Eccentric Footings

CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 10
Example (11.1):
Design an isolated footing to support an interior column 25 cm 60 cm in cross section that
carries a dead load of 60 tons, a live load of 40 tons, a dead load moment of 15 t.m, and a live
load moment of 10 t.m (service loads and moments). Use
2
250kg/cm f
c
,
2
4200kg/cm f
y
,
( )
2
0 2 kg/cm . gross q
all
,
3
7 1 t/m .
soil
, and m . D
f
0 2 .
Note that there is no restriction on foundation projections on any side of the footing.
Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 50 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
/ 2 . 16 5 . 2 5 . 0 7 . 1 5 . 1 20 m t net q
all

Eccentricity m
P
M
e 25 . 0
40 60
10 15
+
+

Figure 11.10.a
Approximate footing area is given as:
( )
2
17 . 6
2 . 16
40 60
m
net q
P
A
all
req

+

Try 3.10 m 2.0 m 0.5 m footing
In order to have uniform soil pressure under the footing, the footing is to be positioned in such a
way to balance the given moment through shifting the centroid of the footing 0.25 m away from
the centroid of the column as shown in Figures 11.10.a and 11.10.b.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
( ) ( ) tons 136 40 60 . 1 60 20 . 1 P
u
+
( )
( )( )
2 u
u
t/m 94 . 21
0 . 2 1 . 3
136
B L
P
net q , as shown in Figure 11.10.b.

Figure 11.10.b
4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:
Average effective depth d = 50 7.5 1.6 = 40.9 cm
The factored shear force
( ) ( )( ) ( ) [ ] tons 44 . 121 659 . 0 009 . 1 0 . 2 1 . 3 94 . 21 V
u

( ) cm 6 . 333 9 . 40 9 . 40 25 60 2 b + + +
o

c
V is the smallest of:

Figure 11.10.c: Critical section for punching shear

d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+

=
( ) ( )( ) tons 22 . 157 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 333
25 / 60
2
1 250 75 . 0 53 . 0
,
_
+

d b ' f V
c c o

= ( ) ( ) tons 80 . 161 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 333 250 75 . 0
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o

,
_
+
= ( )
( )
( ) ( ) tons 61 . 301 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 333 250 2
6 . 333
9 . 40 40
75 . 0 27 . 0
,
_
+
tons 44 . 121 tons 22 . 157 V
c
>
i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.
5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:
a- In the short direction:
The critical section for beam shear is given in Figure 11.10.d.
( ) ( )( ) tons 41 . 51 1000 / 9 . 40 200 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

Maximum factored shear force
u
V is located at distance d from faces of column,
( )( )( ) tons 41 . 51 tons 87 . 47 091 . 1 0 . 2 94 . 21 V
u
<
b- In the long direction:
The critical section for beam shear is given in Figure 11.10.e.
( ) ( )( ) tons 69 . 79 1000 / 9 . 40 310 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
( )( )( ) tons 69 . 79 tons 69 . 31 466 . 0 1 . 3 94 . 21 V
u
<

Figure 11.10.d: Critical section for
beam shear (short direction)
Figure 11.10.e: Critical section for
beam shear (long direction)
6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
a- Reinforcement in long direction:
( )( )
( )
m . t 37 . 49
2
5 . 1
0 . 2 94 . 21 M
2
u

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
004067 . 0
250 9 . 40 200 90 . 0
37 . 49 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )( )
2
s
cm 27 . 33 9 . 40 200 004067 . 0 A , use mm 18 14 in the long direction.
b- Reinforcement in short direction:
( )( )
( )
m . t 04 . 26
2
875 . 0
1 . 3 52 . 24 M
2
u

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
001346 . 0
250 9 . 40 310 90 . 0
04 . 26 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )( )
2
s
cm 9 . 27 50 310 0018 . 0 A
central band reinforcement =
s
A
,
_
+ 1
2

= ( )
2
cm 88 . 21 9 . 27
200 / 310 1
2
,
_
+

Use mm 14 15 in the central band
For the side bands, ( )
2
02 . 6 88 . 21 9 . 27 cm A
s

Use mm 14 2 in the right side band, and mm 14 3 in the left side band.
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
For column,
( )( )( )( ) tons 136 tons 18 . 207 1000 / 60 25 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, ( )( )
2
5 . 7 60 25 005 . 0 cm A
s

