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Li ni u
y l nhng thut ng rt c bn v my tnh .Vi
nhng bn yu thch tin hc th vic tm hiu chng l mt
iu rt tt .Chng phn no ni nn vic lu gi ,truyn,s
l thng tin trong my tnh v cp v nhng thit b my
tnh ,phn mn my tnh ..v..v..
Tuy nhin y mi ch a ra mt phn no nhng thut
ng bn c tham kho b xung thm cho kin thc tin
hc, gip ban tt hn trong vic tm hiu su hn v my
tnh ,tin hc.
Rt mong c cc bn c tham kho v gp .

Bin son
Phm
Quang Hiu k2 Tin hc

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CD-ROM
T vit tt ca compact disk-read only memory (b nh ch
c ra dng a compact), mt cng ngh lu tr quang hc ch
c th c ra v dng cc a compact. CD-ROM c th lu tr
n 650 M d liu, tt c d liu u ph hp trong hot
ng tng tc vi mn hnh my tnh. Vi cc k thut nn d
liu mi, bn c th xp c n 250. 000 trang vn bn trong
mt a CD-ROM. u tin CD-ROM c dng cho cc b kin
thc bch khoa t in, v cc th vin phn mm. Hin nay,
CD-ROM cn c nh a phng tin, cc tr chi, cc th vin
phng ch, v hnh ngh thut ct ri dng trong n lot vn
phng v dng cho vic phn phi cc phn mm chng trnh.
Vic ci t cc phn mm chng trnh ly t CD-ROM s trnh
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c qu trnh tho lp 10 n 20 a ko di. Ging nh mi

thit b in t khc, cc loi CD-ROM gi ngy cng h, nn
bn c th cn nhc n vic trang b cho h my tnh
ca mnh mt CD-ROM. Chi ph cho mi CD-ROM v mt b
bch khoa ton th dng CD chng hn, thp hn rt nhiu so vi
gi ca b bch khoa ton th in trn giy. Nu nh mua mt
CD-ROM dng vi h my tnh chy Windows, bn phi tm
ng loi ph hp vi tiu chun Multimedia Personal Computer
( MPC)
Multimedia Personal Computer ( MPC)
Tiu chun i vi phn cng v phn mm a phng tin do
MPC Consortium (bao gm Windows, Philips, Tandy v Zennith
Data Systems) cng hp tc xy dng. Microsoft Windows 3. 1
to c s cho MPC. Chun MPC ny t gi nh trn nn
phn cng ca mt my IBM PS/ 2 hoc my tng thch vi IBM,
hng Apple Computer cng a ra mt tiu chun cnh tranh
( Quick Time) cho my tnh Macintosh ca h. Mt h my tng
thch IBM c kh nng MPC, ti thiu phi bao gm: mt my
tnh 80386 SX chy 20 MHz, b RAM dung lng 2 M, b iu
hp VGA km mn hnh, mt cng, mt gy iu khin
joytick, Microsoft Windows 3. 1 mt con chut, v mt a
CD-ROM tng thch MPC. c m thanh cht lng tt, bn phi
c b iu hp m thanh.
Cental procesing unit-CPU
n v x l trung tm Mch lu gi, x l, v iu khin bn
trong ca my tnh, bao gm n v s hc-logic ( ALU), n
v iu khin, v b nh s cp trong dng ROM hoc RAM.
Ch c ALU v n v iu khin l c cha chn vn trong
chip gi l chip vi x l; cn b nh th c lp mt ni no
trn board m hoc trong mt card cm trn bus m rng.
Arithmetic-logic unit - ALU
n v s hc-logic ( ALU) Mt b phn trong b x l trung
tm ( CPU) dng thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic c
bn trn c s cc d liu.
Adapter
B iu hp, b thch ng, b tng hp, card iu hp
Board mch cm vo mt khe m rng trong my tnh v lm
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cho my tnh c thm cc kh nng mi. ng ngha vi card.

Nhng b iu hp ph bin i vi my tnh c nhn gm c
b iu hp hin th to ra tn hiu video; cc board m rng b
nh; cc board to nn cng ni tip, cng song song, v cng
tr chi; cc modem lp trong; v cc board ng h/lch.
ROM
Vit tt ca Read-Only memory(B nh ch c).
B nh ch c ra ( ROM) Mt phn ca b lu tr s cp
trong my tnh, khng b mt ni dung khi bn tt in my
tnh. ROM cha cc chng trnh h thng cn thit m c bn
ln my tnh u khng th xo. V b nh truy cp ngu nhin
( RAM) ca my tnh l loi khng c nh (mt thng tin khi tt
in), cho nn b nh trong ca my l rng thi im bt
u m my, v my tnh khng cn phi lm g hn ngoi
vic a ra cc lnh khi ng my. Cc lnh ny c lu tr
trong ROM. Mt xu hng ang pht trin hin nay l gp thm
nhng phn trng yu ca h iu hnh vo cc chip ROM,
thay v cung cp vo a. V d trong Macintosh, phn ln
phn mm Macintosh System c m ho trong cc chip ROM,
gm c cc th tc ho ( Quick Draw), l mt b phn trong
giao din chng trnh ng dng ( API) ca Mac. Tuy nhin, vic
nng cp ROM kh khn v tn km hn so vi vic cung cp
cc a mi.
Application program interface -API
Giao din chng trnh ng dng. Phn mm h thng cung
cp y cc chc nng v cc ti nguyn m cc lp trnh
vin c th rt ra t to nn cc tnh nng giao tip ngimy, nh trnh n ko xung, tn lnh, hp hi thoi, lnh bn
phm, v cc ca s. Trong h thng mng, mt API s qui nh
cch m cc chng trnh s dng cc tnh nng mng khc nhau.
Giao din chng trnh ng dng gip ch rt nhiu cho ngi s
dng v n cho php tit kim c thi gian tm hiu cc chng trnh mi, do khch l mi ngi dng nhiu chng trnh
hn.
RAM
Vit tt ca Random-Access Memory
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B nh truy cp ngu nhin ( RAM). B nh s cp ca my

