MICROCONTROLLER BASED DIGITAL CODE LOCK

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED BY KABIL DAS K KRISHNA PRIYA VINOD M KURIAN MATHEW

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SREE NARAYANA GURUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING, KADAYIRUPPU

MG UNIVERSITY: KOTTAYAM
APRIL 2011

MG UNIVERSITY- KOTTAYAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report MICROCONTROLLER BASED DIGITAL CODE LOCK is the bonafide work of KABIL DAS K, KRISHNA PRIYA VINOD M and KURIAN MATHEW who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

PROF. ARUMUGASAMY
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SREE NARAYANA GURUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KADAYIRUPPU KOLENCHERY

Mr. DEEPAK.P
STAFF IN CHARGE ASST. PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ECE S.N.G.C.E KADAYIRUPPU

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Arumugasami, Head of the department for providing me with the guidance and facilities for the mini project. I express my sincere gratitude to mini project coordinator Mr. Deepak, staff in charge, for their cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting this mini project. I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of Electronics and Communication Department encouragement. and my friends for their support and

ABSTRACT

Security is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based Door locker is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through it. When they entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the relay gets on and so that the door is opened. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then the Alarm is switched on. When we go inside and come back then the microcontroller will sense the person using the Laser light, the microcontroller will automatically open the door for you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. 5. 6. 7. TITLE INTRODUCTION PROJECT DESCRIPTION BLOCK DIAGRAM BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM MAIN CIRCUIT D IAGRAM POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT EXPLANATION FLOW CHART ALGORITHM PROGRAM COMPONENTS DETAILS 7.1. RESISTOR 7.2 CAPACITOR PAGE NO. 7 8 8 8 17 17 18 18 19 20 22 40 40 40 41 42 42 46 48 49 49 49 50
5

7.3 TRANSISTOR 7.4 DIODE

7.5. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. PCB FABRICATION APPLICATIONS FUTURE ENHANCEMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES:
1. PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89C2051 2. PORT ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS

LIST OF FIGURES:
A. BLOCK DIAGRAM B. PIN OUT OF AT89C2051 C. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89C2051 D. PCB FBRICATION E. FLOW CHART F. PINOUT FOR IC LM7805 G. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC LM7805 H. PINOUT FOR BC547

1. INTRODUCTION

Password Based Door Security System using Microcontroller is used in the places where we need more security. It can also used to secure lockers and other protective doors. The s ys te m c ompris es a numb er ke ypa d a nd the ke ypa ds a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e 8 b i t microcontroller AT89C2051. This is one of the popular Microcontrollers. It has only 20 pins a n d t he re a r e 1 5 in p u t /o u tp u t li n e s . T he mic r o c o n t ro lle r ha s a p ro g r a m me mo r y o f 2 Kilobytes. The microcontroller continuously monitor the keypad and if somebody enters the password it will check the entered password with the password which was stored in the memory and if it they are same then the microcontroller will switch on the corresponding device. The system will allow the person who knows the password and it will not allow who dont know the password and the system will also show the persons who try to break the protection barrier.

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure: A 2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

INTELS 8051 Architecture The generic 8051 architecture sports a Harvard architecture, which contains two separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two distinctive memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for both program and data. It is based on an 8 bit central p r o c e s s in g u n it w it h a n 8 b i t A c c u mu la t o r a n d a no t he r 8 b it B re g is te r a s ma in processing blocks. Other portions of the architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit registers and 8 bit memory locations. Each 8031 device has some amount of data R A M processing. This built is in us ed the for device for internal

area

s t a c k operations and

temporary storage of data. This base architecture is supported with on chip peripheral functions like I/O ports, timers/counters, versatile serial
8

