International Applied Mechanics. Vol. 36, No. 5.

2000 To the Beginning o f the Third M i l l e n n i u m

FEATURES OF THE BUCKLING OF RIBBED SHELLS

V. A. Zarutskii

UDC 539.3

The results of stability analysis of ribbed shells performed on the basis of the techniques developed by I. Ya. Amiro and his followers are reviewed. Attention is focused on the features of their buckling due to the discrete arrangement of ribs. Introduction. Thin-walled structural elements can be subject to compressive loads. In this case, their load-carrying capacity is determined by the capability of taking up these loads without buckling. Therefore, the development of techniques for designing such structural elements has been being one of the most urgent problems of the mechanics of shells. The difficulties arising in the development of such techniques lie in the fact (revealed in comparing the results of experimental and theoretical investigations) that experimentally determined critical stresses in cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces and in spherical shells subject to an external pressure are considerably (almost three times) less than those (upper critical stresses) found based on linear theory. Hereafter, we will consider, by an example of cylindrical shells under axial compressive forces, how this fact has affected the development of techniques for stability analysis of shells. Until 1963, it was recommended to use as theoretical values the so-called lower critical stresses found in approximate solution of the nonlinear equilibrium equations for shells, since the values of the stresses thus obtained turned out to be close to the minimum experimental values [48]. In 1963, B. Almroth showed in [99] that when the function approximating the buckling of a shell is adjusted, the lower critical stress decreases and becomes much less than the corresponding experimental values. In this connection, it was necessary to do away with these stresses used as theoretical values. After 1963, theoretical investigations were carried out to clarify why the experimental and theoretical values o f critical stresses differ and to work out recommendations as for the stability analysis of shells, researchers reverting to the upper critical stresses used as the basic characteristic of shell buckling. The following three primary factors affecting the above-mentioned distinction between experimental and theoretical data were singled out and detailed: I. The noncompliance of the shell-grip conditions realized in experiments and accepted in design procedures. 2. The heterogeneity of the subcritical state in test shells. 3. Manufacturing imperfections in test shells, The first of the above factors was analyzed by V. Kozhevnikov in [72] and N. A. Kii'chevskii and S. N. Nikulinskaya in [68]. It was shown that if the edge of a shell can freely displace in the circumferential direction, then the upper critical stresses decrease two times in comparison with the case where such displacements are impossible. However, such a shell-grip condition was not realized in the known experiments. For other variants of fixation of not very short shells, the effect o f changing the grip conditions on the critical stresses turns out to be insignificant. The investigations resulted in the conclusion that the difference between the shell-grip conditions realized in the experiment and those used in the development of design procedures cannot be considered as a factor accounting for the above-mentioned difference between the critical stresses. The effect of the second factor, namely, the inhomogeneity of the subcritical state, was thoroughly analyzed by V. I. Myachenkov ([67] and the references therein). It was shown that when the heterogeneity of the subcritical state is taken into account, the upper critical stresses, as a rule, decrease. However, the critical stresses thus adjusted are much higher than

S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 3-31, May, 2000. Original article submitted November 12, 1999. 1063-7095/00/3605-0559525.00 @2000 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers 559

the corresponding experimental values. Thus, this factor also cannot cause the above-mentioned difference between the experimental and theoretical data. In studying the effect of the processing factors on the experimental values of the critical stresses, it was accepted that, among these factors, the initial deflections in test shells are apparently a key factor. In the papers of J. Singer, J. Arbocz, and lr. Babcock [106] and I. Ya. Amiro, P. S. Polyakov, and V. G. Palamarchuk [39], published in 1971. it was shown that if a design procedure allows for the initial deflections measured in shells that are then subjected to stability tests, then theoretical values of the critical stresses close to the experimental values can be obtained. Thus, it was proved that the basic reason for the difference between the experimental and theoretical values of the critical stresses is the initial deflections in test shells. It should be noted that shells reinforced with ribs were considered in [39, 106]. As is known, for such shells, the disagreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the critical stresses is considerably smaller than for unstiffened (smooth) shells. Therefore, to reduce the influence of the initial deflections, the above-mentioned cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces, cylindrical shells under other types of loading, and shells of other shapes are stiffened with ribs. It was revealed that reinforced shells are also more effective in the weight optimization of structures than unstiffened ones. Thus the necessity arose of creating special procedures for the design of fibbed shells, in particular, for their analysis for stability. Two variants of these procedures based on substantially different approaches were proposed. Use was made of either a simplified design procedure that deals with an orthotropic shell with reduced rigidity characteristics (the theory of structurally orthotropic shells) instead of a real ribbed shell or a design procedure that allows for the actual discrete arrangement of ribs. The former procedure can be used only for consideration of the general buckling of ribbed shells, and, as will be seen from the data presented below, the corresponding critical stresses cannot always be determined by this procedure with adequate accuracy. The studies by D. Dschou t [96], p. 414) and W. Flugge [102] were apparently the first in this subject area. To date, the research in this domain may be considered completed. Some aspects of research carried out within the framework of the theory of structurally orthotropic shells are studied in [65, 66, 74, etc.]. S. P. Timoshenko was apparently the first to propose the latter design procedure, way back in 1915 ([96], p. 221), to analyze ribbed rectangular plates for stability. As applied to cylindrical shells strengthened with ring ribs, this procedure was used by P. A. Sokolov in [95], published in 1933. Many studies in this subject area appeared afterwards (see the review [27]). The common objective of these studies was to adjust the critical general-buckling stresses. However, this is not enough to formulate, for example, the problem on the optimal parameters of ribbed shells, since, as calculations and experiments show, the general buckling is, as a rule. preceded by the local buckling of the shell (casing) itself between the ribs [31]. As a zero approximation in solving the problem on the critical local-buckling stresses of cylindrical shells reinforced with cross ribs, several papers [104, 105] proposed to analyze the stability of the shell's part between the ring ribs, considering it as a cylindrical shell hinged along the edges (the longitudinal ribs were considered in this case in terms of the theory of structurally orthotropic shells), and the stability of a panel between ribs hinged on ribs. Such a scheme should be refined, since the stability analysis of the shell was reduced to the determination of the critical stresses of general buckling and two variants of local buckling, but, as will be shown below, five variants of local buckling are possible. The failure to account for the torsional rigidity of the fibs, in turn, may lead to critical stresses considerably underestimated. In developing procedures for stability analysis of fibbed shells, the ultimate goal must have been to determine the optimal parameters of such shells based on a technique that takes into account the actual (measured in shells being analyzed) initial deflections and the discrete arrangement of the ribs. Currently, this goal is unattainable, since, first, to measure the initial deflections, it is necessary to have an already manufactured shell, and, second, when the number and rigidity of the ribs and the thickness of the casing change, both the distribution of the initial deflections and their amplitudes change too. In this connection, the following two problems were solved separately, determination of the rational parameters of ideal (or with given initial deflections) ribbed shells and influence of the initial deflections measured on a test shell on the critical loads. To solve the former problem, it was necessary to develop techniques for stability analysis of ribbed shells with allowance for the discrete arrangement and all rigidity characteristics of the fibs. Such techniques were proposed b y I. Ya. Amiro (the first study was published in 1960 [1]) and developed by his followers. A method of solution of the latter problem was also proposed by Amiro and his disciples [39].

560

A review of theoretical studies of the stability of ribbed shells is presented below. These studies were carried out at the S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine by I. Ya. Amiro and the employees of the department of building mechanics of thin-walled structures created by him in 1962. These studies were the first to propose techniques for stability analysis of cylindrical shells that are reinforced with cross ribs and subject to axial compressive forces. These techniques have permitted one to classify the wave modes in the local buckling of shells due to the discrete arrangement of the ribs [1, 2, 22, 23]. The effect of the number and rigidity of the ribs on the critical stresses was thoroughly studied, It was shown that the critical stresses of one of the local-buckling modes are minimum over a wide range of the parameters of ribbed shells. This proved the fact that variants of the theory of fibbed shells constructed without regard for the presence of all possible local-buckling wave modes can lead to an overestimation of the critical stresses and, when being used for optimal design of shells, to considerable distortion of the parameters of optimal structures [30, 31, 32, etc.]. The following two variants of the above-mentioned techniques were developed: simplified (monomial approximation of resolving functions) [1, 2] and refined [25, 33, 44] (polynomial approximation of resolving functions). Both variants produce close results if the shell is reinforced with moderately rigid ribs [22, 23, 44]. The techniques originally proposed for ribbed cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces were then generalized to shells under eccentric compression [4, 89], external pressure [20, 44, 91-94], torques [85], and combinations of these and other loads [25, 31, 80, 88, etc.]. Afterwards, techniques were developed for stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells with large rectangular notches under different loads, and the effect of different types of reinforcement of the notches on the critical loads was studied [20, 86, 87, etc.]. Techniques for stability analysis of ribbed conic and spherical shells and ribbed shells of a positive Gaussian curvature with an arbitrary shape of the meridian were developed [20, 53, 54, 91-94]. To describe the deformation of shells, use was made of both the classical theory of shells based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses for a shell and the Kirchhoff-Clebsch hypotheses for ribs [20, 25, 31, etc.] and a refined theory of shells based on the Timoshenko model for both the shell and the fibs [56, 63, etc.]. In particular, it was shown for the first time that the effect of the discrete arrangement of ribs is potentiated when the buckling of a shell is described using the refined theory of shells [56, 63]. As a final result of all the problems considered, recommendations on how to choose the rational parameters of reinforcement were formulated [20, 25, 31, etc.]. Further investigations were based on the nonlinear equilibrium equations for evaluation of the critical stresses in shells with initial deflections. In particular, it was shown that critical stresses close to experimental values could be obtained if the design procedure uses as initial deflections those measured under nearly critical loads [25, 38, 39, 75, 76, 82]. Much attention was given to the load-carrying capacity of shells. In particular, techniques were developed for determination of the limit loads for cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces and internal pressure [31 ] and the collapse loads for locally buckled shells that are capable of taking up further increase in the load [38]. The conditions for applicability of techniques based on the theory of structurally orthotropic shells were defined using the asymptotic method [25, 58], Thus, I. Ya. Amiro and his colleagues were the first to fully study all the features of the deformation of fibbed shells buckling due to the discrete arrangement of ribs. A review of experimental investigations of the stability of ribbed shells is contained in [28]. A review of theoretical investigations of the stress-strain state of ribbed shells under static and dynamic loading and some general considerations regarding the effect of the discrete arrangement of ribs on their stability are presented in [100]. Below, these considerations are extended to the analysis of the buckling of ribbed shells due to the discrete arrangement of fibs. Studies with similar results are described in [101,103]. 1. Stability of Isotropie Shells under Static Loading. 1.1. Design Procedures. At the first stage of the stability analysis of ribbed shells, circular closed cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces were considered (Fig. 1). The mixed energy method was used. It was assumed that: - the classical iheory of shells based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses can be used for design of the casing and the theory of rods based on the Kirchhoff-Clebsch hypotheses for design of the fibs; - the subcritical state is homogeneous; 561

