt khc khi cm mu bng mui kim loi th mu ban u s bin i kh khn cho vic thit k cng ngh nhum. khc phc hin tng ny nm 1915 ngi ta tm ra qui trnh cng ngh tng hp thuc nhum axit cha kim loi 1:1 v n nm 1951 th tm ra thuc nhum cha kim loi 1:2 nhum len trong mi trng trung tnh. Vn thuc nhum la axetat (loi x nhit do, ght nc) c nghin cu v gii quyt t nm 1921-1924, lc u ngi ta dng cc ch phm nhum azo khng tan, sau dng cc dn xut ca nitro iphenylamin v n gin hn l dng dn xut ca antraquinon gi l thuc nhum acet. Khi nhu cu nhum tng hp cao th ra i lp thuc nhum phn tn trn c s ny. Pigment ftaloxianin c sn xut t nm 1934, do nh v bn mu rt cao nn trn c s gc mu ny ngi ta sn xut c pigment xanh da tri v xanh lc, v sau dng gc mu ny sn xut mt s thuc nhum trc tip bn mu v thuc nhum hot tnh.

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Sau i chin th gii th hai cng nghip sn xut x si tng hp chuyn sang giai on bng n pht trin, nhiu loi x si mi ra i dn n yu cu ch to nhng thuc nhum thch hp cho cc loi x ny. Trong qu trnh tm kim ngoi ngoi vic hon chnh dn lp thuc nhum phn tn, mt trng hp khng mong i c gii quyt, l nhng thuc nhum thuc lp baz khng bn mu vi nh sng khi nhum cc loi x khc nhng li bt mu rt tt v c bn mu vi nh sng kh cao trn x polyacrylonitrin (PAN), iu ny dn n vic nghin cu v sn xut loi thuc nhum baz ring cho yu cu ny gi l thuc nhum cation. Mt trong nhng thnh qu tuyt vi trong 40 nm gn y ca ha hc thuc nhum l vic pht minh ra thuc nhum hot tnh, chng c kh nng to thnh mi lin kt ha tr vi x nn c bn mu cao vi gia cng t. Nm 1965 hng ICI (Anh) sn xut ra thuc nhum hot tnh u tin c tn l procion, tip theo nm 1957 hng Ciba (Thy S) sn xut ra thuc nhum hot tnh gi l Cibacron. T nhiu nc v nhiu hng c cng nghip ha hc pht trin nghin cu v sn xut thuc nhum hot tnh vi cht lng ngy cng nng cao, chng loi ngy cng m rng m bo t l lin kt ha hc vi x cao, t b thy phn, bn mu, ti mu v cng ngh nhum n gin. 2.4. Cc cht mu v mu thc phm 2.4.1 Phn loi cc cht mu Cc cht mu gm c cc cht mu hu c v v c. Mi loi u c cht mu thin nhin v tng hp. 2.4.2. Mu v c Thng c cu to n gin l mui hoc oxit kim loi : PbCrO4, HgS mu , vng chanh ZnCrO4 + K2Cr2O7 . Cc cht mu v c r, bn vi nhit v nh sng, km bn vi axit, baz, cng mu khng cao dng ch to sn, mc in cng nghip, mu cho thy tinh, s, cao su. 2.4.3. Mu hu c * Mu hu c thin nhin Ngy nay cc cht mu hu c s dng rng ri v a dng, nhiu chng loi mu sc ti p, cng mu cao, c s dng nhiu trong lnh vc kinh t khc nhau. Cc mu thin nhin thng c sn ch yu trong thc vt. Th d : Mu xanh indigo c trong cy chm, trong cy chm c cha indican, thy phn indican c indixil, oxi ha c indigo.

