T chc y t th gii

----------------@----------------

hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii

v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu

Geneva Nm - 2003
T chc y t th gii

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Hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu

Geneva Nm 2003 2

Li cm n
T chc Y t th gii xin cm n chnh ph Luxemburg h tr rt nhiu trong vic bin son v xut bn ti liu hng dn ny. T chc Y t th gii cng xin cm n hn 240 n v, gm cc chuyn gia v nhng c quan quc gia ti hn 105 nc, nhn xt v gp cho bn d tho. Ngoi ra, vic son tho ti liu hng dn ny cng nhn c rt nhiu tr gip k thut ca cc c quan Lin hip quc, cc t chc quc t v cc t chc phi chnh ph. Xin c bit cm n cc thnh vin trong Ban t vn ca T chc Y t th gii v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu, c t chc ti Geneva, Thu S, thng 7/2003, xem xt bn d tho ti liu hng dn ny (xem ph lc 6), v cc chuyn gia tham d cuc hp T cng tc ca WHO t chc ti Geneva, Thu S, thng 10-2003 xt duyt v sa i bn d tho ti liu hng dn . Xin cm n gio s Harry H.S. Fong ca Trung tm hp tc thuc T chc Y t th gii v Y hc C truyn, khoa Dc i hc tng hp Illinois - Chicago, Illinois - Hoa K; gio s Jame E Simon thuc Chng trnh nng nghip v Cng dng mi v sn phm t cy c thin nhin, khoa Nu n trng i hc tng hp Rutgers, New Brnwck, New Jersey - Hoa K; v TS. Jacinto Ragalado thuc Vn thc vt Missouri, St, Louis, Missouri - Hoa K c cng son tho vn bn u tin. Sau cng, T chc Y t th gii xin cm n B Y t Canada nht l Cc Sn phm y t thin nhin, Chi nhnh Sn phm y t v thc phm, ng cai t chc v bo tr hi ngh khng chnh thc ca T chc Y t th gii v Phng php kim tra cht lng thnh phm t cy c, ti Ottawa,

Canada, thng 7-2001. Chnh hi ngh ny, tng bin son ti liu hng dn ny ln u tin c bn tho v xut. nh trang ba ca cun ti liu ny do TS. Setsuko Sekita, Gim c Trm nghin cu cy thuc Tsukuba, Vin Khoa hc sc kho quc gia, B Y t, Lao ng v phc li, Tsukuba, Nht Bn cung cp.

Li ni u
Trong hai thp k qua, thuc y hc c truyn, c bit l cc loi thuc ch t tho dc, c s dng ngy cng nhiu trn ton th gii. iu khng may l c ngy cng nhiu bo co v vic bnh nhn b cc hu qu c hi cho sc kho khi s dng cc ch phm t tho dc. Cc cuc phn tch v nghin cu cho thy c nhiu l do khc nhau dn n nhng vn bt li ny. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh ca cc phn ng c hi c bo co lin quan trc tip n cht lng km ca thuc t tho dc, bao gm c nhng nguyn liu tho dc. Ngi ta tha nhn rng vic bo m cht lng v kim tra cht lng cc loi thuc tho dc vn cha c quan tm ng mc. Theo ngh quyt WHA56.31 v y hc c truyn, cc nc thnh vin yu cu T chc Y t th gii cung cp tr gip k thut pht trin h thng phng php dng trong vic theo di hoc bo m an ton, hiu qu v cht lng sn phm, son tho ti liu hng dn, v khuyn khch vic trao i thng tin. T chc Y t th gii ban hnh mt lot cc ti liu hng dn k thut lin quan n vic kim tra cht lng cc loi thuc tho dc, trong s hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi 4

dc liu (GACP), l ti liu mi nht. Ti liu ny m t chi tit cc k thut, bin php trng v thu hi cy thuc mt cch thch hp, cng nh vic lu h s ti liu bao gm cc d liu v thng tin lin quan trong qu trnh ch bin cc loi tho dc. D c cc hng dn ni trn, vn cn kh nhiu khc bit gia hiu bit v thc hin. V d nh, tht kh lng hun luyn nng dn v nhng ngi khc cc c s sn xut, x l v ch bin nguyn liu tho dc. trong khi cc cng ty dc phm v nhng cng ty khc ang c gng p ng nhng yu cu v kim tra cht lng thuc tho dc, h khng th no buc nng dn, cc c s sn xut, x l v ch bin phi theo cc thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu. V th, vic hun luyn nng dn v nhng i tng khc l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng cn thc hin, p dng cc thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi, nhm thu c nguyn liu tho dc c cht lng cao. Vic kim tra cht lng c tc ng trc tip i vi an ton v hiu qu ca cc sn phm tho dc. Cc thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu mc d ch l bc u bo m cht lng, m an ton v hiu qu ca sn phm tho dc ph thuc trc tip vo , nhng cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v ti nguyn thin nhin cy thuc cho s dng lu di. Mi n nay, ch c Lin minh Chu u v mt vi nc nh Trung Quc v Nht Bn ban hnh ti liu hng dn cp quc gia v khu vc v cc thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu. Chng ti tin rng s c thm nhiu nc ban hnh ti liu hng dn ca ring h v vic kim tra cht lng cy thuc, trn c s ti liu hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii. Tuy nhin, cng cn nhiu vic phi lm trc khi cc ti liu hng dn ni trn c thc hin trn ton th gii, v cn c nhng 5

n lc hp tc ca cc c quan quc gia, bao gm cc ngnh y t, nng nghip, thng mi v cc vin nghin cu, cng cc t chc phi chnh ph gip chng ta t c mc tiu. TS. Xiaori Zhang, iu phi vin Y hc C truyn T chc Y t th gii.

Mc lc
Li cm n............................................................................... 2 Li ni u............................................................................... 3 Mc lc..................................................................................... 5 1. Gii thiu tng qut................................................. 8 1.1. Thng tin c s.................................................................. 8 1.2. Mc tiu............................................................................. 10 1.3. B cc ti liu.................................................................... 11 1.4. Gii thch thut ng......................................................... 12 1.4.1. Cc thut ng lin quan n thuc tho dc ................................................................................................. 12 1.4.2. Cc thut ng lin quan n cc hot ng nui trng v thu hi cy thuc....................................................... 14 2. Thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc......................... 15 2.1. Nhn dng/xc nh cy thuc trng............................... 15

2.1.1. Chn cy thuc ........................................................................................... 15 2.1.2. L lch thc vt ........................................................................................... 16 2.1.3. Tiu bn ........................................................................................... 16 2.2. Ht ging v cc loi vt liu nhn ging khc.................. 16 2.3. Trng trt........................................................................... 17 2.3.1. Chn a im ........................................................................................... 17 2.3.2. Mi trng sinh thi v tc ng x hi ........................................................................................... 17 2.3.3. Kh hu ........................................................................................... 18 2.3.4. t trng ........................................................................................... 18 2.3.5. Ti nc v thot nc ........................................................................................... 19 2.3.6. Chm sc v bo v cy ........................................................................................... 19 8

2.4. Thu hoch/thu hi............................................................... 20 2.5. Nhn s............................................................................ 22 3. Thc hnh tt trong thu hi cy thuc...................... 22 3.1. Giy php thu hi.............................................................. 23 3.2. Lp k hoch thu hi.......................................................... 23 3.3. Chn la cy thuc thu hi......................................... 24 3.4. Thu hi............................................................................... 25 3.5. Nhn s............................................................................ 26 4. Cc kha cnh k thut thng thng trong thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc v thc hnh tt thu hi cy thuc.......................................................................... 27 4.1. Ch bin sau thu hoch..................................................... 27 4.1.1. Kim tra v phn loi ................................................................................................. 27 4.1.2. S ch ................................................................................................. 27 4.1.3. 9 Lm kh

................................................................................................. 29 4.1.4. Mt s phng php ch bin chuyn bit ................................................................................................. 30 4.1.5. iu kin nh xng ................................................................................................. 30 4.2. ng gi v dn nhn.......................................................... 35 4.3. Bo qun v vn chuyn................................................... 36 4.4. Thit b............................................................................. 36 4.4.1. Vt liu ................................................................................................. 36 4.4.2. Thit k, xy dng v lp t ................................................................................................. 37 4.4.3. nh du phn bit ................................................................................................. 37 4.5. Bo m cht lng............................................................. 37 4.6. Lp h s.......................................................................... 37 4.7. Nhn s (ngi trng trt, thu hi, sn xut, x l, ch bin)......................................................................................... 38 10

4.7.1. Quy nh chung ................................................................................................. 39 4.7.2. Sc kho, v sinh c nhn v v sinh mi trng ................................................................................................. 39 5. Cc vn khc c lin quan.................................... 40 5.1. Vn o c v php l.............................................. 41 5.1.1. Quyn s hu tr tu v chia s li ch ................................................................................................. 41 5.1.2. Nhng loi b e do v c nguy c tuyt chng ................................................................................................. 41 5.2. S cn thit phi nghin cu............................................. 41 Ti liu tham kho...................................................... 43 Ph lc 1. Thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc Y hc C truyn Trung Quc, nc Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa............................................................................. 45 Ph lc 2. Mt s im cn lu lin quan n thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi nguyn liu ban u c ngun gc tho dc...................................................... 56

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Ph lc 3. Thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu (GACP), Nht Bn........................................................ 69 Ph lc 4. Vn bn mu v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi mt s cy thuc............................................. 76 Ph lc 5. H s mu v cc loi cy thuc trng.......... 80 Ph lc 6. Cc thnh vin trong Ban t vn ca T chc Y t th gii v Thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu trn thc a....................................................... 84

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1. Gii thiu tng qut 1.1. Thng tin c s S quan tm v cc h thng y hc c truyn c bit l cc loi thuc t tho dc, ngy cng gia tng ti cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin trong hn hai thp k qua. Cc th trng tho dc quc gia v th gii v ang tng trng nhanh chng, mang li nhiu li nhun kinh t. Theo Ban th k Cng c v bo tn a dng sinh hc, doanh s ton cu ca cc sn phm tho dc c tnh 60 t USD vo nm 2000. Hu qu l mc an ton v cht lng ca cc loi thuc tho dc ngy cng tr thnh nhng mi quan ngi ln ca cc c quan y t cng nh cng ng. Mt s s kin c hi c bo co sau khi dng mt s thuc tho dc, km theo mt s cch gii thch khc nhau, bao gm vic s dng thiu thn trng, s dng khng ng mt s loi cy thuc, pha trn vi cc loi thuc khc hoc cc ho cht b nhim cc cht c hi v cht khng c li cho sc kho m khng khai bo, dng qu liu, vic dng thuc khng thch hp do cc bn cung cp dch v chm sc y t hoc ngi tiu dng v tng tc vi cc loi thuc khc, gy ra tng tc thuc c hi. Trong s nhng nguyn do v thnh phm c cht lng km, mt s trng hp do s dng cc nguyn liu tho dc khng tiu chun cht lng. An ton v cht lng ca nguyn liu tho dc v thnh phm ph thuc vo cc yu t ni sinh (do di truyn) hoc ngoi lai (do mi trng, phng php thu hi, thc hnh trng trt, thu hoch, ch bin sau thu hoch, vn chuyn v tn tr). S thiu thn trng gy nhim do vi sinh vt hoc cc tc nhn ho hc trong bt c cng on sn xut no cng c th lm gim mc an ton v cht lng. Cc cy thuc thu hi t qun th hoang di c th b nhm ln bi 13

cc loi khc hay nhng b phn khc ca cy do nhn dng sai, nhm ln ngu nhin hay c tnh pha trn, tt c u c th gy nhng hu qu khng an ton. Vic thu hi cy thuc t nhng qun th hoang di c th lm ny sinh cc quan ngi v vic khai thc qu mc trn ton cu, trong khu vc v ti ch gy tr ngi cho vic bo v cc loi c nguy c tuyt chng. Cn phi xt n tc ng ca vic trng trt v thu hi i vi cc yu t mi trng v sinh thi cng nh li ch ca cc cng ng a phng. Tt c cc quyn s hu tr tu lin quan n cc nguyn liu ban u phi c tn trng. T chc Y t th gii hp tc vi cc c quan chuyn trch ca Lin Hip Quc v cc t chc quc t gii quyt cc vn ni trn. hp tc ny s c tng cng qua vic ban hnh v cp nht cc ti liu hng dn k thut c lin quan trong lnh vc ny. Cn c cc bin php bo m an ton cht lng khc phc nhng vn ny v bo m ngun cung cp nguyn liu tho dc cht lng tt, n nh, gi c phi chng v lu bn. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc thc hnh tt trong nng nghip c tha nhn l cng c quan trng bo m s an ton v cht lng ca nhiu chng loi hng ho thc phm v nhiu nc thnh vin ban hnh cc ti liu hng dn cp quc gia v thc hnh nng nghip tt i vi nhiu loi thc phm. Tuy nhin, vic kim tra cht lng trong trng trt v thu hi cy thuc lm nguyn liu cho cc loi thuc tho dc c th cn nhiu n lc hn na k c trong sn xut thc phm. C th v l do ny m ch c Trung Quc, Lin minh Chu u v Nht Bn trong thi gian gn y ban hnh cc ti liu hng dn v thc hnh tt trong nng nghip p dng cho cy thuc (cc ph lc1, 2 v 3 theo th t). V cc ti liu hng dn ca h c lp ra p ng cc yu cu ca tng 14

vng hay mi nc, nn c th cc ti liu khng p dng c hay cha c chp nhn trn ton th gii. Ti hi ngh khng chnh thc ca T chc Y t th gii v phng php lun trong kim tra cht lng cc thnh phm tho dc, t chc ti Ottawa, Canada t ngy 20 n 21 thng 7-2001, ton b qu trnh sn xut cc loi thuc tho dc, t nguyn liu n thnh phm, c xem xt. c kin ngh rng T chc Y t th gii nn t u tin cho vic ban hnh cc ti liu hng dn c th p dng ton cu nng cao an ton v cht lng ca nguyn liu tho dc bng cch ra cc quy tc v thc hnh tt nui trng thu hi cy thuc. D kin rng cc ti liu hng dn nh th s gip bo m c an ton v cht lng cng on u tin l cng on quan trng nht trong vic sn xut thuc tho dc.

1.2. Mc tiu Trong ton b bi cnh phi bo m cht lng, ti liu hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi cy thuc ch yu nhm cung cp hng dn k thut tng qut thu c nguyn liu tho dc cht lng tt cho vic sn xut lu di cc sn phm nh thuc tho dc. Ti liu ny p dng cho trng trt v thu hi cy thuc, bao gm mt s hot ng sau thu hoch. Dc liu th cn p ng c tt c cc tiu chun cht lng cp quc gia hoc khu vc. V th, ti liu hng dn ny c th cn c iu chnh cho ph hp vi tnh hnh ca mi nc. Cc mc tiu chnh ca ti liu hng dn ny l:

15

 Gp phn bo m cht lng dc liu dng lm nguyn liu sn xut thuc tho dc, nhm nng cao cht lng, an ton v hiu qu ca cc thnh phm tho dc; Hng dn xy dng cc ti liu thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu cp quc gia hoc khu vc v cc chuyn kho thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi, cc phng thc hot ng chun lin quan; Khuyn khch, h tr nui trng v thu hi cy thuc cht lng tt mt cch lu bn theo phng cch tn trng v h tr vic bo tn cc loi cy thuc v mi trng. Nn xem xt ti liu hng dn ny km theo cc vn bn v n phm hin hu lin quan n vic bo m cht lng cc loi thuc tho dc v bo tn cy thuc ( xem th mc tham kho di y bit thm chi tit), v d nh: - Thc hnh tt sn xut thuc: nhng nguyn tc chnh (2) - Thc hnh tt sn xut thuc: Hng dn b sung cho sn xut cc sn phm tho dc (3). - Phng php kim tra cht lng cc nguyn liu tho dc (4). - Hng dn thc hnh tt bo qun thuc (5). - Thc hnh tt trong kinh doanh v phn phi cc nguyn liu lm thuc (6). - Hng dn tng qut v phng php lun trong nghin cu v nh gi thuc y hc c truyn (7). - Hng dn v nh gi thuc tho dc (8).