2r

Fig. 1

the ribs and the casing have identical deflections and angles of rotation along the contact lines; - the ribs and the casing deform independently along the ribs; therefore, their nonsymmetric arrangement about the median surface of the casing cannot be taken into account; and - the shell is reinforced with an orthogonal net of ribs arranged along its generatrices and directrices. Such a formulation of the problem was first proposed by I. Ya. Amiro [ 1, 2] and was used in many studies in this subject area. In this connection, following the monograph [31]. we will briefly state the basic relations used in this formulation. The maximum strain energy is
-

E=

U+A,

(1)

where U is the potential strain energy and A is the work of external forces, U and A having the form

2
D / 2nr ~2w O2w]

~'--Y Jofo It ~,c- + aY"J

1 2~ r [z 2W + bx----~+~y_) 2

-2(1 -v)

c~x 2 . qoy 2

~
2

d.x dy

+~ Z

j=l
k]

' il

EFjlZj-+

.t 2w i ,t iF
+ v
~gx2J 2 t G3x)

d Oj dx

~c

2r~r[

+Bj~ - d-v 2 + ,/--~2 + Kj, ~

/ 2=r[ ~

dr,

(2)

A=phf
o

oL

S i1[0_~_
c-)y-

Jdxdv

562

awj
j=l 0

dx.

Here, x and y are the Cartesian coordinates of a point on the median surface of the casing, w and ~pare the deflection of the casing and the stress function, E and v are the elastic modulus and Poisson s ratio of the material of the casing and the ribs (it was assumed that the ribs and the casing were made from the same material), 17, r, and l are the thickness and the radius of the median surface and the length of the shell, Ei, Bj,/~, and k are the cross-sectional area of the jth longitudinal rib, its bending rigidity in the radial plane, torsional rigidity, and their number, Fjd Bj, Kj., and k I are the characteristics (similar to Fj, Bj, Kj, and k) of the jlth ring rib. ej and ejj are the strains of the axes of the indicated ribs, 0j and 0j~ are the angles of twist of their cross sections, p is the axial compressive stress in the casing, ej = - ~ P, and ~j~ = 0, and

D-

Eh 3
12 (1 - 0 2) "

The conditions of rigid contact of the casing and the ribs under the above assumptions are w j = w ly=yj. Ow Iy=y] Oj=-~-y

I~Vjl= W IX=.~1'

0jl = ~-~ Xm.,jl"

(4)

where yj and xj~ are the axial coordinates of thejth longitudinal and thejlth ring ribs. To evaluate the stress function, the following equation was used: 04q)+2 b 4 q) , + a 4 (p . . . . E 0 2 w (5)

Ox 4

c3xZOy-

c3y 4

Ox 2"

As follows from [25], it was discovered that Eq. (5) could not be written with allowance for the rigid contact of the casing and the ribs along the rib axes. Therefore, accounting for the nonsymmetric arrangement of the ribs with the use of the mixed energy method calls for the introduction of additional assumptions and substantiation of the possibility of using them. In accordance with the ordinary procedure of application of the mixed energy method to the solution of shell stability problems, a function approximating the deflection of a shell is specified, then qa is determined from (5) and wj, wj? 0 i, and 0jj from (4). After that, substituting the function approximating w and % wj,

wj, Oj, and 0j, into

U and A, we determine the

extremum of E, and from the equation (the system of equations) obtained, we find the desired critical stresses. Since, under actual conditions, the edges of shells are stiffened by strong rings or there are diaphragms at them, in the studies being considered, the edges of the shell were assumed hinged. In this case, it is convenient to approximate the deflection of the casing by the double trigonometric series

u'= Z

sin dm

Cm,,

cos,,v+Din,, sin"V)
r r

(6)

t~t= l 11=0

where d_ t/l -

7tmr

563

When the deflection is approximated in such a way, the determination of the critical stresses is reduced to the calculation o f the minimum roots o f infinite determinants. It is possible to show that these determinants are of a normal type and, in practice, the roots of finite-order determinants are calculated. Such a solution of the problem is used in [35, 44]. In the first studies in this subject area, foreseeable analytical results were derived through the monomial approximation o f the deflection [1-3, 32, 36, 37] (one term with indices m and n was retained in series (6)). In this case, on the assumption that all the ribs of one direction have the same rigidity characteristics (the indices j and Jl are omitted and Bj = B, Kj = K,

Bjl = B 1, Kit = K], and Fj = F ) and are equidistant, the following simple theoretical formulas for the parameter o f critical
stresses were obtained (here, as opposed to [25], the twisting of ring ribs in the axisymmetric buckling mode is not taken into account): 1 + "h12(l-v
1
I~11S111 --

2) [,

+(~kd'2+-d,~ )j

'

"qmO-l+ykLhdm

1 + 2 Ire;in

12(l--v

2) [O'nn + 2 oq 6sn d~

+ 2 13rs.,.,,, n - + 2 c~I (Y2.,n

( n - _ 1~2 , hi dt~ + 2 [~1 (Ylm n -

for s = l , where

s'=2,

for s = 2 ,

s'=l,

(7)

.O- P

Eh" F

h =-"

(d,~ + n 2) ~ m , , - ~ ,

d,Tz

B ~ - - - ,

K 13=

2rtrD
k

2forD

~31 ~ k,

~/- 2 x r h

K1 ~31-1D" dm xJl
r

tl Y,i 6In = Z COS2 r

j=l

k
9 2,2 = E sin2
j=l

n 3)
I"

'31m = Z cOs2
jt=l

= z~ sin - - .
jl=l

k I 9 2 dm Xj, ~'~
r

An analysis of formulas (7) shows that depending on the relationships between k and n, k I and m, and, consequently, between the wavelength o f the buckling deflection and the distance between the ribs, there exist qualitatively different patterns of buckling of the ribbed shells due to the discrete arrangement of ribs. In A m i r o ' s terms, these patterns are called deformation cases. There are the following six deformation cases for shells stiffened with a regular net of ribs: 1. The general deformation case (all ribs bend and twist), m is aliquant to k] + 1 and n is aliquant to k/2 or k (for even or odd k, respectively). 2. The first special case of deformation (longitudinal ribs bend and ring ribs bend and twist), m is aliquant to k 1 + 1 and n is multiple to k/2 or k. 3. The second special case of deformation (longitudinal ribs twist and ring ribs bend and twist), m is aliquant to k I + 1 and 12 is multiple to k/2 or k. 4. The fourth special case o f deformation (longitudinal ribs bend and twist and ring ribs twist), m is multipl e to k I + 1 and n is aliquant to k/2 or k. 5. The fifth special case o f deformation (longitudinal ribs bend, the ring ribs twist), m is multiple to k 1 + 1 and n is multiple to k/2 or k.

564

6. The eighth special case of deformation (longitudinal and ring ribs twist), to

m is multiple to k 1 +

1 and n is multiple

k/2

or k.

The third, sixth, and seventh cases of deformation are realized upon buckling of ribbed shells that are stiffened with a regular system of longitudinal ribs and a system of ring ribs arranged so that the distances from the first and the last ribs to the edges of the shell are equal to half the distance between other ring ribs. Note that the mentioned classification is of fundamental importance, since if it is not used, it is impossible to correctly formulate problems of optimization of the parameters of a ribbed shell. A similar classification can also be constructed based on the exact solutions of problems of stability of cylindrical shells stiffened with longitudinal or ring ribs in one direction. For example, the general case and the first and second special cases of deformation are realized in buckling of shells reinforced with longitudinal ribs, and the general case and the fourth special case of deformation are realized in buckling of shells stiffened with ring ribs. It should be noted that over a wide range of the real parameters of ribbed shells, wave modes are realized for which ribs only twist [25, 81 ] (the second special case of deformation for longitudinally reinforced shells, the fourth special case for shells strengthened with ring ribs, and the eighth special case for shells strengthened with cross ribs). In this case, the arrangement of ribs nonsymmetric about the median surface of the casing does not affect the value of the critical stresses, and the assumptions accepted in deriving formulas (7) are quite justified. When the general case or special cases of deformation where the ribs work in bending are realized, the above-mentioned formulation of the problem should be refined. In this connection, I. Ya. Amiro and his followers have developed another technique for stability analysis of ribbed shells that is based on the solution of the indicated problem in displacements [25, 29, 30, 36]. Let us state this technique by an example of circular closed cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces. The potential strain energy of the ribbed shell under consideration is written as
2r~rf

U 2(l-v-)

f ~(au+ . . . .