26

Mu vng mng ct : v mng ct cha 13% tanin v nha nangostin C23H24O6 mu vng ti, tan nhiu trong kim v ete, khng tan trong nc . Mu ngh : c ngh cha 4% cht mu vng cuacumyl, em c ngh nghin nh trch vi ligroin loi cht hu c, sau trch ete v kt tinh li trong benzen c cuacumyl. Mu qu iu. Mc na : cha cht diospirol 2% c th trch bng etanol, dng nhum mu en. Mu xanh l ca chlorophyl c nhiu trong rau xanh, ht, r, c, tri cy, l da * Mu hu c tng hp Hin c hng ngn loi khc nhau, c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc kinh t khc nhau nh sn, in, nhum, thc phm, m phm, dc, cao su, nha ... - Cc cht hu c khng tan trong nc thng sn xut dng bt, ht nh c micro, loi ny gi l pigment. Pigment l cht mu khng tan trong nc v khng tan trong mi trng s dng. - Cc cht mu tan trong nc hoc c kh nng bin dng, tan trong nc hoc dung mi khc gi l cc phm mu. Cc cht mu cha nhm -COOH,-SO3H d tan trong nc, c cha nhm =C=O c th bin dng thnh tan c .. Ngi ta c th bin pigment thnh phm mu v ngc li, bng cch a vo phn t pigment nhm tan hoc kha nhm tan li. Phn loi cc pigment : thng ngi ta khng phn loi m thng m ha cc pigment di dng cc s ( nh CI, Sh). Trong nghin cu v cu to v tng hp c th phn pigment thnh 15 loi : * Pigment azo axetoaxetacrylic * Pigment azo pyrazolone * Pigment azo b-naptol * Pigment azo axit 2- hidroxy 3 naphtholc * Pigment azo axit 2- hidroxy 3 naphthorilic * Pigment axit naphthoic * Pigment tri phenyl metan .......... Phn loi thuc nhum (phm nhum)

27

Th trng th gii c khong 5000 loi phm nhum khc nhau. Ngi ta c hai cch phn loi : # Phn loi theo cu to ha hc v nhm mang mu, c 10 loi: * Phm nhum nitro * Phm nhum nitros * Phm nhum azo * Phm nhum phenyl metan * Phm nhum tryphenyl metan * Phm nhum xeton, quinon * Phm nhum indigo * Phm nhum lu hunh * Phm nhum c nguyn t Phn loi theo cch ny gip cho ngi nghin cu v cu to, tnh cht v phng php tng hp chng. # Phn loi theo k thut : thun li cho ngi tiu dng. Khi ni n tn thuc nhum ngi ta c th bit c cn phi dng phng php no nhum, c th nhum c nhng loi si vi no, bn ra sao . - Theo cch phn loi ny, mi thuc nhum gm c 3 phn : + Phn 1: K hiu bng ch cho bit tn thuc nhum. + Phn 2: Ch mu ca thuc nhum thng vit l ch (vng, xanh, ). + Phn 3: K hiu bng ch ci ng cui mi tn gi. Cho bit sc mu ca mu, hnh th, trng thi ca mu. Lin X (c ) : K hiu K : , C : xanh. c : B: xanh, G : vng, T : . Php, Anh : B: xanh, R : Trong thc t, ngi ta cn qui nh thuc nhum theo % so vi nng mu.

2.4.4. Mu thc phm 2.4.4.1 nh ngha Phm mu l loi hp cht c s dng nhiu trong lng thc thc phm, n c tng hp v phn loi thng qua ngun gc cng nh l phng php iu ch

28

Phm mu c s dng trong thc phm a s u c ngun gc t nhin (do tnh c ca chng khng ng k), phm mu hu c tng hp thng c nn khi s dng n trong thc phm ngi ta phi a ra mt s ch tiu an ton v kim sot tnh c ca chng. 2.4.4.2 Phn loi phm mu Tu theo ngun gc v phng php iu ch ngi ta phn ra phm mu lm 2 loi : a/ Phm mu tng hp Bng 1.3 Mt s mu thc phm tng hp.

29

Tn thng thng

Ch s mu

Ch s E

Mu thc phm

Tn ha hc Trisodium salt of 5-hydroxyl-

Tartrazine

19140

E-120

Vng thc phm 8

p-sulphophenyl-4-sulphophenylazopyra-zole-3carboxylic acid Disodium salt of 1-(4-

Sunset Yellow

15985

E-110

Vng thc phm 3

sulphophe- nylazo)-2naphthol-6-sulfonic

Carmoisine

14720

E-122

thc phm 3

Disodium 4-Hydroxy-3-(4Sulfonato-1-Naphthylazo) Naphtylene-1-Sulfonate.