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- Chuyn kho ca T chc Y t th gii v cy thuc chn lc (9, 10) - Hng dn ca WHO/IUCN/WWF v bo tn cy thuc (12) Ngoi ra, nn xem ti liu hng dn ny trong bi cnh ca cc ti liu hng dn v quy tc thc hnh c lin quan c ban hnh bi U ban nng lng quc t v T chc Y t th gii FAO/WHO v cc quy tc thc phm, c bit khi cc cy thuc c th b chi phi bi cc quy nh v thc phm theo mt s lut l quc gia hoc khu vc. V d cc vn bn quy tc v thc phm c th p dng cho cy thuc gm c: - Qui tc thc hnh thc phm: Nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm (13). - Hng dn cc Quy tc thc phm trong sn xut, ch bin, dn nhn v tip th cc loi thc phm sn xut hu c (14). - Quy tc thc hnh v sinh trong thc phm i vi gia v v cc loi cy c tinh du sy kh (15). Hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii v thc hnh nui trng v thu hi cy thuc, khng cp y v sn xut cc loi thuc tho dc hu c, v vy nn tham kho cc ti liu hng dn khc cp quc t, quc gia hay khu vc. 1.3. B cc ca ti liu Ti liu hng dn ny c chia thnh nm phn: Phn 1 gii thiu tng qut, phn 2 v 3 bn v cc thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc v thc hnh tt thu hi cy thuc, theo th t. Phn 4 phc tho cc phng din k thut thng dng ca thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc v thc hnh tt thu hi cy thuc, cn phn 5 xt n cc vn khc c lin quan. Phn 1 gii thch cc thut ng c lin quan c 17

dng trong ti liu hng dn ny. C 5 ph lc, bao gm h s mu v cc loi cy thuc trng ( ph lc 5) v mu vn bn v cc thc hnh tt nui trng cho mi loi cy thuc (ph lc 4), cng nh cc vn kin quc gia v khu vc v cc thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi cy thuc, ca nc Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa, Cng ng Chu u v vic nh gi dc phm, v hng dn thc hnh tt nui trng v ch bin dc liu ca Nht Bn (ph lc 1, 2 v 3 theo th t). 1.4. Gii thch thut ng Cc thut ng dng trong ti liu hng dn ny c nh ngha cc phn di. Cc thut ng v nh ngha c chn lc v b sung, t cc vn kin v ti liu hng dn khc ca T chc Y t th gii ang c s dng rng ri trong cc nc thnh vin ca T chc Y t th gii. S trch dn trong ngoc sau mi thut ng l ch v cc n phm, lit k trong ti liu tham kho, m thut ng c trch dn t . Cc nc quan tm phn kin ngh v thut ng ca cc thnh vin trong Ban t vn ca T chc Y t th gii v thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu trn thc a (Geneva, 7-9 thng 7-2003) xem xt khi no cc vn kin v ti liu hng dn c cp nht. 1.4.1. Cc thut ng lin quan n thuc tho dc nhim1 (2) S xm nhp ngoi mun ca cc tp cht c ngun gc ho hc hay vi sinh vt hoc cht l vo nguyn liu hoc sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh sn xut, ly mu, ng gi hay ng gi li, tn tr hoc vn chuyn. Nhim cho (2)
1

Cc thnh vin trong Ban T vn WHO v Tp qun tt trong nng nghip v Thu hi Cy thuc trn Thc a (Geneva, 7-9 thng 7-2003) kin ngh rng cng cn bao gm cc cht bn phng x vo mc nhim.

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Vic mt loi nguyn liu ban u, sn phm trung gian hay thnh phm b nhim t mt loi nguyn liu hay sn phm khc trong qu trnh sn xut. Thuc tho dc bao gm cc loi tho dc, dc liu, ch phm tho dc v cc thnh phm tho dc. (7) Tho dc (herbs) (7) Tho dc bao gm cc dc liu th nh l, hoa, tri (qu), ht, thn, g, v, r, thn r, hoc b phn khc, c th nguyn, ct thnh mnh nh, hay tn bt. Dc liu2 (Herbal materials) (7) Dc liu bao gm cc tho dc, nc p ti, nha cy, du nha, tinh du, nha thm v cc bt kh t tho dc. Ti mt s nc, dc liu c th ch bin theo cc phng php khc nhau nh : hp, sao, tm vi mt ong, ru, dm hoc cc nguyn liu khc. Ch phm tho dc (Herbal preparations)(7) Ch phm tho dc l nguyn liu c bn sn xut cc sn phm tho dc, bao gm dc liu, dc liu tn bt, dch chit, cao cn, du bo. Chng c ch to thng qua chit xut, ct phn on, loi tp hoc c thu hi dung mi bng cc phng php vt l hay sinh hc. Ch phm tho dc cn bao gm cc ch phm iu ch bng cch ngm un nng dc liu trong cn, dm v/hoc mt ong hoc trong nguyn liu khc. Sn phm tho dc (7) Cc thnh phm tho dc gm cc ch phm tho dc sn xut t mt hay nhiu loi tho dc. Nu ch t nhiu loi
2

Cc thnh vin trong Ban t vn ca WHO v thc hnh tt nng nghip v thu hi cy thuc trn thc a (Geneva, 7-9 thng 7-2003) kin ngh rng cng cn bao gm cc loi nha cy, cht bo, v sp vo mc gy nhim dc liu.

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tho dc, th cng c th gi l sn phm tho dc phi hp. Cc thnh phm tho dc v sn phm tho dc hn hp c th c t dc b sung vo thnh phn hot cht. mt s nc, cc loi thuc tho dc c truyn c th cha nhng hot cht hu c hoc v c thin nhin khng c ngun gc tho mc (v d: cc vt liu ly t ng vt v khong cht). Ni chung cc thnh phm hoc sn phm hn hp khi cho thm cc hot cht l ho cht, gm c cc hp cht tng hp v/hoc cc hp cht phn lp t nguyn liu tho dc, u khng c xem l tho dc. Nguyn liu tho dc, xem phn Dc liu. Cy thuc: Mt loi cy (mc hoang hay trng) dng lm thuc (3) 1.4.2. Cc thut ng lin quan n cc hot ng nui trng v thu hi cy thuc Cc nh ngha di y c ly t cc thut ng c trong phn ng gii do t chc Nng lng ca Lin Hip Quc (FAO) bin son, c sa i cho thch hp v c a ra ti thi im son tho ti liu hng dn ny3. Xi mn Qu trnh m nc hay gi di chuyn t t ni ny n ni khc. Cc loi xi mn l (1) xi mn b mt v khe - ni chung l s cun tri mt lp t mng ng u, hoc xi l t trong nhiu knh rch nh hoc s khot lm do nc ma hay nc thu li: (2) Xi mn dng mng, rnh - cc knh rch to bi lng nc chy tp trung sau nhng cn ma ln; (3) Xi mn tm thi - h lm do nc xi trong thi gian ngn theo ma, rng, su, v di hn mt khe, nhng cn v nh hn mt knh, rch; v (4) Xi mn do gi - gi mang bi v trm tch ra khi cc vng lng gi hoc t ma.
3

C th xem phn ng gii ny ti a ch: http://www.fao.org/glossary/

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Phi hp qun l su bnh (IPM) S phi hp thn trng mt s k thut hin c phng chng su bnh, ngn chn s pht trin cc loi su bnh v gi mc can thip bng thuc bo v thc vt v bng cch khc mc hp l v kinh t v an ton cho sc kho con ngi v mi trng. Phi hp v qun l su bnh ch trng n s tng trng lnh mnh ca nng nghip, bng cch khuyn khch cc c ch kim sot su bnh mt cch t nhin. Ging nguyn thu Mt dng ngun gen thc vt ban u em trng trt ca mt loi cy trng, thu t qun th hoang d v thng gm mt hn hp cc loi gen khc nhau. Ngun gen thc vt Vt liu nhn ging bng cch sinh sn hay sinh trng gm: (1) cc th (varieties) cy trng ( ging cy trng) khc nhau hin ang c s dng v cc ging mi pht trin; (2) cc ging cy trng thoi ho; (3) cc ging cy trng nguyn thu (ging nguyn thy); (4) cc loi mc hoang di, c quan h gn vi cc ging cy trng khc; v (5) cc gc ghp gen c bit (bao gm cc dng t bin ca cc ging cy hin ang trng v cc ging qu). Mm ging Mt b phn c th lm sn sinh mt cy mi bng sinh sn v tnh hoc hu tnh bao gm mm, chi l, v.v... Qui trnh thao tc chun (SOP) Mt quy trnh c bin son di dng vn bn c php s dng hng dn vic thc hin mt hot ng. S dng bn vng 21

S dng cc hp phn c tnh a dng sinh hc theo cch thc v mc sao cho khng dn n s suy gim tnh a dng sinh hc lu bn v qua duy tr c tim nng p ng nhu cu hin ti v tng lai. 2. Thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc Phn ny a ra cc hng dn chung v thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc, m t cc nguyn tc tng qut v a ra nhng chi tit k thut trng cy thuc cng nh m t cc bin php kim tra cht lng p dng. 2.1. Nhn dng/xc nh tn cy trng 2.1.1. Chn lc cy thuc Khi cn p dng, cc loi hoc cc th di loi thc vt c chn trng cn phi ng y nh loi c quy nh trong Dc in quc gia hoc c khuyn co trong cc ti liu quc gia ca nc s dng cui cng. Nu khng c cc ti liu quc gia va k, th nn xem xt vic chn loi hoc di loi n nh trong Dc in hoc cc vn bn ca nhng nc khc. Trong trng hp cc cy thuc mi c nhp ni, th cc loi hay di loi thc vt c chn trng cn c xc nh v lp h s nh loi thc vt c chn trng nh nguyn liu c s dng hay m t trong y hc c truyn ca nc xut x. 2.1.2. L lch thc vt L lch thc vt-tc l tn khoa hc (chi, loi, di loi, ging cy trng, tc gi v h) - ca mi cy thuc ang trng cn c xc minh v lu h s. Trong tng trng hp c th ghi c tn thng dng ti a phng v tn ting Anh. Cng c th a cc thng tin khc c lin quan nh tn ca ging cy trng, kiu sinh thi (ecotype), kiu gen (genotype) hay kiu ho hc (chemotype). 22

Vi cc ging cy trng c bn trn th trng, cn nu tn ca ging cy v nh cung cp. Nu l ging nguyn thy c thu thp, nhn ging, ph bin v trng trong mt vng no , th cn ghi vo h s dng tn a phng, bao gm xut x ca cy, ht ging gc hoc vt liu nhn ging. 2.1.3. Mu tiu bn Khi mt loi cy thuc c ng k ln u ti nc sn xut, hoc khi c l do nghi ng lai lch ca mt loi thc vt cn gi mu thc vt km cc ti liu n Vin Dc liu cp quc gia hay khu vc nhn dng. Nu c th, nn so snh kiu di truyn vi tiu bn xc nh. Cc ti liu v lai lch thc vt cn c lu trong h s ng k. 2.2. Ht ging v cc vt liu nhn ging khc Ht ging v cc vt liu nhn ging khc cn c nu c th nh cung cp ht ging v cc vt liu nhn ging khc, cn cung cp tt c cc thng tin cn thit lin quan n lai lch, cht lng v tnh nng sn phm ca h, cng nh qu trnh nhn ging nu c th. Vt liu dng nhn ging hoc trng trt cn c cht lng thch hp v cng sch bnh v khng b nhim cng tt, cy tng trng mnh kho. Vt liu trng trt phi c tnh khng hoc dung np c cc yu t sinh trng v c yu t khng pht trin. Ht ging v cc vt liu nhn ging khc dng trong sn xut hu c cn c chng nhn c ngun gc hu c. Cht lng ca vt liu nhn ging - gm c mm bin i gen - cn theo ng cc quy nh ca khu vc v/hoc quc gia c dn nhn thch hp v lu h s, ti liu. Cn thn trng trong loi b cc loi, th v ging cy trng ngoi lai ca cy thuc trong ton b qu trnh sn

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xut. Phi trnh cc loi vt liu gi mo, km cht lng hoc lai tp. 2.3. Trng trt Vic trng cy thuc cn thm canh v qun l cht ch. iu kin v thi gian cn cho vic trng trt ph thuc cht lng ca loi dc liu cn c. Nu khng c cc s liu v trng trt cng b hoc ghi trong ti liu khoa hc th nn theo cc phng php trng trt truyn thng nu phng php ny kh thi. Nu khng th phi t chc nghin cu. Cn thc hin ng cc nguyn tc canh tc tt, bao gm vic lun canh thch hp i vi cy chn, thch hp vi mi trng v vic lm t cn ph hp vi s pht trin ca cy v cc yu cu khc. Cn p dng cc k thut nng nghip bn vng (CA) nu thy thch hp, nht l trong vic tch lu cc cht hu c v gi m cho t. Nng nghip bn vng cng bao gm cc h thng khng cn lm t4. 2.3.1. Chn a im Cc dc liu c xut x t cng mt loi c th c cht lng rt khc nhau khi trng nhng i im khc nhau, do nh hng ca t, kh hu v cc yu t khc. Nhng khc bit ny lin quan n ngoi hnh hoc nhng khc bit v thnh phn hot cht m sinh tng hp ca nhng hot cht ny c th b nh hng bi cc iu kin mi trng, bao gm cc bin s v sinh thi v a l, cn c nghin cu v xem xt.
4

Nng nghip bn vng (CA) nhm bo tn, ci thin v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch hiu qu hn bng cch qun l phi hp cc ti nguyn sinh hc, t v nc sn c, kt hp vi nhng th khc t bn ngoi a vo. Cc k thut ny gp phn bo v mi trng cng nh tng cng v gip sn xut nng nghip c lu bn. Cng c th bo v mi trng cng nh tng cng v gip sn xut nng nghip c lu bn. Cng c th gi y l nn nng nghip s dng ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu vi hiu sut cao. Mun bit thm chi tit xin truy cp: www.fao.org/ag/AGS/AGSE/main.htm

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Cn trnh nhng nguy c lm nhim t, khng kh hoc nc bi cc ho cht c hi. Cn nh gi tc ng ca nhng ln s dng trc y ti a im canh tc, gm c vic trng cc loi cy trc v vic s dng nhng thuc bo v thc vt, nu c. 2.3.2. Mi trng sinh thi v tc ng x hi Vic trng cy thuc c th nh hng n cn bng sinh thi v c bit l tnh a dng di truyn ca h thc vt v ng vt trong mi trng sng xung quanh. Cht lng v s tng trng ca cy thuc cng c th b nh hng bi cc loi cy khc, sinh vt khc v bi nhng hot ng ca con ngi. Vic a vo canh tc mt loi cy thuc khng c ngun gc bn a c th c tc ng c hi cho tnh cn bng sinh hc v sinh thi ca khu vc. Cn theo di tc ng sinh thi ca cc hot ng trng trt theo thi gian, nu c th. Tc ng x hi ca vic canh tc i vi cc cng ng a phng cn c kho st trnh c cc tc ng tiu cc i vi vic lm n sinh sng ti a phng. Xt theo cc kh nng to thu nhp cho a phng th canh tc quy m nh thng tt hn l sn xut quy m ln, nht l khi nng dn sn xut quy m nh cng t chc bn sn phm ca h. Nu vic trng cy thuc quy m ln v ang c xc tin th cn thn trng sao cho cc cng ng a phng c hng li trc tip, v d nh mc thu nhp cng bng, c hi lm vic ng u v ti u t ngun vn. 2.3.3. Kh hu Cc iu kin kh hu, v d nh, thi gian chiu sng, lng ma (cung cp nc) v nhit trn ng rung, u nh hng ng k n cht lng cy thuc c v mt vt l, ho hc v sinh hc. Thi gian chiu sng, lng ma trung 25

bnh, nhit trung bnh, gm c cc khc bit v nhit ban ngy v ban m, cng c. 2.3.4. t trng t cn c lng thch hp cc dng cht, cht hu c v nhng yu t khc bo m cht lng v s tng trng ti u ca cy thuc. Cc iu kin ti u ca t, bao gm loi t, h thng thot nc, kh nng gi m, ph nhiu v pH phi thch hp cho loi cy thuc c chn v/hoc b phn tho dc cn c. Thng khng th trnh khi vic dng phn bn cy thuc t sn lng cao. Tuy nhin, cn phi bo m vic dng phn bn ng loi v s lng, qua nghin cu trong nng nghip, thc t l cc loi phn bn hu c v ho hc thng c dng. Khng c dng phn ngi lm phn bn do kh nng c mt cc vi sinh vt hoc k sinh trng truyn nhim. Phn sc vt (phn chung) cn c k t cc tiu chun v sinh, an ton v gii hn vi khun c th chp nhn v ngn chn c kh nng ny mm ca c di. Mi ln s dng phn chung u phi lu h s, nn dng cc loi phn ho hc c cc nc sn xut v nc tiu th chp nhn. Tt c cc cht dng bn u phi p dng mt cch tit kim theo ng nhu cu ca loi cy thuc v kh nng cung cp cc dng cht ca t. Cn dng phn bn sao cho trnh lng ph n mc ti thiu. Cc nh trng trt cn theo ng tp qun gp phn bo tn t ai, v gim thiu s xi mn, v d nh bng nh hng n cc hot ng sinh l, sinh ho ca cy v cn xt n s liu sn

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cch to nhng vng m trn v cc b sng, sui v trng cc loi cy bao ph mt t sn xut phn xanh (cc loi cy trng sau cy dp), nh c linh lng. 2.3.5. Ti nc v thot nc Cn kim tra v thc hin vic ti nc v thot nc ng theo nhu cu ca tng loi cy thuc trong cc thi k tng trng khc nhau ca cy. Nc dng ti cn ng tiu chun cht lng ca a phng, khu vc v/hoc quc gia. Cn thn trng bo m cy ang trng khng b thiu nc hay ng nc. Khi chn cch ti nc, phi xt n tc ng y t ca cc cch ti nc khc nhau ti cy trng (nhng dng ti nc khc nhau nh ti b mt, di mt t hoc ti phun), nht l nhng nguy c truyn bnh, nht thit phi k khai. 2.3.6. Chm sc v bo v cy Cc thc hnh qun l ng rung phi tu theo nhng c im tng trng v pht trin ca tng loi cy thuc cng nh b phn no ca cy nh dng lm thuc. Vic p dng ng lc cc bin php nh bm ngn, ngt n, ta cnh v che nng c th p dng khng ch s tng trng hoc pht trin ca cy, ci thin cht lng v s lng dc liu sn xut c. Mi loi ho cht nng nghip dng kch thch tng trng hoc bo v cy thuc cn c s dng mc ti thiu, v ch p dng khi khng c bin php no khc. Cn theo ng phng php phi hp qun l su bnh thch hp. Khi cn, ch c dng cc loi thuc mc ti thiu, theo ng nhn thuc v/hoc cc hng dn t trong bao b ca tng loi sn phm v cc yu cu quy nh p dng ca cc nc i vi ngi s dng cui cng. Ch c cc nhn vin

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c kh nng s dng cc thit b c s ph chun mi c tin hnh s dng thuc tr su v thuc dit c. Tt c cc ln s dng u phi lu h s. Khong thi gian ti thiu gia nhng ln x l ni trn v k thu hoch theo ng nhn thuc v/hoc cc hng dn t trong bao b ca mi loi sn phm bo v cy trng, v vic x l ni trn ch c tin hnh sau khi tham kho v c s tho thun ca bn mua cy thuc hay dc liu. Nh trng trt v nh sn xut phi theo ng cc gii hn ti a v lng tn d thuc tr su v thuc dit c theo quy nh ca cc c quan lut php s ti hoc cp quc gia trong cc nc v/ hoc khu vc ca c ngi trng trt v ngi s dng cui cng. Cc tho c quc t nh Cng c quc t bo v cy trng
5

v cc Quy

tc v thc phm an ton cng cn c tham kho, lin quan n vic s dng thuc tr su v lng tn d. 2.4. Thu hoch/thu hi Cn thu hi cy thuc trong ma hay khong thi gian ti u m bo sn xut c dc liu v thnh phm tho dc vi cht lng tt nht c th c. Thi gian thu hi ph thuc vo b phn dng ca cy thuc. C th tm c cc thng tin chi tit v vic n nh thi im thch hp cho thu hi, trong cc Dc in quc gia, cc bn tiu chun, cc ti liu chuyn kho chnh thc v cc b sch chuyn lun c bn. Ngoi ra cng cn quan tm n thi gian m cy trng tch lu c hm lng hot cht cao nht trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin cng nh thnh phn cc c t khng mong mun. Thi v thu hi tt nht ( thi v c cht lng cao v thi gian trong ngy) phi c xc nh sao cho khi lng v cht lng hot cht v nng sut ca b phn s dng t cao nht. Trong khi thu hi phi cn thn bo m khng
5

C th truy cp a ch Internet http://www.ippc.int/IPP/defult.htm bit thm chi tit v Cng c Quc t bo v cy trng.