tnh, trong cc ch lnh chng trnh v d liu c lu tr
sao cho b x l trung tm ( CPU) c th truy cp trc tip vo
chng thng qua but d liu cao tc ca b x l . thc
hin cc ch lnh tc cao, mch x l ca my tnh phi c
kh nng thu nhn thng tin t b nh mt cch trc tip v
nhanh chng. Do , cc b nh my tnh phi c thit k sao
cho b x l c th truy cp ngu nhin vo cc ni dung .
RAM l mt ma trn gm cc hng v cc ct c kh nng gi cc
ch lnh chng trnh hay d liu ti cc giao im ca hng
v ct . Mi mt giao im c mt a ch ring, nn CPU
truy cp vo tng v tr nh mt cch trc tip bng cch xc
nh a ch ri cho hot ng mt mch in t dn
n a ch . RAM thng c gi l b nh c/ghi
phn bit vi b nh ch c ( ROM), mt b phn khc ca b
nh s cp trong my tnh. CPU c th ghi v c d liu trong
RAM. Hu ht cc chng trnh u dnh ring mt phn RAM
lm khu vc nh tm thi cc d liu ca bn, cho nn bn c
th ci thin (ghi li) khi cn, cho n khi d liu c chun b
xong in ra hoc lu tr vo a. RAM bao gm cc mch nh
bn dn thay i, n khng gi li c ni dung khi tt
in my tnh.
Primary storage.
B lu tr s cp, b nh s cp B nh chnh ca my tnh,
bao gm b nh truy cp ngu nhin ( RAM) v b nh ch c ra
( ROM), c th truy cp trc tip i vi b x l trung tm
( CPU).
DRAM
Vit tt ca Dynamic random-access memory.
Mt loi chip nh truy cp ngu nhin ( RAM), biu hin cc
trng thi nh bng nhng t tch tr in tch. V cc t in
ny thng xuyn b mt in tch ca mnh, cho nn cc chip
DRAM phi c "lm ti" li lin tc (v vy gi l "ng). Cc
chip RAM ng vi thi gian truy cp khc nhau - l tc
m n v x l trung tm c th thu c cc thng tin cha
trong chng. Thi gian truy cp ny c tnh bng nangiy
(phn t ca giy); mt chip c ghi du l 12 chng hn, th
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c ngha thi gian truy cp ca n l 120 nangiy. Thi gian

truy cp ny c v l nhanh, nhng thc ra mt b vi x l tm
thng loi 386 - 25 MHz (d nhin ni mt cch tng i) hon
thnh mt chu k x l ch mt 80 nangiy - r rng DRAM
khng p ng v tc . Hn th na, cc chip DRAM cn
phi mt thi gian np in gia cc ln truy cp, nn chu k
lm vic ca nhng chip 120 nangiy ny cn phi lu gp
i.
Bn nn:
Cc chip nhanh loi 60 - 80 nangiy hin nay l ph bin nhng vn khng ui kp tc hot ng ca cc b vi x l
486 - 66 MHz. Rt may mn l kiu thit k b nh hiu qu cao
v b nh cache ca cc chip SRAM tc nhanh (l tin chun
bt buc ca nhiu loi my tnh trn th trng hin nay) s lm
cho d liu c phn phi hu nh kp vi i hi ca b vi x l.
By gi th iu m cc bn cn b sung thm l cache phn
mm.
VRAM
Vit tt ca video RAM
Cc chip nh RAM ng c thit k t bit nng hiu
sut ca cc b iu hp video ln cao nht. Tng t b nh hai
cng, cho chip ny cho php CPU a d liu vo mt cng
trong khi h thng video khng b lm chm bi qu trnh ghi
ca CPU. (b nh hai cng thc th cho php c v ghi ng
thi). Cc chip video RAM c dng trong nhng board iu hp
video cao cp.
I/O
Vit tt ca Input/output - I/O - system
H thng vo/ra Mt trong nhng b phn chnh ca cu trc
h thng my tnh, l mi lin kt ca b vi x l v cc phn
mch khc trong my, dng a cc lnh chng trnh v d
liu vo n v x l trung tm ( CPU).
MS-DOS
H iu hnh tiu chun mt ngi s dng ca cc my tnh
IBM v tng thch IBM. Ra i vo nm 1981,
MS-DOS
( Microsoft Disk Operating System) c hng IBM a ra tip
th vi tn gi PC DOS; hai h ny hu nh khng th phn bit
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ln nhau. MS-DOS c ngun gc trong CP/M - h iu hnh cho

cc my tnh 9 bit ph bin trogn nhng nm cui 1970. Phin
bn nguyn thu m v sau tr thnh MS-DOS l do mt hng
nh Seattle bin son vi mc ch thc nghim. V Microsoft
nhn hp ng bin son cho IBM mt h iu hnh dng vi
my tnh IBP PC nn Microsoft mua li v pht trin chng
trnh . MS-DOS l mt h iu hnh bng cc dng lnh, n
yu cu bn phi a vo cc lnh, cc bin, v cc c php mi
s dng thnh cng MS-DOS. Tuy nhin, sau khi hiu cc lnh
MS-DOS, bn c th t c trnh iu khin cao hn
thng qua cc kh nng ca h iu hnh - l vic lp cc
thuc tnh tp, to ra cc tp b thc hin t ng, v xy
dng cc th tc ghi d phng bn t ng. Cng vi kh nng
ny, bn cng c sn cc trnh tin ch rt tt gip bn trnh
dng DOS bng cch kt hp cc nhim v trong mt giao
din ngi-my vi cc trnh n ko xung v cc hp hi thoi.
Mt hn ch ngt ngho nht ca MS-DOS l hng ro 640 RAM
m h iu hnh bt buc qu trnh in ton tng thch
IBM PC phi tun theo. Mc d c nhiu ngi chuyn sang vi
Windows s dng cc kh nng qun l b nh v giao din
d dng ca n, nhng hng triu my tnh tng thch IBM PC loi
c ang tn ti khng th chy tt vi Windows. Khng nghi ng
g na, MS-DOS l mt h iu hnh c dng rng ri nht
trn th gii v c l s cn tn ti trong nhiu nm na.
Bn nn:
c hiu sut cao nht vi Microsoft Windows, bn hy
nng cp ln dng MS-DOS 6. 0 - 6. 2 v chy trnh tin ch
MEMMAKER tn dng ht u im ca ton b nh ca h
thng.
Microsoft Windows
Mt mi trng ca s v giao din ngi-my theo ng dng
( API), nhm b sung thm cc thao tc a nhim cho DOS, v
a vo qu trnh in ton theo quy cch IBM mt s tnh nng
giao din ngi-my theo ho ca Macintosh, nh cc trnh
n ko xung, cc kiu ch a dng, cc dng c vn phng,
v kh nng di chuyn ti liu t chng trnh ny sang chng
trnh khc thng qua Clipboard. Vi Windows c tt c cc chc
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nng cn thit cho vic b sung thm cc tnh nng nh cc