communication port. So it is clear that this 8051 architecture was designed to cater many real time embedded needs. The following list gives the features of the 8051 architecture: Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications. Extensive Boolean processing capabilities. 64K Program Memory address space. 64K Data Memory address space. 128 bytes of on chip Data Memory. 32 Bi directional and individually addressable I/O lines. Two 16 bit timer/counters. Full Duplex UART. 6 source / 5 vectors interrupt structure with priority levels. On chip clock oscillator. Now you may be wondering about the non mentioning of memory space meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded controller. Originally this 8031 architecture was introduced with on chip, `one time programmable' version of Program Memory of size 4K X 8. Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with user's program fused inside the device. The memory p o r t io n w a s ma p p e d a t t h e lo w e r e n d o f t h e Pr o g ra m M e mo r y a re a . B u t, a fte r getting devices, customers couldn't change anything in their program code, which was already made available inside during device fabrication. So, very soon Intel introduced the 8031 devices (8751) with reprogrammable type of Program Memory using built in EPROM of size 4K X 8.Like a
9

regular EPROM, this memory can be re programmed many times. Later on I n te l s ta r te d ma n u fa c t u r in g t he s e 8 0 3 1 d e v i c e s w it ho u t a n y o n c h ip P ro g r a m Memory.

Central Processing Unit

The CPU is the brain of the microcontrollers reading user's programs and executing the expected task as per instructions stored there in. Its primary elements a re a n 8 b it A r it h me t ic Lo g ic U n it ( A LU ), A c c u mu la t o r ( A c c ), fe w mo r e 8 b it registers, B register, Stack Pointer (SP), Program Status Word (PSW) and 16 bit re g is te rs , Pr o g ra m C o u n t e r (PC ) a n d D a ta Po in t e r R e g is te r (D P TR ). T he A LU (Acc) performs arithmetic and logic functions on 8 bit input variables. Arithmetic operations include basic addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division. Logical operations are AND, OR, Exclusive OR as well as rotate, clear, complement and e t c . A p a r t f r o m a l l the above, ALU is respons ible in conditi onal branching decisions, and provides a temporary place in data transfer operations within the d e v i c e . B r e g i s t e r i s m a i n l y u s e d i n m u l t i p l y a n d d i v i d e o p e r a t i o n s . D u r i n g execution, B register either keeps one of the two inputs or then retains a portion of the result. For other instructions, it can be used as another general purpose register.

10

Timers/Counters
8031 has two 16 bit Timers/Counters capable of working in different modes. Ea c h c o n s is ts o f a ` H i g h ' b yte a n d a ` Lo w ' b y te w h ic h c a n b e a c c e s s e d u n d e r software. There is a mode control register and a control register to configure these t ime rs /c o u n t e rs in n u mb e r o f w a ys . T he s e t i me rs c a n b e u s e d to me a s u re t i me intervals, determine pulse widths or initiate events with one microsecond resolution up to a maximum of 65 millisecond (corresponding to 65, 536 counts). Use software to ge t lo n g e r d e la y s . W o rk in g a s c o u n te r, t he y c a n a c c u mu la t e o c c u rr e nc e s o f external events (from DC to 500 KHz) with 16 bit precision. I n o u r p ro je c t w e a re us in g 8 b it mic r o c o n t ro lle r A T8 9 C 2 0 5 1 , it is t he advanced 8 bit microcontroller from ATMEL, which incorporates Flash Rom, and Timer etc. Features of AT89C2051: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-Level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources
11

 Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-Chip Analog Comparator Low Power Idle and Power down Modes

DESCRIPTION The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-

bitmic r o c o mp u te r w it h 2 Kb y te s o f Fla s h Pr o g ra mma b le a n d e ra s a b le re a d o n ly me mo r y (P ER O M ). The d e v ic e is ma n u fa c t u re d us in g A t me l s h ig h d e n s it y non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry Standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a mo n o l it h ic c h ip , the At me l AT89C2051 is a p o w e r fu l

mic ro c o mp u t e r w h ic h provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.

12

PIN CONFIGURATIONS OF 8051:

Figure : B

13

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure: C

14

PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89C2051:

VCC GND Port 1

Supply voltage. Ground. Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as input s. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and program verification. Po rt 3 p in s P3 . 0 to P3 . 5 , P3 . 7 a re s e v e n b id ir e c t io n a l I /O p ins w it h internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3p in s t h e y a re p u l le d h ig h b y t h e in te r n a l p u l l - u p s a n d c a n b e us e d a s inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will s o u r c e c u rr e nt ( II L) b e c a u s e o f t h e p u ll - u p s . Po rt 3 a ls o s e r ve s t he functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and programming verification.