2(l-v)

au

p__y_v_w

0 [( 3x
0

by

3y

-a

dxdv+
"

Eh 3
12(1-V2)0

jj

12~r[/

a-w

2W
-

1 Ov

0 [(ax-

aV 2+r-ffTv

2(1

v)

a2w(a2w 7[ ~+r
. .

1
.

av ] ( a2w 3v J [ axOy
2

_{._ - -

1 av r 3x
-

;]}
w.
.11

dxdy

'

[d

u.

+~ E I EFj
j=l 0

+El)J(dx2 ) +ELj(ax2 ) k, I

P2w,I

+2(l+v)

Lax)

+4 2
+E~j,
and the work of external forces is

jj=l

[ i , v, , 1
Id
0

(d2w.
I

Jl

-I- E (vj I [ 7~V 2 -}-

% dy 2

Oi,
r

+ - -

2 (1 + v ) [ - ~ y

2 --~-y

dr,
"

(8)

A=-~ pf
0

I
0

d x d"v - P _Z F j ]
j=l

dx

+ dx

dx.

(9)

565

Here, u and v are the components of the vector of displacements of the median surface of the casing along the axes x and y. uj, vj, uj,, and Vjl are the components of the displacements of the axis of thejth longitudinal rib and thejlth ring fib,/vj, Irj, and

Ikpj are the moments of inertia of the cross section of the jth longitudinal rib in bending in the radial plane, in the plane parallel to the tangent to the median surface of the casing, and in torsion, and/vj~, Izjd and lkpj~ are the characteristics (similar to (xj' Lj, and lkpj) of the cross section of thejlth ring rib.
In addition to conditions (5). the following conditions of a rigid contact between the casing and the ribs are imposed:

uj( x )=[u( x. y )+hjtPl ( x.Y )] [y=?),

vj(x ):[v(x, y )+hj,l,, (x, y )] ly=y/

uj, (Y)=[u(x'y)+hj, vj,(Y)=[v(x,y)+hj,
where

~2(x'Y)]lx=~." cP2(x.Y)][x=xj ,,
(10)

hj and hj~ are the distances

to the median surface of the casing from the axes of thejth longitudinal rib and thejlth ring

rib. respectively (the eccentricities of the ribs

[~w v and ~-, = - [ -3-f + r )

hj, hj~ > 0 if the ribs are located on the interior surface of the casing), tpl -

Ow ~ x'

Moreover, as above, it is accepted that the edges of the shell are hinged, and. in addition to (6), the following series were used for approximation of the components u and v of the displacement vector:
oo

U=

E COSdrnXE( Amn COSn V+nmnsin n ~) , m=O

F n=O\ oo

v=
m=l

sin

dm r
i

~ln,zcos n y+ r

ncosn ~r / '

(ll)

where

A,nn , B,nn , <emn,and Cmn are unknown

constants.

In the case being considered, the above-described solution procedure is reduced to finding the minimum roots of infinite normal-type determinants. To approximately calculate the critical-stress parameter in a monomial approximation of the displacement components, a formula similar to (7) was obtained. It was used in [25, 29, 30, 36] to study the influence of the rib eccentricity on the critical-stress parameter. For cylindrical shells that are reinforced with two regular nets of ribs and subject to axial compressive forces, a design procedure that allows for the discrete arrangement of all ribs was proposed in [24]. The above two techniques, which were originally developed for cylindrical shells subject to axial compressive forces and intended for stability analysis of ribbed shells with the discrete arrangement of ribs taken into account, were further used to study the stability of ribbed cylindrical shells under the combined action of axial compressive forces and internal (external) pressure, torsion, the combined action of torsion and axial compressive forces, and other variants of combined loads [20. 25.31, etc.]. They were also used in studying the influence of large notches on the critical stresses in ribbed cylindrical shells under different types of loading. The above-stated techniques for stability analysis of ribbed shells were further developed in [21, 45.55, 56, 91-94, 97]. where different variants of techniques were proposed for stability analysis of ribbed conic and spherical shells and shells of revolution of a positive Gaussian curvature.

566

These techniques were constructed for shells strengthened with ribs arranged along the coordinate lines. The technique for stability analysis of cylindrical shells reinforced with spiral ribs and loaded by axial compressive forces and torques is proposed and experimentally justified in [81] on the basis of the mixed energy method and the monomial approximation of the deflection. To approximate the resolving functions, the techniques stated in the above-mentioned studies, as a rule, employ double trigonometrical series. Therefore, the results obtained pertained to the widely occurring - - one of the possible conditions of fixation of the shell edges - - hinged support. To estimate the effect of the grip conditions on the critical stresses, the limit equations of the theory of structurally orthotropic shells were analyzed using the procedures developed in [52], and approximate design formulas were derived

[25, 62].
These formulas were used in solving a number of applied problems, in particular, determining the critical rigidity of ring ribs [25]. The sufficient conditions for applicability of the theory of structurally orthotropic shells for the stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells were established in [58]9 Using the mixed energy method, techniques for solution of some nonlinear problems of the theory of ribbed cylindrical shells and, in particular, shells with initial deflections were developed [6, 7, 31, 38, 39, 75, 76, 83, 90]. The potential strain energy of the casing and ribs in this case was written in the form (2), and the equation of compatibility of strains was selected in the form

4
-Ox-c]y 2
_ .

2 2 {[ ~2(W+WO)]Sx-~-; "] ( ~2wO )

_

OX 4

Oy 4 O'(W+Wo) "~ Oy-

09(w+w0)

9 Ox-

+ ' ~x -- 2

O'Wo 02 Wo 1 02w 2 -~" by ax 2

_

(12)

where w0 is the initial deflection.

In [39], the initial deflection was determined experimentally by measuring shells on a special appliance. The results

of the measurements were processed on the assumption that w0 can be represented in the form

7n
w0= Z

fi (
Z am0n0c~

2din x
r~

nOY
cos r +bmonoSin

mo=Ono=O
where

2dmo x nov) r sin--Z-'r '

(13)

dmo=

mort r
I and fitand ~ are given numbers.

The deflection of a shell in the strain state was determined as follows: W=

C 1

sin d,n x sin n y + C,, sm am r sm - --7- + C3 sin 4 d,n r"

9 4,

x.

9nv

(14)

The paper [39] was published almost simultaneously with the widely known study [106], the discrete arrangement of ribs being taken into account in [39], in contrast to [ 106]. To solve similar problems, the finite-difference method (reviews of related studies ale contained in [49, 50], see also [55]) and the finite-element method [69-71] were used. Pogorelov's geometrical method was used in [47, 98] for design of ribbed shells with initial deflections. Theoretical investigations, as a rule, were accompanied by experiments9 The results of the experiments will be detailed below only to the extent sufficient to substantiate the reliability of the data obtained theoretically. We will further describe studies of the features of the deformation of fibbed shells that are due to the discrete arrangement of the fibs, 1.2. Cylindrical Shells u n d e r Axial Compression. The necessity of allowing for the discrete arrangement of ribs in the stability analysis of ribbed shells follows, in particular, from the results presented in Tables 1 and 2 [31 ]. Table 1 relates to a shell stiffened with longitudinal ribs ( h = 0.004, o~ = 9.06, ]3 = 5.23, and ~'= 0.0278) and Table 2 to a shell strengthened

567

TABLE 1
Deformation Case Special
I/r

General
1 2

q0

qI

q2

rn

16
1.57

1.445 1.647 1.866 0.995 1.107 1.194 0.780 0.827 0.863

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4

0.564 1.152 1.852 0.564 1.064 1.728 0.564 1.023 1.728

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6

8 12 16 8 12 16 8 12 16

4.56 13.8 32.0 4.56 13.8 32.0 4.56 13.8 32.0

1 3 8 2 6 16 4 13 32

8 12 16 8 12 16 8 12 16

24 32 16

3.14

24 32 16

6.28

24 32

TABLE 2
Deformation Case

Special General 4 5

110

/T/

II

114

115

1.15 2.28 2.47

1 3

2 3
4

5 5
6

1.29 1.53 1.85

6 6 4

12 12 12

1.44
1.89

with longitudinal and ring ribs (-/= 6.26, ~ = 9.06, 13j = 5.23, and k = 24);7= / , h, o~, 13, and "t' are the same as for the shell
r

considered above. Note that the data presented indicate that in the examples considered, the critical-stress parameter is minimum for special cases of deformation, which confirms the necessity of allowing for the discrete arrangement of ribs. The data in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained using formula (7). In using the monomial approximation of the resolving functions for shells with rigid ribs, heavily overestimated values of the indicated parameter may be obtained. Table 3 contains the data obtained in [44] for both monomial and polynomial approximation of the deflection. A shell stiffened with longitudinal ribs

(p =pr/Eh, "y= 0.0625, k = 8, h = 0.25-10-2,7= 2, n * is the maximum value of n retained in the series approximating the deflection) is being considered. An analysis of the table shows that even for relatively small rigidities of ribs and in the
568

TABLE 3 8.93 Approximation 1.37 0.467 Monomial m n * 1 7 0.351 Polynomial m n * 1 25 0.337 Monomial m n* 1 8 0.327 Polynomial m n * 1 60 0.646 Monomial m n* 23 4 0.606 Polynomial m n * 23 36 1.37 0.588 1 7 0.536 1 25 0.519 1 8 0.517 1 36 0.646 23 4 0.606 23 36 1.37 0.958 1 7 0.540 1 35 0.519 1 8 0.517 1 36 1.008 23 4 0.606 23 36 1.37 3.151 1 5 0.540 1 35 0.519 1 8 0.517 1 36 4.632 23 4 0.606 23 36 1.37 1.800 1 7 0.605 23 35 2.335 1 8 0.607 21 60 0.646 23 4 0.606 23 36 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3

Deformation Case

General

First

Second

m o n o m i a l approximation o f the deflection, the critical stresses of the general case of deformation are determined with a low accuracy. At the same time, in the m o n o m i a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f the deflection, the minimum critical stresses are determined accurately enough in the range o f parameters being considered. The values o f p are given in Table 4 for a shell stiffened with cross ribs. These values were also obtained in [44] in the m o n o m i a l and polynomial a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f the deflection (m * is the m a x i m u m value o f m retained in the series approximating the deflection, k I = 4, k = 8, c~ = 89.3, [3 = 1.37, a I = 9.1,131 = 1.4, ~,= 0.0625, h = 0 . 2 5 . 1 0 -

2 7= 2).