Ponceau 4R

16255

E-124

thc phm 7

Trisodium-2-hydroxy-1-(4Sulfonato-1Naphthylazo) naphthalene-6, 8-Disulfonate Tetra Sodium-4-Acetamido-5-

Brilliant Black-BN 28440 E-120

en thc phm 1

Hydroxy-6- [7- Sulfonato- 4(4- Sulfonatophenylazo)-1 Naphthylazo]Naphthalene-1,7 Dislfonate Disodium-4, 4-(2, 4-

Chocolate Brown HT

Nu thc 20285 E-159 phm 3

Dihydroxy-5-Hydroxy Methyl-1,3-Phenylene Bisazo)-Di (Naphthalene-1Sulfonate)

30

Patent Blue V

42051

E-131

Xanh thc phm 5

Calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4diethylaminophenyl)- 5hydroxy-2,4disulfophenylmethylidene) 2,5cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt

Quinoline Yellow

Vng thc 47005 E-134 phm13

Disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinodyl) 1,3- dione Sodium 5-[4-dimethylaminoα-(4

Xanh thc Green S 44090 E-104 phm 4

dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5dienylidene)benzyl]-6hydroxy-7-sulfonato naphthalene- 2-sulfonate

31

Hnh 1.2 Xi c dng phm mu tng h

Hnh 1.3 Ch c c a phm nhum v

Phm mu hu c tng hp thng c cng mu cao, bn mu cng rt cao, mu sc a dng phong ph nhng c nhc im l gy c tnh kh mnh, nh hng n sc kho ca ngi tiu dng, do rt t khi c a vo thc phm, v khi a vo th phi qua kim nghim nghim ngt ca b y t v phi c kim tra t m trn sc vt th nghim. b/ Phm mu t nhin, thc vt

Hnh 1.4 Qu gc phm nhum mu t nhin ph bin.

Hnh 1.5 V qu mng ct phm nhum mu vng t nhin.

32

* Mu xanh l ca chlorophyl c nhiu trong rau qu, l cy, l da * Mu vng ca carotenoid c nhiu trong trng c tm rau qu: gc, ht iu.. * Mu mu ca hemoglobin c nhiu trong tht, c. * Mu tm ca l cm. * Mu en ca l gai. * Mu vng cucumin trong c ngh. * Mu xanh indigo trong cy chm .. * Mu vng mng ct. Phm mu t nhin th c cng mu km, mu d b mt do cc yu t : tc ng ca nh sng, nhit , tc dng ca CO2 nng cao bo qun thc phm rau qu, bin i enzim, tc dng ca tc nhn ho hc (axit, kim, oxi ho ) tuy nhin v c ngun gc t thin nhin, khng gy c cho ngi s dng thc phm c mu t nhin nn loi phm mu ny vn c a chung trn th trng phm mu thc phm. 2.4.4.3 Mt s qui nh i vi mu dng cho thc phm 1. Ph gia thc phm l nhng cht c con ngi ch ng cho thm vo thc phm vi mt lng nh, m bo an ton cho sc khe, nhm duy tr hoc tng cng cht lng, hnh dng, mi v, mu sc, kim hoc acid... ca thc phm, nhm p ng yu cu cng ngh, tng cng s hp dn trong sn xut ch bin, ng gi, bo qun vn chuyn tiu th thc phm. Ph gia thc phm khng c coi l thc phm v n c t hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng. 2. Ch s dng cc cht ph gia thc phm c trong danh mc cho php ca B Y t. 3. Ph gia phi m bo cht lng tinh khit dng cho thc phm. 4. S dng ng liu lng qui nh. 5. Phi ng k tn ph gia thc phm s dng trong sn xut ch bin thc phm vi c quan qun l v phi ghi r tn trn nhn. Cc phm mu tng hp cho php s dng ti Vit Nam: Bng 1.4 Qui nh liu lng ca ph gia phm mu thc phm TT Tn ph gia Tn thc phm c ph gia 1 Amaranth () Gii hn ti a cho php

