LESSON 1 LINEAR MOTION

Introduction Linear motion is the motion a straight line and the movement in a direction where forwards is positive and backwards is negative. Kinematics is the section of physics which studies the motions of objects without considering the effects that produce the motion. The study generally involves the analysis of the position of an object in relation to time. Dynamics is the section of physics which studies the causes of motion of an object. Distance ,d and Displacement, s Distance ,d is how far a body travels during a motion without considering any particular direction or the length of the path of an object. Distance is a scalar quantity and the value always positive. The unit of distance is metre (m) Displacement, s is distance traveled in a particular direction. Displacement, s = final position initial position Displacement is a vector quantity and the value can be positive and negative depend on their directions. The unit of displacement is metre (m) Diagram below shows the difference between distance and displacement. Distance = Length of the road Displacement = Length of the line AB If the motion in a straight line and in one direction , the magnitude of distance is same as the magnitude of displacement . Speed and Velocity ,v Speed is the rate of change of distance. Speed = distance travelled time taken Average speed = total distance traveled total time taken Speed is a scalar quantity and the value always positive. The unit of speed is metre per second (m s-1) Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. Velocity = displacement time taken v=s t Average velocity = total displacement total time taken Velocity is a vector quantity and the value can be positive and negative depend on their directions. The unit of velocity is metre per second (m s-1) If an object moves in a circle with constant speed , it has different velocities at different points along the circle because the direction and hence the velocity of the object is always changing as shown in the following diagram.

Acceleration, a and Deceleration (Retardation) Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration = change in velocity time taken Acceleration = final velocity initial velocity time taken a = v - u t Negative acceleration is called as deceleration (retardation) Acceleration is a vector quantity The unit of acceleration or deceleration is metre per second per second (ms-2) Extra notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 uniform = constant = same increasing velocity = acceleration decreasing velocity (slow down) = deceleration zero velocity = the object is stationary (at rest) negative velocity = the object moves in opposite direction uniform velocity = zero acceleration negative acceleration = deceleration (retardation) Example 2

Figure above shows runner runs 500 m towards east in 2 minutes and 1200m towards north in 4 minutes. Calculate his (a) average speed (b) average velocity Solution

Example 3 An object accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a velocity of 10 m s-1 until 25 m s-1 in 5 s. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the object (b) the velocity of the object during the first 10 s of motion (c) the time taken to reach a final velocity 50 ms-1 Solution

Example 1 A boy walks finish the following path PQ.

Find (a) total distance traveled (b) displacement Solution

Using a ticker timer to analysing the motion A ticker timer is connected to an alternating electricity supply (a.c.) and uses the mains electricity frequency of 50 Hz to make 50 ticks or vibrations every second. 1 tick is the time interval between one dot and the next dot on the tape. 50 ticks = 1 s 1 tick = 0.02s Example 4

Example 6

The figure above shows a ticker tape contains 5 ticks for every interval AB.BC.CD and DE .Calculate the acceleration. Solution

Example 7 Based on the ticker tape above calculate (a) time taken (b) average velocity Solution The following figure shows a tape chart.

Example 5

Calculate (a) the acceleration (b) the average velocity Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration . Solution Solution

The type of motion based on ticker tape or tape chart (a)

(c)

The type of motion is velocity

acceleration

The type of motion is velocity

acceleration

(b) (d)

The type of motion is The type of motion is velocity acceleration velocity acceleration

(e)

Stroboscopic photograph frequency = light flashes frequency Example 8 acceleration The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a metal ball moves along a horizontal plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and a mechanical stroboscope has 8 slits and rotates with frequency 5 Hz.

The type of motion is velocity

Using a stroboscopic photograph to analysing the motion Stroboscopic photograph is the taking of very short exposure pictures of moving objects using a camera and a stroboscope. A stroboscope is a device for making a moving body intermittently visible in order to make appear stationary. The moving object appear freeze when the stroboscope frequency at the same frequency of moving object. There are two types of stroboscopes: (i) Mechanical stroboscope

(a) State the type of motion of the metal ball. (b) What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency (c) What is the time intervals between one image and the next. (d) Calculate the average velocity of the metal ball (e) What is the number of images in 30 seconds. Solution

Stroboscopic photograph = number of slits x frequency stroboscope frequency or (ii) f = np Example 9

Electronic stroboscope ( multiflash stroboscope )

The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a trolley down an inclined plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces 20 flashes per second.