The column is to be designed for axial force plus bending moment.
8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:
a. Reinforcement in long direction ( mm 18 ):
8 . 0 and 1
s e t

b
c is the smaller of:
, 4 . 8 9 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 54 . 6
2 14
8 . 1 15 200

, i.e.,
b
c = 6.54 cm
5 . 2 63 . 3
8 . 1
0 54 . 6
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
, take it equal to 2.5
( ) ( )
( )
cm 71 . 43
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 1 8 . 0
l
d

Available length = 100.0 7.5 = 92.5 cm > 43.71 cm

b. Reinforcement in short direction ( mm 14 ):
8 . 0 and 1
s e t

b
, 2 . 8 7 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 56 . 6
2 14
4 . 1 15 200

, i.e.,
b
c = 6.56 cm
5 . 2 69 . 4
4 . 1
0 56 . 6
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( )( )
( )
cm 0 . 34
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 4 . 1 8 . 0
l
d

9- Prepare neat design drawings, showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.10.f.

Figure 11.10.f: Design drawings

Example (11.2):
Design an isolated edge footing to support an edge column 70 cm 25 cm in cross section and
carries a dead load of 25 tons and a live load of 20 tons.
Use
2
/ 250 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, ( )
2
/ 5 . 2 cm kg gross q
all
,
3
/ 7 . 1 m t
soil
, and
m D
f
5 . 1 .

Figure 11.11.a: Footing dimensions
Solution:
Assume that the footing is 40 cm thick, shown in Figure 11.11.a.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
13 22 5 2 4 0 7 1 1 1 25 t/m . . . . . net q
all

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
3 . 1 3
3 . 0 20 25 6
3 3 . 1
20 25 +
t
+
net q
all

2 2
max
13 22 51 27 97 15 54 11 t/m . t/m . . . q > + (compressive)
2
min
43 4 97 15 54 11 t/m . . . q (tensile), as shown in Figure 11.11.b.
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
0 . 1 4
15 . 0 20 25 6
4 0 . 1
20 25 +
t
+
net q
all

2 2
max
/ 13 . 22 / 375 . 21 125 . 10 25 . 11 m t m t q < + (compressive)
2
min
/ 125 . 1 125 . 10 25 . 11 m t q (compressive), as shown in Figure 11.11.c.
Use 1.0 m 4.0 m 0.4 m footing

Figure 11.11.b: Net soil pressure Figure 11.11.c: Net soil pressure
( ) ( ) tons 62 20 60 . 1 25 20 . 1 P
u
+
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
u
0 . 1 4
15 . 0 62 6
4 0 . 1
62
net q t
2
max
u
t/m 45 . 29 95 . 13 50 . 15 q +
2
min
u
t/m 55 . 1 95 . 13 50 . 15 q , shown in Figure 11.11.d.

Figure 11.11.d: Critical section for punching shear and factored soil
pressure
( )( ) tons 72 . 53 559 . 0 8545 . 0
2
45 . 29 61 . 5
62 V
u

,
_
+

( ) cm b 8 . 226 9 . 30 0 . 25 45 . 85 2 + +
o

c
d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+

=
( ) ( )( ) tons 51 . 75 1000 / 9 . 30 8 . 226
25 / 70
2
1 250 75 . 0 53 . 0
,
_
+

d b ' f V
c c o

= ( ) ( ) tons 11 . 83 1000 / 9 . 30 8 . 226 250 75 . 0
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o

,
_
+
= ( )
( )
( ) ( ) tons 59 . 136 1000 / 9 . 30 8 . 226 250 2
8 . 226
9 . 30 30
75 . 0 27 . 0
,
_
+
tons 72 . 53 tons 51 . 75 V
c
>

Figure 11.11.f: Critical section for
The critical section for beam shear is shown in Figure 11.11.e.
( ) ( )( ) tons 42 . 19 1000 / 9 . 30 100 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
V is located at distance d from faces of column. The factored
shear force
( )( ) tons 42 . 19 tons 27 . 24 566 . 1 0 . 1
2
45 . 29 55 . 1
V
u
>
,
_
+

Increase footing thickness to 50 cm and check for beam shear. The critical section for beam shear
is shown in Figure 11.11.f.
( ) ( )( ) tons 71 . 25 1000 / 9 . 40 100 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