trnh n, cc ca s, v cc hp hi thoi, cho nn tt c cc
trnh ng dng Windows u c mt giao din tr gip. Ban
u, Windows ch c nhiu hn mt t so vi bn duyt trc
ca Presentation Manager ca OS/ 2. Windows ch chy c vi
mt t chng trnh ng dng c bin son c bit cho n
trong mi trng giao din ngi-my ho, v s dng cc tiu
chun nh m rng nh Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Specification 4. 0
chng hn. Tuy nhin, nhng chng trnh theo quy cch IBM
th h mi i hi phi c ch bo v ca cc b vi x l
Intel 80286 v 80386 vi 16 M khng gian nh ng nht ca
chng. Microsoft chn lp trng l cc chng trnh trong ch
bo v phi c bin son cho OS/ 2 v Presentation
Manager. V sau, DESKQ view (ca hng Quarterdeck Systems)
xut hin vi kh nng c th chy cc chng trnh MS-DOS
trong cc ca s ch bo v, cho nn Microsoft cng cho
ra i Windows 3. 0 c th chy vi cc trnh ng dng MS-DOS
trong ch bo v. Windows 3. 0 thnh cng mt cch k
diu, cng vi Excel v Word for Windows ang thu c nhiu ngi dng hn; cc khch hng s dng Windows khc th mua chng trnh ny n gin ch v mun chy nhiu chng trnh
cng mt lc. Bn 1992 ca Windows 3. 1 cng c thm cho s
thng dng ca Windows, do c nhiu ci thin quan trng v
tc , c Program Manager v File Manager, c cc phng True
Type, c kh nng iu khin chut trong cc trnh ng dung
MS-DOS, c mn hnh Help c ci thin v kh nng a
nhim, c cc trnh ct gi mn hnh ci sn, c kh nng lin
kt v nhng i tng ( OLE), v cc m rng a phng tin.
Mc d nhiu ngi s dng DOS vn tip tc thch th v tc
cao hn v s kim sot ca ngi dng trc tip hn trong
cc trnh ng dng c a thch ca h, nhng nhng ngi s
dng c nng khiu ho u ng Microsoft Windows s
dng rt th v. Li khuyn: chy Windows, bn phi c nhiu
sc mnh in ton hn khi chy cc trnh ng dng DOS tng
ng. Mt nn Windows ti thiu phi gm c mt my 80386
SX chy 16 MHz (nh) g tt hn l 20 hoc 25 MHz, t nht 4 M
RAM, 80 M a cng, mt b iu hp VGA 16 bit cng vi mn
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hnh VGA, v mt my in phun hoc laser. Tt nht l mua mt

my 80486 DX 2 chy 66 MHz, 8 M RAM, 200 M a cng, v
mt b iu hp VGA cng vi mn hnh.
Microsoft Windows NT
Phin bn 32 bit ca giao din ngi-my ho thng dng
ca Microsoft, n to kh nng a nhim thc s cho nhng my
tnh c nhn c c s Intel v cc trm cng tc chuyn dng.
Phin bn ny ca Windows c th b qua DOS v c kh nng
thm nhp tt hn vo b nh h thng so vi Windows 3. 1.
Windows NT chy c trong ch bo v khng loi tr trng
hp no, cho php nhng lp trnh vin c th s dng n 4
gigabyte RAM m khng cn phi sp xp li nh la my.
Cng vi nhng u im , Windows NT cn c kh nng chp
nhn trc trc, qun l tp, thm nhp mng, v bo v an
ton c ci thin tt hn. Trn mn hnh, Windows NT trng
ging nh Windows 3. 1 quen thuc. Khng l thuc vo s gii hn
ca DOS, Windows NT nhm vo nhng nhc im ca Windows
3. 1 khc phc, nn tr nn hp dn i vi cc h in
ton nhiu ngi s dng, l cc h hay dng UNIX hoc OS/ 2.
Tuy nhin vi i hi b nh ln - 70 M khng gian a cng v 16
M RAM cha dng n - Microsoft Windows NT ch c s dng
trong cc h my tnh mnh nht.
IBM
Vit tt ca International Business Machines Corp., l nh sn
xut my tnh ln nht th gii.
UNIX
Mt h iu hnh c dng trong nhiu loi my tnh khc
nhau, t cc my tnh ln cho n cc my tnh c nhn, n c
kh nng a nhim ph hp mt cch l tng i vi cc ng dng
nhiu ngi dng. UNIX c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh rt linh
ng, ngn ng C v cng nh C, l thnh qu nghin cu ca
AT & T Bell Laboratories UNIX l mt mi trng lp trnh ton
din, n din t mt trit l lp trnh duy nht. Tuy nhin vi
hn 200 lnh khng k cc thng bo li, v vi nhng c php
lnh kh hiu UNIX l mt gnh nng cho nhng ngi khng
quen s dng v khng gii k thut. Vi s pht trin cc shell
ca UNIX, h iu hnh ny c th ng mt vai tr ph dng
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hn trong in ton. Khi ngi s dng b cch ly khi nhng ci

khc thng ca UNIX th nhng u im ca h iu hnh
ny s c nhanh chng biu hin. UNIX c thit k di dng
l mt h thng nhiu ngi dng, v vi kh nng a nhim ca
n, UNIX cn c th thc hin nhiu nhim v cng mt lc.
Nu tng lai ca in ton c nhn da vo s lin kt cc trm
cng tc hp tc vi my tnh mini v my tnh ln, th cc h
iu hnh UNIX trong trng hp c th c trang b mt shell
nh NeXTStep chng hn. S c kh nng thay th cho DOS v
ngay c OS/ 2. NeXTStep, mt Shell ca UNIX dng cho trm cng
tc NeXT, cng d s dng v linh hot nh DOS v OS/ 2.
NeXTStep cng c mt giao din chng trnh s dng ( APl)
thc cht qun l tt c cc th tc hin th, gii phng cho cc
lp trnh vin khi cng vic lp trnh bun dng cho my tnh
c nhn dng loi vi x l 8 bit Intel 8088 v Zilog Z- 80. CP/M
(chng trnh iu khin cho cc b vi x l) c xy dng
trong nhng nm cui thp k 1970 di dng cc driver a
mm v tr nn thng dng cho cc my tnh c nhn loi c.
c thit k cho loi my tnh c b nh truy cp ngu nhin loi
nh, ch 16 K, CP/M l chn to ra cc hnh nh trn mn
hnh trong mt phm vi mt trnh ng dng. NeXTStep c th
dng ngay cho cc my tnh tng thch BM PC di dng chng
trnh NeXTStep for Intel Processor. C mt iu khng may l
gi ca NeXTStep kh t ( 795 la so vi 200 la hoc r
hn i vi DOS v Windows) cho nn c rt t trnh ng dng
c bin son cho n, v n cha c mt ch ng vng chc.
V Bell Laboratiories b cm khng c php tip th UNIX
do nhng quy tc chng c quyn i vi hng AT & T, UNIX
c cung cp min ph cho cc trng trung hc v i hc
trong ton Bc M bt u t 1976. Nm 1979, Trng i hc
California Berkeley xy dng mt phin bn ca UNIX dng
cho cc my tnh VAX. Sau khi c a thch trong cc lnh vc
k thut v cng ngh UNIX ca Berkeley pht trin thm
nhng phin bn khc v bn rng ri trn th trng. u nhng
nm 1980, AT & T dnh c quyn tip th i vi h thng
, v cho ra i System V vo nm 1983. Vi System V, AT
& T thit lp mt lot cc tiu chun UNIX c tn gi l System
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V Interface Definition ( SVID). l cc tiu chun hng ti nhng