Xt to ng hp, mt qu, 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt thch, l ng hp hp vi mu khc

33

Tm ng hp, ch bin

30mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc

Brillantblue , kem hn hp, u H 100mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt FCF (xanh) Lan xanh ng hp, thc hp vi mu khc phm khc u H Lan chn ng hp, 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt mt, thch qu, xt to hp vi mu khc ng hp Da chut dm 300mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc

Carmoisine , kem hn hp ()

100mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng

Sa chua v sn phm x l 57mg/kg nhit sau khi ln men 4 Erythrosine Tht hp () 15mg/kg

Sa chua v sn phm x l 27mg/kg nhit sau khi ln men Tm hp, tm ng lnh 30mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt nhanh kem hn hp hp vi mu khc 100mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng u H Lan ng hp, mt, 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt thch qu, xt to hp Mn hp, thc phm khc hp vi Ponceau 4R 300mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc

34

Fast

green kem hn hp

100mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng

FCF (xanh)

u H Lan ng hp, mt, 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt thch qu, nc xt to Da chut dm hp vi mu khc 300mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc Mt chanh, thc phm khc 100mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc 6 Food green ung, thc phm lng S (xanh) Cc thc phm khc 70mg/kg 300mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc 7 Indigotine (xanh) kem hn hp 100mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng Mt, thch qu, xt to hp 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc Sa chua v sn phm x l 6mg/kg nhit sau khi ln men Thc phm khc 300mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc 8 Ponceau 4R kem hn hp () ung, thc phm lng 50mg/kg 70mg/l

Sa chua v sn phm x l 48mg/l nhit sau khi ln men u H Lan hp, mt, 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt thch qu hp vi mu khc

35

Tm hp, tm ng lnh

300mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc

Sunset yellow FCF (vng cam)

ung, thc phm lng kem hn hp

70mg/l 100mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng

Da chut dm

300mg/kg

Sa chua v sn phm x l 12mg/kg nhit sau khi ln men Mt, thch qu, mt cam, 200mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt xt to hp Tm hp hp vi mu khc 30mg/kg, dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi mu khc 10 Tartrazine ung, thc phm lng 70mg/l

kem hn hp, u H 100mg/kg lan xanh hp, mt cam u H Lan chn ng hp, 200mg/kg mt thch qu Da chut dm Tm hp 2.4.4.4 c tnh ca mu thc phm : Mt trong nhng hu qu nghim trng nht trong vic s dng phm mu trong thc phm l vic xut hin cc bu c tnh. c tnh v kh nng gy ung th ca phm mu c kho st da vo nhm chc ho hc ca cc phn t phm mu. Nhm dn xut azoic : Phm mu azoic c s dng nhiu trong thc phm.Trong thi gian u s dng, hu nh ngi ta khng quan tm n nh hng ca phm mu i vi sc kho 300mg/kg 30mg/kg