Here,

Pmin corresponds to the second special case o f d e f o r m a t i o n and corrects the value obtained in the m o n o m i a l approximation o f the deflection by 8%. Note that for the considered shell with rather rigid ribs, the critical stresses for the general and special cases o f deformation differ by no m o r e than 5%, which indicates that the shell buckles as a panel rigidly fastened along the edges (a similar conclusion follows f r o m [22, 23, 25, 33]).

569

TABLE 4 Monomial Approximation DeformationCase Polynomial Approximation

General First Second Fourth Fifth Eighth

2.96 2.27 0.67 4.30 5.65 0.71

2 1 23 5 5 25

6 4 4 11 12 4

0.650 0.620 0.618 0.647 0.646 0.644

18 23 23 40 70 60

21 32 32 22 32 32

1 "~--.._.._'..__.__.,.~.L-.-.~

4
Fig. 2

hl/h

The effect of the rib eccentricity on the critical axial-compression stresses in ribbed cylindrical shells is studied in [25, 30]. The most typical result is shown in Fig. 2, presented in [25, 30]. A shell strengthened with longitudinal edges ( h = 0.25 -10-2, 7= 2.1, k = 32, F = 4.75 mm 2, I v = 17.4 mm 4, Icr = 0.4 mm 4) is considered. The calculations were carried out with monomial approximation of the displacement components. In the figure, p = P , where P0 is the critical stresses for P0 the unstiffened shell, 0, 1, and 2 are curves plotted for the general, first, and second special cases of deformation, respectively, and the continuous and dash-dotted lines pertain to shells with intemal and external ribs, respectively. An analysis of the curves in Fig. 2 allows us to note that when the ribs are attached to the outside of the casing, the critical stresses for the general and first special cases of deformation are always higher than for the internal ribs. However, the second special case of deformation is realized for

Ihll ~

> 4, and the corresponding critical stresses do not depend on the eccentricity of the ribs.

Similar results were also obtained for shells strengthened with cross ribs [25]. The possibility of using the theory of structurally orthotropic shells for determination of the critical stresses in a shell stiffened with longitudinal ribs may be judged from Tables 5-7, which present the values of the critical stresses for the general,

570

TABLE 5 Exact Solution k

p
??/ PI l m

Formulas for Structurally Ortho~'opicShells

Internal Ribs 0.94 12 18 24 36 48 0.91 0.86 0.86 0.82 0.79 10 10 10 External Ribs 1.00 12 18 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 10 10 11 10 I1 17 23 10 29 12" 12 12 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.79 10 10 10 10 10 10

1.20 1.35 1.46 1.56 1.69 1.78 1.84 1.87 1.89 1.90

10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.01 1.16

1.55 1.85 1.87 1.88

first, and second special cases of deformation, respectively, which were o b t a i n e d using the exact solution o f the problem. The data p r e s e n t e d are taken from [ 2 1 , 2 2 , 25]. T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t f o r s h e l l s w i t h the f o l l o w i n g parameters: h = 0.25 .10- " 7 = 1, F _ 0.159-10-l , 2rrrh ~ Icr 2rrr3h _0.8289.10 -6,

- =0.1326-10 -6 , 2 ro.3h h I is the eccentricity of a rib.

z_

---0.5305-10 2rcr3h

z.

-6 ,

Ih l
r

=0.1375-10-

F r o m Tables 5 - 7 , it is seen that the theory o f structurally orthotropic shells is quite applicable to the determination of the critical stresses in shells stiffened with internal ribs. In this case, the critical stresses for the first and second special

571

TABLE 6 Exact Solution App~'oximateFormula

k ~mmM ~bs
in n 1

ExternM ~bs
m ll 1 m tll

6 12 18 24 36 48

1.00 1.01 1.04 1.12 1.54 2.29

11 11 11 11 12 14

3 0 0 0 0 0

1.00 1.01 1.04 1.12 1.53 2.27

11 11 11 11 12 14

3 0 0 0 0 0

1.00 1.01 1.03

11 11 11

3 6 9

1.09 1.37 1.90

11 11 13

12 18 24

TABLE 7 Exact solution k p 6 12

18

ApproximateFormula nl 3 0
9

m 11 11
11

p 1.00 1.01
1.03

m 11 11
11

nl

1.00 1.01
1.02

3 6
9

24 36 48

1.05 1.27
1.79

10 10 12

12 18 24

1.09 1.37 1.90

11 1! 13

12 18 24

cases of deformation are higher than for the general case. As for shells strengthened with external ribs, they can be designed only in terms of a theory that takes into account the discrete arrangement of ribs. Tables 5-7 confirm the conclusion following from Table 4 that the critical stresses in shells stiffened with rigid ribs are close to the critical stresses in a panel rigidly fastened along the edges (the latter were calculated by the approximate formula derived using the monomial approximation of the displacement components and are presented in Tables 6 and 7). Thus, we can propose a simplified technique for determination of the critical stresses of axial compression - - using design formulas obtained by monomial approximation of the resolving functions supplemented by formulas obtained on the assumption that the edges of the shell are rigidly fastened [33]. Note that works [22, 25] were the first to show that a longitudinally reinforced shell under axial compression can buckle with formation of more than one half-wave along the generatrix (Fig. 3). The stability of ribbed cylindrical shells subject to eccentric compression and bending was considered in [4, 31,89]. The basic result of these studies is that if the approximation of the deflection is quite accurate, then the critical stresses are close to those under axial compression.

572

~2Z
9 Fig. 3 13 TABLE 8 Shell Material r, nma
l, m m h, mill

... 60 . ~ - 48 m

~'E

~'r

A ~o

0.34 Smooth Steel 200 390 0.5 0.35 0.44 0.30 Smooth AMG-6M 200 450 0.8 0.31 0.49 0.45 Ribbed (k 1 = 4, k = 32) 0.52 0.53 AMG-6M 200 450 0.5 0.47 0.49

0.35 0.35 0.38 0.34 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.56 0.55 0.58 0.55

3 0 -16 12 9 -17 15 16 11 10

The effect o f the error introduced by the monomial approximation o f the d i s p l a c e m e n t components on the critical stresses in shells subject to external pressure was studied in [44]. The conclusions drawn are c l o s e to those presented above for shells subject to axial compressive forces. The results of the studies o f the effect of initial deflections on the critical loads are given in [31, 39] and in Table 8. Eleven shells were measured (for ribbed shells, cr = 0.387, [3 = 0 . 8 3 4 - 1 0 - 2 7 = 0.597-10 - 2 (z I = 8.6, [31 ---0.417-10 - 1

~'E = G

X,., = Pclr Per and p T are critical loads determined without and with regard for the initial deflections, PcE are the ' 'l Pcr "

573

experimental values of the critical loads, and ~ - Lr - ~'E ). An analysis of Table 8 shows that allowance for the actual initial deflections makes the experimental and theoretical data be in better agreement, which confirms the conclusion drawn in the introduction: the presence of deflections on test shells is the basic reason for the distinction between the experimental and theoretical data. The fact that, for two smooth shells, ~'E turned out to be greater than L r might be accounted for by the accuracy of measurement of the initial deflections. The study of the effect of the initial deflections on the critical loads was continued in [83], where it was shown that it is possible to further match the experimental and theoretical data if we take as the initial deflections those measured on a shell under nearly critical loads. It should be noted that after local buckling, when, for example, the eighth special case of deformation is realized, the shell continues to take up an increasing load. The influence of the preliminary buckling of a casing on the load that exhausts the load-carrying capacity of the shell was assessed in [38]. It was shown that for shells with the parameters specified above, the difference between the critical loads causing local buckling and the ultimate loads is not so great. Thus, we can conclude that in experimental analysis of shells for stability, it is necessary to fix not only the load destroying the shells but also the load that causes local buckling. 1.3. Cylindrical Shells Subject to Torsion and C o m b i n e d Loading. The load-carrying capacity of shells subject to the concurrent action of axial compressive forces and internal pressure has received the most study [31]. The theoretical investigations were carried out using the appropriately generalized techniques, which are described in Section 1.1. The critical stresses upon buckling in the elastic domain were determined by these techniques, and the critical stresses upon buckling beyond the elastic limit were determined using the relations of the linear "tangentially modular" theory generalized to reinforced shells in [31]. The results of the calculations and their comparison with the experimental data show that in the presence of even a relatively small internal pressure, the experimental and theoretical data are in better agreement. Under the mutual action of axial compressive forces and relatively high internal pressure, the buckling waveform changes significantlyiaxisymmetric bulges appear instead of dents (Fig. 4). Values of the ultimate loads close to the experimental data were obtained using both the above-mentioned technique of shell design beyond the elastic limit and a simple approximate formula. This formula was derived on the assumption that the intensity of the ultimate stresses is close to that of the stresses for which the curve ~ ( c ) has a singular point On the vicinity of this point, the rate of change of d ~ / d ~ is the greatest). The results of the calculations and comparison of the experimental and theoretical data are summarized in Table 9 [31], where q is the intensity of the internal pressure and pT and pE are the theoretical and experimental axial forces that cause shells to collapse. The calculations and experiments were carried out for shells made from AMG-6M rolled sheets and having the following parameters: h = 0.25.10- 2 7 = 2.25, k I = 4, ~ = 0.264, 13= 0.784-10- 2, ~/= 0.558-10- 2, ~t = 8.06, and Ill = 0.389-10- t. An analysis of the results presented in Table 9 shows that the experimental data are close to the theoretical. Similar results must hold for shells made from other structural materials, having a singular point on the curve