( )( ) tons 71 . 25 tons 72 . 22 466 . 1 0 . 1
2
45 . 29 55 . 1
V
u
<
,
_
+

i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting shear.
a- Reinforcement in short direction:
( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) m . t 78 . 0 1 . 0 3 . 0
2
55 . 1 92 . 9
4 2 / 3 . 0 55 . 1 4 M
2
u

1
]
1
,
_

+
( )( )
2
0 . 36 50 400 0018 . 0 cm A
s

Central band reinforcement =
s
A
,
_
+ 1
2

= ( )
2
40 . 14 36
100 / 400 1
2
cm
,
_
+

2
60 . 21 40 . 14 36 cm A
s

Use mm 12 10 in each of the side bands
b- Reinforcement in long direction:
( )( ) m . t 25 . 27 875 . 1 2 / 0 . 1
2
45 . 29 55 . 1
M
2
u

1
]
1
,
_
+

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
0045107 . 0
250 9 . 40 100 9 . 0
25 . 27 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )( )
2
s
cm 45 . 18 9 . 40 100 0045107 . 0 A , use mm 16 10 in the long direction
For column,
( )( )( )( ) tons 62 tons 72 . 241 1000 / 70 25 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
2
s
cm 75 . 8 70 25 005 . 0 A
a- Reinforcement in long direction ( mm 16 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s

b
, 3 . 8 8 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 17 . 4
2 10
6 . 1 15 100

, i.e.,
b
c = 4.17 cm
5 . 2 61 . 2
6 . 1
0 17 . 4
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( ) ( )
( )
cm 86 . 38
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 0 6 . 1
l
d

b- Reinforcement in short direction ( mm 12 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s

b
, 1 . 8 6 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 19 . 6
2 31
2 . 1 15 400

, i.e.,
b
c = 6.19 cm
5 . 2 16 . 5
2 . 1
0 19 . 6
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( )( )
( )
cm 14 . 29
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 0 2 . 1
l
d

Available length = 30.0 7.5 = 22.5 cm < 29.14 cm
Hook all bars at their ends to provide additional anchorage length.
9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.11.g.
As seen in this example, the design leads to a footing that is long and narrow. Either combined or
strap footing is a better solution for this eccentric case.

Figure 11.11.g: Design drawings


Design of Wall Footings
When a wall carries a uniformly distributed line load, wall sections along the length of the wall
behave equally. Consequently, the design of the footing can be based on a strip 1-m wide along
the length of the wall. Design of wall footings is summarized in the following steps.
According to ACI Code 15.7, depth of footing above reinforcement is not to be less than 15 cm
for footings on soil. Establish the required base width of the footing:
Width of footing is established by dividing the total service load by the allowable net soil
pressure.
2- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure.
3- Check footing thickness for beam shear in the transverse direction:
The critical section for beam shear is located at distance d from the face of the wall.
4- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement:
If a footing carries a concrete wall, ACI Code 15.4.2 specifies that the critical section for moment
be taken at the face of the wall. Main reinforcement is provided in the short direction while
shrinkage reinforcement is provided in the long direction of the footing.
5- Check for bearing strength of wall and footing concrete.
Both, flexural and dowel reinforcement lengths are checked for anchorage to prevent bond failure
of the dowels in the footing and to prevent failure of the lap splice between the dowels and the
wall reinforcing bars.
reinforcement.

Example (11.3):
Design a footing to support a reinforced concrete wall 20 cm thick as shown in !
. .a. The wall supports a service dead load of 10 t/m and a service live load of 7.5 t/m in
addition to its own weight.
Use
2
/ 300 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, ( )
2
all
,
3
/ 7 . 1 m t
soil
, and
m D
f
0 . 2 .