36

ngi tiu dng. Nhng t khi Kino-sita pht hin kh nng gy ung th ca p-dimetyl amino azobenzen (-NH2, CH3), ngi ta mi bt u quan tm v lo lng nhiu v c tnh ca phm azoic. C cu phn t phm mu v kh nng gy ung th : ngi ta tin tng rng c th gn tc dng tc dng gy ung th ny khi c s tn ti ca cc nhm kim, nht l vi cc nhm nh chc amin. Nhm ny thng t tan trong nc, c tch lu trong m m v s bi tit o thi ra ngoi thng rt chm. Cook nghin cu mt lot phm azoic sulfon ho - Phm amaranth (Bordeaux S-FD-Rouge (NO2)) trong mt thi gian di c coi l v hi. FAO/WHO cho php s dng vi liu lng 1,5mg.kg/ngy.Nhng phm ny c th chuyn ha thnh naph-thionat(II) - mui R-amino(III) v mui R(IV). Cc sn phm mi ny theo chng minh ca Andrianova (1970) c kh nng gy mm ung th v theo Collins c kh nng gy mm bu qui. Gales cho bit liu lng 0,12% amaranth lm chm tng trng v tng t vong chut cng trng, gan xut hin nhng sang thng c th so snh vi nhng sang thng do nh hng mu vng. Trong vi ngy, mc vitamin A gim 50% v tip tc h thp xung sau . V cng tng t nh trng hp mu vng b ngi ta ghi nhn c lng albumin v b- globumin trong huyt thanh. Cc bin i v c cu phn t phm mu ny khng phi ch do tc ng ca h enzym trong c th m cn c th l kt qu ca hot ng ca vi sinh vt lactic (Bacillus v men). Radomak nghin cu s gim cp ny di nh hng ca vi sinh vt trong rut ghi nhn: cc sn phm mi ny u c hp th tr li trong khi phm ban u khng hp th. Tm li : - Vn an ton ca vic s dng amaranth cn c nh li. - Tt c cc hp cht amin u c v khi hp thu, ln lt tc dng ln h tiu ha nh m, gan, mu. Trng hp mu gy Methemoglobin vi s xut hin cc th Henz trong hng cu. - Mt s dn xut amin c th gy ung th. c bit vi phm mu c mang sn naphtylamin v benzidin, c th gy ung th bng quang sau thi gian hp th di. lm gim kh nng gy c ca phm mu, cc nh c cht hc ngh ch nn s dng cc phm azoic c mang cc nhm acid (SO3H2COOH hoc oxydril phenolic

37

trn mi hai nhnh ca cng thc) khi c s kh t ni azo - N=N-, cc amin to thnh u c sulfon ha, cacboxyl ha hay oxydril ha. Tuy nhin, d m bo thc hin c ngh trn, vn cha bo m an ton v mt cht hc. 2) Nhm dn xut Triphenyl methan: V c tnh, phm mu dn xut Triphenyl methan c th gy eczema, ri lon d dy, tiu chy v cc triu chng khc v phi khi hp th qua thc phm. Phm mu thuc nhm ny cng c kh nng gy ung th, nht l i vi : Vertlumiere SF, Vert solide CFC, Vert Guinee B, Blue Brilliant CFC, Violet acid CB. Mt s phm ny c cho php dng trong thc phm vi l do: phm mu thuc nhm ny c sulfon ha v tan trong nc, nhng cn lu : tt c cc phm mu thuc nhm ny u c kh nng gy bu trn chut cng trng v chut nht khi tim di da. Trong trng hp Blue Patantes V (826 theo Schultz-712 theo CL.1924 v 42051/CL.1995) theo Truhaut kt qu cho thy kh quan hn: trong thi gian di khng gy bu trn ng vt th nghim (chut wistar) vi liu lng 1% trn trong khu phn thc n trong sut i ca chut wistar. 3) Nhm dn xut Diphenyl methan: - Auramin o c th gy bu gan. - Cng nhn lm vic sn xut phm mu ny thng b ung th bng quang. 4) Nhm dn xut Phtalesin ( xanthen)- Eosin- Fluoescein Rhodamin . - Theo Ureda, c 3 phm mu ny, nht l Rhodamin B, u gy trn chut cng trng nhng sarcome sau nhiu ln trch lp li di da (ring vi Rhodamin B trn chut cng trng qua ng ung cng c triu chng ging nh tim di da nhng khng gy ung th). - Theo Bonser vi liu lng 0,5% thm vo trong nc ung chut nht trng gy hai trng hp bu rut trn 30 ng vt th nghim. - Hansen cng cho bit, Rhodamin-b dng lu di qua ng ming i vi chut cng trng cho thy s tng trng v s bt thng t bo. Tri li, vi Eosin v Erythrosin 5 (887 theo Schult-773 theo CL/1924-45130 theo CL/1956) ngi ta thy : * ch c th gy i ma v c albumin trong nc tiu. * chut trng c s dng huyt v nng cao c s lit rut.