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c tp cht, c di hoc nhng loi cy c c xen ln vo cc dc liu thu hoch. Nn thu hi cy thuc trong nhng iu kin tt nht c th c, trnh sng, ma hoc m qu cao. Nu thu hoch trong iu kin m t, th dc liu thu hoch cn c vn chuyn ngay n c s sy kh trong nh tin hnh sy nhm ngn nga cc nh hng c hi do m tng cao, to iu kin ln men ca vi sinh vt v nm mc pht trin. Cc thit b thu hoch v cc loi my khc cn c gi sch v iu chnh gim s thit hi v nhim do t v cc loi vt liu khc. Cn gi cc my mc, thit b ny ni khng b nhim v kh ro, hoc c s khng c cn trng, loi gm nhm, chim v cc loi gy hi khc, v trnh tip xc vi th nui v gia sc. Cng trnh tip xc vi t cng tt gim ti thiu lng vi khun trong cc dc liu thu hi. Khi cn, c th dng cc tm vi tri rng, tt hn l vi muslin sch lt gia cy thuc thu hoch v t. Cc b phn di mt t (nh r), th phi loi b mi t ct bm vo dc liu ngay khi thu hoch. Dc liu thu hi phi c vn chuyn ngay trong iu kin sch v kh. C th t dc liu trong cc gi sch, bao kh, xe moc, phu cp liu hoc cc ng thng thong khc v a n mt im tp trung d vn chuyn n c s ch bin. Mi ng dng trong thu hoch phi c gi sch, khng b nhim bi cc cy thuc khc thu hoch trc v tp cht. Nu c dng ng bng nha th phi c bit ch khng hi m tn ng v nm mc c th pht trin. Khi khng s dng, phi gi cc ng ny trong iu kin kh, ni c bo v khi nh hng ca cc

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loi cn trng, loi gm nhm, chim v cc loi gy hi khc, cng nh th nui v gia sc. Nn trnh mi va chm c hc hoc nn cht dc liu, v d nh do hu qu ca vic chng cht hoc dn qu y vo cc ti hay bao, c th lm cho dc liu b gim st cht lng. Cc loi dc liu b h hng cn phi c nh du v loi b trong khi thu hoch, sau thu hoch v ch bin, trnh nhim lm gim st cht lng sn phm. 2.5. Nhn s Cc nh trng trt v c s sn xut cn phi c hiu bit v loi cy thuc h ang trng hay ch bin. iu ny bao gm phn nhn dng thc vt, cc c tnh trong canh tc v yu cu v mi trng (loi t, pH v ph ca t, khong cch cy trng v v nh sng), cng nh cc phng tin thu hoch v tn tr. Ton b nhn s (gm c cng nhn ng rung) tham gia cc cng on nhn ging, canh tc, thu hoch v ch bin sau thu hoch trong cng tc sn xut cy thuc, cn gi v sinh c nhn ng quy nh v c tp hun v trch nhim m bo v sinh. Ch c nhng nhn vin c hun luyn, mang trang phc thch hp (nh o khoc ngoi, bao tay, m bo h, knh bo h, mt n) mi c s dng cc loi ho cht nng nghip. Nh trng trt v c s sn xut phi c hng dn v tt c vn lin quan n bo v mi trng, bo tn cc loi tho dc v l ngi qun gia nng hc cn thn. Xin xem chi tit phn 4.7. 3. Thc hnh tt thu hi cy thuc

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Phn ny m t cc chin lc tng qut v cc phng php c bn thu hi cy thuc trn quy m nh v ln. Cc tp qun thu hi phi bo m s tn ti lu bn ca cc qun th hoang d v mi trng sng xung quanh. Nhng k hoch qun l thu hi cn a ra mt khun kh n nh mc thu hi lu bn, v m t cc tp qun thu hi ph hp vi mi loi tho dc v b phn dng ca cy(nh r, l, qu....). Vic thu hi cy thuc to ra mt s vn phc tp v mi trng v x hi, cn c tp trung gii quyt ti a phng cho tng trng hp. Phi tha nhn rng nhng vn va k, rt khc nhau tng khu vc v khng th cp y trong ti liu hng dn ny. C th xem thm hng dn trong ti liu hng dn ca WHO/IUCN/WWF v bo tn cy thuc (12), hin ang c sa i bn ton din v vic s dng lu bn v bo tn cy thuc. 3.1. Giy php thu hi Ti mt s nc, phi xin giy php v cc giy t khc do c quan chnh ph v ngi ch t cp mi c th thu hi cy thuc mc hoang. giai on lp k hoch, phi dnh thi gian cho vic xem xt v cp cc giy php ny. Phi tham kho v tn trng cc lut l, quy nh trong mi nc nh Sch quc gia. Vi cc dc liu dng cho xut khu t nc thu hi, phi xin giy php xut khu, giy chng nhn kim dch thc vt, (cc) giy php theo Cng c mu dch quc t v cc loi c nguy c tuyt chng trong h thc vt v ng vt hoang d (CITES) ( xut, nhp khu), giy chng nhn CITES ( ti xut), v cc giy php khc, nu cn. 3.2. Lp k hoch thu hi

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Trc khi xut mt chuyn i thu hi, cn xc nh phn b a l v mt qun th ca loi cy thuc cn thu hi. Cn phi xt n cc yu t nh khong cch t c s n ni thu hi v cht lng hin c ca cc cy thuc cn thu hi. Khi xc nh c a im thu hi, cn phi xin giy php thu hi ca a phng v/hoc quc gia, nh nu trong phn 3.1. Cn thu nhp cc thng tin c bn v loi cn thu hi (nh phn loi, phn b, kiu hnh, tnh a dng di truyn, sinh hc, ti sinh, v thc vt dn tc hc). Cc d liu v iu kin mi trng, bao gm a hnh, a cht, th nhng, kh hu v thc b ti a im d nh thu hi cng cn c kho st v trnh by trong k hoch qun l thu hi. Cn tin hnh nghin cu hnh thi hc ca loi cy thuc s thu hi v tnh bin d ca cc qun th loi ny, a ra mt hnh nh phc ho ca loi. nh sao chp v nhng hnh minh ho khc ca cy thuc cn thu hi ly t ti liu v mu ti cc vin dc liu, cng nh cc thng tin v phn loi tho mc (tn thng gi hay tn a phng) ca loi v b phn tho dc cn thu hi, u l nhng cng c hu ch trn thc a, nht l i vi nhng cng nhn cha c o to. Cc c im thc vt v nhng tr gip nhn dng khc cng hu ch ti a im thu hi, khi tm thy nhng loi cng h hoc khng cng h nhng c c trng hnh thi tng t, chung mt ni. Cn phi sp xp trc phng tin vn chuyn nhanh chng, an ton v ng tin cy chuyn ch nhn s, thit b v hng cung cp cng nh dc liu thu hi. Cn tp hp mt nhm thu hi quen vi k thut thu hi tt, vn chuyn, v x l thit b v dc liu bao gm vic

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lm sch, lm kh v tn tr. Cn t chc vic hun luyn nhn vin nh k. Phi c vn bn n nh r trch nhim ca c nhn nhng ngi tham gia cng tc thu hi. Tt c nhng thnh phn tham d, nht l nh sn xut, c s mua bn v chnh quyn c trch nhim bo tn v qun l cc loi tho dc cn thu hi. Cn phi kho st tc ng x hi ca vic thu hi trn thc a i vi cc cng ng a phng, v tc ng sinh thi ca cc hot ng thu hi trn thc a cng cn c theo di. Phi lm th no bo m c s n nh mi trng sng t nhin v duy tr c nhng qun th bn vng ca loi c thu hi trong (cc) khu vc thu hi. 3.3 Chn cy thuc thu hi Khi p dng, loi hoc th thc vt c chn thu hi cn phi ng nh c nu r trong Dc in quc gia hoc c gii thiu trong cc ti liu khc v thuc tho dc c gi tr ton quc ca nc ngi s dng cui cng. Nu khng c cc ti liu quc gia ni trn, th phi xt n vic chn lc cc loi hoc thc vt nu c th trong cc Dc in hay nhng vn kin ca cc nc khc trong trng hp cc loi cy thuc mi c du nhp, cn phi xc nh v lp h s cc loi hoc th thc vt chn thu hi, nh loi vt liu ngun c s dng hay m t trong nn y hc c truyn cc nc xut x. Nhng ngi thu hi cy thuc v cc c s sn xut dc liu v thuc tho dc cn phi chun b tiu bn np cho cc Vin Dc liu quc gia hay khu vc c chng nhn l ng. Phi gi li cc mu tiu bn km h s trong khong thi gian ng theo yu cu, v bo qun mu trong iu kin thch hp. Cn ghi r tn ca nh thc vt hc hay nhng chuyn gia khc thc hin vic nhn dng thc

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a hay chng nhn. Nu loi cy ny t c cng ng bit, th cn lu gi h s v lai lch thc vt.

3.4. Thu hi Cc thc hnh thu hi cn bo m kh nng bo tn bn vng cc qun th hoang d v mi trng sng ca chng. Cn xc nh mt ca loi s thu hi, trong qun th, ti a im thu hi, v khng c thu hi nhng loi him. m bo kh nng ti sinh ca ngun dc liu, phi bo m duy tr c s lng loi cc cy thuc cn li trong qun th. Nhng k hoch qun l phi nu r loi no v nhng phn no ca cy (nh r, l, qu...) s c thu hi cng nh nu r mc thu hi v phng php thu hi. Chnh quyn hay c quan qun l mi trng c nhim v bo m rng nhng ngi mua dc liu thu hi s khng lm cho cc loi c nguy c b khai thc kit qu. Cn thu hi dc liu trong thi v hay khong thi gian thch hp bo m cht lng tt nht cho c nguyn liu v thnh phm. Mi ngi u bit rng hm lng hot cht thay i tu theo giai on cy tng trng v pht trin, tng t i vi cc cht c tc dng c trong cy bn a. iu ny cng ng vi cc thnh phn ca cy bn a c c t hay c hi. Cn xc nh thi im tt nht thu hi (ma hay gi trong ngy t nh cht lng), tnh theo cht v lng ca cc thnh phn hot tnh sinh hc hn l tng sn lng cy xanh ( cht xanh) ca cc b phn cy thuc. Ch nn p dng nhng phng php thu hi khng hu hi h sinh thi. Nhng phng php ny thay i tu theo loi. V d nh khi thu r ca cy ln hay cy bi, khng c ct hay o cc r chnh. V trnh lm tn thng r ca 34

cy to v cy bi. Ch nn xc nh v tr v thu hi mt s r bn. Khi thu hi v, th khng c bc vng quanh hay bc sch v cy; ch nn bc v thu v dy mt bn dc theo thn cy. Khng nn thu hi cc cy thuc trong hay gn nhng khu vc ang c nng thuc tr su cao hoc nhng cht nhim khc, nh l ng, mng thot nc, qung thi, bi rc, v cc c s cng nghip c th thi ra nhng cht c hi. Ngoi ra, cn trnh thu hi cy thuc chung quanh nhng ni ang chn th sc vt, gm c b sng, vng h lu ca cc bi chn th, trnh nhim vi khun t phn sc vt. Trong thi gian thu hi, cn c gng loi b nhng b phn no ca cy khng cn dng v tp cht, nht l cc loi c di c c. Phi loi b cc dc liu b phn hu. Ni chung, khng nn dc liu thu hi tip xc thng vi t. Nu dng cc b phn di mt t (nh r cy), th cn loi b bn t dnh vo ngay khi thu hi. dc liu thu hi cn c t trong gi sch, bao li, cc loi ng thng thong khc hoc vi lt, khng c tp cht, k c cc mnh cy thuc cn st li trong nhng ln thu hi trc . Sau khi thu hi c th cho s ch dc liu mt cch thch hp, gm vic loi b nhng vt liu khng tt v nhng cht nhim, ra ( loi b t ct cn li), phn loi v cht hay vt. Cn phi bo v cy thuc khi b cn trng, cc loi gm nhm, chim, v cc loi khc gy hi, cng nh cc th nui v gia sc. Nu a im thu hi xa c s ch bin, cn phi hong hay phi kh dc liu trc khi vn chuyn.

35

Nu cn thu hi nhiu b phn trn mt cy thuc, th cn thu gom ring tng loi hay tng b phn dc liu khc nhau v vn chuyn trong nhng ng ring. Lun lun trnh s nhim cho. Nhng dng c thu hi nh dao, ko, ca v nhng cng c c kh, cn c gi sch s v bo qun trong iu kin thch hp. Nhng b phn no trc tip tip xc vi dc liu thu hi, khng c dnh du m tha v cc cht nhim khc. 3.5. Nhn s Cc chuyn gia a phng ph trch thu hi trn thc a cn c trnh hc vn v thc hnh chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy v tho dc v c kinh nghim thc hnh trong cng tc thc a. H phi ph trch vic hun luyn cc cng nhn thu hi thiu s hiu bit y v k thut thc hin cc nhim v khc nhau trong qu trnh thu hi cy thuc. H cng c trch nhim gim st cng nhn v lp h s y v cng tc thc hin. Nhn s ti a im cn c tp hun y v thc vt v cn c kh nng nhn bit cy thuc theo tn thng dng v tt nht l theo tn khoa hc (La-tinh). Cc chuyn gia a phng phi ng vai tr lin kt, to s hiu bit gia nhng ngi t nhng ni khc n v cc cng ng v nhng ngi thu hi ti a phng. Tt c nhng ngi thu hi v cng nhn a phng tham gia thu hi phi c hiu bit v cy thuc cn thu hi v c kh nng phn bit loi cn thu hi vi nhng loi khc c cng h thc vt v/hoc tng t v hnh thi. Nhng ngi thu hi cng cn c hng dn v tt c cc vn lin quan n bo v mi trng v bo tn cc loi tho dc, cng nh nhng li ch x hi ca vic thu hi cy thuc mt cch lu

36

bn. Nhm thu hi cn c nhng bin php bo m c li ch v s an ton ca cng nhn vin v cc cng ng a phng trong tt c cc cng on thu mua v kinh doanh cy thuc. Ton b cc nhn vin phi c bo v i vi cc loi cy c c, gy vim da, nhng ng vt c nc c v nhng loi cn trng c mang mm bnh. Khi cn phi mang trang phc bo h, gm c bao tay. Xin xem chi tit phn 4.7. 4. Cc kha cnh k thut thng thng ca thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc v thc hnh tt thu hi cy thuc 4.1. Ch bin sau thu hoch 4.1.1. Kim tra v phn loi Dc liu th cn c kim tra v phn loi trc khi s ch. Cng tc kim tra bao gm: Kim tra bng mt xem c b nhim cho hay khng bi cc cy thuc v/hoc nhng b phn cy khng thuc loi cn thu hi. Kim tra bng mt loi tp cht. nh gi theo cm quan, nh hnh thc, mc h hng, kch c, mu sc, mi, v (nu c). 4.1.2. S ch Cc bin php s ch thch hp tu theo tng loi dc liu. Cn thc hin nhng qu trnh ny ng theo cc tiu chun, quy nh v ch tiu v cht lng quc gia v/hoc khu vc. Trong mt s trng hp, cc bn mua c th yu cu theo mt s th tc c th. Cc th tc ny cng phi ph hp vi cc yu cu quy nh ca quc gia v/hoc khu vc p dng ti nc ca bn mua v bn sn xut. 37

Cn phi tun th theo cc quy trnh thao tc chun mc ti a c th . Nu sa i quy trnh th phi c cc d liu kim tra y chng mnh rng cht lng ca dc liu khng b gim st. Cc nguyn dc liu thu hoch hay thu hi cn c bc d hoc b ra khi bao b ngay khi n c s ch bin. Trc khi ch bin, cn phi bo qun dc liu khi b nh hng ca ma, hi m v bt c yu t no c th lm gim phm cht ca chng. Ch em phi dc liu trc tip di nh nng, khi c yu cu c th. Cc loi dc liu phi s dng dng ti, th cn c thu hi v chuyn cng nhanh cng tt n c s ch bin ngn ln men do vi khun v gim phm cht do nhit. Nhng loi dc liu ny c th c bo qun ng lnh, trong bnh, l, hp ct, hoc bo qun bng enzyme hay nhng bin php bo qun thch hp khc, ngay sau khi thu hi v trong thi gian vn chuyn n ngi s dng cui cng. Cn trnh dng nhng cht bo qun. Nu c dng cc cht ny th phi theo ng cc quy nh ca quc gia v/hoc khu vc p dng cho nh trng trt hoc ngi thu hi v ngi s dng. Cn phi kim tra tt c dc liu trong nhng cng on s ch khi sn xut, v phi loi b mi sn phm km phm cht, hay tp cht bng phng php c hc hay th cng. V d nh, cn phi kim tra, sng lc, hay qut, loi b nhng loi dc liu b i mu, nm mc hay h hng, cng nh t, v cc tp cht khc. Cc loi thit b c hc nh gin, sng cn phi sch v thng xuyn bo dng. Tt c cc dc liu ch bin cn c bo v khi b nhim bn v phn hu, cng nh b su b, cn trng, loi

38

gm nhm, chim v cc loi su bnh c hi khc hay gia sc lm h hng. 4.1.3. Lm kh Khi dc liu c chun b s dng dng kh, th cn gi hm m ca dc liu cng thp cng tt, gim h hng do nm, mc v nhim do cc loi vi khun khc, c th tham kho Dc in hay nhng ti liu chuyn kho c uy tn khc bit hm m thch hp cho tng loi dc liu. C th lm kh cy thuc bng mt s cch nh phi m can (phi gi ch thong, rm, trnh nng); ri lp mng trn khung phi, trong phng hay nh c li; phi nng trc tip, nu thch hp; sy trong l/phng v my sy;sao; nng; ng kh; sy bng l vi sng; hoc thit b sy hng ngoi. Cn khng ch nhit v m trnh lm hng cc thnh phn hot tnh. Phng php v nhit s dng lm kh c th c tc ng rt ng k i vi cht lng ca cc loi dc liu. Tt hn nn dng phng php m can bo qun v gim ti thiu s i mu ca l v hoa; v nn nhit thp, nu dc liu c cha nhng cht d bay hi. Cn lu h s v iu kin lm kh. Khi phi cn ri dc liu thnh lp mng trn khung phi v thng o hay trn. khng kh lun chuyn tt, nn t khung phi cao thch hp so vi mt t. Cn c gng t c kh ng u cho dc liu trnh nm, mc. Nn trnh phi dc liu trc tip trn t. Nu dng sn b tng hay xi mng phi th phi t dc liu trn mt tm vi nha hoc mt loi vi hay tm tri thch hp. Cc khu vc phi dc liu cn cch xa cc loi cn trng, gm nhm, chim v nhng loi c hi khc cng nh gia sc.