Solution:
2- Establish the required base width of the footing:
For a strip 1-m wide along the wall,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
all
t/m 36 . 14 5 . 2 3 . 0 7 . 1 7 . 1 18 net q
Total service load /m = 10 + 7.5 + 0.20 (1.7 + 3) (2.5) = 19.85 tons
2
req
m 38 . 1
36 . 14
85 . 19
A

Use B =1.4 m.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( )
2
u
t/m 16 . 19
4 . 1
82 . 26
0 . 1 4 . 1
5 . 2 7 . 4 2 . 0 2 . 1 5 . 7 6 . 1 10 2 . 1
net q
+ +

4- Check footing thickness for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 30 7.5 0.70 = 21.8 cm
( ) ( )( ) tons 0 . 15 1000 / 8 . 21 100 300 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
V is located at distance d from the face of wall,
( )( ) tons 0 . 15 tons 32 . 7 218 . 0
2
2 . 0 4 . 1
0 . 1 16 . 19 V
u
<
1
]
1

,
_

i.e. provided footing thickness is adequate for resisting beam shear.
a- Flexural reinforcement
( )
m . t 45 . 3
2
6 . 0
16 . 19 M
2
u

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
00195 . 0
300 8 . 21 100 9 . 0
45 . 3 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
300 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )
2
s
cm 25 . 4 8 . 21 100 00195 . 0 A
( )
2
min , s
cm 40 . 5 30 100 0018 . 0 A
use cm 205 @ mm 12
b- Shrinkage reinforcement:
( )( )
2
30 . 6 25 140 0018 . 0 cm A
s
, use mm 10 8
6- Check for bearing strength of wall and footing concrete:
( )( )( )( ) tons 82 . 26 tons 5 . 331 1000 / 100 20 300 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
i.e, use minimum dowel reinforcement, ( )( )
2
0 . 10 100 20 005 . 0 cm A
s

a- Flexural reinforcement ( mm 12 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s

C is the smaller of:
, 1 . 8 6 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or cm 5 . 7
2
15
, i.e.,
b
c = 7.5 cm
5 . 2 25 . 6
2 . 1
0 5 . 7
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( )( )
( )
cm 60 . 26
300 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 0 2 . 1
l
d

Available development length = 60.0 7.5 = 52.5 cm > 26.60 cm O.K
b- Dowel reinforcement ( mm 10 ):
To calculate required development length for mm 10 bars,
( )( )
cm l
d
18 . 18
300
4200 0 . 1 075 . 0

, or
( )( ) cm 48 . 18 4200 0 . 1 0044 . 0 l
d
, or
cm l
d
0 . 20
Available length = 30 - 7.5 - 1.2 -1 = 20.30 cm > 20 cm O.K
c- Reinforcement splices:
To calculate splice length for mm 10 bars,
( )( ) cm 66 . 30 4200 0 . 1 0073 . 0 l
splice

reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.12.b.

Figure 11.12.b: Design drawings

Example (11.1):
Design an isolated footing to support an interior column 25 cm 60 cm in cross section that
carries a dead load of 60 tons, a live load of 40 tons, a dead load moment of 15 t.m, and a live
load moment of 10 t.m (service loads and moments). Use
2
250kg/cm f
c
,
2
4200kg/cm f
y
,
( )
2
0 2 kg/cm . gross q
all
,
3
7 1 t/m .
soil
, and m . D
f
0 2 .
Note that there is no restriction on foundation projections on any side of the footing.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
/ 2 . 16 5 . 2 5 . 0 7 . 1 5 . 1 20 m t net q
all

Eccentricity m
P
M
e 25 . 0
40 60
10 15
+
+

Figure 11.10.a
Approximate footing area is given as:
( )
2
17 . 6
2 . 16
40 60
m
net q
P
A
all
req

+

In order to have uniform soil pressure under the footing, the footing is to be positioned in such a
way to balance the given moment through shifting the centroid of the footing 0.25 m away from
the centroid of the column as shown in Figures 11.10.a and 11.10.b.
( ) ( ) tons 136 40 60 . 1 60 20 . 1 P
u
+
( )
( )( )
2 u
u
t/m 94 . 21
0 . 2 1 . 3
136
B L
P
net q , as shown in Figure 11.10.b.