Using Equations of Linear Motion with Uniform Acceleration The various equations of linear motions of an object with uniform acceleration are given as follows: v = u + at s= .(1)

u + v t ..(2) 2

s = ut + at ..(3) v2 = u2 + 2as ..(4)

Where s : (a) (b) (c) (d) State the type of motion of the trolley. What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency What is the time intervals between one image and the next. Calculate (i) the initial velocity (ii) the final velocity (iii) the acceleration u :... v :... a : t : Extra notes: moves from rest : Solution finally it stops/brakes:.. released from a height / fall freely from rest :. thrown vertically upwards:.. at maximum height :. Example 10 A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s. Find the acceleration of the car. Solution

Example 11 A bus accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a velocity 20 ms-1 until 30 ms-1 in 5 s. Calculate, (a) the acceleration (b) the total displacement travelled by the bus Solution

Example 12 A construction worker accidentally knocks a brick from a building so that it falls in 4 s to the ground. Calculate (a) the velocity of the brick as it hits the ground (b) the distance fallen of the brick Solution

TUTORIAL 1
1 A car moves with a constant velocity. The acceleration of the car is A C 2 increased zero B D decreased uniformly 5 Ali rides a motorcycle with a constant speed 30 km h-1 . Bakar runs at a distance 100 m in 15 s. Chan rides a bicycle at distance 240 km in 10 hours.

Deceleration means the velocity of an object is A C negative increased B D positive decreased Which comparison is true? A B C D E The object is also moves with A B C an acceleration zero acceleration constant velocity 6 Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar = speed of Chan Speed of Ali > speed of Bakar Speed of Ali =speed of Chan > speed of Bakar Speed of Bakar = Speed of Chan < speed of Ali

The following diagram shows an object moves with a constant speed 5 m s-1 in a circle.

A tick on the ticker tapes is A B C D the speed of the ticker timer the frequency of the ticker timer the distance between two consecutive dots the time interval between two consecutive dots

The diagram shows a path of a moving object. 7

The frequency of a ticker timer is 50 Hz. The time interval between 16 consecutive dots is A C E 0.60 s 0.32 s 0.20 s B D 0.44 s 0.30 s

If AB = 5m , BC = 5m and CD = 7m ,find the total displacement of the object if it moves from A to D. A C E 3m 13 m 20 m B D 7m 17 m

Figure shows the ticker tape for the motion of a trolley.

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420 cms-1 The diagram shows a ticker tape to show the motions of a trolley.

Which of the following statement is true? A B C D 9 The velocity between in region DE is same as the velocity in region A B Frequency in region BC is greater than frequency in region DE The time in region AB is same as the time in region DE The velocity between in region CD is low

What is the acceleration of the trolley? A C E 13 2 ms-2 5 ms-2 10 ms-2 B D 4 ms-2 8 ms-2

Based on the figure above , calculate the average velocity.

The diagram shows a ticker tape to show the motions of a trolley.

A C E 10

0.2 ms-1 0.4 ms-1 0.5 ms-1

B D

0.3 ms-1 0.5 ms-1

The diagram shows a ticker tape. What is the acceleration of the trolley? A C E 14 -5 ms-2 - 500 ms-2 500 ms-2 B D - 50 ms-2 50 ms-2

What is the average velocity between PQ A C E 11 85 cms-1 200 cms-1 500 cms-1 B D 170 cms-1 240 cms-1

The following figure shows a tape chart.

The diagram shows a ticker tape.

Based on figure , which of the following is true? A C What is the final velocity ? 40 cms-1 B 120 cms-1 150 cms-1 D 267 cms-1

At the beginning of motion A B C D 15 the velocity unchanged the velocity increases the velocity increases the velocity unchanged

At the end of motion the acceleration increases the acceleration increases

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A stroboscope has 4 slits and rotates with frequency 5 Hz. The time intervals between two successive images is A C E 40.0 s 1.0 s 0.05 s B D 2.0 s 0.4 s

18 the acceleration unchanged the acceleration unchanged

The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph shows an ice cube moves along a horizontal plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and a mechanical stroboscope has 2 slits and rotates with frequency 25 Hz.

Which of the following shows an object moving with decreasing acceleration ?

What is the velocity of the ice cube? A C E 19 5 cms-1 100 cms-1 500 cms-1 B D 25 cms-1 250 cms-1

The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph shows a ball moves along a horizontal plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces 50 flashes per second.

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The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph of a ball moves on a smooth table. What is the average velocity of the ball. A C E 20 0. 5 ms-1 1.5 ms-1 3.0 ms-1 B D 1.0 ms-1 2.0 ms-1

Which of the following is true? A B C D The acceleration is constant The velocity is increasing The acceleration is zero The velocity is zero

The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph shows a boy down an inclined plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces 4 flashes per second.

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A aero plane accelerates at 40 ms-2 in 10 s to take off. What is the minimum length of the runway on the airfield ? A C E 1000 m 3000 m 5000 m B D 2000 m 4000 m

26 The acceleration of the boy is A C E 21 6 ms-2 24 ms-2 48 ms-2 B D 12 ms-2 32 ms-2

A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly . If the distance reached is 900 m after travels in 30 s, calculate the acceleration of the car. A C E 5 ms -2 3 ms-2 1 ms-2 B D 4 ms-2 2 ms-2

A cyclist riding at a velocity 8 ms-1 and is accelerating with 4 ms-2 . What is the velocity of the cyclist after 5 s . A C E 16 ms-1 24 ms-1 32 ms-1 B D 20ms-1 28 ms-1

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A lorry start from rest and accelerates at 10 ms-2. What is the velocity of the lorry after

travels for a distance 20m ?