ni do cc h UNIX ang thng tr v nhng ni c nhiu
thnh vin cng hp tc ang yu cu. IBM lm ph hp chun
SVID vi phin bn UNIX ca ring mnh.
CP/M
Vit tt ca Control Program for Microprocessors .Mt h
iu hnh s mt h iu hnh kiu dng lnh, v vn cn c s dng rng ri trn hn 4 triu my tnh 8 bit (nh) Morrow,
Kaypro, v Osborne ang hot ng hin nay. MS-DOS, mt bn
clone ca CP/M, c thit k thun tin trong vic
chuyn i cc phn mm doanh thng CP/M 8 bit c th chy
trong mi trng IBM PC 16 bt. Chnh hng IBM t vn
trc cho Digital Research, mt hng xut bn ca CP/M, bin son
h iu hnh ny dng cho loi my tnh mi ca mnh, nhng cui cng hng Microsoft Corporation lm thay cng vic
ny.
PC-DOS
Mt phin bn ca h iu hnh MS-DOS do hng IBM a ra
mca
Vit tt Micro Chanel Architecture - MCA
Cu trc vi knh ( MCA) Cc c trng v thit k ca but
Micro Chanel Bus s hu ring ca IBM. Mt thit k ngoi vi tng thch vi MCA c thit k cm c trc tip vo Micro
Chanel Bus, nhng khng th lm vic c vi cc cu trc but
khc.
Micro Chanel Bus
But vi knh .Mt loi but m rng s hu ring, do hng IBM
gii thiu dng cho cc my tnh PS/ 2 loi cao cp. Hu ht cc
my tnh 80386 khng phi l IBM u dng cu trc but 32 bit
cho b vi x l, nhng bn ngoi th dng but m rng AT 16 bit
tn dng mt s lng khng l cc thit b ngoi vi gi r
ang c sn trn th trng. Vi toan tnh xc nh mt chun
but 32 bit, IBM gii thiu cu trc MCA ( Micro Chanel
Architecture) vo nm 1987, v dng but Micro Chanel Bus ngay
cho cc model my tnh PS/ 2 cao cp ca h. But MCA c nhiu
tin b v k thut bao gm kh nng s dng cc ngoi vi 32
bit, tc cao hn, tin cy tt hn, v c kh nng s dng
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nhiu n v x l trung tm ( CPU) trong mt my tnh. Tuy

nhin, chun MCA khng tng thch ngc vi cc thit b ngoi vi
v cc b iu hp dng cho but m rng AT ang c sn; do
, mt s nh phn tch cng nghip cho rng MCA c
thit k ch yu ch ot li cho IBM th phn c li i vi
cc thit b ngoi vi v cc b iu hp. IBM cho hng cng
ngh MCA ny cho cc nh ch to my clone di mt s cho
php, nhng rt t hng mua. Thay vo cc hng ch to my tng thch-IBM ch yu a ra thit k but 32 bit ca mnh,
gi l Extended Industry Standard Architecture ( EISA), v tip
theo l cng ngh local bus ni cc mch video v cc a
trc tip vo cc ng dn d liu bn trong ca b x l
EASA
Vit tt ca Extended Industry Standard Architecture
Chun EISA Mt thit k but m rng 32 bit do t hp cng
ngh gm nhng hng ssn xut my tnh tng thch-IBM PC to
ra i lp li Micro Chanel Bus s hu ring ca IBM. Khc vi
Micro Chanel Bus, but EISA tng thch ngc vi cc thit b ngoi
vi 16 bit nh cc a v cc b iu hp hin th. Cc my
EISA, mt thnh tu cao trong in ton c nhn, hin nay
b lu mi bi cc model my c local bus, trong cc mch
video, cc a, v cc thit b khc c mc trc tip vi b
x l.
SCSI
Vit tt ca Small Computer System Interface
Mt giao din, thc cht l mt loi bus m rng phc tp,
trong bn c th cm vo cc thit b nh a cng,
a CD ROM, my qut hnh v my in laser. Thit b SCSI
thng dng nht l cng SCSI c cha hu ht cc mch iu
khin, nn lm cho giao din SCSI tr nn t do thc hin
thng tin vi cc thit b ngoi vi khc. Ti a c th mc by
thit b SCSI vo mt cng SCSI.
POWER PC
Mt loi vi x l RISC do hng Motorola ch to, ang cnh
tranh vi chip Intel Pentium. Chip ny ang c hng IBM dng
cho dng my RS/ 6000, v hng Apple Corporation dng lm b
x l cho th h k tip ca my Macintosh. Chip Power PC s l
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
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ch da cho Windows NT, OS/ 2, v UNIX, khi ra i chun

Power Open, mt tiu chun cho cc h iu hnh Power PC. c
xem l mt thch thc thc s u tin, e do xm lc th trng ca Intel, PowerPC c th c mt i th cnh tranh ng
k khc. H cc chip Mips R 4 X 00 l cc b vi x l RISC c gi
c v hiu sut tin b hn Intel, ng thi l loi chip tiu th
t in dng cho cc my xch tay m hng Intel cha c. DEC
Alpha, mt loi b vi x l RISC khc c tc 150 MHz (ha hn
200 MHz) cng nhy vo cnh tranh. Tt c cc loi vi x l
u phi vt qua cng cc vn ; pht trin Windows NT, OS/
2, v cc h iu hnh khc, c ngi tiu th chp nhn;
pht trin cc trnh ng dng c th tn dng c cng
ngh tin tin ca cc thit k mi ny; cu trc RISC phi c
chp nhn l mt s la chn cho tng laI.
RISC
Vit tt ca Reduced Instruction Set Computer
My tnh dng tp lnh rt gn ( RISC) Mt loi n v x l
trung tm ( CPU), trong s lng lnh m b x l phi thc
hin, c gim n cc tiu tng tc x l. Cc b vi x
l nh Intel 80386 nhn bit tt trn 100 lnh thc hin nhiu
qu trnh in ton khc nhau, nhng nu chip c kh nng qun
l cng nhiu lnh th chy cng chm i vi mi lnh. Ys
nh ca cu trc RISC l rt gim tp lnh n gii hn cc
tiu, bng cch chn ring cc lnh c s dng trong hu ht
thi gian, v ti u ho chng thc hin vi kh nng nhanh
nht c th c. Cc lnh li ngoi chip th phi c thc
hin bng cc lin hp chng vi nhau, nhng v cc lnh ny rt
t khi dng n, nn b x l RISC thng chy nhanh hn b x
l CISC cng loi n 50 hoc 75 phn trm. Cc b vi x l RISC
cng t tn km hn trong thit k, g ri, v ch to, v chng
t phc tp. Tuy nhin, vic n gin ho b vi x l t
mt gnh nng ln vai ngi lp trnh, v h phi phc hi li s
phc tp bng cch vit nhng chng trnh di hn. Ni chung,
s pht trin phn mm khng th biu hin cng mt xu hng
y n tng nh s tng hiu qu chng t r rng trong cng
nghip ch to phn cng - thm ch trong thc t cn ngc li.
Chi ph ca vic pht trin ca chng trnh ng dng mi ln
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 13

