Gas Lift

Production Technology Production Technology

Lecture 11c - Unloading Valve Opening, Closing and
P Calculation P
TRO
Calculation
Recommended Texts: Handout and
A ifi i l Lif M h d Artificial Lift Methods,
Kermit E. Brown, Volume 2a
PennWell Publishing Co, Tulsa, OK, 1980
Akim Kabir
Senior Lecturer
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Curtin University of Technology
Slide 1
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Aug 2008
Gas Lift
Analogy Between Pressure Regulator / Gas Lift Valve gy g
Diaphragm/ p g
Atmospheric Bellows
Spring
St
Upstream
Stem
Stem Tip
Upstream
Upst ea
/Casing
Port
Downstream
Upstream
Downstream/Tubing
Slide 2
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Pressure Regulator Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
In an IPO valve high pressure
Nitrogen
In an IPO valve, high pressure
nitrogen in the dome exerts
pressure on the inside of the
bellows. This causes the bellows
Nitrogen
pressure
to extend down and pushes the
ball on the seat.
Slide 3
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
G f Gas from the casing tries to get
into the valve. The pressure acts
on the outside of the bellows,
trying to compress the bellows. trying to compress the bellows.
Slide 4
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
Fl id f th d ti Fluid from the production
tubing tries to force the
stem off the seat.
Slide 5
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
When the valve opens gas
moves through the valve and
out the nose.
Slide 6
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
Pd Pd
Ab
Slide 7
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
The valve is in the The valve is in the
closed position now.
What does it take to open this
valve?
Pd
valve?
Lets look first at the forces
trying to close the valve.
Pd
Closing force = Pd xAb
Ab
where:
Pd = nitrogen pressure
Ab = area of the bellows
Slide 8
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
Opening force = Pt x Ap +
Now the opening
forces:
Opening force = Pt x Ap +
Pc(Ab - Ap)
where:
Pt = tubing pressure
Pc = casing pressure
Ap = port area Ap port area
Ab = bellows area
The casing pressure
Pc
The casing pressure
only acts on this area
when the valve is
closed
Ap
Pt
closed
Ap
Slide 9
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Ab
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Behavior IPO G/L Valve Behavior
The solution:
The valve begins to
open when the opening
forces exceeds the
Pd
forces exceeds the
closing force:
Pt x Ap + Pc(Ab - Ap)
Pd
>= Pd x Ab
For a given Pd we could
solve for Pc the
Ab
solve for Pc, the
pressure at which the
valve should open.
Pc
A
Or, for a design case of
Pc and Pt, we could
solve for the correct Pd
Ap
Pt
Slide 10
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
solve for the correct Pd.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Opening Pressure Calculation
The valve begins to come open when
the opening forces starts to exceed
IPO G/L Valve Opening Pressure Calculation
closing force.
Pd (Ab) =< Pt (Ap) + Pc(Ab - Ap)
O i P
Pd
Opening Pressure:
Pc >= (Pd(Ab) Pt(Ap)) /(Ab-Ap)
or or
Pvo = Pc >= (Pd Pt (R)) / (1-R)
Where R = Ap/Ab
Ab
Where R = Ap/Ab
or
Pvo = Pc >= Pd/(1-R) Pt(TE F)
Pc
Ap
Pvo Pc > Pd/(1 R) Pt(T.E.F)
Where T.E.F = R/(1-R)
T.E.F = Tubing Effect Factor
Ap
Pt
Slide 11
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
ub g ect acto
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation IPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation
Pd
Ab
Pc
Ap Ap
Pt
Slide 12
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
IPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation
When the valve is about to close the
t d th th t i
IPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation
pressure acts underneath the port is
Pc
Pd (Ab) > = Pc (Ap) + Pc(Ab - Ap) Pd ( ) ( ) ( )
or
Pd (Ab) >= Pc (Ab)