a(~).
The stability of ribbed cylindrical shells under torsion and the combined action of torsion and internal pressure or axial compression was studied in [35, 85, 88]. In contrast to (6), in the case of monomial approximation of the deflection, w is selected in the form w = f s i n --~nmxsin" n ( y - S X ) r (15)

where 8 is the slope of the nodal lines to the generatrices of the shell a n d f i s an unknown constant. The influence of the number and rigidity of ribs on the parameter of critical tangential stress was studied. It was shown that in the presence of internal pressure and with its increase, the critical tangential stresses also increase, and in the presence of axial compression, they decrease. The discrete arrangement of ribs substantially affects the indicated stresses. It is possible to select the rational numbers of the ribs and their rigidity so that the critical tangential stresses are maximum. The theoretical and experimental values of the critical tangential stresses for shells stiffened with ring ribs are given in Table 10 Mcr I~ - 2 ~ r h 2 E "Mcr is the critical torque, and M m is the torque that causes local buckling of the casing between ribs). Note that in torsion the difference between the critical loads of local buckling and general buckling turned out to be substantial. 574

Fig. 4 TABLE 9 k q. kg/cmI 0 0.4 24 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 0.4 32 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 0.4 48 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 pT T 7.70 7.75 7.99 7.75 6.75 5.75 8.30 8.77 9.04 8.20 7.20 6.20 10.0 11.1 10.1 9.10 8.10 7.10 P~cr-T 4.3 5.8 6.2 6.5 5.8 5.9 5.3 7.0 6.9 7.2 7.3 6.3 7.2 8.4 8.3 8.6 7.9 8.3 P~cr/PT 0.56 0.75 0.78 0.84 0.86 1.02 0.64 0.80 0.76 0.88 1.02 1.02 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.94 0.97 1.17

575

TABLE 10
M m 91 0 - 6 H " cm

Mcr .10 -6, H "cm

Tc,/~p

0.170 0.170 0.186 0.190 0.150 0.232 0.265 0.275 0,289 4 0.235 0.294 0.294 0.234 0.285 0.82 0.206 0.242 0.85 0.140 0.204 0.69

The experimental investigations and calculations were carried out for shells made from OT4-1 titanium alloy (h = 0.3 mm, r = 200 mm, and 1 = 390 mml, Ring ribs having a z-shaped profile, a wall height and width flange of 5 ram, and a thickness of 0.5 mm were placed on the outside surface of the casing. From Table 10, it is seen that the difference between the theoretical and experimental values of critical tangential stresses is much less than under axial compression. This, in our opinion, indicates that the effect of processing factors on the stability of shells is considerably less under torsion than under axial compression. This conclusion is supported by a similar comparison for shells strengthened with longitudinal ribs or cross ribs. 1.4. Cylindrical Shells with Openings. Extensive studies of the stability of ribbed cylindrical shells with large rectangular openings were carried out [34, 86, 87]. The design procedure was constructed on the assumption that the total energy of a system can be determined as the difference between the energies of a closed shell and a panel that has been cut out from it and has dimensions equal to those of the opening. The main difficulty in formulating the problem was associated with the necessity of describing the subcritical state as correctly as possible. An analysis of the experimental data shows that the field of subcritical stresses is homogeneous almost everywhere except for the comers of the openings, To describe the experimentally revealed heterogeneity of the subcritical state near the comers of the openings, it was assumed that point forces are applied to these locations and their values can be determined from equilibrium conditions. To evaluate the critical stresses, the mixed energy method was used with monomial approximation of the deflection. The objective of the studies was to select an efficient reinforcement of the edges of the openings. Several variants of reinforcement were considered. The reinforcement of the openings by bordering longitudinal and ring ribs of high rigidity turned out to be the most efficient, Shells subject to axial compressive forces [34, 86] and to the combined action of axial compressive forces and torques [87] were considered. Table 11, taken from [34], presents the results of comparison of the theoretical and experimental critical loads for eight series of shells weakened by four rectangular openings, distinguishing by the rigidity of ribs bordering the opening and by the presence or absence of longitudinal or ring ribs loaded with axial compressive forces. Table 11 testifies that the approximate design procedure described above allows us to obtain values of the critical loads close to experimental. It was revealed during experiments and calculations that the general buckling of a shell may be preceded by local buckling of the casing between ribs. 1.5. Conic Shells. The stability of ribbed conic shells hinged along the edges and subject to axial compressive forces or external pressure and the combined action of these loads was studied. Rather simple working formulas were derived in [20, 93, 94] with monomial approximation of displacement components. Practically exact values of the critical stresses were 576

TABLE 11 Series B C D E B1 Cl D1 El

Ptheor, kg
960 2350 1740 4000 960 1560 1420 1930

Pexp,kg 990 1480 1910 2970 750 1000 1790 2450

Ptheor/Pexp
1.03 0.67 1.10 0.74 0.78 0.64 1.25 1.27

obtained using their polynomial approximation [91, 92]. Some results from these studies are given below. Figure 5 presents the dependence of the dimensionless critical pressure in a conic shell subjected to external pressure and reinforced with meridional and ring ribs on the number of the meridional ribs (ql is the critical pressure in a shell strengthened with ring ribs). The indicated dependence is of a nonmonotonic character, which is due to the feasibility of special cases of deformation, which are indicative of the determining influence of the discrete arrangement of meridional ribs on the critical pressure. Figure 6 demonstrates how the position of one frame of permanent weight affects the critical pressure (q0.5 is the critical pressure when the frame is located in the midsection of the shell). The efficient disposition of the frame may increase the critical pressure by approximately 40%. 1.6. Spherical Shells. The stability of ribbed spherical shells under external pressure was studied. The technique for determination of the critical stresses is based on the energy method with approximation of displacement components by double trigonometric series. In this case, the boundary conditions v = w = 0 are satisfied exactly and u = 0 ( T 1 = 0 ) and (p = 0 ( M 1 = 0 ) are satisfied integrally. The calculations were restricted to monomial approximation of the components of the displacement vector. Figure 7 shows the dependence of the dimensionless parameter of the critical stresses on the flexural stiffness of the meridional ribs (the solid line corresponds to the general case of deformation and the dashed line to the second special case of deformation). The data obtained indicate that the general case of deformation is realized only for very small flexural stiffnesses of ribs. A similar result was obtained in varying the eccentricity of the meridional ribs (Fig. 8, the solid lines correspond to the general case of deformation of shells reinforced with external ribs and the dash-dotted lines to reinforcement with internal ribs). Shallow spherical shells with initial deflections were considered in [14, 17, 18]. 1.7. Shells of Other Shapes. The technique, stated in Section 1.1, was generalized in [45] to shells of revolution of a positive Gaussian curvature. The solution of the problem in displacements was used on the assumption that the rigidities of ribs in bending in the plane tangent to the median surface of the casing are equal to zero. A parabolic shell reinforced with ring ribs was considered. It was assumed that the edges of the shell were hinged and the displacement components could be determined in the form of double trigonometric series. The results of studying the influence of the number and arrangement of the ribs are tabulated in Table 12 ( q is the dimensionless critical pressure and ~%is the dimensionless distance from the jlth rib to the upper end of the shell). An analysis of Table 12 shows that, as expected, the value of the critical pressure substantially depends on the position of a rib ( ~,jt = 0.725 is the coordinate of the maximum deflection of an unstiffened shell in buckling). 1.8. Determination of the Efficient P a r a m e t e r s of Shells. The problem was as follows: it is necessary to find the maximum relative-efficiency coefficient equal to the ratio of the critical loads for ribbed and unstiffened shells of equal