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n mc tt c cc cng ty d l mnh nht cng khng dm b

ra kinh doanh. V l do , c mt s kin phn bc cho l
nn phc tp ho phn cng cho nhng ngi lp trnh c th
rt gn c cng vic ca h. Pht biu ny c th gy tranh
lun v cc b vi x l "bnh thng" hin nay (gi l cc my
tnh c tplnh phc tp, gi tc l CISC) ui kp cng
nng ca cc b x l RISC nhanh nht ca thi im mi ch
cch hai hoc ba nm trc. Tuy vy, cc b vi s l RISC c th s
tm c ch trng trong cc ng dng c mc ch c bit,
nh cc mch tng tc ho chng hn, m trong vn
tc c t ln hng u.
BIOS
Vit tt ca basic input/output system
H vo/ra c s ( BIOS) Mt b cc chng trnh c m ho
trong b nh ch c ra ( ROM) trn cc my tnh loi tng thch
vi IBM PC. Cc chng trnh ny qun l cc thao tc khi ng (
POST) v thao tc kim tra mc thp i vi cc phn cng
a, bn phm, v mn hnh. Cc chng trnh BIOS ca my
tnh c nhn IBM u l loi c bn quyn, cho nn nhiu hng
ch to my tnh tng thch IBM PC phi t bin son BIOS m
phng theo IBM BIOS, hoc mua cc bn m phng ca cc cng
ty khc nh Phoenix Technologies hoc American Megatrends,
Inc. Mt s b phn ca h my c BIOS ring. BIOS trn b iu
khin a cng chng hn, c dng lu tr bng ghi cc
rnh v cc sector trn a
POST
Vit tt ca Power-On Self-Test
Qu trnh kim tra ni b my c tin hnh khi khi ng
hoc khi ng li my tnh. L mt b phn ca BIOS, chng
trnh POST kim tra b vi x l u tin, bng cch cho n chy
th mt vi thao tc n gin. Sau POST s c b nh CMOS
RAM, trong lu tr thng tin v dung lng b nh v kiu loi
cc a dng trong h my ca bn. Tip theo, POST ghi vo
ri c ra mt s mu d liu khc nhau i vi tng byte b
nh (bn c th nhn thy cc byte c m trn mn hnh).
Cui cng, POST tin hnh thng tin vi tng thit b; bn s
nhn thy cc n bo bn phm v a sng nhp nhy v
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
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my in c reset chng hn. BIOS s tip tc kim th cc phn

cng ri xt qua a A i vi DOS; nu a A khng tm
thy, n chuyn qua xem xt a C.
boot sector
Rnh ghi khi ng Rnh u tin (rnh 0) trn cc a loi tng thch vi IBM PC. Sau khi bt m my, phn mm khi ng
trong ROM s ra lnh cho my tnh c khi d liu u tin
trn rnh ny v np vo my bt k chng trnh no tm thy
y. Nu my c mt a h thng th chng trnh trong
bng ghi khi ng s hng my tnh vo th mc gc np MSDOS vo my
warm boot
Khi ng nng Khi ng li h thng trong tnh trng my
ang c in v ang hot ng; y l ng tc, v mt
in t, tng ng vi vic bt m in cho h thng, v n
xa b nh v np li h iu hnh, nhng a cng khng b
ngng ri khi ng li. Khi ng nng c a thch hn khi
ng ngui v t gy sc cho cc linh kin in t v in
trong my. Vi my tnh loi tng thch IBM PC th n Ctrl + Alt
+ Del khi ng h thng, mc d phng php ny khng
phi lc no cng m kha c cho h. Bn cng c th thc
hin khi ng nng bng cch n nt reset, hoc i vi my
Macintosh loi c th n chuyn mch ca ngi lp chng trnh.
Nhng my Mac loi mi th c nt Restart trn bn phm
IRQ
Vit tt ca interrupt request
ng dy yu cu ngt i vi cc my tnh tng thch IBM
PC, y l cc ng dy m cc thit b ngoi vi (nh) my in
hoc modem dng gi cc thng bo ch cho b vi x l,
khi cc thit b ny ang sn sng pht hoc thu d liu.
BUS
Bus; knh; tuyn
ng dn in ni b m theo cc tn hiu c truyn t
b phn ny n b phn khc trong my tnh. My tnh c
nhn c thit k bus ca b vi x l theo ba loi ng dn: - Bus
d liu truyn d liu xui ngc gia b nh v b vi x l. - Bus
a ch xc nh v tr nh no s c a vo hot ng. - Bus
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 15

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iu khin truyn cc tn hiu ca cc b phn iu khin.

Ngi ta s pht trin bus d liu ca my bng cch ni b x l
vi mt hoc nhiu khe cm m rng, v gi l bus m rng
( expansion bus). bus d liu, bus a ch, v bus m rng
u c mc ni theo nhng hng dy dn song song, cho nn
tt c cc bt cn gi i s c truyn cng mt lc ng thi,
ging nh 16 hoc 32 chic t dn hng ngang cng chy v
mt hng trn xa l cao tc. C ba loi cu trc bus thng gp
ph bin trong th trng my tnh IBM PC v tng thch PC. Bus ISA ( Industry Standard Architecture). y l bus 16 bit, u
tin c xy dng dng cho cc my tnh AT ( Advanced
Technology). Bus ny bao gm nhng khe cm m rng 8 bit
tng thch vi cc b iu hp c, v khe cm 16 bit dng
cho nhng b iu hp kiu AT. - Bus MCA ( Micro Chanel
Architecture). Loi bus 32 bit s hu ring c dng trong cc my
tnh IBM PS/ 2 cao cp. - Bus EISA ( Enhanced Industry Standard
Architecture). Loi bus 32 bit, nhng khc vi bus MCA l c th tng thch ngc vi cc b iu hp ISA. Tnh cht rng ri ca 32
bit ch c s dng mt phn. Mc d cc ng dn trong bus
ni b ca b x l hot ng tc cao ph hp vi b x l
ca bn, nhng bus m rng th hot ng vi tc thp hn
nhiu - EISA 8. 33 MHZ v MCA 10 MHZ. bus Local (l mt loi
ng dn tc cao lin kt b x l ca my tnh vi vi ba
khe cm m rng) c xy dng tng tc cho vic
hin hnh video trong cc chng trnh dng nhiu ho nh
Microsoft Windows chng hn.
Bn nn:
Bn c b bi ri khi phi quyt nh chn loi bus no i
vi chic my tnh nh mua hay khng? Nu ang chy
Microsoft Windows, bn hy chn mt h my c hin th local
bus. Cc h my ny s cho php hin th mn hnh nhanh hn
nn ph hp vi cc chng trnh ng dng Windows dng nhiu
ho.
Data bus
Mt ng dn in t ni b cho php b vi x l c th
tin hnh trao i d liu vi b nh truy cp ngu nhin ( RAM).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 16