Figure 11.10.b
( ) ( )( ) ( ) [ ] tons 44 . 121 659 . 0 009 . 1 0 . 2 1 . 3 94 . 21 V
u

( ) cm 6 . 333 9 . 40 9 . 40 25 60 2 b + + +
o

c

Figure 11.10.c: Critical section for punching shear

d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+

=
( ) ( )( ) tons 22 . 157 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 333
25 / 60
2
1 250 75 . 0 53 . 0
,
_
+

d b ' f V
c c o

= ( ) ( ) tons 80 . 161 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 333 250 75 . 0
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o

,
_
+
= ( )
( )
( ) ( ) tons 61 . 301 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 333 250 2
6 . 333
9 . 40 40
75 . 0 27 . 0
,
_
+
tons 44 . 121 tons 22 . 157 V
c
>
The critical section for beam shear is given in Figure 11.10.d.
( ) ( )( ) tons 41 . 51 1000 / 9 . 40 200 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
( )( )( ) tons 41 . 51 tons 87 . 47 091 . 1 0 . 2 94 . 21 V
u
<
b- In the long direction:
The critical section for beam shear is given in Figure 11.10.e.
( ) ( )( ) tons 69 . 79 1000 / 9 . 40 310 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
( )( )( ) tons 69 . 79 tons 69 . 31 466 . 0 1 . 3 94 . 21 V
u
<

Figure 11.10.d: Critical section for
beam shear (long direction)
a- Reinforcement in long direction:
( )( )
( )
m . t 37 . 49
2
5 . 1
0 . 2 94 . 21 M
2
u

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
004067 . 0
250 9 . 40 200 90 . 0
37 . 49 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )( )
2
s
cm 27 . 33 9 . 40 200 004067 . 0 A , use mm 18 14 in the long direction.
b- Reinforcement in short direction:
( )( )
( )
m . t 04 . 26
2
875 . 0
1 . 3 52 . 24 M
2
u

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
001346 . 0
250 9 . 40 310 90 . 0
04 . 26 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )( )
2
s
cm 9 . 27 50 310 0018 . 0 A
central band reinforcement =
s
A
,
_
+ 1
2

= ( )
2
cm 88 . 21 9 . 27
200 / 310 1
2
,
_
+

2
02 . 6 88 . 21 9 . 27 cm A
s

Use mm 14 2 in the right side band, and mm 14 3 in the left side band.
For column,
( )( )( )( ) tons 136 tons 18 . 207 1000 / 60 25 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
2
5 . 7 60 25 005 . 0 cm A
s

The column is to be designed for axial force plus bending moment.
a. Reinforcement in long direction ( mm 18 ):
8 . 0 and 1
s e t

b
, 4 . 8 9 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 54 . 6
2 14
8 . 1 15 200

, i.e.,
b
c = 6.54 cm
5 . 2 63 . 3
8 . 1
0 54 . 6
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( ) ( )
( )
cm 71 . 43
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 1 8 . 0
l
d


b. Reinforcement in short direction ( mm 14 ):
8 . 0 and 1
s e t

b
, 2 . 8 7 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 56 . 6
2 14
4 . 1 15 200

, i.e.,
b
c = 6.56 cm
5 . 2 69 . 4
4 . 1
0 56 . 6
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( )( )
( )
cm 0 . 34
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 4 . 1 8 . 0
l
d

reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.10.f.

Figure 11.10.f: Design drawings

Example (11.2):
Design an isolated edge footing to support an edge column 70 cm 25 cm in cross section and
carries a dead load of 25 tons and a live load of 20 tons.
Use
2
/ 250 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, ( )
2
all
,
3
/ 7 . 1 m t
soil
, and
m D
f
5 . 1 .

Solution:
Assume that the footing is 40 cm thick, shown in Figure 11.11.a.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
13 22 5 2 4 0 7 1 1 1 25 t/m . . . . . net q
all

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
3 . 1 3
3 . 0 20 25 6
3 3 . 1
20 25 +
t
+
net q
all

2 2
max
13 22 51 27 97 15 54 11 t/m . t/m . . . q > + (compressive)
2
min
43 4 97 15 54 11 t/m . . . q (tensile), as shown in Figure 11.11.b.
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
0 . 1 4
15 . 0 20 25 6
4 0 . 1
20 25 +
t
+
net q
all

2 2
max
/ 13 . 22 / 375 . 21 125 . 10 25 . 11 m t m t q < + (compressive)
2
min
/ 125 . 1 125 . 10 25 . 11 m t q (compressive), as shown in Figure 11.11.c.
Use 1.0 m 4.0 m 0.4 m footing

Figure 11.11.b: Net soil pressure Figure 11.11.c: Net soil pressure
( ) ( ) tons 62 20 60 . 1 25 20 . 1 P
u
+
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
u
0 . 1 4
15 . 0 62 6
4 0 . 1
62
net q t
2
max
u
t/m 45 . 29 95 . 13 50 . 15 q +
2
min
u
t/m 55 . 1 95 . 13 50 . 15 q , shown in Figure 11.11.d.