39

Nu sy kh trong nh th cn xc nh thi gian, nhit sy, m v cc iu kin khc theo tng b phn cy thuc (nh l, r, thn, v, hoa...) v cc thnh phn d bay hi, nh tinh du. Nu c th, nn gii hn ngun nhit dng sy trc tip (la) ch gii hn trong mt s loi nh butan, propan hoc kh thin nhin, v gi nhit di 60oC.(6) Nu dng nhng ngun nhit khc th cn trnh vic cc nhin liu v khi tip xc vi dc liu. 4.1.4. Mt s phng php ch bin chuyn bit Mt s dc liu cn phi ch theo phng php c bit ci thin tinh khit ca b phn cy thuc s dng: gim thi gian lm kh; ngn nga h hng do nm mc, cc loi vi sinh vt khc v cn trng; loi b c tnh do mt s cht c c trong cy bn a; v tng hiu nng tr liu. Nhng cch thc hnh ch theo phng php c bit thng p dng gm c chn lc li, b v r v thn r, luc, hp, tm, ngm gim, chng ct, xng hi, sao, ln men t nhin, x l bng vi v thi thnh ming nh. Cc qui trnh ch bin gm to hnh dng, b, v lm kh theo cch c bit cng c th tc ng n cht lng dc liu. Dit khun dc liu (th hay ch bin) bng nhng phng php khc nhau, gm chiu x, phi khai bo v phi dn nhn trn dc liu. Ch c cc nhn vin c o to s dng cc thit b chiu x mi c thc hin cc thc hnh ni trn, v h phi tin hnh ng theo cc quy trnh thao tc chun v cc quy nh quc gia v/hoc khu vc ti nc ca ngi trng trt/thu hi v nc ca ngi s dng cui cng. Phi tun th cc gii hn v d lng ti a, theo quy nh ca cc c quan quc gia v /hoc khu vc.
(6)

Tham kho: Heber W.Youngken.Gio trnh Dc liu hc, n bn th 6 (16)

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4.1.5. iu kin nh xng Cn xem xt nhng yu t sau y khi thit lp mt h thng bo m cht lng, nhm p ng tt c cc cng on khc nhau trong sn xut, v a im sn xut. a im Tt nht, cc c s ny nn xy dng trong nhng khu vc khng c mi kh chu, khi, bi, hoc cht gy nhim khc, v khng b l lt. ng v khu vc xe chy ng v khu vc phc v cho c s, bn trong ranh gii hoc khu vc ph cn, cn lt cng thch hp cho cc loi xe c bnh. C cng thot nc v phi c quy trnh lm v sinh. Nh xng Nh xng phi c cu trc vng chc v c bo dng, tu b tt. Nhng khu vc c bi bn nh cc khu sy kh hoc xay, phi c cch ly i vi cc khu sch, tt nht l trong nhng to nh ring, trnh khng vt liu xy dng lm nhim dc liu. Khi xy dng hon tt, cc vt liu xy dng khng c thi ra hi c. Nn trnh dng nhng loi vt liu khng th lm sch v kh trng trit nh g, tr khi thy r chng khng phi l ngun gy nhim. Cn thit k nh xng sao cho: C khng gian lm vic v nh kho rng nhm thc hin c tt c cc hot ng mt cch thch hp; To iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng hiu qu v hp v sinh, bng cch iu tit dng lu chuyn trong cc khu ch bin t khi dc liu n c s, cho n khi dc liu ch bin v c ch i; 41

 C th khng ch nhit v m; C th cch ly bng cc tm ngn hay vt liu khc, nu qu trnh ch bin c nguy c gy nhim cho, c bit phi cch ly cc khu vc c bi bn (sy kh v xay) i vi cc khu sch; C th kim sot c li vo cc b phn khc nhau, khi cn thit; Ngn chn s xm nhp ca cc cht gy nhim nh khi, bi, ... t mi trng bn ngoi; Ngn s xm nhp v n np ca cc loi c hi, th nui v gia sc; Khi cn thit, c th che c nh nng trc tip chiu vo khu vc c bit. Cc khu x l dc liu Trong trng hp c bit, sn phi chng thm, khng ht m c th ra sch, khng trn trt v lm bng vt liu khng c, khng c khe nt, d lm v sinh v kh trng. Trong trng hp c bit, sn c th hi nghing cc cht lng chy vo cc cng thot gom ra ngoi. Trong trng hp c bit, tng vch nn c p vt liu chng thm, khng ht m, v c th ra sch, kn v khng c cn trng, sn mu sng, tng phi trn lng n mt cao thch hp d x l thao tc, , khng c khe nt, d lm v sinh v kh trng. Trong trng hp c bit, gc gia cc bc tng, gia tng v sn, v gia tng v trn nh, cng phi trt kn v p vt liu d lm v sinh.

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 Trn nh, cn thit k, thi cng v hon thin sao cho trnh t, bu tch t, gim thiu lng nc ngng t, pht trin nm mc, bong chc v d lm v sinh. Ca s v nhng khong trng khc cn c xy dng sao cho trnh bm t, bi, nhng khong m, cn gn li chn cn trng. Nhng li ny c th d tho ra c lm v sinh v bo dng. Cc ngng ca s bn trong nh, nu c, cn phi nghing trnh b s dng lm k. Ca chnh cn c b mt trn lng, khng ht m v c th t ng ng kn khi cn thit. Cu thang, bung thang my, v cc cu trc ph nh b ng, thang, mng trt phi c v tr v xy dng sao cho khng gy nhim cho dc liu. Cc mng trt phi c ca m kim tra v lm v sinh. Cc cu trc trn cao v nhng trang tr phi c lp t sao cho c th trnh nhim dc liu (c nguyn liu v dc liu ch bin) do hi nc ngng t v nh git, v cn c bo dng trnh nhim nu c b, v. Cc cu trc ny khng c gy tr ngi cho vic lm v sinh. Khi cn thit c th cch nhit, thit k v hon thin cc cu trc ngn bi bn tch t, v gim ti thiu tnh trng hi nc ngng t, pht trin nm mc v bong chc v d lm v sinh. Khu sinh hot, khu nh bp v phng n, phng thay qun o, phng v sinh v nhng khu nui ng vt, phi hon ton cch ly v khng c m thng trc tip vi cc khu x l dc liu. Cung cp nc Phi c sn ngun cung cp nc y , vi p sut mnh v nhit thch hp v cc tin nghi ph hp d 43

tr v phn phi, vi phng tin bo v thch hp trnh nhim. Nc phi c sn xut t nc ung, x l v bo qun sao cho d trnh nhim. Hi nc tip xc trc tip vi dc liu hoc vi b mt thit b cha dc liu, khng c cha cht c hi cho sc kho, hoc c th lm nhim dc liu. Nc cng nghip dng sn xut hi nc, ng lnh, phng chy cha chy v cho cc mc ch khc khng lin quan n cng tc ch bin, cn c dn trong ng cch ly hon ton, tt nht nn phn bit bng mu sc, khng gy nhim cho hoc r ngc vo h thng nc ung. Phi dng nc ung cho cc quy trnh ra v thanh trng t. X l nc thi v cht thi C s phi c h thng x l nc thi v cht thi v h thng ny phi lun lun c bo qun trong tnh trng tt v bo dng thng xuyn. Tt c cc ng ng nc thi (gm c h thng cng rnh) phi ln dn thot c lng nc thi ti thi im hot ng ti a, v phi c xy dng sao cho trnh nhim ngun cung cp nc ung. Phng thay qun o v phng v sinh Phi c s phng thay qun o v phng v sinh thch hp v v tr thun tin. Cn thit k cc phng v sinh sao cho m bo loi b cht thi hp v sinh. Cc khu ny phi c chiu sng y , thng thong v si m, nu cn. Cn c phng tin ra tay bng nc m, nc nng hoc nc lnh, cng vi ch phm thch hp ra tay

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v phng tin lau kh tay hp v sinh, t k bn phng v sinh v tr nhn vin phi i ngang qua khi tr li khu ch bin. Cc vi nc thao tc bng cn gt c chung hn v c c nc nng v nc lnh, nn lp t vi pha trn, nu c khn giy, phi cung cp s lng hp giy v thng cha giy thi cho mi phng tin ra. Phi dn thng bo hng dn nhn vin ra tay sau khi dng phng v sinh. Phng tin ra tay trong khu vc ch bin Nu quy trnh yu cu, phi cung cp cc phng tin v t ch thun tin ra tay v phng tin sy kh. Khi cn thit phi cung cp tin nghi kh trng tay. Phi cung cp nc m hay nng hoc lnh v mt ch phm ra tay thch hp . Cc vi nc lnh, nn lp t vi pha trn. Nu cung cp khn giy, phi cung cp s lng hp ng giy v thng cha giy thi gn mi phng tin ra. Phi lp t h thng ng thi c van chn dn n ch x. Phng tin kh trng Khi cn thit phi cung cp cc phng tin v sinh v kh trng cc cng c v thit b lm vic. Cc phng tin ny phi cu to bng vt liu chng r d lm sch v c gn ngun nc nng hoc lnh. Chiu sng7 Phi b tr chiu sng t nhin v nhn to sng trn ton b khu vc. Khi cn thit nh sng khng c lm i mu v cng phi ti thiu l: 540 lux tt c im kim tra. 220 lux trong phng lm vic.
7

Cc tr s ny c iu chnh t Lut Thc hnh Nguyn tc i cng v V sinh Thc phm (13).

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 110 lux cc khu vc khc. Thit b chiu sng v bng n treo bn trn dc liu bt k cng on ch bin no cng phi an ton v c bo v trnh lm nhim nguyn liu cy thuc trong trng hp b v. Thng gi Cn phi b tr thng gi ngn nga hi nng qu mc, hi nc ngng t, bi v loi b khng kh nhim. Khng c khng kh lu thng t ni bn n ni sch. Cc l thng gi phi c lp t mt mng lc li hay bao bo v khc bng vt liu khng r. Mng lc c th ly ra d dng lm sch. Tn tr cht thi v ph liu Cn phi cung cp tin nghi lu tr cht thi v ph liu trc khi mang i khi c s. Cc tin nghi ny phi c thit k sao cho ngn nga vt k sinh tip cn n cht thi hay ph liu v trnh gy nhim dc liu, nc ung, thit b v khu vc lm vic. Thng ng rc c ghi r phi hng ngy. 4.2. ng gi v dn nhn Nguyn liu cy thuc ch bin nn c ng gi cng nhanh cng tt ngn nga sn phm h hng v trnh tip xc khng cn thit vi cn trng tn cng to ra ngun nhim khc. Nn thc hin cc bin php kim sot cht lng lin tc trong qu trnh ch bin loi b sn phm km tiu chun, cc cht gy nhim v vt l trc v trong cc giai on ng gi sau cng. Nguyn liu cy thuc ch bin cn c ng gi trong cc hp, ti, bao hay cc ng sch theo quy trnh thao tc chun v cc quy nh quc gia 46

v/hoc khu vc ca nc sn xut v nc tiu th cui cng. Vt liu dng ng gi phi m bo khng nhim, sch, kh v trong tnh trng khng h hng v phi tun theo cc yu cu v cht lng i vi tng dc liu c th. Nguyn liu cy thuc d vn nt phi c ng gi trong ng cng. Khi c th, bao b s dng phi c ng gia nh cung cp v ngi mua. Vt liu bao b dng li cc ti ay v bao li phi lm sch (kh trng) v sy kh hon ton trc khi dng li, trnh b nguyn liu trc lm nhim. Tt c vt liu ng gi phi c bo qun trong mt ch sch v khng b su bnh v khng tip cn i vi gia sc v cc ngun nhim khc. Nhn gn vo bao b phi ghi r rng tn khoa hc cy thuc, b phn cy, ni xut x (a im, trng hay thu hi), ngy trng hay thu hi v tn ngi trng/ngi thu hi v ngi ch bin v thng tin nh lng. Nhn cng phi bao gm thng tin cho bit s chp thun cht lng v tun theo cc quy nh v dn nhn quc gia v/hoc khu vc. Nhn phi ghi s l sn xut. C th thm cc thng tin b sung v cc thng s sn xut v cht lng ca nguyn liu cy thuc trong mt giy chng nhn ring, giy ny phi gn vi bao b mang cng s l. Phi lu h s v bao b l hng, v phi bao gm tn sn phm, ni sn xut, s l, trng lng, s v ngy phn phi. H s phi c lu trong thi hn ba nm hay theo nh chc trch quc gia v/hoc vng quy nh. 4.3. Bo qun v vn chuyn Phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu t ni sn xut n ni bo qun ch bin phi lm v sinh gia hai ln bc

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d/vn chuyn hng ch ng gi. Phng tin vn chuyn nh tu hay xe, phi c lm sch, v nu cn thit phi c thng gi lm mt hi m nguyn liu v ngn nga s ngng t hi nc. Dc liu hu c phi c bo qun v vn chuyn ring hay theo mc bo m s hon ho ca chng. Phi p dng cc bin php an ninh thch hp cho vic bo qun v vn chuyn nguyn liu cy thuc c nguy c gy c hay c c. Khi c yu cu v nu c th, cy thuc ti phi c bo qun nhit thp thch hp, l tng l 2-80C, sn phm ng lnh phi c bo qun di 200C. Vic xng thuc chng dch bnh ch thc hin khi cn thit, v do nhn vin c giy php hay hun luyn thc hin. Ch nn s dng cc ho cht c ng k ti cc c quan quy nh ca nc sn xut v nc d nh s dng sau cng. Tt c vic xng ho cht v cc s liu s dng phi c ghi h s. Khi s dng hi lnh hay bo ho kim sot cn trng, phi kim tra m ca dc liu sau khi x l. 4.4. Thit b 4.4.1. Vt liu Tt c thit b v dng c dng ch bin cy thuc phi lm bng vt liu khng gy c, khng mi, khng v v khng thm, chng r v bn lm sch v kh trng lin tc. B mt phi lng v khng b r hay khe nt. Nn trnh s dng g v cc vt liu khc khng th lm sch v kh trng, tr phi vic s dng chng r rng khng phi l ngun gy nhim. Khng s dng cc kim loi khc nhau trnh khi chng tip xc c th gy r. 48

4.4.2. Thit k, ch to v lp t Tt c cc thit b v dng c phi c thit k v ch to sao cho ngn nga nhim v cho php v sinh v tit trng d dng. Khi cn thit c th tip cn chng kim tra bng mt. Thit b c nh phi c lp t sao cho d tip cn v lm v sinh d dng. Cc ng ph liu hay cht thi phi trnh b r r, ch to bng kim loi hay vt liu khng thm, phi d lm sch, phi chc chn v ng np. Tt c ni lm lnh nn c trang b thit b o hay ghi nhit . 4.4.3. nh du Dng c s dng cha cht thi hay dc liu b i phi nh du v khng c dng cho dc liu hu dng. 4.5. Bo m cht lng Vic tun th cc bin php bo m cht lng phi thng qua cc chuyn thm kim tra a im trng trt hay thu hi v cc c s ch bin ca cc chuyn gia chuyn mn i din ngi sn xut, ngi mua v vic kim tra ca cc c quan c thm quyn quc gia v / hoc a phng. 4.6. Lp h s Cc quy trnh thao tc chun phi c la chn v lp h s. Tt c qu trnh v quy trnh lin quan n sn xut nguyn liu cy thuc v ngy thc hin phi c ghi h s. Mt th d v h s trng trt c th thy trong ph lc 5. Cc loi thng tin cn thu thp bao gm : Ht ging v cc vt liu nhn ging khc; K thut nhn ging;

49

 a im trng hay thu hi; Lun canh ti ch; K thut trng trt; S dng phn bn, cht iu ho tng trng, cht dit cng trng v cht dit c; Cc yu t bt thng c th nh hng n cht lng (gm thnh phn ho cht) ca nguyn liu tho dc (th d, iu kin thi tit xu, tip xc vi cht nguy him v cc cht gy nhim khc, hay dch bnh); Thu hoch hay thu hi; Cc cng on ch bin; Vn chuyn; Tn tr; S dng ho cht xng. Cn lp v bo qun tt cc tiu bn thc vt xc nh tn cy thuc v s dng i chiu. Khi c th, nn lp mt h s bng nh (gm phim, video, hay nh s) v a im trng trt, thu hi v cc cy thuc ang c trng trt hay thu hi. Cn phi lu h s tt c hp ng gia ngi trng hay ngi thu hi, ngi ch bin v ngi mua, v cc hp ng s hu tr tu v phn chia li nhun. S l sn xut phi ghi c th v phi phn bit r l ca mi khu trng hay thu hi. Vic nh s l phi thc hin vo giai on sn xut. Nguyn liu thu hi v trng trt phi mang s l khc nhau.