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rng ca bus d liu, thng 16 hoc 32 bit, s qui nh s lng d liu c th truyn cng mt lc nhiu hay t.
Address bus
Bus a ch
Knh in t ni b dn t b vi x l n b nh truy cp
ngu nhin ( RAM). a ch ca cc v tr lu tr trong b nh c
truyn theo knh ny. Ging nh cch t chc bu in, mi v
tr nh c mt con s hay a ch ring, v bus a ch l phng tin b vi x l c th truy cp vo mi v tr trong b
nh. rng (s lng dy dn) ca bus a ch s qui nh s lng v tr nh cc cc i m b vi x l c th tin hnh a
ch ho, v do qui nh dung lng cc i ca b nh. Cc
my tnh cc nhn IBM c s dng cc bus a ch rng 20 bit (
20 dy dn) nn ch c th phn bit v s dng ti a l 2
ly tha 20 v tr nh ( 1 M RAM). Vi bus a ch rng 32 bit,
cc my tnh tng thch IBM PC loi mi c th a ch ho cc
i n 4 gigabyte RAM
TCP/IP
Vit tt ca Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Mt tp cc tiu chun (cc giao thc) dng cho qu trnh pht
truyn v sa li i vi cc d liu, cho php chuyn d liu t
my tnh c ghp vi mng Internet sang cc my tnh khc.
VGA
Vit tt ca Video Graphics Array
Mt tiu chun hin th ha mu nh x bit, c IBM gii
thiu vo nm 1987 cng vi lot my tnh PS/ 2 ca h. B iu
hp VGA v mn hnh loi tng t c kh nng hin th 256 mu
bin i lin tc cng mt lc, vi phn gii 640 pixel chiu
ngang v 480 dgn chiu dc. Mch VGA tng thch li vi tt c
cc chun hin th trc, bao gm CGA, MDA, v EGA cao hn
EGA khng nhng ch v phn gii cao, m cn v cng
ngh VGA lun gi vng t l co dn ca cc hnh ha trn
mn hnh. Chun VGA cng dng cng ngh tn hiue li vo
dng tng t to ra mt s lng khng hn ch cc mu sc
bin i theo mt di lin tc; cn EGA dng cng ngh mn
hnh s nn b gii hn v s lng cc mc cng mu. Chun
VGA ca IBM c cc ca hng thuc nhm ba nng ln cao
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
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hn, h a ra cc b iu hp VGA c kh nng hin th thm

hai ch ha b sung. l ch Super VGA nng cao
c phn gii 1024 x 786. Cc ch ny u c 256 mu
c hin th ng thi.
EGA
Vit tt ca Enhanced Graphics Adapter
Card EGA B iu hp hin th ho mu, nh x bit, dng
cho cc loi my tnh tng hp-IBM PC. Card iu hp EGA c th
hin th 16 mu ng thi vi phn gii 640 pixel chiu ngang
v 350 dng chiu dc. Mi su mu ny c chn t palette
mu ca EGA cha tt c 64 mu, nu bn k c mu en v
cc bng mu xm
CARD
Mt board mch in t c thit k cm va vo mt
khe ca bus m rng trong my tnh. ng ngha vi b iu hp
( adapter)
PCMCIA
Vit tt ca Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association
Mt hip hi thng mi quc t xy dng cc tiu chun
cho cc thit b, nh mdem v cc a cng t ngoi
chng hn, c th cm d dng vo cc loi my tnh notebook.
Plug and Play
Mt tiu chun v phn cng mi ni ln trong cng ngh i
vi cc b phn phn ng b sung thm trong my tnh, yu cu
cc b phn c kh nng t ng nht ho, v p ng yu
cu trong mt loi tiu chun. Tiu chun Plug and Play (cm vo
l chy) i hi phn cng ln phn mm u phi thc hin
nhim v ca mnh. Phn cng l BIOS loi Plug and Play c
kh nng nhn bit c cc b phn my ca h thng ngay khi
khi ng my tnh. Sau BIOS s duy tr bo ng v bt
k nhng thay i cu hnh quan trng no m bn c th
gy ra, nn n c th chuyn nhng thng tin ny cho h iu
hnh. Phn mm ny l mth iu hnh ph hp vi Plug and
Play. Vi chun Plug and Play bn khng cn phi "ci t" cc
thit b; bn khng phi quan tm n cc cu ni v cc
chuyn mch dip, hoc cc driver my in tng thch vi phn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 18

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mm i vi cc loi my in mi nht. C s c ci t ca
cc thit b ISA khng tng hp vi Plug and Play, mc d th h
k tip ca cc b iu hp mng, cc modem fax, v cc thit
k khc s tng hp. Chng ta s c chng kin cc thit b Plug
and Play trn ngp th trng vo nm 1995, khi b phn lm cho
ph hp ca h iu hnh xut hin.
FDHD
Vit tt ca floppy drive high density
-Super Drive
Mt loi a mm 31 / 2 inch ci tin, hin nay vi tiu
chun trong my tnh Macintosh ( 400 K, 800 K, v 1. 4 M). Vi s
gip ca phn mm Apple File Exchange ca hng Apple c
trong tt c cc phn mm h thng Macintosh, a ny
cng c th c v ghi vo cc loi a DOS 720 K v 1. 44 M.
N cn c th nh dng theo khun thc DOS. Li khuyn: Nh
SuperDrive, bn c th di chuyn cc tp d liu mt cch d
dng gia cc h thng IBM PC v Macintosh. t c mc
cao hn v kh nng tng hp d liu, bn hy chn dng
cng mt chng trnh ng dng cho c hai h thng. Gi s bn
chy phin bn Macintosh ca Microsoft Word trn my Mac v
phin bn Windows trn my PC. Phin bn Mac ca Word c th
c v ghi vo khun thc Windows khng c b bt k mt
khun thc no.
UPS
Vit tt ca uninterruptible power supply
Ngun cp in lin tc
Mt b acquy c th cung cp in lin tc cho h my tnh
ngay c trong trng hp mt in li. B acquy ny c np trong
sut thi gian bt in my tnh, v s chuyn sang ch
pht in nui my, khi mt in li, trong thi gian 10 pht
tr nn. Vi khong thi gian bn c th tin hnh mi th tc
ct gi li d liu v tt my tnh theo ng quy cch. Li
khuyn : B ngun cung cp in lin tc ch l mt thit b
cung cp tm, phi c mt thi gian chuyn i, d rt ngnm
nn nhng c mt in t ngt c th s lm mt nhng d
liu quan trng.
CMOS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
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Vit tt ca Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