Figure 11.11.d: Critical section for punching shear and factored soil
pressure
( )( ) tons 72 . 53 559 . 0 8545 . 0
2
45 . 29 61 . 5
62 V
u

,
_
+

( ) cm b 8 . 226 9 . 30 0 . 25 45 . 85 2 + +
o

c
d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+

=
( ) ( )( ) tons 51 . 75 1000 / 9 . 30 8 . 226
25 / 70
2
1 250 75 . 0 53 . 0
,
_
+

d b ' f V
c c o

= ( ) ( ) tons 11 . 83 1000 / 9 . 30 8 . 226 250 75 . 0
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o

,
_
+
= ( )
( )
( ) ( ) tons 59 . 136 1000 / 9 . 30 8 . 226 250 2
8 . 226
9 . 30 30
75 . 0 27 . 0
,
_
+
tons 72 . 53 tons 51 . 75 V
c
>

Figure 11.11.f: Critical section for
The critical section for beam shear is shown in Figure 11.11.e.
( ) ( )( ) tons 42 . 19 1000 / 9 . 30 100 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
V is located at distance d from faces of column. The factored
shear force
( )( ) tons 42 . 19 tons 27 . 24 566 . 1 0 . 1
2
45 . 29 55 . 1
V
u
>
,
_
+

Increase footing thickness to 50 cm and check for beam shear. The critical section for beam shear
is shown in Figure 11.11.f.
( ) ( )( ) tons 71 . 25 1000 / 9 . 40 100 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

( )( ) tons 71 . 25 tons 72 . 22 466 . 1 0 . 1
2
45 . 29 55 . 1
V
u
<
,
_
+

i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting shear.
a- Reinforcement in short direction:
( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) m . t 78 . 0 1 . 0 3 . 0
2
55 . 1 92 . 9
4 2 / 3 . 0 55 . 1 4 M
2
u

1
]
1
,
_

+
( )( )
2
0 . 36 50 400 0018 . 0 cm A
s

Central band reinforcement =
s
A
,
_
+ 1
2

= ( )
2
40 . 14 36
100 / 400 1
2
cm
,
_
+

2
60 . 21 40 . 14 36 cm A
s

Use mm 12 10 in each of the side bands
b- Reinforcement in long direction:
( )( ) m . t 25 . 27 875 . 1 2 / 0 . 1
2
45 . 29 55 . 1
M
2
u

1
]
1
,
_
+

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
0045107 . 0
250 9 . 40 100 9 . 0
25 . 27 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )( )
2
s
cm 45 . 18 9 . 40 100 0045107 . 0 A , use mm 16 10 in the long direction
For column,
( )( )( )( ) tons 62 tons 72 . 241 1000 / 70 25 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
2
s
cm 75 . 8 70 25 005 . 0 A
a- Reinforcement in long direction ( mm 16 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s

b
, 3 . 8 8 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 17 . 4
2 10
6 . 1 15 100

, i.e.,
b
c = 4.17 cm
5 . 2 61 . 2
6 . 1
0 17 . 4
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( ) ( )
( )
cm 86 . 38
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 0 6 . 1
l
d

b- Reinforcement in short direction ( mm 12 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s

b
, 1 . 8 6 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 19 . 6
2 31
2 . 1 15 400

, i.e.,
b
c = 6.19 cm
5 . 2 16 . 5
2 . 1
0 19 . 6
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( )( )
( )
cm 14 . 29
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 0 2 . 1
l
d

Available length = 30.0 7.5 = 22.5 cm < 29.14 cm
Hook all bars at their ends to provide additional anchorage length.
reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.11.g.
As seen in this example, the design leads to a footing that is long and narrow. Either combined or
strap footing is a better solution for this eccentric case.