577

q/ qo.5
1.3

ll~

q/ql

0.9 4 lI 18 25 k

'"r
I 0 0.2 0.4

X
9

0.7
0.5 0.6 Fig. 6

0.8 ~4~

Fig. 5

11
,75

20.
1.5 ~ , kl=0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 i 0 2 4 6

1.25

I hl I/h

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

weight, It was shown that the minimum weight of the shell corresponds to the maximum of this coefficient. The minimum load obtained by comparing the results of calculations for all the cases of deformation described in Section 1.1 was taken as the critical load. The relative-efficiency coefficient was calculated based on one of the well-known strength conditions and was compared with the coefficient mentioned above. The procedure for determining the relative-efficiency coefficient is stated in [8, 31 ]. The necessity of allowing for the discrete arrangement of ribs in determining the efficient parameters of ribbed shells is clear from Fig. 9. Figure 9 shows the dependences of the relative-efficiency coefficients ( la ) on the ratio of the weight of all ribs to the weight of the shell itself (to) for the general and special cases of deformation and for that derived from the strength condition on the assumption that the shell and the ribs are made from an ideally plastic material ( laT ). For o3 < 1.5, the quantity ~tmin is determined by special cases of deformation, which indicates that the efficient parameters of reinforcement can be found only on the basis of a theory that takes into account the discrete arrangement of ribs. This technique was developed in [32, 36, 37, 64, 77-80]. 2. The Stability of O r t h o t r o p i c Shells u n d e r Static Loading. The design procedures proposed by I. Ya. Amiro were extended to orthotropic laminated shells in [40, 43, 56], 2.1. Cylindrical Shells. For an orthotropic shell with the ends supported by elastic rings, the exact solution of the stability equations has been derived in the form of unary trigonometric series [41]. It is shown that if the rigidities of the ribs are close to the actual values, the critical stresses are close to those for a shell hinged along the edges, which coincides with the conclusion drawn in [72]. The influence of the rigidity of ribs in bending in their plane on the critical stresses was studied. The results of this study are depicted in Fig. 10 ( p is the ratio of the critical stresses to "~--ElE2 , Ej and E 2 are the elastic moduli of the shell material in the axial and transversal directions, respectively, and ~, is the ratio of the flexural stiffness of 578

TABLE 12
kj ~h q . 10-4 m* n

0
1 0.5

0.113
0.125

10
14

21 24 23 27 30

1 2 3

0.725 0.33, 0.66 0.25, 0.50, 0.75

0.176 0.150 0.183

14 14 14

1.5

"411
[aT

1.0

0.5 0 Fig. 9 2
(0

the fibs to some given one). It follows from Fig. 10 that a rib can have some optimal flexural stiffness such that the critical stresses are maximum. The stability of laminated orthotropic longitudinally reinforced shells subject to axial compressive forces was studied using the working formulas derived in [42] on the basis of the mixed energy method. The effect of the number of ribs and the thicknesses of layers on the critical stresses in a three-layer shell is investigated in [43] with monomial approximation of the deflection. The calculations have revealed that, as expected, the critical stresses are minimum in special cases of deformation for a comparatively small number of ribs and in the general case of deformation for a high number of fibs. It was shown that the critical stresses for ribbed shells considered are higher than for unstiffened shells of the same weight. The exact solutions of the problem in displacements for a laminated shell reinforced with either longitudinal or ring ribs have been derived in [63]. In contrast to Section 1.1, a refined theory of shells based on the Timoshenko model was used. Longitudinally reinforced shells under axial compressive forces and shells strengthened with ring fibs under external pressure were considered. It was shown that as the lateral-shear modulus changes, the shape of the buckling wave changes too, which is indicative of the significant effect of the discrete arrangement of the ribs. A typical dependence of the critical stresses on the lateral-shear modulus is shown in Fig. 11 (the data presented pertain to a laminated shell strengthened with ring ribs and subjected to external pressure. El I is the elastic modulus of the material of the first layer in an axial direction, E r and Gr are the elastic modulus and the lateral-shear modulus of the material of the ring fibs). The horizontal section of the curve corresponds to the fourth special case of deformation and the drooping section to the general case of deformation. 2.2. Shells of Revolution with a Positive Gaussian Curvature, The difference of the design procedure used from that accepted in Section 1.7 lies in the fact that the refined theory based on the Timoshenko model was used in the formulation of the problem. The results of studies are reported in [56]. The influence of lateral-shear strains and the thicknesses of the 579

p. 103
I

~3cr 9103

4 3
,.)

8 Fig. 10

10

26

80

160 Fig.11

240 E r / G r

layers on the critical stresses and buckling modes of shells hinged along edges and subjected to external pressure was studied. As expected, the behavior of the critical stresses depending on the lateral-shear modulus turned out to be similar to that in Fig. 11. 3. The Stability of Shells u n d e r D y n a m i c Loading. In [10-15], I. Ya. Amiro proposed a number of original analytical criteria of stability of shells under dynamic loading. These criteria are based on an approximated estimate of the load causing the deflections of a shell to grow rapidly. Simple working formulas were derived for all of the most typical variants of time-variation of load (linearly increasing, linearly decreasing, step, and parabolic). The stability of cylindrical (including orthotropic laminated [43, 59, 64]) shells, shallow spherical shells [13], and shells of revolution [46] was thoroughly studied. Shallow spherical shells having initial deflections were analyzed for stability [14, 15, 19]. Since the buckling wave-formation differs under static and dynamic loading, the discrete arrangement of ribs affects the critical stresses differently also. Figure 12 presents the results of calculation of p for an orthotropic cylindrical shell strengtfiened with cross ribs (the solid lines correspond to a dynamic load linearly increasing in time and the dashed line to a static load). In the example considered, the critical stresses for the second and eighth special cases of deformation are minimum. Note that under static and dynamic loading, the character of wave-formation changes for different values of o). Conclusions. I. Ya. Amiro and his disciples and colleagues developed techniques for the design of ribbed shells with their buckling features due to the discrete arrangement of ribs taken into account. It was shown that only does allowance for the indicated features enable us to obtain reliable values of the critical stresses, and it is only this case where a correct formulation of the problem on the optimal parameters of ribbed shells is possible. The design procedures originally developed for ribbed cylindrical shells were extended to ribbed conic and spherical shells and ribbed shells of revolution with a positive Gaussian curvature and an arbitrary form of the meridian. Ribbed shells made from single-layer isotropic or laminated orthotropic materials were analyzed for stability. Both the classical theory of ribbed shells and the refined theory based on the Timoshenko model were used. Currently, in the author's opinion, the techniques for designing ribbed shells of revolution on the assumption that the subcritical state is homogeneous may be considered almost completely developed. In the future, it may only be necessary to adjust calculated results using more perfect approaches, including numerical techniques. It was shown that critical loads close to experimental values can be obtained if the design procedure allows for the initial deflections measured on a shell, used further for evaluation of the critical loads. Critical loads closer to experimental values were obtained when deflections measured under loads close to critical, experimentally determined values were used as the initial deflections. The effect of local buckling on the critical general-buckling loads was assessed. In the author's opinion, further development of techniques for stability analysis of ribbed shells should follow the paths identified below. Study of the mutual effect of the heterogeneity of the subcritical state and the discrete arrangement of ribs, which, apparently, in some cases might be considerable. Such studies would yield data on the numbers and rigidities of ribs such

580

1.0 8/~J 0.8 0.6 I 0.4 0.2 0.8 Fig. 12 1.4 co 8 ,p" / ~ ~ 2
I,g~*

that the critical loads are maximum. This objective could be achieved only if an accurate technique for determination of the characteristics of the subcritical state would be found. Probably, we should return to the direct solution of the corresponding nonlinear problem [39] and to the use of well-known methods for solving nonlinear problems of the theory of shells. Study of the mutual influence of the shell-grip conditions and the discrete arrangement of ribs on the critical stresses. As follows from [25], when the discrete arrangement of ribs is allowed for, the influence of the grip conditions for a shell on its stress-strain state increases, and increased influence of the indicated conditions on the critical stresses may be expected. It would be desirable to continue studying the influence of the rib height on the critical stresses of local and general buckling. To solve this problem, it is necessary to discard the assumption that ribs are one-dimensional elastic elements and to consider them as plates rigidly attached to the casing along the contact line. After its solution, it is possible to discard the constraints on the rib height, which are used in many studies devoted to the determination of the optimal parameters of shells. The mentioned problems are topical both for shells made from single-layer isotropic materials and for laminated shells made from orthotropic materials. In the latter case, the experimental determination of the strength characteristics of structural elements is also important. It is obvious that data obtained on standard specimens may not always be used for evaluating the load-carrying capacity of structures. The indicated characteristics should be known for finding the causes of structural collapse (buckling of structural elements, loss of strength of the material, etc.). Such studies are of special importance for complex structural elements which are ribbed shells. Of certain interest is further development of methods of designing ribbed plates and shallow fibbed shells with allowance for the discrete arrangement of fibs. Preliminary studies showed that in this case effects are possible that differ from those revealed earlier in stability analysis of ribbed shells of revolution.

REFERENCES
1. I. Ya. Amiro, "Stability analysis of a ribbed cylindrical shell under longitudinal compression," Prikl. Mekh., 6, No. 3, 272-281 (1960). 2. I. Ya. Amiro, "'The stability of a ribbed cylindrical shell under longitudinal compression," Dop. Akad. Nauk Ukrainy, No. 10, 1344-1348(1960). 3. I. Ya. Amiro, "'Analysis of the ultimate load for ribbed cylindrical shells under the concurrent action of axial forces and internal pressure," PrikL Mekh., 7, No. 5,496-502 (1961 ). 4. I. Ya. Amiro, "Stability analysis of a ribbed cylindrical shell under eccentric compression," Prikl. Mekh., 8, No. 4,359-367 (1962). 5. I. Ya. Amiro, "'The stability of thin cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 9, No. 3,264-268 (1963). 6. I. Ya. Amiro, "Analysis of the stability and supercritical strains of ribbed cylindrical shells under axial compression," Prikl. Mekh., 1, No. 10, 30-37 (1965).