Chip CMOS
Mt chip t tn nng lng, c ch to thc hin ng cc
chc nng ca cc chip khc, nh cc chip nh hoc cc b vi x l.
Chip CMOS c s dng trong cc my tnh xch tay chy pin v
trong cc b phn my yu cu t tiu hao in. Thut ng
CMOS cng c gn cho mt chip CMOS c bit dng lm
ng h thi gian thc gn trn board m, ng thi dng lu tr cu hnh c s ca h thng bao gm cc thng s v
chng loi cng v mm, dung lng b nh lp t, v
cc thng s thit lp v trng thi i. Cc thng s ny s c
gi li khi my tnh tt in nh mt b pin nui.
Chip
Loi mch in t siu nh c sn xut hng lot trn c s
mt mnh silic nh. Loi mch in t ny bt u xut hin t
nm 1947, cng vi thi k pht sinh ra transitor, mt linh kin
o trng thi v khuyn i, dng thay th cho cc n in t
cng knh, tn in v khng tin cy. Cng nh Transitor, trnh
k thut thi khng gii quyt c mt vn kh
khn ln, m bt k hng no cng gp, l vic mc ni tt c
cc linh kin vo vi nhau bn trong. Ngi ta xy dng
nhiu quy trnh t ng khc nhau, nhng cui cng cng c mt
vi dy ni v mi hn phi lm bng tay, nn cc linh kin
in t phc hp rt t tin. Trong nhng nm cui ca thp
k 50, Jack Kilby (mt k s ca hng Texas Instruments) v
Robert Noyce (mt k s ca hng Fairchild Semiconductor)
ch to c mch tch hp, mt chip sn xut t cc vt liu bn
dn, c th sao ng chc nng ca mt s transistor v cc linh
kin in t khc. Cc mch tch hp u tin ch cha dm ba
phn t mch, nhng vi phng php cng ngh nh vy, hin nay
c th ch to c mi su triu phn t trn mt chip nh
n mc c th t trn u ngn tay. Quan trng hn nhiu
v mt kinh t x hi so vi vic rt nh kch thc chip l kh
nng ch to hng lot ln vi gi thp. B vi x l Pentium ca
Intel hin nay l mt v d, bn vi gi 1. 000 ng nhng v mt
in t n tng ng vi mt my tnh ln gi vi triu la mi
ch cch 20 nm trc. Nhng thnh qu ca cng ngh ch to
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
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chip to kh nng cho k thut my tnh thm nhp su

rng vo x hi.
FAT
Vit tt ca file allocation table
Bng phn b tp, bng nh v tp Mt bng n trn a
mm hoc a cng dng lu gi thng tin v cch thc cc
tp tin c ct gi nh th no trong cc cluster ring bit,
khng nht thit lin nhau. Bng phn b tp dng mt phng
php n gin, rt ging cuc thu gom rc ca nhng ngi qut
ng, theo di du vt ca d liu. Trong khon mc FAT
i vi cluster u tin l a ch ca cluster th hai c s
dng lu tr tp . Trong khong mc FAT i vi cluster
th hai l a ch ca cluster th ba, c nh th tip tc cho
n khon mc ca cluster cui cng cha m kt thc ca tp.
V ch c duy nht bng ny cho bit cch tm d liu trn
a, cho nn DOS s thnh lp v duy tr hai bn sao ca FAT
phng mt b hng.
FILE Fragmentation
S phn on tp, (s) chia ri tp S phn b tp tin vo
trong cc sector khng lin nhau trn a mm hoc a
cng. C s phn on v c nhiu tc v xo tp v ghi tp
xy ra. Sau khi thnh lp v xo nhiu tp trn a, cc tp cn
li s khng cn nm trong cc cluster lin nhau. Ln sau cng ct
gi mt tp hoc ci t vo mt chng trnh mi, DOS s lu
tr cc d liu vo nhng cluster no cn trng gia cc
tp ang c mt. u t c/ghi s phi di chuyn trn nhng
on ng di tm kim v phc hi li mt tp b chia
ri vn ra khp mt a. Tc v chp lin s nng hiu sut
hot ng ca a ln n 50 phn trm bng cch ghi li cc
tp, sao cho chng c xp vo trong cc cluster lin nhau.
Defragmentation
S chp lin Mt th tc nhm ghi li tt c cc tp trn a
cng, sao cho cc b phn ca cc tp u c ghi trn cc
sector lin nhau. Kt qu s lm tng tc truy tm thng tin
trn a ln 75 phn trm. Trong qu trnh ghi bnh thng, cc
tp trn a cng b chia nh, v cc b phn ca tp nm ri
rc trn khp a cho nn lm chm cc tc v truy tm. Li
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
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khuyn : MS-DOS c trnh tin ch chp lin DEFRAG. Nn cho

chy DEFRAG mi thng mt ln tng hiu sut ca h my
m khng gy hi cho a cng.
DIP
Vit tt ca dual in-line package
Mt dng c ng gi v lp gn dng cho cc mch tch
hp. Chng hn, DIP l cch ng gp c a thch ca loi chip
DRAM. Loi v ny c ch to bng mt vt liu nha cng, bc
kn vi mch, cc u ra ca mch c ni vi nhng chn nhn
u, hng xung di v xp thnh hai hng thng song song.
Cc chn ny c thit k cm chc chn vo cm;
bn cng c th hn chng trc tip xung board mch in.
Bn nn ch :
Khng nn tho hoc lp cc mch DIP nu khng bit cch.
C th bn s lm cong hoc gy cc chn vi mch.
SIMM
Vit tt ca single in-line memory module
M un nh mt hng chn ( SIMM). Mt n v nh cm
bng chn cha tt c cc chip cn thit b sung thm 256
K, 1 M, hoc 2 M vo b nh truy cp ngu nhin cho my tnh
ca bn.
VESA
Vit tt ca Video Electronic Standards Association
-video standard:
Chun video Tiu chun i vi cc mn hnh my tnh, c
xy dng sao cho cc nh son tho phn mm c th d liu
c cch thc cc chng trnh ca h s xut hin trn mn
hnh nh th no. Trong lnh vc in ton c nhn tng thch
vi IBM, hu ht cc tiu chun video u do IBM thnh lp, tr
tiu chun Hercules Graphics Adapter. Cc tiu chun mi dng
cho mn hnh phn gii cao th ang c xy dng bi hip
hi Video Electronics Standards Association ( VESA) m IBM l
mt thnh vin. Nhng tiu chun video ph dng nht u c
kh nng tng thch ngc; chun EGA chng hn, c mt s ch
p ng vi hu nh bt k ch no loi c, k c HGA
( Hercules Graphics Adapter). Hu ht cc tiu chun video u
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K2-Tin Hoc
HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 22

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nm trong hai ch c bn : ch vn bn v ch
ha nh x bt. Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu tiu chun s hu ring
ca cc hng ni chung u dng cho cc mn hnh phn gii
cao trong cc ng dng c bit, nh a phng tin hay thit
k bng my tnh chng hn. Nu bn chn dng mt h video
c tiu chun s hu ring th phi ch c mt s chng trnh
ca bn c th s khng ph hp vi tiu chun
-VL-BUS
Mt tiu chun quy nh cc c trng v cc mt in, logic,
vt l, v c kh cc loi local bus tc cao (mt loi but m
rng ni trc tip vi b x l trung tm ca my tnh). Tiu
chun ny c hip hi Video
ALU
Vit tt ca arithmetic-logic unit
n v s hc-logic ( ALU) Mt b phn trong b x l trung
tm ( CPU) dng thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic c
bn trn c s cc d liu
CISC
Vit tt ca complex instruction set computer
My tnh c tp lnh phc hp
Mt loi n v x l trung tm ( CPU) c th nhn bit trn
100 ch lnh, tin hnh hu ht cc php in ton
mt cch trc tip. Hu ht cc b vi x l u l cc chip CISC.
Tuy vy, vic s dng cng ngh RISC ang ngy cng ph
bin hn trong cc trm cng tc chuyn dng, v hy vng s c
a vo trong my tnh c nhn vo khong gia nhng nm
90.
RISC
Vit tt ca reduced instruction set computer
My tnh dng tp lnh rt gn ( RISC) Mt loi n v x l
trung tm ( CPU), trong s lng lnh m b x l phi thc
hin, c gim n cc tiu tng tc x l. Cc b vi x
l nh Intel 80386 nhn bit tt trn 100 lnh thc hin nhiu
qu trnh in ton khc nhau, nhng nu chip c kh nng qun
l cng nhiu lnh th chy cng chm i vi mi lnh. Ys
nh ca cu trc RISC l rt gim tp lnh n gii hn cc
tiu, bng cch chn ring cc lnh c s dng trong hu ht
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HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 23