or
Pc (Ab) <= Pd (Ab)
Ab
or
Pc <= Pd
Pc
Ap
So, the valve closing pressure:
Ap
Pt
Slide 13
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Pvc = Pc < = Pd
Gas Lift
Valve Opening & Closing Pressures (IPO)
F = P X A F = P X A
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED
TO OPEN IT.. TO OPEN IT..
Pd Pd
Pd Pd
Pc (1 Pc (1--Ap/Ab)+Pt (Ap/Ab) Ap/Ab)+Pt (Ap/Ab) >= Pd
Pc
Pc
or
Pvo= Pc >= Pd/(1-R) Pt(T.E.F.)
WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN
TO CLOSE IT.. TO CLOSE IT..
Pvc = Pc <=Pd Pvc = Pc <=Pd
Pt Pt
Pt Pt
Slide 14
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Injection Pressure Operated Valve Injection Pressure Operated Valve
Gas Lift
Spread & Tubing Effect of the IPO Valves
Spread = Valve Opening Pressure Valve Closing Pressure
T.E. = Pt x T.E.F.
(T.E.= Tubing Effect)
Slide 15
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
PPO G/L Valve Behavior PPO G/L Valve Behavior
Pd Pd
Casing pressure is
ti d th b ll f
Pc
acting under the ball of
the stem tip.
Pc
Slide 16
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
PPO G/L Valve Opening Pressure Calculation
The valve begins to open when the
opening forces start to exceed
PPO G/L Valve Opening Pressure Calculation
p g
closing force:
Pd (Ab) <= Pc (Ap) + Pt(Ab - Ap)
Pd
Opening Pressure:
Pvo = Pt >= (Pd(Ab) Pc(Ap)) /(Ab-
Ap) Ap)
or
Pvo = Pt >= (Pd Pc (R) / (1-R)
Ab
Pvo Pt (Pd Pc (R) / (1 R)
Where R = Ap/Ab
or
Pc
Ap
Pvo = Pt >= Pd/(1-R) Pc(C.E.F)
Where C.E.F = R/(1-R)
Pt
p
Slide 17
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
C.E.F = Casing Effect Factor
Pt
Gas Lift
PPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation PPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation
Pd
Ab
Pc
Ap
Pt
p
Slide 18
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Pt
Gas Lift
PPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation
When the valve is about to close
PPO G/L Valve Closing Pressure Calculation
When the valve is about to close
the pressure acting underneath
the port is Pt
Pd (Ab) >= Pt (Ap) + Pt(Ab Ap)
Pd
Pd (Ab) >= Pt (Ap) + Pt(Ab - Ap)
Closing Pressure:
Pvc = Pt <= Pd Pvc = Pt <= Pd
Ab
Pc
Ap
Pt
p
Slide 19
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Pt
Gas Lift
Valve Opening & Closing Pressures (PPO)
F = P X A F = P X A
p g g ( )
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED
TO OPEN IT.. TO OPEN IT..
Pd Pd
Pd Pd
Pt (1 Pt (1--Ap/Ab)+Pc (Ap/Ab) Ap/Ab)+Pc (Ap/Ab) >= Pd
or
Pc
Pc Pvo = Pt >= Pd/(1-R) Pc(C.E.F.)
WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN
TO CLOSE IT.. TO CLOSE IT..
Pt Pt
Pvc = Pt <=Pd Pvc = Pt <=Pd
Pt Pt
Slide 20
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Production Pressure Operated Valve Production Pressure Operated Valve
Gas Lift
Test Rack Opening Pressure Calculation (IPO) Test Rack Opening Pressure Calculation (IPO)
Valve opening equation (IPO):
P
d
<= P
t
(Ap/Ab) + P
c
(1 Ap/Ab)
P
vo
= P
c
>= P
d
/(1-R) P
t
x R/(1-R)
Valves are usually set in the workshop in a test rack with external pressure (P
tro
)
applied into the casing side while P
t
is zero and valve temperature is at 60
o
F. pp g
t
p
Nitrogen is normally charged into the dome of the valves
Test Rack Opening Pressure is:
P
d @60F d @60F
P
tro
= -------------------------
(1 - (Ap/Ab))
P
d@d th
P
d@depth
P
tro
= ------------------------- ; [ Pd
@60F
= P
d
/ C
t
]
C
t
x (1 - (Ap/Ab))
This equation can be applied for all type of valves This equation can be applied for all type of valves
Ct =1+0.00215 X (T
@D
- 60)
Ct = N
2
Temperature Correction Factor
T
@D
= Temperature at Valve Depth,
o
F
Slide 21
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Test Rack Test Rack
Slide 22
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Gas Calculations for Gas Lift System Gas Calculations for Gas Lift System
Temperature effect on dome pressure
Temperature correction for gas volumetric Temperature correction for gas volumetric