38

* Vonght th nghim cho thy chut cng trng, Iod c th tch ra khi phn t Erythrosin v gn vo tch t thc n ca Iod. Sau khi cho chut n thc phm c trn Erythrosin, lng Iod trong nc tiu tng, s hp th Iod phng x trn tuyn gip gim. Kt lun : D vi nhiu tch ly v d kin l thuyt cng nh thc nghim, s quan h gia kh nng gy ung th v cu trc phn t gim mu, ta vn khng th da vo cng thc phm mu suy din s v hi v kh nng gy ung th ca n. Tt c phm mu, khi ngh s dng trong thc phm i hi c mt s nghin cu nghim tc. Lu di v t m trn sc vt th nghim (theo ng qui nh WHO/FAO/CAC) 2.5. Tnh cht chung ca thuc nhum Vic nh gi cht lng s dng ca mi thuc nhum phi thng qua cc tnh cht v gi tr s dng chng. Tnh cht thuc nhum hoc ph thuc vo cu to ho hc phn t hoc ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut thuc nhum. C nhng tnh cht ch ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut, nhng c nhng tnh cht khc li ch ph thuc vo cu to ho hc m t ph thuc hoc khng ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut. Phn ln cc tnh cht ca thuc nhum c nh gi nh lng bng cc n v qui nh.Tuy nhin, vic nh gi thng da vo cc mu chun. C hai loi mu chun : 1- Mu chun c nh khi qu trnh sn xut thuc nhum n nh, cht lng thuc nhum khng b sai lch t l ny n l khc v n c xc nhn trong sut thi gian di qui nh trc cho tng loi thuc nhum 2- Mu chun khng c nh khi sn xut mu thuc nhum, chng c iu chnh v thng xc nhn cho mt phn thi gian nh trc. Cc tnh cht biu th cht lng ca thuc nhum gm c nhng c trng sau : 2.5.1 Nng thuc nhum Khi nim nng c th hin hai mc qui nh : * Nng tuyt i : l nng thc s ca thuc nhum (cht mu tinh khit) c trong thuc nhum thnh phm. Loi nng ny ch gp trong cc loi thuc nhum khng ho tan trong nc nh : thuc nhum phn tn, thuc nhum hon nguyn bt nho, pigment bt nho v.v....Loi nng ny khng bao gi t ti 100% v cng vi thuc nhum cn c nhng cht ph gia khc.

39

* Nng tng i : l nng khi so snh vi mu chun theo qui nh (cn c gi l nng qui c). Mu chun thng c xc nh bng cch: ly mu thuc nhum t cc l sn xut ti nh my thuc nhum em th nghim ti cc vin nghin cu, sau tho thun vi cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn ph chun v thng qua. Mu c coi l c nng qui c 100%. Tt c cc mu thuc nhum cng loi khi sn xut ra s c xc nh bng cch so snh vi mu chun. Trong thc t thng gp nhng loi thuc nhum vi nng 120%, 150%, 200% v.v...c ngha l thuc nhum mi sn xut c nng ln hn mu chun (gp 1,2; 1,5; 2,0 ln). Khng cho php sn xut loi thuc nhum c nng tng i nh hn 100%. Nng tng i thng gp nhng loi nthuc nhum c in nh: thuc nhum axit, thuc nhum trc tip, thuc nhum lu hunh. Khi nim nng tng i thng lin quan n ngi t hng v c quan t k hoch nh gi thuc nhum i vi ngi s dng thuc nhum, khng nn dng n v ny tnh ton thnh phn dung dch nhum hay t l ln mu. 2.5.2 Cc loi thuc nhum thng phm Tu theo tng loi thuc nhum m yu cu sn xut chng cc dng khc nhau. Thuc nhum dng bt th c kch thc ht 0,5-10 micromet, gm cc loi thuc nhum ho tan trong nc, thuc nhum lu hunh v thuc nhum hon nguyn khng tan theo phng php kim th (lyc/baz) Thuc nhum dng bt mn c kch thc ht 0,2- 0,5 micromet, gm cc loi thuc nhum phn tn, thuc nhum hon nguyn khng tan nhum theo phng php huyn ph, hon nguyn bt mn phn tn cao. Thuc nhum dng bt nho sau qu trnh tng hp, thuc nhum c lc ra ri phi trn vi cc cht ph gia (cht gi m, cht phn tn, cht chng thi, cht vn cc, cht xc tc v.v....) v em nghin n mn t yu cu, khng cn sy. Loi ny bao gm cc thuc nhum pigment dng cho in hoa v hon nguyn bt nho. Thuc nhum dng lng: Gn y hng Sandoz gii thiu loi thuc nhum Sodesul lng l thuc nhum lu hunh c kh trc v dng lyc n nh trong dung dch. 2.5. 3 n nh ca thuc nhum trong thi gian bo qun Tnh cht ny th hin bn ca cht mu c trong thuc nhum thnh phm. Trong sut thi gian bo hnh, cc tnh cht ca thuc nhum cha b thay i th