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Phm Quang Hiu
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thi gian, v ti u ho chng thc hin vi kh nng nhanh

nht c th c. Cc lnh li ngoi chip th phi c thc
hin bng cc lin hp chng vi nhau, nhng v cc lnh ny rt
t khi dng n, nn b x l RISC thng chy nhanh hn b x
l CISC cng loi n 50 hoc 75 phn trm. Cc b vi x l RISC
cng t tn km hn trong thit k, g ri, v ch to, v chng
t phc tp. Tuy nhin, vic n gin ho b vi x l t
mt gnh nng ln vai ngi lp trnh, v h phi phc hi li s
phc tp bng cch vit nhng chng trnh di hn. Ni chung,
s pht trin phn mm khng th biu hin cng mt xu hng
y n tng nh s tng hiu qu chng t r rng trong cng
nghip ch to phn cng - thm ch trong thc t cn ngc li.
Chi ph ca vic pht trin ca chng trnh ng dng mi ln
n mc tt c cc cng ty d l mnh nht cng khng dm b
ra kinh doanh. V l do , c mt s kin phn bc cho l
nn phc tp ho phn cng cho nhng ngi lp trnh c th
rt gn c cng vic ca h. Pht biu ny c th gy tranh
lun v cc b vi x l "bnh thng" hin nay (gi l cc my
tnh c tplnh phc tp, gi tc l CISC) ui kp cng
nng ca cc b x l RISC nhanh nht ca thi im mi ch
cch hai hoc ba nm trc. Tuy vy, cc b vi s l RISC c th s
tm c ch trng trong cc ng dng c mc ch c bit,
nh cc mch tng tc ho chng hn, m trong vn
tc c t ln hng u.
MFM
Vit tt ca Modified Frequency Modulation
Mt phng php ghi thng tin dng s ln mi trng t tnh, nh
bng v a, bng cch loi b nhng khu vc d tha hoc
trng. V phng php m ho d liu MFM lm tng gp i sc
cha so vi phng php iu tn ( FM) trc kia, nn ghi theo MFM
thng c gi l doulbe density (mt i-DD). MFM thng c dng mt cch sai lm m t cho cc b iu khin a
cng bnh thng, ph hp vi tiu chun ST- 506 /ST- 412. MFM l
phng php c dng gi d liu trn a v n khng ng
ngha vi cc tiu chun giao din a nh ST- 506, SCSI,
hoc ESDI
ESDI
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HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 24

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Phm Quang Hiu
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Vit tt ca Enhanced System Device Interface

Mt tiu chun giao din dng cho cc a cng. Cc
a theo tiu chun ESDI c kh nng truyn d liu vi tc
10 n 15 megabit mi giy, hai n ba ln nhanh hn so vi
chun giao din ST- 506 /ST- 412 trc y. Loi a ESDI
thc t khng cn trn th trng. Cc a IDE c tc
truy cp 12 ms hoc cao hn, v dung lng n 1750 M, u
c gi khng t, ng thi khng i hi bt k mch in
b sung no.
ST-506/ST-412
Mt tiu chun giao din ca a cng c s dng rng ri
trong cc my tnh IBM v tng thch -IBM. Cc loi a ny
(ngy nay khng cn) c tc chm v r tin hn so vi cc
a ng dng cc tiu chun giao din mi nh ESDI, IDE, v
SCSI. Cc phng php m ho MFM v RLL c ng dng trong
giao din ST- 506 /ST- 412.
IDE
Vit tt ca Integrated Drive Electronics
Mt chun giao din ca a cng dng cho cc my tnh
80286, 80386, 80486, v Pentium c hiu sut cao v gi r.
Chun IDE a hu ht cc mch in t iu khin vo trong
c cu a cng. Do , giao din IDE c th lp ngay trn
board m ca my tnh; khng cn c card iu khin hoc
khe m rng nm ngoi.
controller card
Card iu khin Mt b iu hp lm nhim v ghp ni cc
a vo my tnh. Hu ht cc card iu khin ca my
tnh c nhn u cha cc mch ghp ni cho mt hoc
nhiu a mm v a cng.
RLL
Vit tt ca Run-Length Limited
Mt phng php lu tr v phc hi thng tin trn a cng,
lm tng t nht 50 phn trm lng d liu c th lu tr c so
vi phng php mt kp. t c vic tng mt ny l nh
chuyn i d liu theo qui cch k thut s nn c th ghi vo
a t st hn. Tuy nhin, ch thc hin chuyn i c
khi c b sung thm nhng b phn in t phc tp cho thit
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HKTCN-ThI Nguyn 25

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Phm Quang Hiu
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b lu tr. Do cc a RLL t tin hn cc a MFM

cng loi.
ARLL
Vit tt ca Advanced Run-Length Limited
Phng php RLL ci tin. Phng php lu tr v truy tm
thng tin trn a cng cho php tng mt ca phng php
lu tr RLL ( Run-Length-Limited) ln 25 phn trm ng thi c
tc truyn d liu nhanh hn ( 9 Megabit mi giy)
CGA
Vit tt ca Color Graphics Adapter
B iu hp CGA
B iu hp hin th ho nh x bit dng cho my tnh tng hp IBM PC. B iu hp ny hin th bn mu ng thi vi
phn gii 200 pixel chiu ngang v 320 dng chiu dc,
hoc hin th mt mu vi phn gii 650 pixel ngang v 200
dng chiu dc. Card CGA c kh nng iu khin
cc mn hnh mu loi tn hiu tng hp v cc mn hnh loi
RGB, nhng phn gii km hn so vi cc b iu hp EGA v
VGA.
DA
Vit tt ca desk accessory
Dng c vn phng, dng c bn giy Trong giao din ngi-my
bng ha, y l mt b cc chng trnh tin ch dng
tr gip cc cng vic vn phng hng ngy, nh ghi cc iu cn
nh, thc hin tnh ton bng mt my tnh s trn mn hnh,
cp nht bng danh sch tn v s in thoi, v lm hin th
mt b lch trn mn hnh.
MCI
Vit tt ca Media Control Interface
Giao din kim sot cc phng tin.
Trong Microsoft Windows, y l cc pht trin a phng
tin, lm n gin ho rt nhiu cho cc nhim v lp trnh
cc chc nng ca thit b a phng tin nh Stop, Play, v
Record.

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