throughput
Gas volume stored within a conduit
Gas injection pressure at depth
Volumetric gas throughput of a choke or G.L. Volumetric gas throughput of a choke or G.L.
Valve port
Slide 23
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Temperature Effect on Dome Pressure
Major Advantages of Nitrogen :
* Availability * Non-explosive
* Non- corrosive * Predictable compressibility
* Predictable temperature effect * Predictable temperature effect
From non-ideal (real) gas law:
P
2
= P
1
/(Z
1
T
1
/Z
2
T
2
) {assume dome volume constant}
2 1
(
1 1 2 2
) { }
Where: The initial conditions are labelled with subscript 1 and present condition with
subscript 2
If the present conditions are at 60 F, C
t
= 1+0.00215(T
1
60) =Z
1
T
1
/Z
2
T
2
If the present conditions are at 60 F, C
t
1 0.00215(T
1
60) Z
1
T
1
/Z
2
T
2
P
2
= P
1
/C
t
If the present temperature is not at 60F, apply the following equation to determine P
2
p p , pp y g q
2
P
2
= P
1 X
T
c
Where: T
c
= Temperature correction factor Where: T
c
Temperature correction factor
1 + 0.00215 x (T
2
- 60)
T
c
= --------------------------------
1 + 0.00215 x (T
1
- 60)
Slide 24
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Where : T
1
= Initial temperature, Deg F
T
2
= Present temperature, Deg F
Gas Lift
Temperature Correction for Volumetric Throughput
Based on equation of state for real gas
PV = n ZRT
For real gas For real gas
P1V1 P2V2
-------- = --------
Z1T1 Z2T2
If P1 = P2 i.e. same pressure => temp. correction
(Charles Law) (C a es a )
T2 Z2
V2 = V1 x ---- x ----
T1 Z1 T1 Z1
Slide 25
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
V l S d Wi hi C d i C l l i Volume Stored Within a Conduit Calculation
To find the volume of gas contained under specific
well conditions):
P x T
b
Vb = V x ----------------
Z x P
b
x T
Where: Vb = gas volume at base conditions
V = capacity of conduit in cubic feet
P = average pressure within conduit
T
b
= temperature base in degrees Rankin
Z = compressibility factor for average pressure and Z = compressibility factor for average pressure and
temperature in a conduit
P
b
= pressure base (14.73 psi)
T = average temperature in the conduit in degrees Rankin
Slide 26
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
g p g
Gas Lift
Calculations for Gas Injection Pressure at Depth
Gas injection pressure at depth
Calculations for Gas Injection Pressure at Depth
0.01875 x S.G. x D
T x Z
Where: e = 2.71828
P@D = P@Se
P@D = Pressure at depth, psia
P@S = Pressure at surface, psia
S.G. = Gas Specific Gravity S.G. Gas Specific Gravity
D = Depth, feet
T = Average Temp Degrees R
Z = Average Compressibility for T Z = Average Compressibility for T
and average pressure
Slide 27
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Calculation for Gas Inj Pressure at Depth
R l f th b E ti b d S G f 0 65
Calculation for Gas Inj. Pressure at Depth
Rule of thumb Equation based on S.G. of 0.65,
a geothermal gradient at 1.6
0
F/100ft and a surface
temperature of 70
0
F
P@D = P@S + (2.3 x P@S x D )
100 1000
Where:P@D = Pressure at depth, psia
P@S = Pressure at surface, psia P@S Pressure at surface, psia
D = Depth, feet
Slide 28
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
A [in
2
]
d [ft] dx [ft]
Slide 29
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Volumetric Gas Throughput of a Choke Volumetric Gas Throughput of a Choke
Equation based on Thornhill-Craver Studies
Since this equation is so complex it is much
easier to use the chart attached to your class
exercise.
OR
Use the software program Ccgas a free ware
from Camco for calculation of gas flow rate
th ifi across the orifice
Slide 30
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Thornhill Craver Equation: Q
g
Throughput of a Choke q Q
g
g p
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
| |
/ 1 / 2
1
2 F F
k
k
g
k k
du
k
du
+