Port 3

RST

R e s e t in p u t. A ll I /O p in s a re r e s e t to 1 s a s s o o n a s R S T go e s h ig h . Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles
15

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

XTAL2 Table:1

PORT ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS: Port Pin P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 TABLE: 2 Alternate functions RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input)

16

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.1 MAIN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

17

3.2 POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM

FIGURE: D

3.3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION The Main Part of the above Circuit diagrams is the

Microcontroller AT89C2051. The Keypad was the input device and it was connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of ports needed are reduced. The Microcontroller reads a four-digit p a s s w o r d t h r o u g h t h e Ke y p a d . T he n t he M ic r o c o n t ro lle r c o mp a r e s t he fo u r d ig it p a s s w o r d with the numbe r whic h is pre-progra mme d a nd if it is e q u a l t h e n t h e M ic r o c o n t ro lle r w ill s w itc h o n t h e mo t o r fo r t he d o o r a nd if w e e n te r t he w r o n g p a s s w o rd fo r mo re t h a n t h re e t i me s t he n a n a la r m w ill b e s w itc he d o n u n t il a r ig h t password was pressed through the Keypad. The Password was stored in the EEPROM and the password can be changed at anytime using the same keypad. To change the password dial 12345 Old password - New Password. The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant output regulated power supply
18

for successful working of the project. A 0-12V/500 mA transformer is used for our purpose the primary of this transformer is connected in to main supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes convert from 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. Which is further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805

4. FLOWCHART

Figure: E

19

5. ALGORITM
1. START 2. initialise lcd , keypad 3. clear lcd 4. print Enter lock code on lcd 5. get 5 char long password using matrix key pad 6. if input = 12345 then 6.1 print Enter master code 6.2 get 10 char long password using matrix key pad 6.3 if input = masterlock then 6.3.1 change user password 6.3.2 go to step 4 6.4 else 6.4.1 print wrong code on lcd 6.4.2 go to step 4 7. else 7.1 if input = userlock or input = default lock then 7.1.1 unlock the lock 7.1.2 retry count = 3 7.1.3 print # to lock on lcd

20

7.1.4 accept input using matrix key pad 7.1.5 if input = # then lock 7.1.6 goto step 4 7.2 else 7.2.1 decrement retry count 7.2.2 print wrong code on lcd 7.2.3 if retry count = 0 then sound alarm on 7.2.4 go to step 4 8. STOP

21

6. PROGRAM
Delay program: #include "delay.h" void delayus(unsigned char delay) { while(delay--); } void delayms(unsigned char delay) { while(delay--) delayus(149); } Keypad program: #include "keypad.h" #include "delay.h" bit keystatus = FALSE; void keypad_init() { keyport &=0x0F; }

22

unsigned char getkey () { unsigned char i,j,k,key=0,temp; k=1; for(i=0;i<4;i++) { keyport &=~(0x80>>i); temp = keyport; temp &= 0x07; if(7-temp) { if(!col1) { key = k+0; while(!col1); return key; } if(!col2) { key = k+1;

23

while(!col2); return key; } if(!col3) { key = k+2; while(!col3); return key; } j++; } k+=3; keyport |= 0x80>>i; delayms(10); } return FALSE; } unsigned char translate(unsigned char keyval) { if(keyval<10) return keyval+'0';

24

else if(keyval==10) return 'x'; else if(keyval==11) return '0'; else if(keyval==12) return 'e'; } LCD program: #include "lcd.h" #include "delay.h" #include <REG2051.H> unsigned char code lockicon[]={0xe, 0xa, 0x1f, 0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0xe, 0x0}; unsigned char code unlockicon[]={0xe, 0x2, 0x1f, 0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0xe, 0x0}; unsigned char code ex[]={0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1f}; unsigned char code ok[]={0x0, 0x1, 0x3, 0x16, 0x1c, 0x8, 0x0, 0x0}; void lcd_reset() { lcd_port = 0xFF; delayms(20); lcd_port = 0x03+LCD_EN; lcd_port = 0x03;

