EXPERIMENT-02 Aim of the experiment: Digital Input/output (DIO) signal using LabVIEW software (application on LED and stepper

motor control). Apparatus required: LabVIEW software DAQ assistant-NI PXI -6602 Stepper motor ULN 2003 driver Bread Board-2T4D Light emitting diodes (LED) Connector Cable Chassis

Theoretical Descriptions: LabVIEW software : LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used to develop sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart. It offers unrivaled integration with many hardware devices and provides numbers of built-in libraries for advanced analysis and data visualization all for creating virtual instrumentation. Some of the key features include faster Programming, Data display & User Interfaces, multicore Programming, Hardware Integration, Multiple Targets and Oss, Data storage and reporting, advanced analysis and Multiple Programming approaches. DAQ assistant-NI PXI -6602: The NI PXI-6602 is a timing and digital I/O module with eight 32-bit counter/timers and 32 lines of TTL/CMOS-compatible digital I/O. Stepper motor:

A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous DC electric motor that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotation. The motor's position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors, effectively have multiple toothed electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So, when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.

 ULN 2003 driver: The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. Pins 1:7 are inputs, while pins 10:16 are high current sink drivers. Between the I/Os is an independent Darlington pair (the Darlington pair' behaves like a single transistor with a high current gain). When an input is driven high, the corresponding output will basically become an earth. Alternately, when the input pin is low, the output pin adopts high impedance.

Bread Board-2T4D: A breadboard (protoboard) is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. This term is commonly used to refer to solderless breadboard (plugboard).Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).

A modern solderless breadboard consists of a perforated block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor bronze or nickel silver alloy spring clips under the perforations. The clips are often called tie points or contact points. The number of tie points is often given in the specification of the breadboard like Model: BB-2T4D consists total of 1660 Tie-Points including 2 Terminal Strips (Tie-point 1260) and 3 Distribution strips (Tiepoint 400). The spacing between the clips (lead pitch) is typically 0.1 (2.54 mm). Integrated circuits (Ics) in dual in-line packages (DIPs) can be inserted to straddle the entire line of the block. Interconnecting wires and the leads of discrete components (such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors) can be inserted into the remaining free holes to complete the circuit. Where Ics are not used, discrete components and connecting wires may use any of the holes. Typically the spring clips are rated for 1 ampere at 5 volts and 0.333 amperes at 15 volts (5 watts). Light emitting diodes: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Experimental Descriptions: Objectives: 1. To generate four step switching sequence and apply it to four LEDs. 2. To generate and apply four step switching sequence to run the stepper motor in discrete steps. Procedures: Objective 1: The chassis and the connector are connected by cable to the NIPXI-6602 port of the chassis board. The hardware and the computer are interfaced by means of DAQ assistant. Output from PXI system is connected to the four input pins of ULN-2003. Four output pins of ULN-2003 are connected to four LED lamps through resistors. +5V supply is connected to the LEDs and to the common pin on driver (pin 9). Pin 8 is connected to negative terminal, The ground terminal of driver is connected to one of the pins of connector that is marked gnd A program is developed in the lab view to generate a four step switching sequence using DAQ assistant, array, structure, while loop, etc.. The program is run in the LabVIEW and the four step switching sequence is generated and supplied to four LED lamps. Objective 2: The chassis and the connector are connected by cable to the NIPXI-6602 port of the chassis board. The hardware and the computer are interfaced by means of DAQ assistant. Output from PXI system is connected to the four input pins of ULN-2003. Four output pins of ULN-2003 are connected to four terminals of stepper motor. +5V supply is connected to common terminal of motor and to the common pin on driver (pin 9). Pin 8 is connected to negative terminal; the ground terminal of driver is connected to one of the pins of connector that is marked gnd. A program is developed in the lab view to generate a four step switching sequence using DAQ assistant.

 The program is run in the LabVIEW and a four step switching sequence is generated and supplied to stepper motor to run it.

Cable

LabVIEW program window:

Submitted by: Gyanadutta Swain Roll no.:-ME11M05 Design Stream