50

Khi cn thit, phi lp h s kt qu kim tra trong mt bo co kim tra bao gm bn sao ca tt c ti liu, bo co phn tch v cc quy nh quc gia v / hoc khu vc, v c lu tr theo yu cu ca tng nc / khu vc. 4.7. Nhn s (ngi trng, ngi thu hi, ngi sn xut, ngi vn chuyn, ngi ch bin) 4.7.1. i cng Tt c nhn vin phi c hun luyn v thc vt v nng nghip hay thu hi. Tt c nhn vin s dng ho cht nng nghip cn c hun luyn v cng dng ca chng. Nhng ngi sn xut v nhng ngi thu hi cn c hun luyn v c kin thc v thu hoch v cc k thut dng bo qun v bo v cy trng. Mun trnh nguyn liu cy thuc b h hng trong cc giai on vn chuyn sau thu hoch v s ch, tt c nhn s tham gia cn c hun luyn tt. Nhn vin cn c hun luyn k thut lin quan v bo v mi trng, bo tn ging cy trng, qun l th nhng v kim sot xi mn t. Vic ngn nga s suy thoi mi trng l mt iu kin thit yu bo m vic s dng bn vng cc ti nguyn cy thuc. Phi tn trng cc quy nh quc gia v/hoc khu vc trong vic tuyn dng nhn vin cho tt c giai on sn xut nguyn liu cy thuc. 4.7.2. Sc kho, v sinh v v sinh mi trng Ton b cng on sn xut nh trng trt v thu hi phi tun theo cc quy nh quc gia v / hoc khu vc v an ton, sc kho, v sinh v v sinh mi trng.

51

Tt c ai tham gia vn chuyn v ch bin cy thuc thu hi hay trng trt phi tun theo cc quy nh v sinh ca quc gia v / hoc khu vc trong ton b quy trnh ch bin. Tt c nhn vin phi c bo v trnh tip xc vi tho dc c hay c kh nng gy d ng bng o qun bo v, k c gng tay. Tnh trng sc kho Tt c nhn vin bit, hay nghi ng, l ang mang mm bnh hoc b au yu c th ly truyn sang cy thuc, khng c php vo khu vc thu hoch, sn xut hay ch bin, khi thy c kh nng h lm ly nhim nguyn liu. Ngi no b bnh hay c triu chng au yu phi bo co cho b phn qun l ngay. Phi thc hin khm nghim y t nu c du hiu v bnh l hay dch t. au yu, tn thng Tt c nhn vin c vt thng cha lnh, b vim hay bnh ngoi da phi tm hon cng vic hay buc mc o qun bo v v mang gng tay cho n khi phc hi hon ton. Nhng ngi b bnh truyn nhim qua khng kh hay thc n, k c bnh l hay tiu chy, phi ngng cng tc trong tt c khu vc sn xut v ch bin, theo quy nh a phng v/hoc quc gia. Tnh trng sc kho phi bo co cho b phn qun l xem xt khm nghim y khoa v/hoc c th ngng vn chuyn nguyn liu cy thuc gm: bnh vng da, tiu chy, nn ma, st, rt hng c st, cc thng tn thy c (phng, t, v.v...) v cc cht loi thi t tai, mi hay mt. Nhn vin no c vt t hay vt thng v c php tip

52

tc lm vic phi bng b vt thng li bng bng khng thm nc. V sinh c nhn Nhn vin x l dc liu phi duy tr mc cao v v sinh c nhn, mc o qun bo v thch hp v mang gng tay, k c nn v giy. Nhn vin phi lun ra tay lc bt u cc hot ng x l, khi i v sinh, v sau khi x l nguyn liu hay vt liu nhim. Hnh vi c nhn Khng cho php ht thuc v n trong khu vc ch bin cy thuc. Nhn vin x l nguyn liu phi hn ch cc hnh vi c th gy nhim, th d, khc nh, ht hi hay ho trn nguyn liu khng c che y. T trang nh n trang, ng h v cc th khc khng nn mang hay a vo khu vc nguyn liu nu chng lm nh hng s an ton hay phm cht ca dc liu. Khch tham quan Khch n thm cc khu vc ch bin v x l phi mc o qun bo h v tun theo cc quy nh v sinh c nhn ni trn. 5. Cc vn lin quan khc 5.1. Cc vn v o c v php l cn c quan tm Vic trng trt, thu hi v thu hoch cy thuc cng nh vic ch bin cy thuc sau thu hoch phi c thc hin theo cc iu kin php l v mi trng v theo cc lut hay chun mc o c ca cng ng v quc gia m trong

53

 cc hot ng ang din ra. Cc iu khon ca Quy c v tnh a dng sinh hc phi c tn trng. 5.1.1. Quyn s hu tr tu v chia s li ch Cc tho thun v vic tr li cc li ch trc mt v/hoc lu di v vic n b s dng ngun nguyn liu cy thuc phi c tho thun bng vn bn, trc khi thu hi hay trng trt. Hp ng trng cy thuc bng nhn ging t cy thuc bn a c th c cc mc khc nhau v quyn s hu. Vn quyn tip cn ti nguyn di truyn cng phc tp hn, nht l nu cc vt liu nhn ging l mt mt hng bun bn quc t, tn ti lu i v khng c ngun gc bn a i vi nc xut x. 5.1.2. Cc loi b e do v c nguy c tuyt chng Cc cy thuc ang c lut php quc gia v quc t bo v, nh nhng cy c lit k trong danh Sch ca quc gia, ch c th c thu hi khi c giy php theo lut php quc gia v / hoc quc t, phi tun th cc iu khon Quy c quc t v kinh doanh cc loi ng, thc vt hoang d c nguy c tuyt chng(CITES). Vic xc nh ngun ca cc loi cy thuc c nguy c tuyt chng phi tun theo vn bn php lut quc gia v / hoc khu vc. Vic thu hi dc liu t cc loi cy b e do c nguy c tuyt chng, gp nguy him hay c bo v thng qua vic trng trt, cn phi c cc ti liu cn thit i km theo ng nh quy nh quc gia v / hoc khu vc, xc nhn rng cc dc liu nh vy khng c thu hi t hoang d. 5.2. S cn thit phi nghin cu Cn c mt bn danh lc quc gia v / hoc khu vc v cc cy thuc c th gip nhn bit d dng cc cy thuc c cng ng s dng (gm cc loi c nguy c tuyt 54

chng), c phc ho s phn b v nh gi s phong ph ngun dc liu . N cng c th dng nh mt cng c x l cc nghi vn lin quan n cc vn v quyn s hu tr tu. Cc quc gia thnh vin nn thit lp cc bn danh mc . Nghin cu l mt nhu cu ln nng cao hiu bit nng hc ca cy thuc trng, nng cao s trao i thng tin v sn xut nng nghip v iu tra tc ng x hi v mi trng ca vic trng trt v thu hi cy thuc. Phi xy dng cc phiu d liu v cc ti liu chuyn kho v cy thuc c tnh n hon cnh c bit ca cc vng v cc nc. Cc ti liu thng tin c th l nhng cng c hu ch thc y k thut pht trin cy thuc, l ti liu tp hun v o to hu ch cho ngi trng v ngi thu hi cy thuc a phng.

55

Cc ti liu tham kho Th mc 1) Chin lc Y hc C truyn: 2002 2005. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 2002 (ti liu WHO / EDM/TRM/2002.1). 2) Thc hnh tt sn xut thuc: Cc nguyn tc chnh trong : WHO Chuyn mn v nhng quy nh cho sn phm dc. Bo co th ba mi by. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 2003, ph lc 4 ( WHO Bo co k thut, s 908). 3) Thc hnh sn xut tt: Hng dn b sung v sn xut sn phm tho dc. WHO U ban Chuyn mn v nhng quy nh cho cc sn phm dc. Bo co ba mi bn. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 1996. Ph lc 8 (WHO Bo co k thut, s 863). (Cc hng dn ny bao gm: Bo m cht lng Dc phm: th mc cc hng dn v ti liu lin quan, quyn 2: Thc hnh tt sn xut v kim tra cht lng, Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 1999). 4) Phng php kim tra cht lng nguyn liu cy thuc. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 1998. 5) Hng dn thc hnh tt bo qun thuc. Trong WHO U ban chuyn mn v nhng quy nh cho cc sn phm dc. Bo co th ba mi by Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 2003 ph lc 9 (WHO Bo co k thut, s 908). 6) Thc hnh tt kinh doanh v phn phi (GTDP) i vi nguyn liu lm thuc. WHO U ban chuyn mn v nhng quy nh cho cc sn phm dc. Bo co th ba mi tm. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, ph lc 2 (WHO Bo co k thut). 7) Hng dn tng qut v phng php lun i vi nghin cu v nh gi thuc y hc c truyn, Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 2000 (Ti liu WHO/EDM/TRM/2000.1). 56

8) Hng dn nh gi thuc tho dc. WHO U ban chuyn mn v nhng quy nh cho cc sn phm dc. Bo co th ba mi bn. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 1996, ph lc 11 (WHO Bo co k thut, s 863). (Cc hng dn ny cng bao gm bo m phm cht dc phm. Mt th mc cc hng dn v ti liu lin quan quyn 1. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 1997). 9) WHO Nhng chuyn kho v cy thuc chn lc, quyn 1, Geneva, T chc Y t th gii 1999. 10) WHO Nhng chuyn kho v cy thuc chn lc, quyn 2 Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 2002. 11) Bo co hi tho lin vng v quyn s hu tr tu trong Y hc c truyn, Bangkok, Thailand, 6-8 thng 12, 2000. Geneva, T chc Y t th gii, 2001 (ti liu tham kho WHO/EDM/TRM/2001.1). 12) WHO/IUCN/WWF Hng dn v bo tn cy thuc. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN - Hip hi bo tn th gii (tn c l u ban quc t bo tn thin nhin v ti nguyn thin nhin), 1993 (hin ang c cp nht). 13) Lut thc hnh Codex Alimentatius - Cc nguyn tc tng qut v v sinh an ton thc phm, n bn th 2, Rome, Chng trnh tiu chun thc phm 2001 (ti liu Codex Alimentarius GL 33). 14) Hng dn Codex Alimentatius v sn xut, ch bin, dn nhn v tip th thc phm hu c. Rome, Chng trnh tiu chun thc phm lin kt FAO/WHO, 2001 (ti liu Codex Alimentarius GL32 1999, ti bn 1-2001). 15) Lut Codex Alimentatius v thc hnh an ton v sinh cho gia v v cy hng liu. Rome, Chng trnh tiu FAO/WHO,

57

chun

thc

phm

FAO/WHO,

1995

(ti

liu

Codex

Alimentarius CAC/RCP 42-1995). 16) Youngken, HW. Sch Gio khoa Dc liu, n phm xut bn ln th 6, Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1950. 17) Ykuji Nippo, 1992 2001 Trng trt cy thuc v kim sot cht lng. quyn 1-10. Tokyo. B Y t, Lao ng v an sinh (ting Nht).

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Ph lc 1. Thc hnh tt nui trng Cy thuc Y hc C truyn Trung Quc Nc Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa

Quyt nh ca Cc qun l Dc S 32

Thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc y hc C truyn Trung Quc (n bn th nghim), c ph chun ngy 18-03-2002, sau khi c Ban m rng ca Cc qun l Dc xem xt, nay c ban hnh v bt u c hiu lc ngy 01-06-2002.

Tng cc trng Ngy 17-04-2002

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Thc hnh tt nui trng cy thuc Y hc C truyn Trung Quc (n phm th nghim) Chng 1 Cc iu khon chung iu 1: Mc ch ca ti liu ny l tiu chun ho vic sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc, bo m cht lng v h tr tiu chun ho v hin i ha thuc c truyn Trung Quc. iu 2: Ti liu ny gii thch c hng dn c bn v sn xut v kim tra cht lng dc liu c truyn Trung Quc p dng cho ton b qu trnh sn xut dc liu c truyn Trung Quc, gm tho dc v cc b phn ng vt dng lm thuc, ti liu ny p dng cho cc c s sn xut dc liu c truyn Trung Quc. iu 3: Cc c s sn xut phi p dng cc bin php qun l theo tiu chun v gim st cht lng, bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc thin nhin v mi trng sinh thi, tun theo nguyn l ti u ho sn lng bn vng bo m s dng lu di ngun ti nguyn. Chng II Mi trng sinh thi ca a im sn xut iu 4: Tun theo nguyn l ti u ho v hp l ho a im sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc, cc c s sn xut phi tn dng ti a cc iu kin hin c hp l ho cch b tr, sp xp mt cch ton din. iu 5: Cc iu kin mi trng ti cc a im sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc phi theo ng cc tiu chun quc gia v bo v mi trng. Cc iu kin khng kh phi p ng tiu chun cp B v cht lng mi trng kh quyn; t phi p ng 60

tiu chun B v cht lng t; nc ti phi p ng tiu chun cht lng v nc ti nng nghip; v nc ung cho ng vt nui vi mc ch s dng lm thuc phi p ng tiu chun cht lng ca nc ung cho ngi . iu 6: Cc tri ging ng vt dng lm thuc phi tho mn cc yu cu ca qun th ng vt lin quan n iu kin sinh thi, cng nh cc iu kin sng v sinh sn. Chng III Ht ging v vt liu nhn ging iu 7: Cc loi, di loi, loi ng vt gy ging, tho dc trng trt hay tho dc hoang di dng lm thuc phi c xc nh tn chnh xc bng c ting Hoa ln tn khoa hc. iu 8: Mt h thng kim tra v kim sot su bnh phi c p dng i vi ht ging, bo t nm v vt liu nhn ging trong c qu trnh sn xut, lu tr v vn chuyn, bo m cht lng v ngn nga s ly nhim bnh, cn trng v c di v hn ch vic kinh doanh v phn phi ht ging, bo t nm v vt liu nhn ging km cht lng. iu 9: Vic gii thiu v thun ho ng vt s dng lm thuc phi quan st thi quen ca cc ng vt ny. Cn phi bo v cn thn cc ng vt trnh tn thng thn th v cc gic quan khi nh by v vn chuyn. Phi thc hin cc bin php kim sot dch bnh nghim ngt, ging mi phi c theo di v bo v trong iu kin c bit. iu 10: Phi ci thin vic tuyn chn v nhn ging cc ging cy thuc y hc c truyn Trung Quc bng cch pht trin cc a im sn xut dc liu cht lng cao v bo tn ti nguyn ng vt v thc vt dng lm thuc. Chng IV Qun l trng trt v chn nui ng vt Phn I : Qun l trng trt tho dc 61

iu 11: Phi la chn cc khu vc trng trt thch hp v xc nh cc tp qun canh tc ph hp trn c s cc iu kin c trng cy thuc sinh trng v pht trin. iu 12: Loi, trnh t v lng phn bn phi c n nh bi cc yu cu dinh dng ca tho dc v kh nng cung cp ca t. Loi phn bn dng ch yu c ngun gc hu c, c th s dng hn ch phn ho hc cho mt s loi cy thuc sinh trng v pht trin. iu 13: c php dng phn chung sau khi , p ng tiu chun v sinh an ton v gii hn vi khun v k sinh trng truyn nhim. Cm s dng rc t cc h dn c th, cht thi cng nghip v bnh vin hay phn ngi lm phn bn. iu 14: Cn thc hin ti tiu v thot nc ng lc v thch hp p ng yu cu nc ca tho dc trong cc thi k tng trng v pht trin khc nhau, cng nh iu kin kh hu v m ca t, duy tr s thng thong. iu 15: Khi tnh n cc c tnh sinh trng v pht trin ca tho dc cng nh cc b phn dng khc nhau, cn nng cao cng tc qun l thc a bng cch p dng kp thi cc bin php trng trt, nh ct ngn, ngt n, ta cnh v che nng, kim sot s tng trng v pht trin mc n nh. iu 16: Phi p dng cc bin php ngn nga v kim sot ton din phng chng bnh v cn trng gy hi tho dc. Nu cn phi dng thuc bo v thc vt, phi la chn liu tc dng thp nht v thuc c hiu qu cao, c tnh thp v t tn d theo quy nh v qun l thuc bo v thc vt ti Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa gim bt tn d v nhim kim loi nng v bo v mi trng sinh thi.