25

delayms(10); lcd_port = 0x03+LCD_EN; lcd_port = 0x03; delayms(1); lcd_port = 0x03+LCD_EN; lcd_port = 0x03; delayms(1); lcd_port = 0x02+LCD_EN; lcd_port = 0x02; delayms(1); } void lcd_init () { unsigned char i; lcd_reset(); lcd_cmd(LCD_SETFUNCTION); lcd_cmd(LCD_SETVISIBLE+0x04); lcd_cmd(LCD_SETMODE+0x02); shift. lcd_cmd(LCD_SETCGADDR); for(i=0;i<8;i++) lcd_data(lockicon[i]);
26

// 4-bit mode - 1 line - 5x7 font. // Display no cursor - no blink. // Automatic Increment - No Display

for(i=0;i<8;i++) lcd_data(unlockicon[i]); for(i=0;i<8;i++) lcd_data(ex[i]); for(i=0;i<8;i++) lcd_data(ok[i]); lcd_cmd(LCD_SETDDADDR); } void lcd_cmd (char cmd) { lcd_port = ((cmd >> 4) & 0x0F)|LCD_EN; lcd_port = ((cmd >> 4) & 0x0F); lcd_port = (cmd & 0x0F)|LCD_EN; lcd_port = (cmd & 0x0F); delayus(200); delayus(200); } void lcd_data (unsigned char dat) { lcd_port = (((dat >> 4) & 0x0F)|LCD_EN|LCD_RS); lcd_port = (((dat >> 4) & 0x0F)|LCD_RS); lcd_port = ((dat & 0x0F)|LCD_EN|LCD_RS); // Address DDRAM with 0 offset 80h.

27

lcd_port = ((dat & 0x0F)|LCD_RS); delayus(200); delayus(200); } void lcd_str (unsigned char *str) { while(*str){ lcd_data(*str++); } } Lock program: #include "keypad.h" #include "lcd.h" #include "delay.h" #include "lock.h" unsigned char code masterlock[10]="1234567890", defaultulock[5]="54321"; unsigned char userlock[5], input[10]; extern bit newlock; bit check(unsigned char *first, unsigned char *second, unsigned char len) { unsigned char i=0;

28

for(i=0;i<len;i++){ if(first[i]!=second[i]) return FALSE; } return TRUE; } void setulock(){ char status; retry: lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_cmd(LCD_SETDDADDR); lcd_str("Enter Mastercode"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_data(LOCK); lcd_data(':'); status = getinput(10); if(status == TRUE){ if(check(input,masterlock,10)){ retry1: lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);

29

lcd_str("Enter new code"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_data(LOCK); lcd_data(':'); status = getinput(5); if(status == TRUE){ lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(OK); lcd_str("lock code saved!"); newlock = TRUE; store_code(); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); goto exit; } else if(status == RETRY) goto retry1; else if(status == EXIT)

30

goto exit; } else{ lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_str("WRONG CODE!"); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); goto exit; } } else if(status == RETRY) goto retry; else if(status == EXIT) goto exit; exit:; } char getinput(unsigned char max) { unsigned char i,key;

31

i=0; while(1){ while(!(key=getkey())); key = translate(key); input[i]=key; if(key=='x'){ if(i==0) return EXIT; i--; lcd_cmd(0xC2+i); lcd_data(' '); lcd_cmd(0xC2+i); } else if(key=='e') { } else{ i++; if(i>max){ lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); return TRUE;

32

lcd_data(EX); lcd_str(" Code too Long..."); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); return RETRY; } lcd_data('*'); } void store_code(){ unsigned char i; for(i=0;i<5;i++) userlock[i]=input[i]; } Main program: #include "lcd.h" #include "keypad.h" #include "lock.h" #include "delay.h" } }