Figure 11.11.g: Design drawings


Design of Wall Footings
When a wall carries a uniformly distributed line load, wall sections along the length of the wall
behave equally. Consequently, the design of the footing can be based on a strip 1-m wide along
the length of the wall. Design of wall footings is summarized in the following steps.
According to ACI Code 15.7, depth of footing above reinforcement is not to be less than 15 cm
for footings on soil. Establish the required base width of the footing:
Width of footing is established by dividing the total service load by the allowable net soil
pressure.
2- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure.
3- Check footing thickness for beam shear in the transverse direction:
The critical section for beam shear is located at distance d from the face of the wall.
If a footing carries a concrete wall, ACI Code 15.4.2 specifies that the critical section for moment
be taken at the face of the wall. Main reinforcement is provided in the short direction while
shrinkage reinforcement is provided in the long direction of the footing.
5- Check for bearing strength of wall and footing concrete.
Both, flexural and dowel reinforcement lengths are checked for anchorage to prevent bond failure
of the dowels in the footing and to prevent failure of the lap splice between the dowels and the
wall reinforcing bars.
reinforcement.

Example (11.3):
Design a footing to support a reinforced concrete wall 20 cm thick as shown in !
. .a. The wall supports a service dead load of 10 t/m and a service live load of 7.5 t/m in
addition to its own weight.
Use
2
/ 300 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, ( )
2
all
,
3
/ 7 . 1 m t
soil
, and
m D
f
0 . 2 .

Solution:
2- Establish the required base width of the footing:
For a strip 1-m wide along the wall,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
all
t/m 36 . 14 5 . 2 3 . 0 7 . 1 7 . 1 18 net q
Total service load /m = 10 + 7.5 + 0.20 (1.7 + 3) (2.5) = 19.85 tons
2
req
m 38 . 1
36 . 14
85 . 19
A

Use B =1.4 m.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( )
2
u
t/m 16 . 19
4 . 1
82 . 26
0 . 1 4 . 1
5 . 2 7 . 4 2 . 0 2 . 1 5 . 7 6 . 1 10 2 . 1
net q
+ +

4- Check footing thickness for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 30 7.5 0.70 = 21.8 cm
( ) ( )( ) tons 0 . 15 1000 / 8 . 21 100 300 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c

u
V is located at distance d from the face of wall,
( )( ) tons 0 . 15 tons 32 . 7 218 . 0
2
2 . 0 4 . 1
0 . 1 16 . 19 V
u
<
1
]
1

,
_

i.e. provided footing thickness is adequate for resisting beam shear.
a- Flexural reinforcement
( )
m . t 45 . 3
2
6 . 0
16 . 19 M
2
u

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
00195 . 0
300 8 . 21 100 9 . 0
45 . 3 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
300 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1

( )
2
s
cm 25 . 4 8 . 21 100 00195 . 0 A
( )
2
min , s
cm 40 . 5 30 100 0018 . 0 A
use cm 205 @ mm 12
b- Shrinkage reinforcement:
( )( )
2
30 . 6 25 140 0018 . 0 cm A
s
, use mm 10 8
6- Check for bearing strength of wall and footing concrete:
( )( )( )( ) tons 82 . 26 tons 5 . 331 1000 / 100 20 300 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
i.e, use minimum dowel reinforcement, ( )( )
2
0 . 10 100 20 005 . 0 cm A
s

a- Flexural reinforcement ( mm 12 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s

C is the smaller of:
, 1 . 8 6 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or cm 5 . 7
2
15
, i.e.,
b
c = 7.5 cm
5 . 2 25 . 6
2 . 1
0 5 . 7
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
( )( )
( )
cm 60 . 26
300 5 . 2 5 . 3
4200 8 . 0 2 . 1
l
d

Available development length = 60.0 7.5 = 52.5 cm > 26.60 cm O.K
b- Dowel reinforcement ( mm 10 ):
To calculate required development length for mm 10 bars,
( )( )
cm l
d
18 . 18
300
4200 0 . 1 075 . 0

, or
( )( ) cm 48 . 18 4200 0 . 1 0044 . 0 l
d
, or
cm l
d
0 . 20
Available length = 30 - 7.5 - 1.2 -1 = 20.30 cm > 20 cm O.K
c- Reinforcement splices:
To calculate splice length for mm 10 bars,
( )( ) cm 66 . 30 4200 0 . 1 0073 . 0 l
splice

reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.12.b.

Figure 11.12.b: Design drawings

Eccentric Footings

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Eccentric Footings

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CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 10

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