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Phn II. Qun l chn nui ng vt v mc ch dng lm thuc iu 17: Phng php v thc hnh chn nui ng vt phi c xc nh trn c s cc c tnh nh mi trng sng, thi quen n ung, tp tnh ca ng vt v kh nng thch ng mi trng ca chng v cc quy nh chn nui ng vt v h thng qun l cn c xc lp. iu 18: Phi ch bin khoa hc thc n cho vt nui v cho n theo thi gian u n vi s lng c nh ph thuc cc hot ng theo ma v trong ngy cng nh chu k sng khc nhau v c tnh sinh l ca ng vt dng lm thuc. Cc cht b sung nh thc n nguyn cht, sinh t, cht khong v cc ph gia thit yu khc nn c b sung vo nhng lc thch hp vi lng ph hp, nhng khng c cho cc cht b sung cha hormon hay cht kch thch sinh trng. Thc n b sung khng c gy nhim. iu 19: Trong chn nui ng vt dng lm thuc, phi xc nh thi gian v mc cung cp nc, cn lu n cc iu kin nh ma, nhit khng kh v thng thong. Nhm ng vt n c nn c p ng nhu cu nc cng nhiu cng tt, bng cch n nhiu cht xanh v c kh cha nhiu nc. iu 20: Kin trc nh chn nui c ch v tin nghi an ton c thit lp p ng thi quen ngh, tp tnh v cc c tnh khc ca ng vt dng lm thuc. iu 21: ng vt c nui trong mt mi trng sch. Cn thit lp mt h thng kh trng, v chn cc cht dit khun thch hp tit trng thng xuyn cc a im v thit b dng trong chn nui. Nn tng cng vic qun l nhn s n cc a im .

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iu 22: Vic qun l bnh ng vt dng lm thuc ch yu da vo phng nga bao u n. iu 23: Cc khu chn nui c thit k hp l c xem xt n mt qun th trong trng hp ng vt kt by. Nu thy mang bnh cn phi kim dch nhanh chng. Nn git, ho thiu hay chn su ngay ng vt b bnh truyn nhim. iu 24: Nn xc nh thnh phn v c cu ca qun th ng vt theo k hoch chn nui v nhu cu nhn ging v lun chuyn sau khong thi gian thch hp. iu 25: Cm sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc t ng vt b nhim c hay b bnh. Chng V - Thu hoch v s ch iu 26: Phi tun theo nguyn tc ti u ho sn lng bn vng trong thu hi tho dc hoang d hay bn hoang d, bng vic trng b sung, lun phin thu hi v cm thu hi vo cc thi k sinh trng, to thun li ti sinh v lm giu ngun ti nguyn. iu 27: Thi gian thu hoch thch hp (gm ma v nm thu hoch), cc phng php phi c xc nh theo phm cht ca sn phm v sn lng cy xanh trn mi n v din tch hay s th nui v xem xt cc yu t nh tp qun thu hoch thng thng. iu 28: My mc v cng c dng thu hoch phi sch, khng nhim v c ct ni kh ro khng c cn trng, ng vt gm nhm v gia sc. iu 29: Trong khi thu hoch v ch bin s b, cn phi n lc cng nhiu cng tt loi b cc b phn khng phi gm tim nga vacxin

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thuc v cc vt l, c bit l loi b c di, cc cht c, v cc phn h hng hay hoi mc. iu 30: Sau khi thu hoch, cc b phn lm thuc phi c x l thch hp, nh chn, ra, ct hay ta. Khi cn phi nhanh chng sy bng cc bin php v k thut thch hp. Phi kim sot nhit v m trnh lm nhim nguyn liu hay lm hng thnh phn hot tnh. iu 31: Sn phm ti phi c bo qun lnh, trong ct, trong bnh, bo qun sinh hc v cc phng php bo qun thch hp khc. Nn trnh n mc c th vic s dng cht bo qun, v nu cn phi s dng th phi tun theo cc quy nh nh nc lin quan v an ton thc phm. iu 32: Cc a im ch bin phi sch , thng gi tt, v c tin nghi chng nng, ma, chut b, cn trng, v gia sc. iu 33: Cn s dng cc phng php c truyn ch bin dc liu gc. Nu c ci tin cn phi cung cp d liu th nghim v khng lm nh hng cht lng dc liu.

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Chng VI - ng gi, vn chuyn v tn tr iu 34: Kim tra l iu cn thit trc khi ng gi loi b sn phm km cht lng v vt l. Vic ng gi cn c thc hin theo cc quy trnh thao tc chun v cn lu h s l hng, bao gm tn sn phm, tnh cht, xut x, s l, trng lng, s ng gi theo s sch v ngy ng gi. iu 35: Vt liu ng gi cn phi sch, kh, khng b nhim, khng h hng v theo yu cu cht lng i vi dc liu. iu 36: Tn sn phm, tnh cht, xut x, s l, ngy ng gi v nh sn xut cn c in trn tng bao b dc liu v nn c nhn cho bit cht lng c cng b. iu 37: Dc liu d v gy phi c ng gi trong hp cng chc; dc liu c, gy nghin v qu cn c ng gi c bit vi nhn tng ng. iu 38: Trong trng hp vn chuyn khi lng ln, khng c dc liu trong khu vc ln cn vi cc cht c hay c hi hay cc cht c th lm mt v hay mi ca dc liu. Cc cng-ten-n vn chuyn cn c thng gi tng i tt duy tr kh v phi c phng tin bo v chng m. iu 39: Cc tin nghi tn tr dc liu cn c thng gi tt, kh v bo v chng nh sng, nu cn, c lp t iu ho khng kh v kim sot m cng nh phng tin bo v chng chut b, cn trng v gia sc. Sn nh phi gn gng, khng c khe nt v d lm v sinh. Nu xp dc liu trn gi, phi gi khong cch vi vch tng; nn c cc bin php ngn nga tnh trng nhim dch bnh, hnh thnh mc, mc, ra hay mt mi; v cn phi kim tra nh k.

66

Trong khi dng cc phng php tn tr thng thng cn quan tm ng thi n vic ng dng c chn la cng ngh tn tr tn tin v thit b mi.

Chng VII - Kim tra cht lng iu 40: Nh sn xut phi thnh lp cc phng kim nghim cht lng gim st vic qun l v kim tra cht lng ton b qu trnh sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc, phi c nhn vin, nh xng, cng c v thit b tng ng vi quy m sn xut v yu cu kim tra i vi sn phm. iu 41: Cc chc nng chnh ca phng kim nghim cht lng l: 1. Gim st v mi trng v kim sot v sinh. 2. Kim tra nguyn liu sn xut, vt liu ng gi v dc liu, v cng b cc bo co kim tra; 3. Xy dng cc chng trnh o to v gim st vic thc hin; 4. Lp v qun l h s kim sot cht lng, v qun l tt c h s gc v sn xut, ng gi v kim tra v.v... iu 42: Trc khi ng gi, cn kim tra tng l dc liu trn c s tiu chun quc gia dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc hay cc tiu chun c cc c quan xt duyt v chp thun. Mc kim tra t nht cn bao gm cc tnh cht v s nhn bit dc liu, vt l, hm m, hm lng tro v hm lng tro khng tan trong acid, cht du vn tay hay hm lng cc thnh phn hot tnh. Nhng gii hn v hm lng 67

thuc bo v thc vt tn d, kim loi nng v vi sinh vt theo tiu chun quc gia v cc quy nh lin quan khc. iu 43: Cc bo co kim tra phi c nhn vin thc hin kim tra v ngi ph trch phng kim nghim cht lng k. Cc bo co kim tra phi c lu h s. iu 44: Dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc km cht lng s khng c phn phi v bun bn. Chng VIII Nhn s v thit b iu 45: Nhn vin ph trch k thut ti c s sn xut dc liu phi hc t nht hai nm trung cp dc, nng hc, chn nui hay cc lnh vc lin quan khc v phi c kinh nghim thc t v sn xut dc liu. iu 46: Ngi ph trch phng kim nghim cht lng phi hc t nht hai nm trung cp v cn c kinh nghim kim nghim cht lng dc liu. iu 47: Tt c nhn s tham gia sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc phi c hiu bit c bn v Hoa dc, nng hc hay chn nui, v c hun luyn v k thut sn xut, an ton v v sinh. Nhn s lm vic trong cc lnh vc , cn c kin thc tt v k thut trng trt, nht l s dng thuc bo v thc vt v phng php s dng. Nhn s tham gia chn nui cn c hiu bit tt v k thut chn nui. iu 48: Nhn s tham gia ch bin, ng gi v kim sot, c kim tra sc kho thng xuyn. Nhn vin b bnh truyn nhim, bnh ngoi da hay vt thng cha lnh khng c php thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n tip xc trc tip vi dc liu. Nh sn xut ch nh ngi c th chu trch nhim v kim tra v sinh mi trng v v sinh c nhn. 68

iu 49: Nhn s tham gia sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc cn c hun luyn v kim tra thng xuyn. iu 50: Cc a im sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc cn c b tr phng v sinh hay phng ra, cht thi khng c gy nhim mi trng v sn phm. iu 51: Phi m bo kh nng ng dng v chnh xc ca cc cng c, ng h o, dng c o. Thit b dng trong sn xut v kim tra phi m bo ph hp vi iu kin sn xut v kim tra. Thit b phi mang nhn hiu r rng, cho bit tnh trng v c hiu chnh thng xuyn. Chng IX H s iu 52: Cc nh sn xut phi c quy trnh thao tc chun qun l sn xut v kim sot cht lng. iu 53: Phi c h s chi tit lu gi ton b qu trnh sn xut cho mi loi dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc vi nh chp hay hnh v, h s phi gm: 1. Xut x ht, bo t nm v vt liu nhn ging; 2. K thut v quy trnh sn xut; 1) Thi gian trng, s lng v din tch tho dc; tng trng ca cy con, thi gian ra rung, loi phn bn dng, v thi gian, lng, phng php s dng; loi thuc bo v thc vt dng gm thuc dit cn trng, thuc dit nm v thuc dit c lng, thi gian v phng php s dng. 2) i vi ng vt dng lm thuc, phi lp h s hng ngy v chn nui, k hoch lun chuyn, tuyn chn v nhn ging, h s sinh sn v sn xut trng, h

69

s bnh n, bo t v khai t, cc mu thng k kim sot bnh v tim nga, hnh thc ch bin thc n, h s tiu th thc n, mu ng k ging, mu l lch con ci v.v... 3) Thi gian thu hi, s lng thu hi, trng lng ti, cch ch bin, sy kh, khi lng gim sau khi sy, vn chuyn v tn tr cc b phn lm thuc; 4) D liu kh tng v h s tiu kh hu; 5) nh gi cht lng dc liu: h s c tnh v kt qu kim tra ca dc liu. iu 54: Tt c h s gc, k hoch sn xut v h s thc hin, hp ng v vn bn tho thun cn lp v lu tr t nht 5 nm. H s v vn th cn c ch nh ngi bo qun. Chng X - iu khon b sung iu 55: Ch gii: 1) Dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc l nguyn liu c sn xut bng cch ch bin s b ti ni xut x sau khi thu hi cc b phn lm thuc ca cy hay ng vt. 2) C s sn xut dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc l cc x nghip c quy m va phi tun theo cc th tc nht nh trong qu trnh sn xut, nh trng trt tho dc hay chn nui ng vt, ch bin s b, ng gi v tn tr dc liu. 3) Ti u ho sn lng bn vng l sn lng ti a ca vic sn xut (thu hi) bn vng m khng gy hi cho mi trng sinh thi.

70

4) Dc liu gc l dc liu y hc c truyn Trung Quc vi cc c tnh r rng, xut x t a im chon lc hay c sn xut qua k thut sn xut v phng php ch bin c bit. 5) Ht ging, bo t nm v vt liu nhn ging l cc b phn cc m t bo ca cy cng nh si ging nm c th dng nhn ging; v con ging, ng vt ang c cha v trng; 6) Ngn nga v kim sot ton din bnh v su bnh l gi cho tc hi gy bnh v su bnh di gii hn kinh t bng cch thc hin cc bin php sinh hc nng hc v ho hc cng nh cc bin php sinh thi an ton, hiu qu, chp nhn c, d s dng, v thch hp cho iu kin a phng vi cch nhn ton din v sinh hc v mi trng v da trn nguyn tc u tin phng nga, t c mc tiu ci thin hiu qu kinh t v gia tng li ch sinh thi. 7) ng vt v cy thun ho dng lm thuc l ng vt v cy hoang di qua i sng hoang d nhng c con ngi chm sc v qun l , nh xen canh, lm c, bn phn hay cho n. iu 56: Bn quyn ti liu ny thuc Cc qun l Dc nh nc. iu 57: Cc iu khon ca ti liu ny c hiu lc t ngy 01-06-2002.

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Ph lc 2: Mt s im cn lu lin quan n thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi nguyn liu c ngun gc tho dc C quan thm nh Dc phm (EMEA) cng ng Chu u Nhm cng tc chuyn v sn phm c ngun gc tho dc (HPPWP) Lun n, ngy 02-05-2002 EMEA/HMPWP/31/99 Rev. 3 Mt s im cn lu lin quan n thc hnh nui trng v thu hi tt nguyn liu c ngun gc tho dc
Chun b HMPWP IMEA thng bo mi T VN Hmpwp hon thin Chun b cc im mi xem xt h s (hmpwp/31/99)

01-1999 01-1999 06-1999 09-1999 10-1999 03-2001

Chuyn cho nhm chuyn gia thm nh imea Chuyn cho cpmp Cung cp ti liu phc v t vn Hn cht gp kin Ph bin ti liu hon thin

05-2001 07-2001 07-2001 10-2001 05-2001

Cc quan im trnh by trong ti liu ny l ca HMPWP nh mt din n trao i kinh nghim trong lnh vc sn phm tho dc. ti liu ny ch vi mc ch trao i kinh nghim v khng c hiu lc php l hoc thay th ch th 2001/83/EC. 72

Ch thch chung: Nhm cng tc EMEA v sn phm tho dc nhn c ti liu v thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP) do Hip hi ngi trng tho dc chu u EUROPAM pht hnh ngy 05-081998 v s dng lm c s cho vic bin son ti liu ny. Ti liu hng dn ny thay th cc ch dn m nhm cng tc a ra trc : Ch dn v Bn d tho ch th hng dn thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP) i vi nguyn liu ban u ca dc phm v kim tra c s sn xut (EMEA/HMPWP/17/99). Ch dn v ti liu Thc hnh trng trt tt (GAP) ca Hip hi ngi trng tho dc chu u Europam ngy 05-08-1998 (EMEA/HMPWP/18/99)
Cc im cn lu lin quan n thc hnh trng trt v thu hi tt nguyn liu ban u c ngun gc tho dc

Mc Lc 1. Gii thiu 2. i cng 3. Bo m cht lng 4. Nhn s v o to 5. C s v phng tin 6. Thit b 7. H s 8. Ht ging v vt liu nhn ging 9. Trng trt 10. Thu hi 73

11. 12. 13. 14.

Thu hoch Ch bin s b ng gi Tn tr v phn phi

1. Gii thiu Cc th d v phi hp cy thuc /thuc tho dc vi tho dc c cho thy nhu cu cn xy dng thc hnh sn xut tt i vi dc liu.Do , khi nim v thc hnh sn xut tt, ch bin, ng gi v bo qun hot cht (API) cng nn p dng cho cy thuc / thuc tho dc. i vi cc ch phm tho dc, vic sn xut v s ch cy thuc /thuc tho dc c nh hng trc tip n thnh phn hot cht (API). Do tnh phc tp ca cy thuc /thuc tho dc mc t nhin v k thut phn tch i vi cc thnh phn cht c trng bng phng tin ho hc hay sinh hc, cht lng ti sinh ca nguyn liu ban u, c ngun gc tho dc, rt cn mt h thng bo m cht lng thch hp v thu hi v/ hoc trng trt, thu hoch v s ch. Vic thu hi trong mi trng hoang d, cc nc ang pht trin, gp phi mt s vn kh khn, nht l vic nhm ln vi cc cy tng t, hu hoi mi trng, thiu kim sot v nhn s km nng lc. Cc im cn lu sau y v thc hnh nng nghip v thu hi tt khng nm trong hng dn GMP theo ngha truyn thng. Tuy nhin lu ny nn c dng lm c s thit lp mt h thng bo m cht lng thch hp. 2. i cng 2.1. Ti liu Cc im cn lu ny cp n trng trt, thu hi v s ch cy thuc / thuc tho dc; cp cc 74

vn c th lin quan n sn xut nng nghip v thu hi cy thuc / tho dc hoang d. Cc im cn lu ny phi kt hp vi hng dn thc hnh sn xut tt i vi thnh phn dc cht v p dng vi tt c cc quy trnh sn xut bao gm c sn xut hu c theo quy nh ca quc gia hoc khu vc. Cc quy nh ny a ra cc tiu chun b sung v sn xut v ch bin cy thuc / thuc tho dc ch yu tp trung vo cc giai on sn xut quan trng cn quan tm bo m cht lng. 2.2. Mc tiu chnh l bo m s an ton cho ngi tiu dng bng cch thit lp cc chun mc cht lng thch hp cho cy thuc /thuc tho dc. Cc lnh vc quan trng c bit v cy thuc / thuc tho dc: - c sn xut mt cch v sinh, gim kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh vt n mc ti thiu. - c x l cn thn cy thuc / thuc tho dc khng b nhim khun trong thu hi, trng trt, ch bin v tn tr. Trong qu trnh sn xut ch bin, cy thuc / thuc tho dc v cc ch phm tip xc vi vi sinh vt v cc cht nhim khc. Ti liu Cc im cn lu ny cp cc khuyn co cho nh sn xut gim thiu nhim n mc thp nht. 2.3. Cc ti liu cn lu ny dng cho tt c thnh vin tham gia t c s sn xut s cp n nh kinh doanh v nh ch bin. V th, c s sn xut, nh kinh doanh v ch bin cy thuc, thuc tho dc phi tun theo cc im lu ny, lp h s tt c hot ng c lin quan trong b ti liu, l thuc