|
.
|

\
|
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
1
1
1
5 . 155
T
k
g
p A C Q
g
du du
d gsc

|
.

\

=
( )
g
where
Q
gsc
= gasflowrateat standardconditions(14.7psiaand60
o
F)., Mscf/D
C
d
= dischargecoefficient (determinedexperimentally), dimensionless,
A = areaof opening, sqin.,
P
1
= upstreampressure, psia,
1
p p p
P
2
= downstreampressure, psia
g = accelerationduetogravity, ft/sec
2
k= ratioof specificheats, dimensionless
( ) 1 k / k
1 k
2

|
.
|

\
|
+
T
1
= upstreamtemperature,
o
R
F
cf
=critical flowpressureratio=
F ti f d t / t i t t it
Slide 31
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
F
du
=ratioof downstreampressure/ upstreampressure, consistent units,
F
du
= F
cf
if F
du
< F
cf
andF
du
= p
2
/p
1
F
cf
Gas Lift
Thornhill Craver Equation: Q
g
Throughput of a Choke q Q
g
g p
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
| |
/ 1 / 2
1
2 F F
k
k
g
k k
du
k
du
+

|
.
|

\
|
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
1
1
1
5 . 155
T
k
g
p A C Q
g
du du
d gsc

|
.

\

=
( )
g
Zfactor not included in the equation
( ) T C 0544 0
gc
Q
Q =

( )
gD g gT
T C 0544 . 0 =
gT
ga
C
Q
where where
C
gT
= approximate correction factor for gas gravity and temp, dimensionless,
T
gD
= gas temperature at valve depth,
o
R
Q
ga
= actual volumetric gas rate, Mscf/D, and
Slide 32
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Q
ga
g , ,
Q
gc
= chart volumetric gas rate, Mscf/D.
Gas Lift

Slide 33
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Class Exercise #1
A pressure operated valve
(IPO) is located at 6000.
Pressure in the dome is
Class Exercise #1
Pressure in the dome is
700 psi & tubing pressure
is 500 psi at 6000.
Ab = 1 sq. in
F = P X A F = P X A
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED
Pd Pd
Pd Pd
Ap = 0.1 sq. in
1) Find Pc required to
open the valve at depth
2) C l l t t bi ff t
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED
TO OPEN IT.. TO OPEN IT..
Pc (1 Pc (1--Ap/Ab)+Pt (Ap/Ab) Ap/Ab)+Pt (Ap/Ab) >= Pd
Pc
Pd Pd
Pc
Pd Pd
or
2) Calculate tubing effect
factor and tubing effect
3) Calculate spread of the
valve
WHEN THE VALVE IS WHEN THE VALVE IS
OPEN OPEN
Pvo= Pc >= Pd/(1-R) Pt(T.E.F.)
SPREAD = Opening
Closing pressure
OPEN OPEN
TO CLOSE IT.. TO CLOSE IT..
Pvc = Pd >=Pc Pvc = Pd >=Pc
Pt Pt
Pt Pt
T.E. = Pt x T.E.F.
Injection Pressure Operated Valve Injection Pressure Operated Valve
Pt Pt
Pt Pt
A 0 9 t P & T
Slide 34
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Assume z=0.9 at P
avg
& T
avg
Gas Lift
Gas Passage Response of IPOValves Gas Passage Response of IPO Valves
Slide 35
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.
Gas Lift
Gas Passage Response of PPOValves Gas Passage Response of PPO Valves
Slide 36
Section 3 Opening and Closing and Ptro Calc.