A C E 28 10 ms-1 40 ms-1 100 ms-1 B D 20ms-1 80 ms-1

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A rocket starts at velocity 2500 ms-1 and accelerates uniformly upwards at 20 ms-2 . What is the velocity of the rocket after 4 minutes. A C E 4800 ms-1 6800 ms-1 7500 ms-1 B D 5000 ms-1 7300 ms-1

A car travels with a velocity 15 ms-1 . It then accelerates uniformly and travels a distance of 12.5 m. If the velocity reached is 10 ms-1 find the acceleration of the car. A C E 5.0 ms-2 2.5 ms-2 7.5 ms-2 B D 2.5 ms-2 5.0 ms-2

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A trolley starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated to speed of 12 cms-1 in 5 . What is the distance travelled by the trolley? A C E 16 cm 28 cm 42 cm B D 24 cm 30 cm

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A car moves with a velocity 40 ms-1 . After the brakes of the car is applied ,it moves 100 m more before coming to rest. Calculate the deceleration of the car. A C E 4 ms-2 12 ms-2 20 ms-2 B D 8 ms-2 16 ms-2

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A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly and after travels at distance 45m the velocity of the car is 20 ms-1 . What is the time taken? A C E 4.5 s 13.5 s 22.4 s B D 9.0 s 18.0 s

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35 30 A lorry moves with a velocity 20 ms-1. After the brakes of the car is applied it moves for a distance 4 m before coming to rest. What is the time taken before it stops? A C E 31 1.0 s 0.6 s 0.2 s B D 0.8 s 0.4 s

A stone fall freely from rest through a height of 5 m. What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the ground. A C E 5 ms-1 15 ms-1 30 ms-1 B D 10 ms-1 20ms-1

The table (a) and (b) shows the distances travelled and the times taken for four students in a competition Student Distance/m Time/ s P 100 20 Q 120 20 Table (a) Student Distance/ m Time/ s R 100 20 S 100 15 Table (b) (a) Compare the speeds of the (i) student P and student Q

(ii) student R and student S

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A coconut falls vertically to the ground. If the coconut takes 1.5 s to fall to the ground, calculate the height from which it fell. A C E 8.45 m 15.00 m 31.25m B D 11.25 m 22.50 m

(b) State the relationship between (i) the speed and the distance in table (a) ......................... (ii) the speed and the distance in table (b) ............................. (c) Based on the relationship in (b),state the definition of speed.

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A metal sphere falls 125m vertically to the ground. What is the time the metal sphere takes to reach the ground? A C E 2s 5s 10 s B D 4s 8s

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A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 20 ms-1. Calculate the maximum height reached. A C E 60 m 30 m 10 m B D 40 m 20 m

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36 Figure (a) shows a ticker tape for the motion of a trolley . Figure (b) shows a stroboscopic photograph for the motion of a glider .

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The diagram shows a tape chart . The chart is produced by the motion of a trolley.The ticker timer used a supply voltage 12 V a.c. at 50 Hz.

(a) Describe the type of motion is shown in the tape chart. .................................................................... .................................................................... (b) What is the time interval between two consecutive dots ? (c) .................................................................... Calculate (i) the minimum velocity (ii) the maximum velocity

(a) Observe the figure (a) and (b) and state two similarities between the positions of the ticks on the ticker tape and the images on the stroboscopic photograph. .................................................................... (b) Relate the similarities in (a) to explain a concept of motion. (a) What will happen to the ticker timer if it is connected to a d.c. supply ? (d) What will happen to the motion of the glider if the slope of the declined plane is increased?

(iii) the average velocity. (iv) the acceleration.

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The following equation shows the equations of linear motion of an object with uniform acceleration. v = u + at (a) (i) What is meant by the symbol of a (ii) (b) (i) .. Give the definition of the symbol of a ............................................................ What is the information can you get from the term of at ....... What is the S.I. units for the term of at

(ii)

.. (c) The above equation can also be used for an object in state of free-fall. A stone fall freely to the ground from rest in 4 s. (i) What is meant by fall freely? (ii) Calculate the velocity of the stone when it hits the ground.

(a) State one suitable inference that can be made. (b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an investigation. (c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker timer and other apparatus , describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. In your description , state clearly the following: (i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Variables in the experiment (iii) List of apparatus and materials (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus (v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. (vi) Way you would tabulate the data (vii) Way you would analysis the data

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Each diagram below show two positions of a student on a swing. The initial position in each figure is different.

Observe the positions of each of the swing in each diagram and the appearance of the student when she swings. Based on the observations:

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