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v yu cu c i tc cng phi lm tng t, tr phi c th chng minh bng cch lm khc. Nhng ngi trng v thu hi cy thuc /thuc tho dc phi bo m rng h khng lm h hi nhng loi hoang d theo quy nh ca CITES ( Cng c v thng mi quc t ng thc vt hoang di c nguy c tit chng). 3. Bo m cht lng Cc hp ng gia ngi sn xut v ngi kinh doanh cy thuc, thuc tho dc lin quan n cht lng nh hm lng hot cht, cc tnh cht c th nhn thy bng mt v khu gic, cc tr s gii hn nhim, ho cht tn d v kim loi nng.v.v... phi da trn cc quy nh ca khu vc v / hoc quc gia phi c tha nhn v nn ghi di dng vn bn. 4. Nhn s v o to 4.1. Tt c quy trnh s ch phi hon ton tun theo hng dn ca khu vc hoc quc gia v v sinh an ton thc phm v nhn vin c giao x l cy thuc, thuc tho dc phi bo m tuyt i v mc v sinh c nhn (gm c nhn vin ng rung) v c hun luyn v trch nhim v sinh ca h. 4.2. Tt c nhn vin tham gia trng v ch bin phi c hng cc ch bo him x hi.. 4.3. Nhn vin phi c bo v khi tip xc vi cy thuc / tho dc c hay c nguy c d ng bng qun o bo h thch hp. 4.4. Ngi ang b bnh truyn nhim gm bnh tiu chy, hay ang mang mm bnh truyn nhim, phi ngng lm vic khu vc tip xc vi cy thuc, thuc tho dc, theo quy nh khu vc v / hoc quc gia. 76

4.5. Ngi c vt thng h, vim hay nhim trng da phi ngng lm vic nhng khu ch bin cy thuc hoc phi mc o qun / gng tay bo v cho n khi h hi phc hon ton. 4.6. Nhn vin phi c tp hun thch hp v thc vt trc khi thc hin cng tc lin quan n kin thc ny. 4.7. Ngi thu hi phi c kin thc y v cy h phi thu hi. iu ny bao gm kh nng nhn bit, c tnh v cc iu kin sng nh che ph, m, th nhng v.v... Nhng ngi thu hi cng phi c kh nng phn bit cc loi thu hi v cc loi ging nhau v hnh thi thc vt trnh nguy c cho sc kho cng ng. Ngi thu hi cn c kin thc v thi gian tt nht thu hoch, k thut thu hoch v tm quan trng ca s ch bo m cht lng tt nht. 4.8. Nu ngi thu hi khng c kin thc cn thit, mt ngi gim st a phng phi hng dn, gim st v lp h s. 4.9. Phi o to tt c nhn vin tip xc vi cy thuc, thuc tho dc v tt c ngi tham gia trng trt v k thut trng bao gm vic s dng ph hp thuc dit c v thuc bo v thc vt. 4.10. Nhng ngi thu hi cy thuc / tho dc phi c gii thiu v tt c cc vn lin quan n bo v mi trng v bo tn cy thuc. iu ny gm cc thng tin lin quan n cc loi cn c bo v. 5. C s v phng tin 5.1. Nh xng dng ch bin cy thuc / tho dc phi sch s, thng thong tt v khng bao gi dng nht th nui. 77

5.2. Nh xng phi p ng kh nng bo v cy thuc / tho dc khi chim, cn trng, chut b v gia sc. Trong tt c khu tn tr v ch bin, cc bin php kim sot dch bnh nh mi, my by cn trng bng in phi do nhn vin hay nh thu chuyn mn vn hnh v bo qun. 5.3. Cy thuc/ tho dc ng gi nn c tn tr: - Trong nh c sn bng b tng hay cht liu d ra sch. - Trn cc khung g, - Cch tng vi khong cch va . - Cch ly tt khi cc tho dc khc trnh nhim cho. Phi bo qun ring cc sn phm hu c. 5.4. Ti cc nh ch bin cy thuc phi c ch thay o qun cng nh phng v sinh v chu ra tay, theo quy nh khu vc v / hoc quc gia. 6. Thit b Thit b s dng trong trng trt v ch bin cy thuc cn phi: 6.1. Sch, bo dng v tra du thng xuyn bo m lm vic tt v nu c th c xp xp theo cch d tip cn. c bit thit b dng bn phn v phun thuc tr su cn c bo dng thng xuyn. 6.2. Cc b phn my tip xc trc tip vi cy thuc / tho dc thu hoch phi sch, sau khi s dng cc cht tn d khng to ra nhim cho. 6.3. Thit b phi ch to bng cht liu thch hp ngn nga cy thuc / tho dc b nhim cho ho cht hay cht khng mong mun khc.

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7. Lp h s 7.1. Tt c quy trnh v th tc c th nh hng ti cht lng sn phm phi c lp h s. 7.2. Cc iu kin bt thng trong thi k sinh trng c th nh hng n thnh phn hot cht ca cy thuc / tho dc nh iu kin thi tit khc nghit v su bnh, c bit trong thi k thu hoch phi c lp h s. 7.3. i vi cy thuc / tho dc trng, tt c cng on ch bin phi c lp h s, bao gm a im trng, cc h s thc a cho bit cc v ma trc v thuc bo v thc vt dng, phi c ngi trng trt lu gi. 7.4. i vi cy thuc / tho dc trng, iu thit yu l lp h s loi, s lng v ngy thu hoch cng nh ho cht v cc cht khc dng trong sn xut nh phn bn, thuc tr su, thuc dit c v cht kch thch tng trng. 7.5. Vic s dng cc ho cht xng phi ghi h s. 7.6. V tr khu vc thu hi v thi gian thu hoch cn c m t cng chnh xc cng tt. 7.7. Tt c l sn xut cho mi khu vc cn c ghi r rng v khng lm ln s l. Vic nh s l cn thc hin sm. Cy thuc thu hi v trng trt phi mang cc s l khc nhau. 7.8. Cc l t cc khu vc a l khc nhau ch c pha trn vi nhau khi chc chn s pha trn ny l pha trn thun nht. Cc tin trnh nh vy phi c ghi r rng trong ti liu. 7.9. Mi tho thun (ch o sn xut, hp ng v..v..) gia nh sn xut hoc ngi thu hi v ngi mua phi th hin bng vn bn. Phi c ti liu chng minh rng vic

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trng trt, thu hoch v sn xut c thc hin theo cc tho thun ny. Thng tin ti thiu c trong ti liu phi bao gm v tr a l, quc gia xut x v nh sn xut. 7.10. Cc kt qu kim ton phi c ghi h s trong mt bo co kim ton (bn sao tt c ti liu, bo co kim ton, bo co phn tch) phi c lu tr ti thiu 10 nm. 8. Ht ging v vt liu nhn ging 8.1. Ht ging phi c xc minh v mt thc vt hc, ch ra ng chi/loi/th/ging cy trng/ kiu ho hc v xut x c th truy ngun gc. iu ny p dng cho cc tho dc pht tn sinh dng. Ht ging v/ hoc tho dc phn tn sinh dng c s dng trong sn xut hu c phi c chng thc l hu c. Vt liu u vo khng c c su, bnh m bo tng trng kho mnh ca tho mc. Cc loi khng bnh hoc chng chu c bnh nn c u tin s dng. 8.2. S hin din ca cc loi, th khc hoc cc b phn khc nhau ca tho dc phi c kim sot trong sut qu trnh sn xut v phi trnh mi s pha tp. Vic s dng cc tho dc hoc ht ging bin i gen phi tun th quy nh ca khu vc hoc quc gia. 9. Trng trt Cc quy trnh thao tc chun khc nhau c th c chp nhn tu vo vic s dng cc phng php trng trt thng thng hay hu c. Tuy nhin, nn lu trnh mi nh hng ca mi trng. Cc nguyn tc v qun l tt ma mng phi c tun th bao gm c lun canh thch hp. 9.1. t v ci to t 9.1.1. Tho dc khng trng t b nhim nc bn, kim loi nng, tn d, cc sn phm bo v thc vt hoc cc ho 80

cht khc v.v... Mi ho cht c s dng gip tng trng hoc bo v ma mng phi dng mc ti thiu. 9.1.2. Phn bn trc khi dng nn trn u v trnh dng phn ngi. 9.1.3. Cc loi phn bn phi s dng tit kim tu theo nhu cu ca tng loi. Gim ti thiu lng ph do ngm lc qua t. 9.2. Ti tiu 9.2.1. Ti tiu phi c kim sot v thc hin theo nhu cu ca tng tho dc. 9.2.2. Nc dng ti tiu phi tun th cc tiu chun cht lng ca khu vc/ quc gia. 9.3. Bo m thu hoch v bo v cy trng 9.3.1. t phi thch hp vi tng trng v cc yu cu ca cy trng. 9.3.2. Nn trnh s dng thuc tr su v thuc dit c cng nhiu cng tt. Khi cn ch s dng cc sn phm bo v thc vt c php, vi mc ti thiu, tc dng theo ngh ca nh sn xut v cc c quan c thm quyn. Vic s dng ch c tin hnh bi cc nhn vin c trnh chuyn mn s dng thit b. Khong thi gian ti thiu gia t s dng thuc bo v thc vt v thi im thu hoch phi c quy nh bi ngi mua hoc phi ph hp vi khuyn co ca nh sn xut sn phm bo v thc vt. Cc quy nh a phng v/ hay quc gia v cc gii hn tn d ti a theo Dc in chu u, cc quy nh v v sinh an ton thc phm phi tun th tuyt i. 10. Thu hi

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10.1. Phi ch nh ngi kim tra xc nh tn loi, cy thuc/tho dc v gim st cc nh thu hi. (xem 4.7 v 4.8). 10.2. Vic thu hi phi c thc hin theo ng lut l hin hnh ca a phng v quc gia v bo tn. Cc phng php thu hi khng c lm tn hi n mi trng sinh thi, m bo cc iu kin ti u cho ti sinh tho dc. 10.3. Khng c thu hi cc loi lit k c nguy c tuyt chng (CITES, Cng c v thng mi quc t i vi ng vt v thc vt c nguy c tuyt chng) tr khi c c quan thm quyn cho php (xem 4.10). 10.4. Cc khuyn co ti cc phn 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13 v 14 phi c tun th. 11. Thu hoch 11.1. Cy thuc/ tho dc phi thu hoch trong giai on cht lng tt nht cho mc ch s dng. 11.2. Thc vt b h hng hoc cc b phn thc vt b h hng cn phi c loi b. 11.3. Cy thuc/ tho dc phi thu hoch trong iu kin tt nht trnh t t, sng, ma hoc m cao khc thng. Trnh thu hoch trong cc iu kin m t, nh hng bt li n cy thuc/ tho dc do m tng. 11.4. Cc cng c dng ct hoc my gt phi c chnh gim ti thiu cy thuc/ tho dc b bn do t ln vo. 11.5. Cy thuc/ tho dc thu hoch khng tip xc trc tip vi t. Phi thu hi v vn chuyn kin kh ro v sch s. trong iu

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11.6. Trong sut qu trnh thu hoch, cn lu m bo khng c c di c ln vi tho dc. 11.7. Tt c cc cha trong sut qu trnh thu hoch phi sch s v khng b nhim bn t cc ln thu hoch trc. Khi cha khng dng n, phi ct gi trong cc iu kin kh ro, khng ln loi gy hi v trnh tip xc vi chut, loi gm nhm, th nui v gia sc. 11.8. Phi trnh cc h hi c hc khi ng kin cy thuc/ tho dc thu hoch, c th a n cc thay i v mt cht lng ngoi mun. V mt ny, cn lu trnh: - Nht vo bao ti qu nhiu - Cht cc bao ti chng ln nhau. 11.9. Cy thuc/ tho dc mi thu hoch phi c giao cng sm cng tt n c s ch bin trnh gim phm cht do nhit . 11.10. V thu hoch phi c bo v trnh khi cc loi gy hi, chut, loi gm nhm, th nui v gia sc. Mi bin php kim sot cc loi gy hi phi c minh chng bng ti liu. 12. S ch 12.1. S ch bao gm ra, ct trc khi phi kh, xng khi, bo qun lnh, chng ct, phi kh v.v... Tt c cc tin trnh ny phi tun theo cc quy nh ca khu vc v quc gia. 12.2. Khi n ni ch bin, cy thuc/ tho dc c thu hoch phi bc d ngay v ti ra. Trc khi ch bin, nguyn liu khng phi trc tip di nh nng, tr cc trng hp c nhu cu c bit, v phi bo qun khng ma t.

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12.3. Trong trng hp phi kh ngoi tri cy thuc/ tho dc phi c dn thnh lp mng, m bo c khng kh lu thng, sn phi phi cch mt t mt khong va . Trnh phi trc tip trn mt t hoc trc tip di nh nng mt tri tr trng hp c yu cu c bit. Phi phi ng u cc cy thuc/ tho dc trnh b mc. 12.4. Tr trng hp phi ngoi tri, cc iu kin khc nh nhit , thi gian phi v.v... phi c la chn c tnh n cc b phn ca tho dc nh r cy, l hoc hoa v bn cht ca thnh phn hot cht, chng hn nh tinh du. Ngun nhit nng khi sy trc tip nn gii hn cc kh nh butan, prpan hoc kh thin nhin. Cc iu kin khc phi c ghi chp chi tit. 12.5. Tt c nguyn liu phi c kim tra v nu cn thit phi sng loi b cc sn phm khng t tiu chun v vt l. Sng phi c gi trong tnh trng sch s v bo dng thng xuyn. 12.6. Cc thng rc c nh du phi sn, hng ngy v lau sch. 13. ng gi 13.1. bo v cht lng sn phm v gim nguy c gy hi, tt nht nn ng gi sm. 13.2. Phi kim sot thng xuyn trong sut qu trnh ch bin, sn phm c ng gi trong cc bao ti hoc thng mi, sch v kh, Nhn phi r rng, dn c nh v lm t vt liu khng c. Ni dung phi tun theo cc quy nh ghi nhn ca khu vc v/ hoc quc gia. 13.3. Cc vt liu ng gi s dng li phi c lau chi sch s v phi hon ton kh ro. Khng c nhim bn trong qu trnh s dng li cc bao b. 84

13.4. Cc vt liu ng gi phi c bo qun ni sch s v kh ro, khng c su b v trnh xa cc loi gy hi, ng vt nui v gia sc. Phi m bo rng khng c nhim bn xy ra do s dng cc vt liu ng gi, c bit trong trng hp bao si. 14. Lu tr v phn phi 14.1. Cy thuc/ tho dc phi kh ng gi c cha tinh du, phi c lu tr trong nh kh v thong, hn ch dao ng nhit hng ngy v bo m tt thng thong. Cc sn phm ti phi lu gi nhit gia 10C v 50C trong khi cc sn phm ng lnh phi lu gi nhit di 180C (hoc di 200C nu lu gi di hn). 14.2. Trong vn chuyn sn phm, iu quan trng l phi m bo iu kin kh ro, gim nguy c b mc hoc ln men, dng cc cngten c thng gi. Nu phi chuyn ch, nn s dng cc xe thng gi hoc cc phng tin c thng gi khc. Vic vn chuyn tinh du phi tun th cc quy nh khu vc v/ hay quc gia. 14.3. Vic xng khi chng mc mt ch tin hnh trong trng hp cn thit v phi c cc nhn vin c cp php thc hin. Ch cc ho cht ng k mi c s dng. Mi s xng khi phi c lu trong ti liu. 14.4. i vi vic xng khi cc kho cha, ch cc cht c quy nh ca khu vc v quc gia cho php mi c s dng. 14.5. Khi lu tr ng lnh hoc xng hi nc bo ho tit trng, m ca nguyn liu phi c kim tra sau khi x l.

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Bng ch gii thut ng Tho dc ch yu cy thuc cn nguyn, cc b phn do gy, v hoc ct khc t thc vt, to, nm, a y trong tnh trng cha x l, thng dng kh nhng i khi dng ti. Cc cht gm khng qua x l cng c xem nh l tho dc. Cc tho dc c xc nh chnh xc tn khoa hc theo h thng t tn kp (chi, loi, th v tc gi). Ch phm tho dc iu ch c bng cch a tho dc qua x l nh chit xut, chng ct, p, vt, ct phn on, tinh ch, c c hoc ln men. Cc ch phm cn bao gm cc tho dc c tn, nghin thnh bt, dch chit cn, cao thuc, tinh du, nc p v cc cht gm x l.

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Ph lc 3. Thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu (GACP), Nht Bn 09/2003 (Nguyn bn Nht ng, bn dch khng chnh thc l bn rt gn)

Li m u
01. Cc thc hnh tt nui trng v thu hi dc liu (GACP) l nguyn tc ch o k thut v sn xut dc liu nh nguyn liu ban u sn xut thuc sng, thuc thnh phm v thuc YHCT Nht Bn (Kampo medicines) lin quan ti cc lnh vc sau: - Trng v thu hi tho dc v sn xut dc liu; - X l sau thu hoch i vi dc liu; - Kim tra dc liu. GACP da trn cc hng dn trng trt v kim tra cht lng tho dc, tp 1-10 (17) ton b cng tc trin khai c h tr bi khon ti tr dnh cho nghin cu ca B Y t, Lao ng v phc li Nht Bn cp, c tham kho cc quy nh cht lng quc gia ca Nht Bn nh dc in Nht Bn v cc tiu chun tho dc ca Nht Bn. 0.2. Nu tho dc c sn xut theo nguyn tc GACP, dc liu s: - L sn phm c cht lng cao - c sn xut v bo qun theo thc hnh tt cc tiu chun v sinh v gii hn vi sinh vt di mc nhim ti thiu.