33

extern unsigned char input[10], userlock[5]; extern unsigned char code defaultulock[5],masterlock[10]; bit newlock=FALSE; unsigned char retrycount=3;

void main(){ unsigned char status,i=0; bit lockstatus; lcd_init(); keypad_init(); while(1){ lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_str("Enter lock code"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_data(LOCK); lcd_data(':'); status = getinput(5); if(check(input,"12345",5)){ setulock();

34

goto done; } if(status == TRUE){ if(newlock) lockstatus = check(input,userlock,5); else lockstatus = check(input,defaultulock,5); if(lockstatus){ retrycount = 3; lockpin = 0; lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(OK); lcd_str(" Lock is"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_str("deactivated!"); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);

35

lcd_str("Press '#' key to"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_str("lock again!"); while(getkey()!=12); lockpin = 1; lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(OK); lcd_str("Lock is active!"); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); } else{ retrycount--; lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(EX); lcd_str(" Wrong Code!"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_str("Tries left = ");

36

lcd_data('0'+retrycount); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); if(retrycount==0){ blocked: lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(EX); lcd_str("BLOCKED"); for(i=0;i<150;i++) { bus=~bus; delayms(250); } lcd_data(EX); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_data(LOCK); lcd_data(':'); status = getinput(10);

37

if(check(input,masterlock,10)){ retrycount=3; lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(EX); lcd_str("UNBLOCKED"); lcd_data(EX); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); } else{ lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS); lcd_data(EX); lcd_str("WRONG CODE"); lcd_data(EX); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250); delayms(250);

38

goto blocked; } } } } done:; } }

39

7. COMPONENTS DETAILS

7.1. Resistor: Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric c irc u it . R e s is to rs c a n li mit o r d iv id e t h e c u r re n t, re d u c e t he v o lta ge , p ro te c t a n electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light. An electric current is the m o v e m e n t of charged

particles called electrons from one region to another. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits. Physicists explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to water flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific value of resistance. Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often colour coded by three or four colour bands that indicate the specific value of re s is ta nc e . R e s is to rs o b e y o h m s la w , w h ic h s ta te s t h a t t h e c ur re n t d e ns it y i s directly proportional to the electric field when the temperature is constant.

7.2 Capacitor: Capacitor or electric condenser is a device for storing an electric charge. The simplest form of capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non touching layer called the dielectric. When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct current or electrostatic source, the other plate have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the original charge is negative and negative if the original charge is
40

positive. The electrical size of the capacitor is its capacitance. Capacitors are limited in the amount of electric charge they can absorb; they can c o n d u c t d i r e c t c u r r e n t f o r o n l y i n s t a n c e s b u t f u n c t i o n w e l l a s c o n d u c t o r s i n alternating current circuits. Fixed capacity and variable capacity capacitors are used i n c o n j u n c t i o n with coils as resonant circuits in radios and other

e lec tronic equip me nt. Capac itors a re produc e d in a wide va rie ty of for ms. Air, M ic a, C e ra mic s , Pa p e r, O il, a nd

V a c u u ms a re us e d a s d ie le c tr ic s d e p e n d in g o n t he purpose for which the device is intended.

7.3 Transistor: Transistor is a device which transforms current flow from low resistance p a t h to high re s is ta n c e p a t h. It is c a p a b le of

p e r fo r min g ma n y fu n c t io ns o f t h e vacuum tube in electronic circuits, the transistor is the solid state device consisting of a tiny piece of semi conducting material, usually germanium or silicon, to which three or more electrical connections are made.

N-type and P-type Transistor: A germanium or silicon crystal, containing donor impurity atoms is called a n e ga t iv e o r n - t y p e s e mic o n d u c t o r to in d ic a te t h e p re s e n c e o f e xc e s s n e ga t iv e ly charged electrons. The use of an acceptor impurity produces a positive, or p-type semiconductor so called because of the presence of positively charged holes. When an electrical voltage is applied, the n-p junction acts as a rectifier, permitting current to flow in only one

41

direction. If the p-type region is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the n-type to the negative terminal, a large current flows through the material across the junction.