581

7. I. Ya. Amiro, "The effect of the initial deflections on the stability of ribbed cylindrical shells under axial compression," Prikl. Mekh., 2, No. 1, 53-58 (1966). 8. L Ya. Amiro, "Studying the influence of the reinforcement parameters of ribbed cylindrical shells on the critical axial load," Prikl. Mekh., 5, No. 2, 71-78 (1969). 9. I. Ya. Amiro, "Stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 8, No. 12, 15-24 (1972). 10. I. Ya. Amiro, "Determination of critical compressive forces rapidly increasing in time," Prikl. Mekh., 15, No. 5, 54-60 (1979). 11. I. Ya. Amiro, "Determination of the critical dynamic load (a step impulse),"Prikl. Mekh., 16, No. 8, 75-83 (1980). 12. I. Ya. Amiro, "Determination of the critical parameters of a load rapidly decreasing in time (a triangular impulse)," Prikl. Mekh., 16, No. 1, 70-76 (1980). 13. I. Ya. Amiro, "Determination of the critical parameters of short-term external pressure for spherical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 17, No. 9, 34-38 (1981). 14. I. Ya. Amiro, "The stability of a ribbed spherical shell under static and dynamic external pressure," Prikl. Mekh., 17, No. 9, 51-60 (1981). 15. I. Ya. Amiro, "Determination of the critical parameters of short-term external pressure for a spherical shell with an initial deflection," Prikl. Mekh., 23, No. 10, 7-12 (1987). 16. I. Ya. Amiro, "The stability of a ribbed spherical shell with an initial deflection," Prikl. Mekh., 24, No. 7, 58-63 (1988). 17. I. Ya. Amiro, "Efficiency analysis of the reinforcement of a spherical shell with an initial deflection under static external pressure," Prikl. Mekh., 25, No. 4, 17-24 (1989). 18. I. Ya. Amiro, "Analysis of the local stability of a ribbed spherical shell with an initial deflection," Prikl. Mekh., 25, No. 10, 47-56 (1989). 19. I. Ya. Amiro, "'Studying the influence of the dimensions of an initial dent and the reinforcement characteristics on the critical parameters of short-term external pressure for a spherical shell," PrikL Mekh., 26, No. 9, 29-36 (1990). 20. I. Ya. Amiro, O. A. Grachev, V. A. Zarutskii, et al., The Stability of Ribbed Shells of Revolution [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1987). 21. I. Ya. Amiro and O. A. Grachev, "The stability of spherical reinforced shells (review)," PrikL Mekh., 22, No. 11, 3-17 (1986). 22. I. Ya. Amiro, G. I. Diamant, and V. A. Zarutskii, "Determination of the critical stresses in cylindrical shells compressed along the axis and reinforced with longitudinal ribs," Prikl. Mekh., 11, No. 12, 3-8 (1975). 23. I. Ya. Amiro, G. I. Diamant, and V. A. Zarutskii, "The buckling modes of longitudinally reinforced shells," Prikl. Mekh., 13, No. 9, 115-117 (1977). 24. I. Ya. Amiro, G. I. Diamant, V. A. Zarutskii, et al., "'The axial-compression stability of a cylindrical shell strengthened with two systems of cross ribs," Soprot. Mater. Teor. Sooruzh., No. 28, 17-28 (1976). 25. I. Ya. Amiro and V. A. Zarutskii, Methods of Shell Design, Vol. 2 of the series Theory of Ribbed Shells [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1980). 26. I. Ya. Amiro and V. A. Zarutskii, "'Stability analysis of ribbed shells," Prikl. Mekh., 19, No. 11, 3-20 (1983). 27. I. Ya. Amiro and V. A. Zarutskii, "The statics, dynamics, and stability of ribbed shells," Itogi Nauki Tekh., VINITI, Ser. Mekh. Tverd. Deform. Tela, 21, 132-191 (1990). 28. I. Ya. Amiro and V. A. Zarutskii, "'Experimental investigations of the stability of ribbed shells (review)," Prikl. Mekh., 32, No. 9, 3-15 (1996). 29. I. Ya. Amiro, V. A. Zarutskii, I. F. Larianov, et al., "The influence of the eccentricity of ribs on the critical stresses of axial compression for cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 10, No. 12, 31--45 (1974). 30. I. Ya. Amiro, V. A. Zarutskii, and V. I. Matsner, "The influence of the eccentricity of ribs on the stability of cylindrical shells under axial compressive forces and internal pressure," Stroit. Mekh. Raschet. Sooruz.h., No. 1, 25-27 (1975). 31. 1. Ya. Amiro, V. A. Zarutskii, and P. S. Polyakov, Ribbed Cvlhldrical Shells [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1973). 32. I. Ya. Amiro and A. S. Pal'chevskii, "'Reinforcement optimization of longitudinally compressed cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 11, No. 11, 31-35 (1975). 33. I. Ya. Amiro and A. S. Pal'chevskii, "The influence of the polynomial approximation of a deflection on the critical stresses of axial compression of stringer cylindrical shells," Soprot. Mater. Teor. Sooruzh., No. 29, 25-28 (1976).

582

34. I. Ya. Amiro, A, S. Pal'chevskii, and P. S. Polyakov, "The axial-compression stability of a ribbed cylindrical shell with large rectangular openings," Prikl. Mekh., 9, No. 21, 98-107 (1973). 35. I. Ya. Amiro, A. S. Pal'chevskii, P. S. Polyakov, and A. A. Pryadko, "The stability of ribbed cylindrical shells under the mutual action of axial compression and torsion," Prikl. Mekh., 13, No. 12, 51-57 (1977). 36. I. Ya. Amiro, A. S. Pal'chevskii, and A. A. Pryadko, "A technique for selection of the parameters of a ribbed cylindrical shell subject to axial compression," Soprot. Mater. Teor. Sooruzh., No. 16, 138-140 (1972). 37. I. Ya. Amiro, A. S. Pal'chevskii, and A. A. Pryadko, "A technique for selection of the parameters of a ribbed cylindrical shell under axial compression," Stroit. Mekh. Raschet. Soorttzh., No. 4, 28-31 (1972). 38. I. Ya. Amiro, A. S. Pal'chevskii, and A. A. Pryadko, "The influence of a preliminary bulging of a casing on the ultimate critical load of a ribbed cylindrical shell under axial compression," Prikl. Mekh., 14, No. 7, 29-42 (1978). 39. I. Ya. Amiro, P. S. Polyakov, and V. G. Palamarchuk, "The stability of cylindrical shells of imperfect form," Prikl. Mekh., 7, No. 8, 9-15 (1971). 40. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "The influence of the disposition of layers and their mechanical characteristics on the stability of a two-layer cylindrical shell," Prikl. Mekh., 6, No. 3, 9-15 (1970). 41. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "The stability of a multilayer cylindrical shell under axial compression," Soprot. Mater. Teor. Sooru-h., No. 13, 46-54 (1971). 42. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "Stability analysis of a laminated cylindrical shell reinforced with longitudinal edges and subjected to axial compression," Soprot. Mater. Teor. Sooruzh., No. 21, 3-11 (1973). 43. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "Determination of critical dynamic stresses due to axial compression of laminated shells reinforced with ribs," Prikl. Mekh., 19, No. 6, 47-51 (1983). 44. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "Improvement of the critical loads for a ribbed cylindrical shell obtained by monomial approximations of displacements," Prikl. Mekh., 23, No. 7, 20-26 (1987). 45. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "The influence of the shape of the meridian and ring reinforcement on the critical pressure for shells of revolution," Prikl. Mekh., 31, No. 1, 58-63 (1995). 46. I. Ya. Amiro and N. Ya. Prokopenko, "Determination of the critical extemal pressure in dynamic loading of shells of revolution," Prikl. Mekh., 32, No. 4, 54-61 (1996). 47. I. Ya. Amiro and V. I. l~tokov, "The stability of imperfect cylindrical shells under axial compression," Prikl. Mekh., 12, No. 1.32-37 (1976). 48. A.S. Vol'mir, Flexible Plates and Shells [in Russian], GIT, Moscow (1956). 49. G. D. Gavrilenko, "'The stability of smooth and ribbed shells of revolution in an inhomogeneous stress-strain state (review)," Prikl. Mekh., 31, No. 7, 3-25 (1995). 50. G.D. Gavrilenko, The Stability of Ribbed Shells ofhnperfect Form [in Russian], Inst. Mekh. im. S. P. Timoshenko NAN Ukrainy, Kiev (1999). 51. P.I. Galaka, V. A. Zarutskii, P. G. Kaplya, et al., "Studying the influence of axial compressive forces on the frequencies and vibration modes of ribbed cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 11, No. 8, 41-48 (1975). 52. A.L. Gol'denveizer, The Theory of Elastic Thin Shells [in Russian], Gostekhizdat, Moscow (1953). 53. O.A. Grachev, "The influence of the eccentricity of ribs on the stability of spherical shells under external pressure," Prikl. Mekh., 21, No. 1, 53-60 (1985). 54. O.A. Grachev and V. I. Ignatyuk, "Determination of the critical loads for shells of revolution with eccentric ribs with allowance for shear strains," Prikl. Mekh., 22, No. 6, 36-43 (1986). 55. M.Y. Dlugach and G. D. Gavrilenko, "Stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells with large rectangular openings in a moment subcritical state," Dols. A~td. Nauk URSR, Set'. A, No. 1, 33-37 (1977). 56. I.V. Zhemchuzhnikova, "The influence of the orthotropy and lamination of the casing of a ribbed shell of revolution on its stability," Prikl. Mekh., 31, No. 2, 33-38 (1995). 57. V.A. Zarutskii, "'The influence of the number and rigidity of ribs on the stability of ribbed cylindrical shells under axial compression," Gidroa~romekh. Teor. Uprug., No. 13, 70-88 (1971). 58. V.A. Zarutskii, "Approximate formulas for stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 31, No. 9, 51-57 (1995). 59. V.A. Zarutskii and V. I. lgnatyuk, "The impulse-load stability oforthotropic cylindrical shells preloaded with static loads," Soprot. Mater. Raschet Sooruzh., No. 54, 16-19 (1989). 583