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- c sn xut v bo qun theo thc hnh tt, cc tiu chun v sinh v gii hn thuc tr su v cc tp cht khc di mc nhim bn ti thiu . 0.3. V mc nhim bn ti thiu cc vi sinh vt, tn d thuc tr su v cc tp cht l, phi tun theo cc nguyn tc chung ghi trong Dc in Nht Bn. Nh sn xut tho dc chn chnh phi hiu cc nguyn tc chung v phi ghi nh cc vn lin quan n trng trt cng nh ch bin sau thu hoch cc tho dc. 04. Nu dc liu c sn xut theo hng dn ny, chng phi c m t l cc sn phm c sn xut ng theo hng dn thng tin cho i chng. 05. Hng dn ny nn ph bin trn ton quc v th gii hiu bit v tm quan trng ca cc vn lin quan. 1. Gii thiu 1.1. Trong cc giai on sn xut bao gm trng trt, thu hi cy thuc v ch bin sau thu hoch cc b phn sn xut cc dng nguyn liu th phc v YHCT Nht Bn v thuc sng, nguyn liu khng nhim khun, khng c cc cht gy nhim khc cng nh cc cht tn d thuc bo v thc vt. 1.2. to ra cc nguyn liu c cht lng cao, cc th tc sau y phi c xem xt: - Dc liu phi c ra sch nu b nhim. - V nguyn liu phi c bc tch v dc liu phi phi kh nhit thp trnh thay i mu sc v mi v. 1.3. Hng dn ny c xem nh tiu chun v mc nhim khun trong nguyn liu s dng trong sn xut thuc sng.

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2. Trng trt 2.1. Khng trng tho dc trong nhng khu vc m t v/ hoc t canh tc ang trong iu kin nhim. t nhim c hiu l t cha hm lng cht c hi cao, bao gm c kim loi nng, cc ho cht nng nghip v cht thi cng nghip. 2.2. iu kin tt cho t nng nghip l t c kh nng cp v thot nc tt. 2.3. Nc ti tiu khng c nhim bn bi phn gia sc v phn ngi. 2.4. Phn hu c: Phi bn bng phn hu c ln men trc khi trng hoc ngay sau ln thu hoch u tin 2.5. Khng chn th tru b trong khu vc trng cy thuc. 2.6. Khng c dng nc nhim bn ti thi im thu hoch. 2.7. Nn trng tho dc trn vng t c di c th mc. C di l biu hin cho thy cc iu kin trng trt tt. 2.8. Thuc tr su v thuc dit c ch c s dng do cc nhn vin c kinh nghim. Vic phun cc cht ho hc ny phi c thc hin bi cc nhn vin c hun luyn, trc khi thu hoch mt khong thi gian nht nh, ph thuc thi gian cn hiu lc ca ho cht. 3. Thu hoch 3.1. Khng thu hoch tho dc trong iu kin m t (c sng hoc ma) hoc trong iu kin m cao. Nu c th, nn thu hoch trong cc iu kin kh ro, m thp. 3.2. Thit b thu hoch phi sch s v c bo dng tt.

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3.3. Ni no s dng my ct v my gt, cc b phn tip xc vi cy trng, cng vi kho cha, phi c lau, qut sch thng xuyn v gi khng bi bn v rc lm nhim tho dc. 3.4. Dao ct phi c iu chnh trnh xi vo t. 3.5. Tt c cc cha dng cho thu hi ban u phi c bo qun khng dc liu trc tch ng, v khi khng s dng, phi c ct gi ni kh ro, khng c su mt, th nui v gia sc. 3.6. Cy trng b hng phi c loi b. 3.7. Dc liu thu hoch phi gom vo cc bao ti, gi, xe moc kh ro. Khng gom trn mt t. 3.8. Trnh cc h hi c hc, nn qu cht, v iu kin bo qun gy nguy c lm tng kh nng pha trn ca nguyn liu, khng dng ti nha, khng cht ng dc liu. 3.9. Khong thi gian gia thu hoch v vn chuyn nguyn liu n a im phi cng ngn cng tt. 3.10.Dc liu thu hoch phi c bo v khi cc loi gy hi, ng vt nui v gia sc. 4. Phi kh 4.1. Dc liu thu hoch phi ti ra cng sm cng tt khi n ni phi sy. Khng dc liu di nh nng trc tip v nc ma. 4.2. C s phi sy phi c thng gi tt v khng c s dng nht gia cm. 4.3. C s phi sy phi c thit k bo v dc liu khi s xm nhp ca chim, cn trng, th nui v gia sc.

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4.4. Cc gi phi phi gi sch s v bo dng thng xuyn. 4.5. Tho dc thu hoch phi ti thnh lp mng, trn cc gi li kim loi t cch xa mt t khng kh lu thng t do, thnh thong o trn m bo phi kh ng u v trnh tnh trng dc liu b cht ng. 4.6. Khng phi trn sn nh v trc tip di nh nng. 4.7. Dc liu phi kh phi c kim tra v sng hoc sy loi b cc dc liu b mt mu, mc, h hi, t, v cc tp cht khc. Sng phi c gi sch s v thng xuyn bo dng. 4.8. Phi c cc thng rc c nh du, c v lau sch hng ngy. 4.9. Tho dc v ang phi sy phi c bo v trnh cc loi gy hi v gia sc. 4.10.Tho dc phi sy nn c ng gi cng sm cng tt bo qun v gim nguy c b cc loi gy hi tn cng. 5. ng gi 5.1. Sau khi loi b cc dc liu h hng v tp cht, cc tho dc phi c ng vo trong cc bao ti, ti hay hp sch s, kh ro, tt nht l s dng bao gi mi. 5.2. Bao b ng gi phi c gi sch s, kh ro, khng c cc loi gy hi v ng vt khng c n gn. 5.3. Bao b ng gi s dng li nh bao ay, bao nha v.v... phi c git gi tht sch v phi kh trc khi s dng li.

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5.4. Tho dc ng bao phi c lu tr ni kh ro cch xa tng v mt t v phi c bo qun trnh s ph hoi ca cc loi gy hi v gia sc. 5.5. Nu c th c nn tho thun v loi bao b ng gi gia ngi cung cp v ngi mua. 6. Lu tr v vn chuyn 6.1. Tho dc thu hoch, phi kh v ng bao, c lu gi trong nh thng thong v kh ro, t c s dao ng v nhit trong ngy. 6.2. Ca s v li ra vo phi c bo v bng li kim loi trnh cc loi gy hi v gia sc thm nhp. 6.3. Cc tho dc thu hoch ng bao phi bo qun : - Trong nh vi cc tng sn bng b tng - Trn khung g - xa tng - ring bit vi cc tho dc khc 6.4. i vi cc trng hp vn chuyn xa, phi dng cc cha c thng hi dnh cho vn chuyn v lu gi trong cc kho tm gim thiu cc ri ro nhim bn hoc dng xe vn chuyn c thng gi v cc phng tin bo qun tm thi. 6.5. Cc iu kin vn chuyn v lu gi tm thi phi c tho thun gia ngi cung cp v ngi mua. 6.6. Xng khi ch p dng khi cn thit, cc nhn vin c o to mi c thc hin. Ch dng nhng ho cht xng c ph chun (xem thm 9.2). 6.7. Phi bo qun cc ho cht xng v thuc tr su v.v... ti mt ni ring bit. 92

7. Thit b 7.1. Thit b sn xut v thu hi tho dc phi d lau chi gim nhim bn. Nn lau kh, khi cn ra vi nc, cc thit b phi lau kh cng nhanh cng tt. 7.2. Cc thit b t ni d tip cn phi c bo qun tt v lau chi thng xuyn. 7.3. Trnh s dng dng c lm bng g nu c th. 7.4. Dng c ch to bng g (th d khung gi.v.v...), nu s dng trnh x l ho cht, nh thuc dit nm, c th lm nhim, th d clorophenol. 8. Nhn vin 8.1. Nhn vin x l tho dc phi : - Gi v sinh c nhn ra tay 8.2. Nhn vin khng c php lm vic trong khu vc x l tho dc nu h ang b bnh hoc mang mm bnh c kh nng truyn sang dc liu, k c bnh tiu chy. 8.3. Nhn vin c vt thng cha lnh v nhim trng da phi c thuyn chuyn khi ni x l dc liu cho n khi hon ton bnh phc. 9. Ti liu 9.1 Phi lu h s v phn bn, thuc tr su v thuc dit c s dng cho tng l sn xut. 9.2 Vic s dng methyl bromua hoc phosphin xng khi dc liu phi c : - Thng bo cho ngi mua c trang b o qun ph hp v nh v sinh c chu

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- Ghi trong vn n 10. o to v gio dc o to v gio dc cho nhn vin, d l ch bin hay qun l sn xut tho dc, phi tun theo cc k thut thch hp. C th t c iu ny bng cch s dng cc chuyn gia t cc vin nng nghip a phng hoc cc chuyn gia do ngi mua cung cp. 11. Kim tra cht lng 11.1. Vic tun th cc khuyn cao ca GACP phi c kim tra thng qua cc t kim tra thng xuyn ca nh sn xut v i din ngi mua, tinh thng v nng nghip v thc hnh v sinh. 11.2.Quy cch ca tho dc phi c tho thun gia ngi sn xut v ngi mua, cc quy cch ny c th bao gm thnh phn hot cht v cc cht c trng, gii hn vi khun, cc c tnh nhn bit qua th gic v cm quan, tn d thuc tr su v kim loi nng.

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Ph lc 4: Vn bn mu v thc hnh nng nghip tt i vi cc tho dc c th Hng dn trng trt tho dc v kim tra cht lng Nht Bn a ra cc khuyn co v trng trt cy thuc c th trong mt lot chuyn kho1. Cc chuyn kho c c cu theo nguyn tc sau: 1. Tn ca tho dc (1)Tn bng ting Nht ca tho dc Nu khng c tn ting Nht t cho tho dc th tn din gii y (xem nh ngha bn di) c s dng thay th (2)Tn din gii y : Tn din gii bng ting Nht dnh cho tho dc, dng cho mc ch lm thuc (tn thuc sng, tn v thuc). (3) Tn khoa hc: Nh nh ngha trong Dc in Nht Bn. i vi cy thuc khng c trong Dc in Nht Bn, s dng tn cy thuc c s dng rng ri ( tn thng thng). 2. B phn s dng nh dc liu M t cc phn ca tho dc dng cho mc ch lm thuc. 3. c im tho dc M t cc c im chnh v hnh thi hc v thc vt hc ca tho dc. 4. Cc c im ca tho dc v vng sn xut chnh (1) Cc c im ca tho dc:
1

Trng trt dc tho v kim tra cht lng, cc quyn 1-10, B Y t, Lao ng v phc li Ed., Yakuyi, 1992-2001 (bng Nht ng) (17).

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Nh nh ngha trong Dc in Nht Bn hoc c tha nhn/ cng nhn rng ri. (2) Cc vng sn xut tho dc chnh: a im trng trt chnh Nht Bn hoc cc quc gia khc. 5. c im ca (cc) ging cy trng (1)Cc c im v hnh thi hc (2)Cc c im v sinh thi hc (3)Thnh phn ho hc c trng ca tho dc. (4)Cc iu kin trng trt thch hp (a)..................................................................................... Cc iu kin kh hu c biu th bng m theo phn loi nh km cho thy: - Nhit : nng/lnh - Thi gian chiu sng (b)..................................................................................... iu kin th nhng c biu th bng m theo phn loi nh km cho thy: - Loi t trng - iu kin th nhng : Kh nng thot nc/ m thch hp vi t mu (c)Yu cu che ph 6. Cc phng php trng trt (1) TTn loi v ging 96

(2) PPhng php nhn ging (3) TTrng trt (a)..................................................................................... iu kin trng trt thch hp: (b)..................................................................................... Nhn ging (c)Gieo ht/m/trng (d)..................................................................................... Phn bn (e)..................................................................................... Chm sc v qun l (f) Bnh v su bnh (g)..................................................................................... Phng php v quy trnh thu hoch (h)..................................................................................... Ch bin sau thu hoch (i) Sn lng d kin 7. nh gi cht lng ca nguyn liu tho dc (1)Tiu chun cht lng quc gia ca tho dc c nh ngha nh l tiu chun cht lng v khi lng trong Dc in Nht Bn hoc cc tiu chun tho dc Nht Bn.. (2)Tn ca cc cht ho hc chnh Nh l cc tiu ch nh gi cht lng. (3)Cng thc ho hc ca cc cht chnh Hnh v cc cng thc ho hc.

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8. Bng tm tt cc c im ca cc ging cy trng khc nhau Cc c im v hnh thi hc ca mi ging ang trng, bao gm chiu cao, tc tng trng, hnh thi hc/ dng r, thn, l, hoa, tri v ht, kh nng khng/chu c cc bnh/ loi gy hi c trng, thnh phn v hm lng ca cc cht ho hc chnh ca tho dc. 9. Lch trng trt Ln lch cho cc giai on trng tho dc, ghi r hnh thc chm sc v cng vic/ hot ng qun l v nh thi im trong sut qu trnh trng trt. 10............................................................................... D liu c s v thng tin khc (1)Ngun gc ht ging, tho dc, vt liu nhn ging, v.v... (2)Chng nhn trng trt nh gi mc thch hp ca vic trng trt v cc c im ca ht ging/ vt liu nhn ging. Vic trng trt phi c tin hnh theo phng php trng c xc nh. (3)Ch dn y hc ca nguyn liu tho dc (4)Tn ca bi thuc YHCT Nht Bn (5)Hnh nh (5-10 hnh nh) Ca tho dc v nguyn liu tho dc; cho thy cc phng php lm vic/ thit b. nh km: Cc bn a l cho thy (1) nhit m (2) lnh (3) thi gian chiu sng v (4) loi t trng.

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Ph lc 5: Ghi chp mu cho cy thuc trng Nhn din cy thuc trng Tn khoa hc (chi, loi, tc gi, h):.......................................... ................................................................................................. Tn a phng:....................................................................... Tn ting Anh thng dng (nu bit):....................................... B phn dng:........................................................................... M s v trng:.......................................................................... Nhn dng ni trng a im trng:....................................................................... Tnh/bang/quc gia.................................................................. Nhn dng ngi trng Tn ngi trng:.......................................................................... a ch lin h:........................................................................ Ngy (ngy/thng/nm) bt u trng :.................................. Ngy (ngy/thng/nm) kt thc trng:.................................... Ht ging v vt liu nhn ging Ngun gc cy trng:.............................................................. M t nguyn liu:.................................................................... C bn trn th trng (khoanh trn): c/khng Nu c th, ghi tn ngi trng........................... tn ca nh cung cp................................................................................... Trng trt

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Phng php x l nguyn liu nhn ging (khoanh trn): gieo ht trc tip/ ghp (m) Ngy gieo ht/ trng u tin....................... T l mc:.......... Ngy gieo ht li/ trng li................................ T l cy sng: Khong cch gia cc hng (cm).......... Khong cch gia cc cy (cm).................................................................................. Din tch vng trng (m2)............. S cy cho mi n v din tch.................................................................................. Lun canh:...................... Loi t: ..........%t st.......................% t ct......................% ph sa ................................................................................................. % cht hu c.......................................................................... % cc cht khc (m t) mu m ca t pH (khoanh trn):Ph ca nhiu/bc t.. mu....................................... Tnh trng gi m ca t (khoanh trn): tt/ xu Tnh trng thot nc ca t (khoanh trn): tt/xu Ti tiu (khoanh trn): c/khng Thu li khoanh trn : c/khng t (khoanh trn): bng/dc Dng ti tiu ( khoanh trn) : ngp nc/cy c/ti/chy Ngun nc (khoanh trn): nc ung sch do thnh ph cung cp/ h/ sng/ ging/ ngun nc khc.

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Nu ngun nc khc, xin ghi r ........................................................................................... Cht lng nc: tt/xu M t: ........................................................................................... Lng mui trong nc (khoanh trn): thp/cao Tn ca cc cy lin k: Cn trng trn cc cy k bn (khoanh trn): rp / cn trng/su bm/chu chu/cn trng khc Nu l cn trng khc, xin ghi r: Cc ho cht nng nghip Phn bn s dng trc khi trng (khoanh trn): hu c (phn gia sc)/ phn ho hc Tn:....................................................... bn.. Gi/ngy (ngy/thng/nm).................. T l............................ Thuc dit c s dng trc khi trng: Tn:....................................................... Phng php s dng. . . Gi/ngy (ngy/thng/nm).................. T l............................ Thuc dit c s dng sau khi trng: Tn:....................................................... Phng php s dng. . . Gi/ngy (ngy/thng/nm).................. T l............................ Thuc tr su s dng: Tn:....................................................... Phng php s dng. . . Gi/ngy (ngy/thng/nm).................. T l............................ Thu hoch/ thu hi 101 Phng php

Ngy thu hoch..................................... Thi gian trong ngy... Cc iu kin......................................... Phng php.............. Sn lng............................................... Cc hon cnh bt thng c th nh hng ti cht lng (Cc iu kin thi tit khc nghit, tip xc vi cc cht gy hi, s bng pht cc loi su hi v.v...) ................................................................................................. .................................................................................................

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Tm tt cc iu kin tng trng cy trng

Thn Thn Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng g1 g2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Khong thi gian c nh nng ban ngy (gi) Nhit bnh qun ngy (0C) Nhit bnh qun ban m (0C) Lng ma bnh qun (mm) Chiu cao cy (cm) Chi hoa S hnh thnh i hoa H hi do cn trng Bnh Thuc dit c s dng Thuc tr su s dng Phn cnh Lm t canh tc Ti tiu Sng gi/lnh Gi Hn hn Sn lng mi cy (b phn)

Cc nhn xt v kin ngh khc...............................................

Nu cn thit, ghi cc thng tin hoc chi tit b sung ca cng vic hoc s quan st trn mt t giy ring.

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