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thuc nhum cn hiu lc s dng v gi l thi gian ti hn s dng. Khi cc tnh cht ca thuc nhum b thay i th thuc nhum ht thi hn s dng.Ch c mt vi loi thuc nhum cn quan tm n ch tiu ny nh: thuc nhum hot tnh, thuc nhum lu hunh v thuc nhum hon nguyn tan. Cn hu ht cc loi thuc nhum khc nu bo qun tt trong iu kin bnh thng th chng c thi gian s dng l v hn. Khi cn cn so snh n nh ca cc loi thuc nhum khc nhau hoc ca cc hng sn xut (cng loi thuc nhum) khc nhau, ngi ta s dng cc ch dn v thi hn bo qun ca mu chun cho. 2.5.4 ho tan ca thuc nhum Tnh cht ny th hin kh nng ho tan ti a ca thuc nhum trong mt lt nc hoc mt lt dung dch (c cha cc cht tr nhum khc). n v tnh l s gam thuc nhum ti a ho tan trong mt lt nc (hoc mt lt dung dch). ho tan ca thuc nhum c nh hng n nng ti hn cho php ca thuc nhum v cc cht in li; n qui nh nhit nhum, mun nhum v cc thng s khc ca qu trnh nhum. 2.5.5 phn tn ca thuc nhum Ch tiu ny cn phi xc nh i vi nhng loi thuc nhum khng ho tan trong nc nh : thuc nhum phn tn, thuc nhum hon nguyn bt mn v pigment. Thc cht vic nh gi phn tn chnh l xc nh mn ca cc ht thuc nhum. Ht thuc nhum cng nh th kh nng phn tn ca chng cng cao. 2.5.6 Kh nng t nhum Tnh cht ny th hin kh nng ca thuc nhum chuyn t dung dch nhum vo vt liu nhum sau mt thi gian nht nh. Ch tiu ny c nh gi bng phn trm lng thuc nhum hp ph ln vt liu nhum so vi lng thuc nhum pha trong dung dch nhum 2.5.7 Kh nng u mu ca thuc nhum y l kh nng phn b u ca thuc nhum ln vt liu nhum. Kh nng ny c lin quan n cng ln mu ca thuc nhum sau khong thi gian nht nh. Da trn ch tiu ny c th phn thuc nhum thnh 3 nhm : thuc nhum kh u mu (thuc nhum c i lc ln vi vt liu nhum); thuc nhum u mu trung bnh v thuc nhum d u mu (i lc nh). 2.5. 8 n nh ca dung dch thuc nhum