7.4 Diode: Diode is a electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one d i r e c t i o n . T h e f i r s t s u c h d e v i c e s w e r e v a c u u m tube diodes, c ons is ting of an e v a c ua te d g la s s o r s te e l e n ve lo p e c o n ta in in g t w o e le c tr o d e s a c a t h o d e a n d a n anode. The diodes commonly used in electronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes used in electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zener diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. The Zener diode is a special junction type diode, using silicon, in which the voltage across the junction is independent of the current through the junction.

7.5 Integrated circuits Regulator IC (LM 7805): Th e LM 7 8 0 5 mo n o lit h ic 3 -te r min a l p o s it iv e vo lta g e

re g u la to rs e mp lo y internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making t he m e s s e nt ia lly in d e s t r uc t ib le . I f a d e q u a te h e a t s in k in g is p r o v id e d , t he y c a n deliver over 1.0A output
42

current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition t o u s e a s f i x e d v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s , t h e s e d e v i c e s c a n b e u s e d w i t h e x t e r n a l components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. Features: Complete specifications at 1A load Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25 Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A Internal thermal overload protection Internal short-circuit current limit Output transistor safe area protection

PINOUT FOR LM7805:

43

FIGURE: F

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR IC LM7805:

FIGURE: G

Relay Driver (BC547): The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors. The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is higher than whole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped
44

semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN transistor is "not pointing in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped ptype which would make holes the majority carrier in the base PINOUT FOR BC547:

Figure: H
45

8. PCB FABRICATION
The first step of assembling is to produce a printed circuit board. The fabrication of the program counter plays a crucial role in the electronic field. The success of the circuit is also dependent on the PCB. As far as the cost is concerned, more than 25% of the total cost is for the PCB design and fabrication. The board is designed using a personal computer. The layout is drawn using the software Adobe PageMaker 6.5. The layout is printed in a buffer sheet using a laser procedure. First, a negative screen of the layout is prepared with the help of a professional screen printer. Then the copper clad sheet is kept under this screen. The screen printing ink is poured on the screen and brushed through the top of the screen. The printed board is kept under shade for few hours till the ink becomes dry. The etching medium is prepared with the un-hydrous ferric chloride water. The printed board is kept in this solution till the exposed copper dissolves in the solution fully. After that the board is taken out and rinsed in flowing water under a tap. The ink is removed with solder in order to prevent oxidation. Another screen, which contains component side layout, is prepared and the same is printed on the component side of the board. A paper epoxy laminate is used as the board. Both the component and the track layout of the peripheral PCB is given at the end of this report.

46

PCB LAYOUT

47

COMPONENT LAYOUT

9. APPLICATIONS
Our electronic door lock performed as expected. We were able to implement all the functions specified in our proposal. The biggest hurdle we had to overcome with this project was interfacing the micro controller with the hardware components. We f e e l t h a t t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d o o r l o c k i s v e r y ma rketa ble becaus e it is easy to use, comparatively

inexpensive due to low power consumption, and highly reliable. This door lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door locks, residential housing, and even office buildings.

48

10. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

E le c t r ic a l d e v ic e s s uc h a s L i g h ts , C o mp u te r e tc c a n b e c o nt ro lle d b y u s in g separate passwords. The system can be easily connected to the personal computer for further control. Other than the speaker sounds, all the lights are made to turned on if password entered is wrong for three times and also a hidden camera is used to record the faces who trespassed. We can use this system as an attendance register for the students to enter a class room with their respective password.

11. CONCLUSION
This project is meant for security systems whose access is only for respected authorities. Using a microcontroller the password entered is checked with the stored password and then does the corresponding operations. Here we use a 5 digit password for better secrecy.

12. REFERENCES
Electronic circuits and devices: J.B. Gupta. Op-amps and linear integrated circuits: Ramakanth A. Gayakward Integrated circuits : K.R. Botkar The 8051 microcontrollers: Muhammed Ali Mazidi

49

13. APPENDICES

50