60. V.A. Zarutskii and V. I. Matsner, "The stability of a three-layer cylindrical shell reinforced with longitudinal ribs," in: Design of Fiberglass Articles [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1972), pp. 175-184. 61. V.A. Zarutskii and V. I. Matsner, "Stability analysis of three-layer cylindrical shells with a ribbed filler," PriM. Mekh., 21, No. 6, 49-53 (1985). 62. V.A. Zarutskii and Yu. A. Sannikov, "The influence of the orthotropy parameters of the material on the stability of ribbed conic shells," Mekh. Komp. Mater., No. 6, l 117-1119 (1985). 63. V.A. Zarutskii and Yu. V. Skosarenko, "'The influence of lateral-shear strains on the stability of multilayer orthotropic ribbed cylindrical shells," Prikl. Mekh., 30, No. 4, 91-96 (1994). 64. V.I. Ignatyuk, "Determination of the optimal reinforcement parameters of cylindrical shells under axial compression rapidly increasing in time," PriM. Mekh., 18, No, 10, 123-126 (1982). 65. V.V. Kabanov, The Stability. ofhthomogeneous Cylindrical Shells [in Russian], Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1982). 66. S.N. Kan, K. E. Byrsan, O. A. Olifanova, et al., Shell Stabili~ [in Russian], Khar'kovskii Univ., Khar'kov (1970). 67. A.V. Karmishin, V. A. Lyaskovets, V. I. Myachenkov, and N. N. Frolov, The Statics and Dynamics of Thin-Walled Shell Structures [in Russian], Mashinostroenie. Moscow (1982). 68. N.A. Kil'chevskii and S. N. Nikulinskaya. "An axisymmetric buckling mode of a circular cylindrical shell," PriM. Mekh., 1, No. ll, !-6(1965). 69. N.V. Koval'chuk, "The finite-element method in the stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells," PriM. Mekh., 12, No. 3, 28-29 (1976). 70. N.V. Koval'chuk, "Stability analysis of ribbed cylindrical shells with large openings," PriM. Mekh., 14, No. 10, 57-63 (1978). 71. N.V. Koval'chuk, "Studying the influence of reinforcement on the critical load for a cylindrical shell of constant weight with openings," PriM. Mekh., 20. No. 8.50-54 (1984). 72. V.N. Kozhevnikov, "The value of the critical force due to axial compression of a cylindrical shell (in a linear formulation)," Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Mekh. Mashinostr.. No. 3, 137-141 (1964). 73. V.I. Matsner and P. S. Polyakov, "'The stability of a cylindrical shell reinforced with longitudinal ribs and subject to axial compressive forces," Probl. Prochn., No. 8, 22-26 (1971). 74. A.I. Manevich, The Stability and Optimal Design of Reinforced Shells [in Russian], Vyshcha Shk., Kiev-Donetsk (1979). 75. V.G. Palamarchuk, "'The bulging of circular cylindrical shells under axial compression," in: Trans. 7th All-Union Conf. on the Theory, of Shells and Plates [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1970), pp. 460-464. 76. V.G. Palamarchuk and P. S. Polyakov, "'The efficient reinforcement of a stringer shell with initial deflections," Prikl. Mekh., 12, No. 3, 21-27 (1976). 77. A.S. Pal'chevskii, "Design of cylindrical stringer shells of minimum weight under axial compression," PriM. Mekh., 2, No. 9, 37--43 (1966). 78. A.S. Pal'chevskii, "Rigidity analysis of frames of longitudinally compressed fibbed cylindrical shells," PriM. Mekh., 4, No. 2, 67-71 (1968). 79. A.S. Pal'chevskii, "Cylindrical shells of minimum weight reinforced with stringers of a closed profile," PriM. Mekh., 5, No. 6, 107-112 (1969). 80. A.S. Pal'chevskii, "Design of stringer cylindrical shells of minimum weight under the mutual action of axial compression and internal pressure," PriM. Mekh., 6. No. 10, 49-54 (1970). 81. A.S. Pal'chevskii, "The stability of cylindrical shells reinforced with spiral fibs," PrikL Mekh., 26, No. 7, 49-56 (1990). 82. A.S. Pal'chevskii and V. G, Kirichenko, "The axial-compression stability a fibbed cylindrical shell preloaded with radial forces," PriM. Mekh., 30, No. 6, 58-64 (1994). 83. A.S. Pal'chevskii and V. G. Kirichenko, "Prediction of the critical axial force of an imperfect cylindrical shell," Prikl. Mekh., 31, No. 8, 48-53 (1995). 84. A. S. Pa~chevs "~di and A. ~. Kukarina` ~`Thestabi~ity ~f a ribbed cy~indrica~ she~ under b~undary ~ca~ ~ads`~ PrikL Mekh.~ 30, No. 1, 45-50 (1994). 85. A.S. Pal'chevskii and T. P. Omel'chenko, "The shear stability of a ribbed cylindrical shell," PriM. Mekh., 25, No. 4, 33-38 (1989). 86. A.S. Pal'chevskii and P. S. Polyakov, "The axial-compression stability of ribbed cylindrical shells with large openings bordered with rigid stringers and frames," Soprot. Mater. Teor. Sooruzh., No. 31, 8-12 (1977). 584

87. A.S. Pal'chevskii and P. S. Polyakov, "The stress-strain state and stability of ribbed cylindrical shells with large openings subject to torsion and axial compression," PriM. Mekh., 14, No. 8, 57-63 (1978). 88, A.S. Pal'chevskii and A. A. Pryadko, +'The stability of ribbed cylindrical shells under the mutual action of torsion, axial compression, and internal pressure," PriM. Mekh., 20, No. 5, 54-59 (1984). 89. A.S. Pal'chevskii and A. A. Pryadko, "The stability of ribbed cylindrical shells subject to pure bending and eccentric compression," Prikl. Mekh., 24, No. I, 25-30 (1988). 90. A.A. Pryadko, +'Studying the supercritical strains of ribbed cylindrical shells subject to compression," PriM. Mekh., 5, No. 9, 34-39 (1969). 91. A.R. Savhik, "The stability of conic shells reinforced with meridional and nonregular ring stiffeners." PriM. Mekh., 31, No. 1, 73-78 (1995). 92. A.R. Savluk, "The stability of conic shells with meridional and nonregular ring stiffeners," PriM. Mekh., 26, No. 4, 56-6 l (1990). 93. Yu. A. Sannikv ``The inuence f the gemetrica parameters f the casing n the stabiity f ribbed cnic s h e s Prikl. Mekh., 22, No. II, 54-58 (1986). 94. Yu. A. Sannikov, "The stability of ribbed conic shells under external pressure and axial contracting forces," Prikl. Mekh., 22, No. 6, 44 48 (1986). 95. P.A. Sokolov, "The stability of a thin cylindrical shell reinforced with elastic circular ribs and subject to transversal and longitudinal loads," PriM. Mat. Mekh,. 1, No. 2, 256-281 (1933). 96. S.P. Timoshenko, The Stabili~ of Elastic Systems [in Russian], Gostekhizdat, Moscow-Leningrad (1946). 97. S. Yu. Fialko, "Studying the influence of the initial deflection on the natural frequencies of ribbed conic shells," PriM. Mekh., 18, No. II, 118-122 (1982). 98. V.I. l~tokov, "The influence of stiffeners on the stability of an imperfect cylindrical shell," PriM. Mekh., 13, No. l, 54-60 (1977). 99. B. Almroth, "Postbuckling behavior of axially compressed circular cylinders," AIAA J., I, No. 3, 630-633 (1963). 100. I. Ya. Amiro and V. A. Zarulskii, "'Taking the discrete rib spacing into account when studying the stressed-strained state, vibrations, and stability of fibbed shells (review)," Int. Appl. Mech., 34, No. 4, 299-314 (1998). 101. S. Yu. Flaiko, "Transcritical buckling of reinforced thin-walled prismatic folded systems," Int. Appl. Mech., 34, No. 3, 277-281 (1998). 102. W. Fhigge, "Die Stabilitat der Kreiszylinderschale," big. Arch., 111, No. 5, 463-506 (1932). 103. E.A. Gotsulyak and D. E. Prusov, +'Numerical study of the stability of geometrically imperfect shells of general form," Int. Appl. Mech., 35, No. 6, 610-613 (1999), 104, G.J. Simitses and J. Girl, "Optimum weight design of stiffened cylinders subjected to torsion combined with axial compression with and without lateral pressure," Comput. Struct,, 8, No. 1, 19-30 (1978). 105. G.J. Simitses and V. Ungbhakom, "Minimum weight design of stiffened cylinders under axial compression," AIAA Pap., No. 101, 1-9 (1974). 106. J. Singer, J, Arbocz, and Ir. Babcock, "Buckling of imperfect stiffened cylindrical shells under axial compression," AIAA J.,9, No. 1, 68-75 (1971).

585