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Ch tiu ny c xc nh bng khong thi gian m dung dch thuc nhum cha b thay i; n cho bit kh nng cho php pha ch mt lng ln dung dch nhum trc khi tin hnh nhum. Nhng dung dch thuc nhum khng n nh ch c php pha trc khi s dng. 2.5. 9 bn ca thuc nhum trong dung dch Ch tiu ny xc nh bn ca thuc nhum trong dung dch mt s cht nh : mui, cht in li, cht oxi ho. N th hin kh nng chu c ca thuc nhum khi gia cng chng trong cc qui trnh kt hp nh : ty v nhum ng thi hoc thit lp qui trnh nhum c mt cc cht trn nhit cao. nh gi tnh cht ny c th nhum so snh iu kin c th vi mu nhum iu kin ti u cho. 2.5.10 bn ca thuc nhum trong h in Ch tiu ny c xc nh bng khong thi gian n nh (tnh theo ngy hoc theo gi) ca cc loi h in. S n nh k t khi bt u pha ch thuc nhum vo h in cho n khi tnh cht ln mu v nh v thuc nhum trn vt liu bt u b gim i. 2.5.11 nhy ca thuc nhum vi mt s ion kim loi nng Ch tiu ny xc nh iu kin nhum cng nh yu cu khi pha ch dung dch nhum. nh gi ch tiu ny theo cc cp qui nh sau khi nhum so snh mu trong iu kin mui kim loi (ng, st, crm) v iu kin khng c chng. 2.5.12 Kh nng di tn thuc nhum Tnh cht ny c trng cho s dy mu t vt liu nhum sang vt liu trng khi x l trong cng dung dch, c ngha l thuc nhum c kh nng di chuyn t vt liu nhum ra dung dch trong khi nhum. Ch tiu ny c xc nh bng s sai khc v cng mu ca vi nhum v vi trng dy mu sau khi x l chng trong cng dung dch. nh gi ch tiu ny bng cp mn qui nh hoc bng phn trm lng thuc nhum dy t vi mu sang vi trng. 2.5.13 Mc s dng thuc nhum Ch tiu ny c trng cho hiu qu s dng thuc nhum trong khi nhum v in. N c nh gi bng t l lng thuc nhum c bt trn vt liu vi lng thuc nhum cn s dng trong n nhum v in. 2.5.14 Mc git sch thuc nhum

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Sau khi nhum v in, nhng phn thuc nhum khng c nh v trn vt liu s phi git sch. Mc d git sch cng cao th bn mu vi gia cng t trong qu trnh s dng sau ny cng cao. 2.5.15 nhy ca mu thuc nhum vi cc ch phm hon tt Tnh cht ny c trng cho nhng loi thuc nhum c kh nng tng bn mu khi tin hnh cm mu sau khi nhum hoc gia cng vi cc ch phm hon tt tng gi tr s dng. nh hng ny c nh gi bng s so snh cng mu, nh mu, trc v sau khi gia cng. 2.5.16. bn mu y l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca thuc nhum, n xc nh phng php nhum cng nh cng dng ca mi thuc nhum. bn mu c chia lm 2 loi : 1- bn mu cng ngh l ch tiu bn mu trong qu trnh gia cng tip theo sau nhum; 2- bn mu s dng l ch tiu bn mu di tc dng ca cc iu kin s dng nh : thi tit, git, l, c xt, m hi, nh sng v.v... V nguyn tc, hai ch tiu trn khng c s khc bit, v l tt c cc tc nhn ho l tc dng ln vt liu nhum trong qu trnh sn xut v s dng.

Chng 3. TNG HP PHM MU 3.1. Tng hp mt s cht mu tiu biu: 1.3.1. Phm mu nitro: Thng thng phm nitro c to thnh bng phn ng oxi ha cc phenol, naphthol v cc dn xut sunponic acid ca chng:

Phm mu vng naphthol OS ( acid 2,4 - dinitro - - naphthol dng nhum len t la c tng hp nh sau:

- sunfonic)

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1.3.2. Phm mu azo: Cht mu azo l loi mu chim t l nhiu nht trong cc mu hu c. Trong phn t ca n c nhm azo ( monoazoic - N = N) hai nhm azo ( bic azoic hoc diazoic) hoc 3 nhm azo... Phm mu azo v pigment azo c to thnh t 2 phn ng: phn ng diazo ha v phn ng ghp i. Phn ng diazo ha l phn ng gia acid nitr v mui ca amin thm bc 1 to thnh hp cht diazonium. V d: Parared c tng hp t p - nitroanilyn v - naphthol. p - nitro anilin c diazo ha sau ghp i vi - naphthol thep phn ng: p - O2N .. C6H5 .. NH2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl O2N .. C6H5 - N2+Cl- + NaCl + H2O.

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